Digitally signed by Joseph Zernik, PhD Date: 2015.01.16 00:55:47 +02'00'
Fraudulent New IT Systems of the Israeli Courts - Unannounced Regime Change? Joseph Zernik, PhD Human Rights Alert (NGO), Tel-Ai, !srael "oseph#$ernik%hra-ngo#org Abstract &ali'it, integrit, an' impats o* the ne+ !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts, implemente' in the 'ea'e o* the s, are e.amine'# The report is /ase' in part on the Human Rights Alert, NGO, (HRA) su/mission *or the 0niersal Perio'i Reie+ (0PR) o* human rights in !srael / the Human Rights 1ounil (HR1) o* the 0nite' Nations (0N) +hih, *ollo+ing pro*essional HR1 sta** reie+, +as inorporate' into the HR1 0PR report (23) +ith the note4 56ak o* integrit in the eletroni reor' sstems o* the supreme ourt, the 'istrit ourts an' the 'etainees7 'etainees7 ourts in !srael5# !srael5# The urrent urrent report is also /ase' on the *in'ings o* the 8tate Om/u'sman7s Report (2), +hih note' that sstem 'eelopment *aile' to ompl +ith 8tate la+ an' stan'ar's4 stan'ar's4 1ontrats +ere signe' signe' +ith no legal ten'er an' +ith no spei*iatio spei*iations9 ns9 'eelopment 'eelopment +as arrie' arrie' out +ith no ore management / state emploees9 sstems +ere aepte' +ith no in'epen'ent ali'ation / state emploees9 serers +ere remoe' *rom the usto' o* the state ourts into the usto' o* a orporation, an' unkno+n num/er o* people +ere issue' 'ou/le smart !D ar's# 8stem analsis reeals4 Deelopment an' implem implement entatio ation n +ith no la+*ul la+*ul author authorit, it, serer sererss o* uneri uneri*ie *ie' ' i'entit i'entit, , an' inali' inali' implem implement entati ation on o* eletroni signatures, authentiation proe'ures, authorities an' permissions# Data mining reeals +i'esprea' issuane o* inali' "u'iial# :alsi*ie', simulate', an';or *orge' "u'iial reor's are presente'# 1ase stu'ies *ous on the unla+*ul 'epriation 'epriation o* li/ert, li/ert, perseution o* +histle-/lo+ +histle-/lo+ers, ers, an' *ailing orporate;/anking orporate;/anking regulation# The possi/ilit that suh *un'amental 'e*iienies, +hih sstematiall strippe' "u'iial reor's o* an sem/lane o* ali'it an' authentiit through a ostl, long-term pro"et, oerseen / ke national "u'iial *igures, are the outome o* oersight, or human error is remote# The sstems shoul' /e ie+e' as suspension suspension o* the la+ o* the lan', or 'enial o* aess to the iil ourts# As suh, the represent represent a regime hange, or a onstitutional risis in a nation +ith no onstitution# The last ouple o* 'ea'es also inole' unpree'ente' orruption o* goernment, an' soio-eonomi hanges, +hih propelle' !srael to the *irst plae in poert among O<1D nations# The sstems remarka/l resem/le similarl 'e*iient, ol'er sstems o* the 8tate o* 1ali*ornia an' the 08 *e'eral ourts# The role o* !=> an' <D8, 08-/ase' orporations, in the 'eelopment o* the !sraeli sstems is nota/le, as +ell as similar on'ut / !=> in other nations# Notie the uni?ue relationship /et+een o'e an' la+ in suh sstems, orretie measures are propose', alling *or Pu/li Pu/liit it o* the 6a+ @ transp transparen aren - an' *or the 8eparat 8eparation ion o* Po+ers Po+ers @ plain plaing g the 'eelopm 'eelopment ent an' implementatio implementation n o* suh sstems sstems un'er aounta/ilit aounta/ilit to the legislature# legislature# Human rights an' internet internet atiists atiists shoul' shoul' /e igilan igilantt in monito monitoring ring suh sstem sstems# s# !T e.perts e.perts shoul' shoul' assume assume more more promin prominent ent 'uties 'uties in the sa*eguar' o* iil soiet in our era# !eywords e-"ustie, human rights, ourts, prisons, /anking regulation, 8tate o* !srael# "# Introduction The ourts +orl'+i'e hae implemente' implemente' in reent reent 'ea'es 'ea'es !T sstems *or e**iient e**iient management management o* ourt ases, eletroni *iling / parties, an' pu/li aess aess to ourt reor's# 0nite' Nations reports on 8trengthening Ju'iial !ntegrit Against 1orruptionB (, 2) enourage the proess# No 'ou/t, suh sstems oul' hae improe' improe' the transparen transparen an' integrit integrit o* the "u'iial "u'iial proesses# proesses# Ho+eer, Ho+eer, the transition to eletroni eletroni a'ministration o* the ourts is not risk *ree# 1ourt proe'ures an' in in partiular, the maintenane an' sa*eguar' o* ali' ourt ourt reor's, hae eole' oer enturies un'er paper a'ministration o* the ourts# The are the ore o* *air hearing, an' ?uintessential to them is the oor'inate' oor'inate' ations o* the t+o arms o* the ourts4 ourts4 The "u'iial arm @ a'"u'iating a'"u'iating an' issuing issuing 'eision reor's, an' the ministerial (lerial) arm @ authentiating, erti*ing, an' maintaining ourt reor's as their la+*ul usto'ians# On the other han', historial historial reie+ *in's that orruption o* the o**ies o* the lerks is orrelate' +ith orruption o* the ourts themseles (>essinger, )# The transition transition to eletroni eletroni a'ministration a'ministration o* the ourts amounts to a sea hange in the operations operations o* the o**ies o* the lerks# Preious stu'ies 'oumente' the 'etrimental e**ets o* the implementation o* inali' !T sstems sstems in the ourts an' prisons in the 0nite' 8tates, in the 8tate o* 1ali*ornia, an' in the 8tate o* !srael (Human Rights Alert 2, 23, 2C, Zernik, 2, 2a, 2/, 2C)# The urrent report is /ase' in part on the Human Rights Alert, NGO, (HRA) su/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil (HRA, 23), +hih +as inorporate' into the Pro*essional 8ta** Report (23) o* the 1ounil7s Perio'i Reie+ +ith the note4 lak o* integrit o* the eletroni reor's o* the 8upreme 1ourt, the 'istri 'istritt ourts ourts an' the 'etain 'etainees ees ourts in !srael !srael#B #B Gien Gien spae spae limit, limit, instan instantt report report proi' proi'es4 es4 a) Online Online
