6 Chemicals
Content
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Chemical Hazards
Chemicals
• Can be in solid, liquid or gaseous form • Can be combined to form a compound • Chemical are a fact of life
– All living things are built upon chemicals – In fact we depend on chemicals in our life – Air, clothing food etc
• Health & safety Risk
– The physical form of chemicals.
• One maybe harmless in solid form but toxic or flammable in vapour state etc
– The way chemicals are used - ROE – Dose
2
Dr. AA, 2010
1
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Chemical Hazards
• There is no such thing as ARMLESS CHEMICALS • There is a safe way of using and handling chemicals
3
CHEMICAL HAZARD
Health Effects
– Metil Isocyanate, Bhopal, India – Hexane incident, Prai, Penang
Fire and Explosion
– Flixborough Explosion, England, PEMEX tank Farm, Mexico – Bright Sparklers, Sg. Buloh – Fire in Tg Langsat Tank Farm
Environmental Impact
– Chernobyl, Ukraine – Thinning of ozone layer due to CFC – Pulau Pangkor toxic dumping
4
Dr. AA, 2010
2
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Video: Dealing with Chemicals
Chemical Exposures – Routes of Entry
• Inhalation - Lungs
– Breathe 20,000 – 25,000 Times Per Day – At Rest – Inhale 10,000 to 14,000 Liters of Air Per Day
• Absorption – Skin • Ingestion – Digestive Tract • Injection – Typically Through Sharps
Dr. AA, 2010
3
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Types of Chemical Exposures
• Acute – Short Term • Chronic – Over a Long Period of Time • Chemical Exposures May or May Not Result in Adverse Impact, Depending on the Amount of the Exposure (i.e., the Dose) • Environmental pollution
– Spills and leaks, air contamination
• Fire and Explosion
Legislation
• CPL1997 • USECHH2000
– Risk Assessment: CHRA, – Control Measure: Engineering control, LEV, PPE – Chemical Management: Chemical register, disposal – Chemical monitoring, Health Surveillance
• FMA Regulations
– FMA Reg 11 – Lead – FMA Reg 12 – Asbestos
Dr. AA, 2010
4
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Content of USECHH 2000
• • • • • • • • • • • • Part I –Preliminary Part II –Identification of Chemical Hazardous to Health Part III – Permissible Exposure Limit000 Part IV - Assessment of Risk to Health Part V - Action to Control Exposure) Part VI: Labelling and Relabelling Part VII - Information, Instruction and Training Part VIII - Monitoring of Exposure at the Place of Work Part IX - Health Surveillance Part X: Medical Removal Protection Part XI: Warning Sign Part XII: Record Keeping
9
Classification Part A – Physicochemical Criteria • • • • • Explosive Oxidising Extremely Flammable Highly Flammable Flammable
10
Dr. AA, 2010
5
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Classification of Chemical Hazardous to Health Based on Health Effect
Very Toxic Toxic Corrosive Harmful Irritant
Carcinogenic
– Category 1,2,3
Mutagenic
– Category 1,2,3
Terratogenic
– Category 1,2
11
Chemical Safety Data Sheet
• CSDS is a form with data regarding the properties of a particular substance • Also known as material safety data sheet (MSDS) • Must be supplied by the supplier of materials • Can also be obtained from many sources including over the internet
12
Dr. AA, 2010
6
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
OBJECTIVE OF CSDS
CSDS assists the user in • understanding recommended safety measures and its rationale • understanding the effect of noncompliance to recommended safety measures • identifying the effect of over exposure • formulation of strategies for safe utilisation of chemicals
13