Appen'i. ! - an e.pan'e' ersion o* the urrent report +ith links to online re*erenes an' reor's, an' /) Online Appen'i. !! - HRA su/mission (23 ), setions o* +hih are re*erene' +ithin the te.t (e#g#, HRA 12e)# "#" $ffice of the cler% The authorit, 'uties an' responsi/ilities o* the hie* lerk o* the ourt in the 8tate o* !srael +ere 'e*ine' in a series o* la+s an' respetie regulations (HRA 1#2)# The regulations, +hih +ere promulgate' in 3-C, 'uring the perio' o* implementation o* the urrent generation o* !T sstems o* the ourts, are o* partiular interest# The la+s an' regulations are at times inonsistent in their /asi terms an' leae onsi'era/le amount o* am/iguit# On suh /akgroun', the initial steps in 'eeloping an' implementing the urrent !T sstems o* the ourt, ourt, i#e#, i#e#, 'e*ini 'e*ining ng the spei*i spei*iatio ations, ns, +as parti partiular ularl l sensiti sensitie# e# <ither <ither the authoritie authorities, s, 'uties 'uties an' responsi/il responsi/ilities ities o* the hie* lerk an' the respetie respetie proe'ures proe'ures +ere to /e unam/iguousl unam/iguousl 'e*ine', or else inali' !T sstems +oul' /e 'eelope' an' implemente'# !t is note+orth that the !sraeli !sraeli ourts themseles rule' that a ourt, operating +ith no la+*ul o**ie o* the lerk, is an inompetent ourt# &# 'ethods &#" IT system analysis and data mining The sstems are analse' / reie+ o* the their implementation an' operation in arious ourts# Data mining is largel on'ute' on'ute' using the inherent /uilt-in searh searh engines# 8stem rules are in*erre' through reie+ o* the sstems an' the reor's, sine har'l an pu/li reor's are aaila/le (e#g# users7 manuals), an' the o**ie o* A'ministration A'ministration o* 1ourts 'enie' respetie respetie :ree'om o* !n*ormation !n*ormation re?uests, re?uests, or +rong*ull +rong*ull re*use' to respon' on them (HRA 1e)# &#& Case studies 1ase 1ase stu'ie stu'iess are proi'e' proi'e' in Online Online Appen'i. Appen'i. ! to 'emons 'emonstrat trate e the impat impat o* the !T sstem sstemss o* on the a'ministration o* "ustie in the !srael to'a# &#( )uman rights* national and international legal im+lications 6egal analsis analsis is largel restrite' restrite' to tehnial an' proe'ural proe'ural matters, +hih nee'e' to /e a''resse' a''resse' in the ourse o* implementing an !T sstem o* the ourts, e#g#, the sa*eguar' o* ali', authenti reor's through ali' signatures, signatures, authentiati authentiation, on, erti*iation, erti*iation, authorities authorities an' permission permissions# s# <mphasis is gien to reor's, reor's, pertaining to the initiation (e#g# summonses) an' termination ("u'gments) o* litigation, +hih are reogni$e' *or enturies as ritial *or integrit o* the ourts an' the "u'iial proess# 58imulate' 58imulate' 6itigation5, 58imulate' 1ourt Reor'5, Reor'5, 58imulate' 58imulate' 6itigation;Reor's5 6itigation;Reor's5 are use' here pursuant pursuant to the Te.as Penal 1o'e E3#F, +hih is instrutie in 'etailing the un'erling on'ut (see Online Appen'i. !)4 Disseminati Disseminating ng inali', inali', ine**etual, ine**etual, unen*orea/le, unen*orea/le, an' tpiall tpiall a/usie a/usie ourt reor's, reor's, then *rau'ulentl in'uing or e.torting ompliane +ith them# !n terms o* 08 *e'eral la+, suh on'ut / "u'ges, lerks, an' attornes *alls un'er :rau' upon the 1ourt# 8uh on'ut is onsi'ere' 5e.tra-"u'iial5 on'ut, +hih is not not oere' / an immunit# The la+ o* the 8tate o* !srael nota/l *ails to spei*iall a''ress suh on'ut# on'ut# 8imulate' legal proess has /een kno+n *or enturies as a ommon *orm o* "u'iial orruption# The o**ie o* the lerk, lerk, its 'uties 'uties an' respon responsi/ si/ili ilities ties,, eole eole' ' enturi enturies es ago spei* spei*ial iall l to preen preentt suh suh on'u on'ut# t# Aor'ingl, emphasis is gien to the +as in +hih the ne+ !T sstems ena/le the issuane an' pu/liation o* simulate' "u'iial reor's# ( IT system analysis (#" The systems The urrent report primaril reie+s the !T sstems o* the !sraeli 8upreme 1ourt (name unkno+n), the 'istrit an' magistrate ourts (Net-Hamishpat), the 'e/tors ourts (&TO, Ornet, an' elim 8hluim), an' the 'etainees ourts ourts (name unkno+n unkno+n)# )# Net-Ha Net-Hamis mishpa hpat, t, /ut none o* the other sstems sstems proi'es proi'es the *ull range range o* ase ase management, pu/li aess, an' eletroni eletroni *iling apa/ilities# The other sstems, suh as the one use' / the 8upreme 1ourt, proi'e ase management an' limite' pu/li aess, /ut no eletroni *iling apa/ilities# (#& ,eelo+ment and im+lementation - disregard of standards* dubious lawful authority As note' in the 8tate Om/u'sman7s Report (2), e**etual stan'ar's an' proe'ures, pertaining to the 'eelopment o* 8tate !T sstems, +ere esta/lishe' in the Oto/er , 22 1a/inet Deision 23;eo, an' *urther ela/orate' in Aounting O**ie o* the >inistr o* Treasur >a*tah Proe'ures# The 8tate Om/u'sman7s Report (2) notes that none o* these rules an' proe'ures +ere omplie' +ith in the 'eelopmen 'eelopmentt o* the urrent urrent generation generation o* !T sstems o* the ourts (HRA 13/)# >oreoer, >oreoer, the 8tate Om/u'sman7 Om/u'sman7ss Report Report (2) notes that ontrats ontrats *or sstem 'eelopmen 'eelopmentt +ere unla+*ull a+ar'e' to orporations +ith no legal ten'er, that the serers o* the ourts +ere remoe' *rom the usto' o* the lerks o* the ourts ourts to the usto' usto' o* a orporati orporation on @ in iolation iolation o* the Regulations of the Courts , an' that an
unkno+n num/er o* in'ii'uals +ere issue' 'ou/le !D ar's (HRA 13/)# The urrent generation generation o* !T sstems o* the !sraeli !sraeli ourts represents a sea-hange sea-hange in ourt proe'ures an' ourt a'ministration# These hanges in ourt proe'ures hae not /e legistate'# 6imite' authori$ation is proi'e' in hanges, +hih are promulgate' in the Regulations of Civil Court Procedure # A partiularl alarming hange hange is promulgate' promulgate' in the Regulations of the Courts – Office of the Clerk (F), (F), EC @ >ehanial 8stems (see (see Online Appen' Appen'i. i. !)# !n Artile Artile C, the >iniste >inisterr o* Justie Justie in *at *at 'elega 'elegates tes to the Diret Diretor or o* the A'ministration o* 1ourts the authorit to hange the Regulations of the Courts as neessar in on"untion +ith implementation o* the ne+ !T sstems# Artile C patentl iolates the priniple o* 8eparation o* Po+ers# >oreo >oreoer, er, the hange hangess to the Regula Regulatio tions, ns, +hih +hih +ere +ere o/iou o/iousl sl intro' intro'ue ue' ' / the Diret Diretor or o* the A'mini A'ministra stration tion o* 1ourts, 1ourts, +ere neer neer pu/lis pu/lishe' he',, in iolati iolation on o* the prini priniple ple o* Pu/li Pu/liit it o* the 6a+# 6a+# :urthermore, the A'ministration o* 1ourts re*use' to respon' on a :ree'om o* a !n*ormation re?uest, asking *or 'islosure o* suh hanges (HRA 1e)# Regar'less, reie+ o* the sstems, 'ata mining, an' other :ree'om o* !n*ormation responses ena/le the i'enti*iation o* the ar'inal hanges in ourt proe'ures, inherent in the ne+ !T sstems o* the ourts# !n all !sraeli ourts (inlu'ing the 8upreme 1ourt), the most signi*iant hange +as a/olishing the responsi/ilit an' aounta/ilit o* the hie* lerk relatie to integrit o* ourt reor's, issuane o* summonses, authentiation, serie, an' erti*iation o* "u'iial reor's# !n the 8upreme 1ourt, +here the paper reor's are 'eeme' the authoritatie soure, the ali'it o* all eletro eletroni ni reor's reor's in the pu/li aess aess sstem sstem +as a''itio a''itional nall l oi'e' oi'e' /4 a) a''ing a''ing to all reor's reor's the 'islaimer su/"et to e'iting an' phrasing hangesB, an' /) omitting the stan'ar' statement / the 1hie* 1lerk o* the 8upreme 1ourt, +hih ha' appeare' on all reor's prior to , True 1op o* the OriginalB, +ith an ele eletro troni ni o'e o'e (pro (pro/a /a/l /l an earl earl *orm *orm o* pass pass+o +or' r' seu seure re' ' *ile *ile sst sstem em)) (:ig (:igur ure e 2)# 2)# =oth =oth the A'ministration o* 1ourts an' urrent Presi'ing Justie o* the 8upreme 1ourt Asher Grunis re*use' to 'islose un'er +hose authorit an' un'er +hat legal *oun'ation suh pro*oun' hanges +ere intro'ue' in the eletroni reor's o* the 8upreme 1ourt in #
'eisions Figure "# 1hanges in the !T sstem o* the 8upreme 1ourt I # .eft 0ntil earl , all eletroni 'eisions o* the 8upreme 1ourt arrie' erti*iation, True 1op o* the OriginalB, / the late 1hie* 1lerk 8hmarahu 1ohen# Right 8ine earl , the erti*iation statement an' an other re*erene to a hie* lerk +ere omitte'# On the ontrar, the 'islaimer su/"et to e'iting an' phrasing hangesB +as a''e' (HRA ...)# !n the 'istrit, magistrate, an' la/or ourts, +here Net-Hamishpat is implemente', an' +here eletroni reor's are 'eeme' the authoritatie soure, the ali'it o* all eletroni reor's +as oi'e' through the implementation o* inisi/le eletroni signatures - The <mperor7s Ne+ 1lothesB# 1lothesB# :or e.ample, prior to the implementation o* Net-Hamishpat, "u'ges +ere permitte' to insri/e un*ormatte' 'eisionsB on the *ae o* motion reor's un'er their signatures# signatures# ith the implementation o* Net-Hamishpat, suh suh pratie +as esta/lishe' as Post-it DeisionsB +ith no isi/le signatures at all (:igure )#
Figure &# 1hanges relate' to implementation I o* Net-Hamishat !T sstem# .eft 0n'er paper a'ministration - Rotem v Baram and State of Israel (K3;F) in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt - the :e/ruar L, L Deision / Ju'ge 8hoshana Almagor is insri/e' on the *ae o* Plainti**7s >otion *or 8u/poena o* itnesses# The Ju'ge7s stamp an' han' signature appear ne.t to the insription, as +ell as the stamp / the o**ie o* the lerk o* the ourt 8ent / *a. or email on :e/ruar L, LB# Right !n Net-Hamispat !T sstem (2KC-) in the Tel-Ai Distrit 1ourt @ the August 3, 2 Deision / Ju'ge Hagai Silman v Social Security (2KC-) =renner is a Post-it DeisionB - a semi-transparent *rame, superimpose' on the *ae page o* the >otion *or Dis?uali*iation *or a 1ause +ith no isi/le signature signature an' no in'iation o* its serie# The Deision in part sas4 ### There is not a single su/stantial laim o* a reasona/le onern o* /ias### instant >otion is super*luous###B#
(#( Serers of unerified identity identity and dubious security Reie+ o* the i'entit o* the serers o* the arious ourts, using stan'ar' /ro+sers, *aile' to 'isoer a single serer serer o* erti*ie' erti*ie' i'enti* (HRA 1/)# The *ailure to erti* the i'entit i'entit o* the serers, serers, in itsel*, is likel to /e 'eeme' su**iient to hol' the sstems inali'# :urthermore, the A'ministration o* 1ourts re*use' to respon' on a :ree'om o* !n*ormation re?uest4 ho hol's the ultimate a'ministratie authorit *or the serers o* the 8upreme 8upreme 1ourt o* the 8tate o* !sraelM (HRA 1e)# Tpiall, Tpiall, the 8hin-=et (seret (seret serie) hol's the ultimate ultimate authorit oer seurit o* state !T sstems# Ho+eer, in response on re?uest, the o**ie o* Prime >inster (+ho is in harge o* the 8hin-=et) state' that the 8hin-=et hol's no authorit oer o* the serers o* the ourts# (#/ Inalid im+lementation of electronic signatures To'a, To'a, all 'eisio 'eision n reor's reor's o* the !sraeli !sraeli ourts, ourts, +ith the nota/le nota/le e.ept e.eption ion o* the 8uprem 8upreme e 1ourt, 1ourt, are maintaine' as eletroni reor's# Regar'less, no isi/le eletroni reor' an /e *oun' on an ourt reor's# The notion o* inisi/le signatures, 'e*ies the essene o* a signature @ a sm/ol a**i.e' +ith the intent to aept responsi/ilit (HRA 1')# 8uh inali' implementation o* the Electronic Signature Act (2) (2) e.ten's /eon' the ourts# :or e.ample, L-K Annual Annual Report o* the >agistrate o* Data/ases (+ho (+ho also hol's the authorit o* >agistrate o* 1erti*ing Authorities, pursuant to the Electronic Signature Act ), ), as pu/lishe' online / the >inistr o* Justie, sho+s no isi/le signature (Haohen, K) (:igure 3)# The >inistr o* Justie 'enie' a :ree'om o* !n*ormation re?uest *or a op o* the Report, /earing a isi/le eletroni signature, un'er the laim that the eletroni signature o* a goernment o**ier is a priate instrumentB# The implementation o* inali' eletroni signatures +as relate' to the priati$ationB o* the eletroni signature sstem o* the 8tate o* !srael to 1omsign, a priate orporation @ a 'u/ious measure#
Figure Figure (# !mplementation o* inisi/le eletroni signatures# 0nsigne' signature /o. o* the L-K Annual Report / Attorne oram Haohen, >agistrate o* Data/ases, as pu/lishe' online / the >inistr o* Justie# The signature /o. sas4 Trul, oram Haohen, A'#, >agistrate >agistrate o* Data/ases, Data/ases, Justie Tehnolog an' !n*ormation Authorit (Originall signe' / a seure eletroni signature)B the parenthetial part in re' in the original, "$# The >inistr o* Justie 'enie' 'enie' a :ree'om o* !n*ormation !n*ormation re?uest *or a isi/l signe' op o* the Report, laiming that the eletroni signature o* a goernment o**ier is a priate instrumentB# (#0 Inalid im+lementation of summonses* summonses* authentication* certification* serice Instruments and +rocedures !n almost all ourts, originating in the <nglish ommon la+, inlu'ing the !sraeli ourts, the initiation o* litigation through the issuane an' e.eution o* serie o* a ali' summonses un'er the signature o* the lerk o* the ourt an' the seal o * the ourt is presri/e' *or the esta/lishment o* the "uris'ition o* the ourt in a gien matter on the gien parties# There*ore, the ali'it an' an' integrit o* the summons is ritial *or ali'it an' integrit o* the su/se?uent litigation as a +hole# Ho+eer, sine implementation o* the urrent !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts4 !n the 8upreme 1ourt - petitions (matters o* original "uris'ition) are hear' as Preliminar Proee'ingsB +ith no issuane o* the the 1on'itional Deree, +hih aor'ing to the respetie Regulations is the 8ummons in suh proe'ure# !n the 8upreme 1ourt - +hile all ali' ourt reor's are maintaine' in paper ourt *iles, the Noties to Appear in 1ourt (*or hearings on petit ions) are maintaine' as eletroni reor's, +hih aor'ing to the 8upreme 1ourt sta**, are automatiall eliminate' *rom the !T sstem a*ter the 'ate o* the hearing (Zernik, 2Fa)# !n the 'istrit an' magistrate ourts - summonses are issue' / an unname' person, unsigne', onl note' as issue' / the O**ie o* the 1lerkB (:igure F)#
Figure /# !mplementation o* inali' summonses in Net-Hamishpat# Ben-aakov v Rolnick (C3KFK@-2) in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt# The summons is unsigne', /ears /ears no seal o* the ourt, an' is issue' in the name o* O**ie o* the 1lerk o* the >agistrate 1ourt, Tel-AiB#
Authentiation o* all "u'iial reor's is a *un'amental proe'ure in all ourts, originating in the <nglish ommon la+, inlu'ing the !sraeli !sraeli ourts, *or ren'ering ourt 'eisions ali', e**etual, an' en*orea/le# The matter is no+ internationall akno+le'ge' in the Hague 1onention (2L2), to +hih the 8tate o* !srael is a part (see /elo+)# Authentiation o* "u'iial reor's is e.eute' through the 'ue serie o* suh reor's on the parties to the matter /e*ore the ourt, 'ul signe', +ith an aompaning letter, signe' un'er the authorit o* the 1hie* 1lerk# Ho+eer, sine the implementation o* the urrent !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts4 !n the 8upreme 1ourt - all 'eisions are maile' unsigne' / the "usties, /earing the 'i slaimer su/"et to e'iting an' phrasing hangesB an' +ith no aompaning letter / the lerk o* the ourt at all# !n the 'istrit, magistrate, an' la/or ourts - all 'eisions are maile' +ith an unsigne' aompaning letter / an unname' person (:igure C)#
(2KCFigure 0# !mplementation o* inali' authentiation letters in Net-Hamishpat# Silman v Social Security (2KC) in the Tel-Ai Distrit 1ourt @ the August 3, 2 Aompaning letter o* the 'eision (:igure 3) / Ju'ge Hagai =renner sas4 sas4 Aompaning 6etter# Attahe' is a 'eision reor'# Date4 August 3, 2# 8ignature o* a 1lerkB# The reor' is unsigne', *ails to name its issuer, an' /ears no seal o* the ourt (=renner, 2)# O* note, oer the past 'ea'e, 'ea'e, "u'ges hae stoppe' using the proper legal term, serieB# serieB# !nstea', !nstea', "u'iial reor's instrut the o**ie o* the lerk to in*orm the partiesB o* "u'iial 'eisions, or mail to the partiesB, et# The erti*iation o* ourt reor's / the lerk o* the ourt is a routine proe'ure in all ourts, originating in the <nglish <nglish ommon la+# Dul erti*ie' erti*ie' ourt reor's are 'eeme' 'eeme' sel*-authentia sel*-authentiate'B, te'B, an' are re?uire' *or en*or en*oreme ement nt o* ourt ourt or'ers or'ers an' "u'gme "u'gments nts,, or +hen +hen *iling *iling suh suh reor' reor'ss as a'miss a'missi/le i/le ei'ene ei'ene## The Regulations of the Courts! Office of the Clerk (F), ELa esta/lish the authorit erti* ourt reor's, True 1op o* the OriginalB, +ith the 1hie* 1lerk# :ollo+ing the implementation o* the urrent !T sstems o* the ourts, no ali' erti*iation o* ourt reor's oul' /e o/taine' o/taine' *rom an o* the ourts, +here +here it has /een attempte'# Ho+eer, Ho+eer, numerous numerous e.amples o* *orgeries +ere 'isoere'# !n the 8upreme 1ourt - petitioners, +ho hae aske' *or signe' an' erti*ie' opies o* 'eisions in their matter matters, s, routine routinel l reei reeie' e' simula simulate' te' an';or an';or *orge' *orge' reor's# reor's# 8uh 8uh reor' reor'ss tpial tpiall l /ear /ear an inali' inali' erti*iation erti*iation statement, statement, Dupliation Dupliation is True to the OriginalB, instea' instea' o* True 1op o* the OriginalB, an' are either signe' either / an unname' person, using an illegi/le signature, or / a person, +ho is not the 'ul appointe' 1hie* 1lerk o* the 8upreme 1ourt (:igure L)#
Figure 1# 8imulation an';or *orger o* erti*iations o* 8upreme 1ourt 'eision reor'# a# June 2, Deision in "acmull "acmull v Bank of Israel and State of Israel (3C2;)# The petition originate' in *rau' / a /ank on De/tor >amull in the Jerusalem De/tors7 1ourt, an' re*usal o* =ank o* !srael to per*orm its 'uties as /anking regulator# The petition +as summaril 'enie'# The signatures o* the "usties are all in +et inkB, in the *orm (-)B, an' in the same han'-+riting as the signature o* 8arah 6i*shit$ 1hie* 1lerkB# The erti*ing statement is inali' - Dupliation is True to the OriginalB - instea' o* True 1op 1op o* the OriginalB# 8arah 6i*shit$ +as not 'ul appointe' 1hie* 1lerkB# The *ootnote sas4 Dupliate su/"et to e'iting an' phrasing han ges#B
!n the Tel-Ai 6a/or 1ourt - erti*iation +as issue' / a person, *alsel in possession o* the 1hie* 1lerkB stamp, +hile the person, +ho appears as 1hie* 1lerkB hol's no appointment reor' as suh (:igure K)#
Figure 2# 8imulation an';or *orger o* erti*iation o* the Tel-Ai 6a/our 1ourt 'eision reor'# .eft The +e/ page o* the Tel-Ai 6a/our 1ourt lists 1hie* 1lerk4 >s Orl HammerB# Right The , 2F Ju'ge Gilt$er-at$ Deision, imposing an unusual unusual N!8 F, pament in attornes *ees on Plainti** Genosar, the !srael <letri 1ompan +histle-/lo+er, +as erti*ie' using a True 1op o* the OriginalB stamp QF o* an unname' male 1hie* 1lerkB (Gilt$er-at$, 2F)# :ree'om o* !n*ormation response sho+s that >s Orl Hammer hol's no la+*ul appointment as 1hie* 1lerkB o* the Tel-Ai 6a/our 1ourt, an' that stamp QF is unla+*ull hel' / >s Galit >agli', a seretar in the Tel-Ai 6a/our 1ourt# (#1 Inalid im+lementation of authorities and +ermissions* and discrimination in access to the courts Attornes, +ho are authori$e' as Net-Hamishpat users, are permitte' aess to eletroni *iling *rom remote loations at all times# 8uh attornes are permitte' to enter reor's into ourt 'oket, /passing the authorit o* the lerk o* the ourt# 0nrepresente' parties must *ile on paper in the o**ie o* the lerk 'uring +orking hours# hours# 8erie 8erie on attornes attornes is / email, on unrepresent unrepresente' e' parties - / paper mail# Authori$e' Authori$e' attornes are permitte' omprehensie aess to Net-Hamishpat eletroni reor's *rom remote loations at all time# <.ept *or the Tel-Ai Distrit 1ourt, aess to eletroni ourt reor's is also seerel limite' or prohi/ite' on unrepresente' parties in their o+n ourt *iles, in 'isregar' o* the la+# 8uh on'itions also ena/le the appearane o* attornes, +ho are not authori$e' as 1ounsel o* Reor' *or the parties, +hih the purport to represent, a +ell-kno+n metho' o* *rau' upon the ourt (=ohm, )# :ollo+ing the implementation o* Net-Hamishpat, numerous ases +ere 'oumente', +here unauthori$e' attornes attornes appeare' an' *ile' o* papers papers +ithout *iling the erti*iates erti*iates o* ounsel ounsel o* reor's, reor's, as presri/e' presri/e' / la+4 !n the ase o* !srael <letri 1ompan +histle-/lo+er >oran Genosar, unauthori$e' attornes appeare' on /ehal* o* the !srael <letri 1ompan9 in the riminal proseution o* Ta. Authorit +histle-/lo+er Ra*i Rotem, unauthori$e' attornes appeare' as purporte' Pu/li De*en'ersB, an' in the ase o* sel*-immolate' soial protest atiist >oshe 8ilman, unauthori$e' attornes appeare' on /ehal* o* the 8oial 8eurit# (#2 Uniersal failure to doc%et summonses and authentication records Reie+ o* ourt *ile reor's reor's in Net-Hamishpa Net-Hamishpatt *aile' *aile' to 'isoer 'isoer the summonses summonses in a num/er num/er o* ases, ases, an' it remains remains unkno+n i* the are maintaine' maintaine' among the eletroni reor's in Net-Hamishpat Net-Hamishpat at all# 8imilarl, no authentiation reor's hae /een 'isoere' upon inspetion o* th e eletroni reor's in Net-Hamishpat# (#3 Adulterated* forged* and missing court records :ollo+ing :ollo+ing the implementa implementation tion o* the ne+ !T sstems sstems o* the ourts, numerous ases +ere reporte', reporte', +here "u'ges hae altere' or *orge' ourt reor's# !n the 8upreme 1ourt - 'ata mining le' to the 'isoer o* numerous 'eision reor's, /earing *orge' erti*iation / the late 1hie* 1lerk, up to C ears a*ter his 'eath in (:igure )#
Figure 3# :alsi*iation an';or *orger o* 8upreme 1ourt 'eision reor'# The signature an' erti*iation /o. o* 8upreme 1ourt Deision in #udith $ranco $ranco Sidi et al al v Authority %ursuan %ursuantt to the Persons Persons &isa'led &isa'led 'y (a)i (2C;) in part sas4 !ssue' this 'ate, :e/ruar 2F, K# =oa$ Okon, >agistrate# This Persecutions Act (2C;) 'upliate is su/"et su/"et to e'iting an' phrasing hanges# 8hmarahu 1ohen @ 1hie* 1lerk#B = :e/ruar K, =oa$ Okon +as no longer Registrar o* the 8upreme 1ourt, an' 8hmarahu 1ohen +as 'ea' *or a/out *ie ears# Numerous other reor's o* the same nature +ere 'i soere'#
The t+o ases, most +i'el reporte' / me'ia, inole' Ju'ge &ar'a Alsheh *rom the Tel-Ai Distrit 1ourt an' Ju'ge Hila 1ohen *rom the Hai*a Distrit 1ourt (Zarhin, 2, oa$, C)# Neither +as hel' aounta/le#
!n other, nota/le ases, Haaret$ 'ail reporte' a ase, +here a 'etainee +as going to /e 'eporte', /ase' on a hearing protool, +hih neer took plae in realit, an' the Annual Report o* the Ju'iiar Om/u'sman (2) notes that "u'ges hol' that the are permitte' to alter 'eisions an' "u'gments, een a*ter the +ere gien in open open ourt# ourt# !n the numerous numerous me'ia me'ia reports reports,, relati relatie e to the *alsi*iat *alsi*iation ion o* "u'ii "u'iial al reor' reor'ss / "u'ges "u'ges,, the *un'amental ?uestion +as neer raise'4 Ho+ +as it tehniall possi/leM The most plausi/le e.planation *or urrent on'itions in the !sraeli ourts is relate' to the implementation o* the urrent !T sstems o* the ourts an' un'ermining o* the authorit o* the lerk o* the ourt *or integrit o* ourt reor's# 0n'er paper a'ministration o* the ourts, "u'iial reor's +ere entere' into the 'okets onl throughthe lerk o* the ourt, an' one stampe' an' entere', +ere no longer aessi/le *or "u'ges to mo'i*# !n ontrast, the ei'ene sho+s that to'a, the ne+ !T sstems o* the ourts permit "u'ges aess to alter, mo'i*, or *orge "u'iial reor's an time, at +ill# (#4 ,ouble boo%s = la+, pu/li aess is permitte' to all "u'iial 'eisions, unless la+*ull seale'# !n pratie, Net-Hamishpat permits "u'ges to seletiel permit pu/li aess to 'eisions (:igure )#
a# b# 8eptem/er 3, 2F 6ist o* Deisions in State of Israel v Rafi Figure 4 Dou/le-/ook sstem in Net-Hamishpat# 8eptem/er (2KF--23) in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt4 a# A remote pu/li aess terminal sho+s no 'eisions, Rotem (2KF--23) an' the sreen sas4 5No 'etails *oun'5# b# The o**ie o* the lerk ter minal lists a 'o$en 'eisions# (#"5 Unlawful filing of eidence in criminal +rosecutions with no +rior ins+ection by the ,efendant The Criminal Criminal Court Procedure Act prohi/its the *iling o* ei'ene in riminal proseution, unless the 'e*en'ant an' his ounsel +ere *irst proi'e' proi'e' the opportunit opportunit to inspet the ei'ene# ei'ene# !nspetion !nspetion o* ourt *iles sho+s that in Net-Hamishpat, the Proseution eletroniall *iles the ei'ene +ithout proi'ing the 'e*en'ant an' his ounsel the opportunit to inspet the ei'ene (:igure 2)#
Figure "5 0nla+*ul *iling o* ei'ene in a riminal proseution# 6ist o* Relate' :iles in State of Israel v Rafi Rotem (2KF--23) in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt sho+s hperlinks to seen (K) !srael Polie inestigation *iles, although the De*en'ant ha' not /een proi'e' an opportunit to inspet the ei'ene, regar'less o* repeat re?uests# The hperlinks are inaessi/le to the pu/li an' the De*en'ant# De*en'ant# (#"" Failure to register 6udgments Honest Honest registration registration o* "u'gments "u'gments is ritial *or honest a'ministration a'ministration o* the ourts# Tpiall, Tpiall, a Ju'gment Ju'gment =ook, =ook, or an !n'e. o* Ju'gme Ju'gments nts is onsi' onsi'ere ere' ' on the *un'ame *un'amental ntal =ooks =ooks o* 1ourtsB 1ourtsB## Registr Registratio ation n o* "u'gments in Net-Hamishpat is ar/itrar an' apriious (:igure 22)#
Figure "" !nali' registration o* "u'gments# State of Israel v Roman *adorov (C-K) in the Na$areth Distrit 1ourt# 0n'er the Ju'gmentsB Ju'gmentsB ta/ in Net-Hamishpat, the 8eptem/er 2F, 2 Ju'gment, Ju'gment, oniting Za'oro o* mur'er an' sentening him to li*e in prison is not liste'# The :e/ruar F, 2F 8upplemental Ju'gment, +hih again onite' Za'oro o* mur'er, is liste' as Or'er on De*en'ant7s attorne to *ile erti*iate o* ounselB#
/# Case studies A series o* ase stu'ies, *urther 'oumenting the 'e*iienies in t he ne+ !T sstems o* the ourts, outline' a/oe, is proi'e' in Online Appen'i. Appen'i. !# The series o* ases relate' to Ta. Authorit +histle-/lo+er Ra*i Rotem is partiularl instrutie# !sraeli me'ia 'esri/e' him as /eing 7a/use' / the ourt s *or oer a 'ea'e7 (Online Appen'i. !)4 a) !n Rotem v +a, Authority et al in the Tel-Ai 6a/our 1ourt, Rotem trie' to gain protetion against retaliation# The ase, ommene' in C, an' +as on'ute' as a paper ourt *ile# !nspetion o* the ourt *ile reeale' onl an unsigne', unauthentiate' "u'gment reor', +hih the 1ourt re*use' to ert i*# /) Rotem v Baram in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt, ommene' in F, +as like+ise on'ute' as a paper ourt *ile# !nspetion *aile' to 'isoer summonses or authentiation reor's, /ut unoere' numerous unsigne' unsigne' "u'iial reor's, +hih +ere neer 'ul sere'# Re?uest *or erti*iation o* the purporte' "u'gment in the ase, iel'e' a reor', +hih shoul' /e 'eeme' *orger;simulate' ourt reor'# ) The still ongoing State of Israel v Rotem in the Tel-Ai >agistrate 1ourt ! ommene' in 23, proi'es a 'etaile' e.ample o* the on'ut o* a/usie, simulate' riminal proseution un'er Net-Ha mishpat# The hallmarks are eletroni r eor's o* ague an' am/iguous ali'it, purporte'l /earing inisi/le eletroni signatures, a 'ou/le-/ooks sstem, +here pu/li aess is purporte'l permitte', /ut e**etiel 'enie' to all 'eision reor's i ssue' so *ar so *ar (:igure ), eletroni *iling o* ei'ene / the proseution +ithout proi'ing De*en'ant an opportunit to inspet it *irst, as re?uire' / la+ (:igure 2), an' the appearane o* unauthori$e' outsi'e attornes as purporte' pu/li 'e*en'ersB, +ho onsistentl *aile' to per*orm t heir 'uties# ') The petition Rotem v Samet in the 8upreme 1ourt, ommene' an' summaril 'enie' in , proi'es a 'etaile' e.ample o* the 'enial o* aess to a national tr i/unal *or protetion o* rights, an' the issuane o* simulate' 8upreme 1ourt 'eision reor's, +hih the 8upreme 1ourt re*use' to hae 'ul erti*ie'# 0# )ague A+ostille Treaty 7"41"8 The Hague Apostille Apostille Treat a/olishe' a/olishe' the re?uiremen re?uirementt *or legali$ation legali$ation o* *oreign *oreign pu/li 'ouments, 'ouments, an' esta/lishe' instruments *or mutuall reogni$e' erti*iation o* ourt reor's# The 8tate o* !srael entere' the Treat Treat in 2K, /ut the ei'ene ei'ene sho+s that the 8tate o* !srael !srael emplos emplos a *alse *alse proe' proe'ure ure *or apostill apostille e erti*iation erti*iation / priate notaries, notaries, in iolation o* /oth !sraeli la+ an' the Treat# The A'ministration A'ministration o* 1ourts re*use' to ans+er on a :ree'om o* !n*ormation re?uest4 0n'er +hose authorit an' +hat legal *oun'ation suh proe'ure +as pu/lishe'M (HRA 12a)# 1# ,iscussion The *un'amental *un'amental 'e*iienies 'e*iienies in the ne+ !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts, sstems that hol' high signi*iane signi*iane relatie to the a'ministration o* "ustie an' +ere 'eelope' through a high ost, long-term pro"et, oerseen / senior national "u'iial o**iers, annot /e reasona/l 'eeme' 'eeme' the result o* oersight or human error# The ne+ sstems onsistentl strip "u'iial reor's o* an ei'ene o* authentiit, ali'it, *ore an' e**et4 <letroni signatures are ague an' am/iguous, un'er ontrol o* a priate orporation# 8ignature o* the hie* lerk are omitte' *rom summonses an' authentiation reor's, e**etiel inali'ating all serie proe'ures# 1erti*iation o* "u'iial reor's is routinel e.eute' / han'-signatures o* persons, +ho are not authori$e' to 'o so / la+, using an inali' erti*iation statements# The serers serers are no longer longer un'er state state usto' usto',, their their i'enti i'entit t is unert unerti*ie i*ie', ', an' the ultima ultimate te a'ministratie authorit oer them is unla+*ull hel' on*i'ential# The most plausi/le e.planation *or the entire /o' o* ei'ene is that the "u'iiar 'eli/eratel esta/lishe' inali' !T sstems an' inali' reor's in all ourts# There*ore, the sstems shoul' /e /e ie+e' as suspension o* the la+ o* the lan', or 'enial o* aess to the iil ourts# As suh, the represen representt a regime hange, hange, or a onstitutional risis in a nation +ith no onstitution# The ei'ene sho+s that inali' litigation reor's +ere issue' also prior to implementation o* the sstems# Ho+eer, the ol'er reor's re*let +rong'oing on a loal /asis, +hereas the ne+ !T sstems re*let +rong'oing on a national sale# Pu/li Pu/li reor's reor's,, inlu' inlu'ing ing ourt ourt reor's reor's,, emerge emerge' ' in the late mi''le mi''le ages as ke instrum instrument entss in the a'ministration o* a iil soiet, starting +ith /irth, marriage, an' /urial reor's# 6ater, in the <nglish ommon la+, ourt reor's reor's +ere aor'e' the same status, status, +ith the o**ie o* the lerk as their la+*ul usto'ian# usto'ian# !n ontras ontrast, t, the urren urrentt !T sstems sstems o* the !srael !sraelii ourts ourts a**et a**ete' e' the priati priati$ati $ation on o* pu/li pu/li reor' reor's, s, their their signatures, an' their apostille erti*iation - a onept +hih 'e*ies the purpose o* pu/li reor's# The sstem o* state (or roal) an' ourt seals eole' in the mi''le ages as part o* e**orts to enhane the integrit an' seurit o* the respetie reor's# &ali', isi/le eletroni signatures oul' hae pratiall elim elimina inate te' ' the the possi possi/il /ilit it o* *org *orger er,, or the the issu issuan ane e o* simu simula late te' ' our ourtt reo reor' r's# s# !n ont ontras rast, t, the the implementation o* inisi/le eletroni signatures - the <mperor7s Ne+ 1lothesB - in *at enhane' the a/ilit
to generate *orge' *orge' or inali', simulate' ourt ourt reor's# The priati$ation priati$ation o* erti*ing authorities authorities o* state eletroni signatures again 'e*ies their o+n purpose# The right o* the pu/li to inspet an' to op ourt reor's originate' hun're's o* ears ago in the <nglish ommon la+, an' is onsi'ere' essential *or transparen o* the ourts an' integrit o* the "u'iial proess# !n 08 la+ it is inherent inherent to the :irst :irst Amen'm Amen'ment ent to the 1onstitu 1onstitutio tion# n# &ali' &ali' !T sstems sstems oul' hae proi'e' proi'e' unpree'ente' pu/li aess an' unpree'ente' transparen o* the ourts# !n ontrast, the sstems +hih +ere +ere implem implement ente' e' e**et e**etie iel l reate reate' ' a 'ou/le 'ou/le /ooks /ooks sstem sstem,, +hih +hih un'erm un'ermine iness pu/li pu/li aess aess an' transparen o* the ourts# :urthermore, in a ke 'eision o* the !sraeli 8upreme 1ourt ( Association for Civil Rights v "inister of #ustice! C2K;K ! su/"et o* +hih +as pu/li aess to ourt reor's un'er the ne+ !T sstems, then Presi'ing Justie Dorit =einish rule' that pu/li aess ha' to /e restrite', /ase' on the 7onstitutional7 right *or pria# The on'ut o* the !sraeli ourts, inherent in the ne+ !T sstems, stan's ontrar to the *un'amentals o* the <nglish ommon la+, in +hih the !sraeli ourts originate'# 8uh on'ut, like+ise, stan's ontrar to the *un'amentals o* *air hearing an' aess to national ourts *or protetion o* rights in Human Rights# !t also stan's stan's ontrar to the *un'amental *un'amental o* Je+ish la+, another ma"or soure o* !sraeli !sraeli la+, +here ali' issuane an' e.eution o* summonses, e.eution o* ourt reor's through ali' signatures an' authentiation;serie proe'ures, partiularl in matters o* marriages an' 'iore, hae /een +ell-esta/lishe' *or oer ears# !n reie+ing on'itions on'itions in the !sraeli ourts, one shoul' note that although the 8tate o* !srael !srael akno+le'ge akno+le'gess Human Rights in !nternational 6a+, 'eisions o* the 8upreme 1ourt learl 'istinguish /et+een 7proe'ural 'e*iienie 'e*iienies7 s7 an' 7essential 7essential 'e*iienies7 'e*iienies7 in ourt on'ut# !n a lan'mark lan'mark 'eision 'eision in the ase or Amos =aranes, +ho +as *alsel onite' o* mur'er an' +as *alsel imprisone' man ears, the 8upreme 1ourt notes that 7proe'ural matter7 shoul' /e onsi'ere' 7upgra'e'7, sine the enatment in 2 o* the Basic .a/ - 0uman &ignity and .i'erty , +hih purporte'l esta/lishe' the right *or 'ue proess in !srael# The 'eelopment an' implementation o* the ne+ !T sstem o* the !sraeli ourts +as launhe' un'er the tenure o* 8upreme 1ourt Presi'ing Justie Aharon =arak (in o**ie 2C- L)# 0n'er his tenure, the 8upreme 1ourt purporte' to onstrue arious *un'amental human an' iil rights o* onstitutional *ore an' e**et /ase' on the enatment o* =asi 6a+s# =arak a'ertise' himsel* as lea'ing o* a 71onstitutional Reolution7 in !srael (Zernik, 2)# !n ontrast, outsi'e o/serers pereie' =arak as an 7enlightene' 'espot7 at /est, or the +orl'7s reor' hol'er in 7"u'iial hu/ris7 (Posner, K)# The notion o* a 71onstitutional Reolution7 annot /e su/stantiate' / an 'iserni/le enhanement in the a'herene o* the 8tate o* !srael +ith Human Rights, either in the treatment o* its o+n iti$ens +ithin !srael proper, or the treatment o* resi'ents o* the Palestinian territories# The urrent report proposes that Justie =arak in *at presi'e' oer unpree'ente' orruption o* the !sraeli ourts# The implementation o* the ne+ !T sstems in the !sraeli ourts orrelate' +ith a perio', +hih has /een marke' / unpree'ente', rampant goernment orruption an' the emergene o* e.treme gaps in asset an' inome 'istri/ution# The eonom has gro+n to /e 'ominate' 'ominate' / a han'*ul o* 7toons7, an' !srael has /een /een propelle' to the *irst plae among O<1D nations in poert rate +ithout su**ering an eonomi risis# The soio-e soio-eon onomi omi trans* trans*orm ormati ation on has also le' to the emergen emergene e in reent reent ears o* a soial soial protes protestt o* unpree'ente' sale# The 8tate o* !srael is not alone# 8imilar on'itions +ere reporte' in the !T sstems o* the state an' *e'eral ourts in the 0nite' 8tates, +hih ha' /een 'eelope' an' implemente' a 'ea'e or t +o earlier than those o* the !sraeli ourts (HRA, 2C/)# !n the 0nite' 8tates, the implementation implementation o* suh sstems sstems is like+ise orrelate' +ith unpree'ente' orruption o* the "ustie sstem, the emergene o* e.treme soio-eonomi gaps, an' the +i'esprea' notion that the 08 1onstitution has /een oi'e' or suspen'e' suspen'e' (Zernik, 2C)# !n this onte.t, the ke role o* t+o 08-/ase' 08-/ase' international orporations, !=> an' <D8, in the unla+*ul 'eelopment an' implementation o* the ne+ !T sstems o* the !sraeli ourts shoul' / e note', as +ell as the on'ut o* !=> in other nations (Zernik, 2F")# 2# 9ro+osed Correctie Actions The implementation o* the ne+, *rau'ulent !T sstems in the !sraeli ourts, impliate the "u'iiar as a lass, as +ell as the !sraeli =ar Assoiation an' the >inistr o* Justie# There*ore, orretie ations are likel to /e neither neither *ast nor eas# <**orts ma eentuall eentuall re?uire re?uire an approah similar to a Truth an' Reoniliation Reoniliation 1ommission# 0n'er similar irumstanes in the 08 ourts a entur ago, ke orretie measures inole' re*orm o* the o**ie o* the lerk o* the ourt (>essinger, )# 8imilar measures ma /e nee'e' in !srael# 1orretie measures shoul' note the uni?ue relationship /et+een o'e an' la+ (6essig, ), 'emonstrate' in !T sstems sstems o* the ourts, ourts, there* there*ore ore re?uiring re?uiring transpar transparen en @ pursua pursuant nt to Pu/li Pu/liit it o* the 6a+, 6a+, an'
aoun aounta/i ta/ilit lit to the legisla legislature ture @ pursua pursuant nt to the 8eparat 8eparation ion o* Po+ers Po+ers @ plain plaing g the 'eelo 'eelopme pment nt an' implementatio implementation n o* suh sstems sstems un'er aounta/ilit aounta/ilit to the legislature# legislature# Human rights an' internet internet atiists atiists shoul' keep igilane in monitoring suh sstems# !T e.perts shoul' assume more prominent 'uties in the sa*eguar' o* iil soiet in our era# 3# $nline A++endices !# Zernik, J# (2C) 5:rau'ulent Ne+ !T 8stems o* the !sraeli 1ourts - 0nannoune' 0nannoune' Regime 1hangeM5 https4;;+++#sri/'#om;'o;CCCK; !!# Human Rights Alert, NGO, (23) Appen'i. to 8u/mission *or the 0PR o* Human Rights in the 8tate o* !srael / the 0N Human Rights 1ounilB https4;;'rie#google#om;*ile;';=Aa.G/mkC"N.'s$SCo>k0;e'itMuspsharing References =ohm, J# () >arh C, >emoran'um Opinion in Case of Borro/er 1illiam Parsley (C-3KF), Dkt QF, Te.as =ankrupt 1ourtB, online Human Rights Alert (NGO) :er$iger, J, an' ainer, D# (2F) 8tartup !srael 8u**ering >ost O<1D Poert as Poor 8urgeB, online =loom/erg Haohen, # (K) L-K Annual Report o* the >agistrate o* Data/asesB, online >inistr o* Justie, 8tate o* !srael Human Rights Alert (NGO) (2) 8u/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil 0niersal Perio'i Reie+ o* Human Rights in the 0nite' 8tateB, online 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil Human Rights Alert (NGO) (2) Appen'i. to 8u/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil 0niersal Perio'i Reie+ o* Human Rights in the 0nite' 8tatesB, online 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil Human Rights Alert (NGO) (23) 8u/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil 0niersal Perio'i Reie+ o* Human Rights in !sraelB, online 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil Human Rights Alert (NGO) (23) Appen'i. to 8u/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil 0niersal Perio'i Reie+ o* Human Rights in !sraelB, online Human Rights Alert (NGO) Human Rights Alert (NGO) (2Ca) 8u/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1ounil 0niersal Perio'i Reie+ o* Human Rights in the 0nite' 8tatesB, online Human Rights Alert (NGO) Human Rights Alert (NGO) (2C/) Appen'i. to 8u/mission to the 0nite' Nations Human Rights 1 ounil 0niersal Perio'i Reie+ o* Human Right s in the 0nite' 8tatesB, online Human Rights Alert (NGO) 6essig, 6# () The 1o'e in 6a+, an' the 6a+ in 1o'eB, online Harar' 6a+ 8hool >essinger, 8# () Or'er in The 1ourt - Histor o* 1lerks o* 0nite' 8tates 1ourtsB, online :e'eral Ju'iial 1enter Posner, R# (K) <nlightene' DespotB, online Ne+ Repu/li 8tate Om/u'sman7s Report L/ (2) Deelopment o* !T sstems o* the !sraeli >inistr o* Justie an' the !sraeli ourtsB online 8tate o* !srael Om/u'sman7s O**ie oa$, # (C) Panel rules to *ire Ju'ge Hila 1ohenB, online Haaret$ Zarhin, T# (2) !srael =ar Assoiation hea' sas Tel-Ai 'istrit ourt "u'ge must goB, online Haaret$ Zernik, J# (2) Data >ining as a 1ii Dut @ Online Pu/li PrisonersU Registration 8stemsB online !nternational Journal on 8oial >e'ia4 >onitoring, >easurement, >ining 24 F-L Zernik, J# (2a) 5Design an' Operation o* the <letroni Reor' Reor' 8stems o* the 08 1ourts are 6inke' to :ailing =anking Regulation5, online Data Analtis Zernik, J# (2/) 5!ntegrit, 5!ntegrit, or 6ak Thereo*, o* the <letroni Reor' 8stems o* the 1ourts o* the 8tate o* !srael5, !srael5, online Data Analtis Zernik, J# (2) 71onstitutional Reolution7 in the 8tate o* !sraelM ompilation o* me'ia reportsB online Human Rights Alert (NGO) Zernik, J# (2F*) >ounting ei'ene o* :rau' 0pon the 1ourt in riminal proseution o* !sraeli +histle-/lo+er RotemB, online Human Rights Alert (NGO) Zernik, J# (2Fg) Gro+ing onerns o* *rau' on !srael <letri 1o +histle-/lo+er >oran Genosar in the TelAi 6a/or 1ourt#B, online Human Rights Alert (NGO) Zernik, J# (2Fh) 8pei*iation, ali'ation o* !T sstems o* the ourts no+ /e*ore the !sraeli 8upreme 1ourtB, online Human Rights Alert (NGO) Zernik, J# (2F") 1orruption o* goernments an' !=> @ ompilation o* me'ia reportsB, online Human Rights Alert (NGO) Zernik, J# (2C) !T sstems o* the 08 *e'eral ourts, "ustie, an' goernaneB, online !1<G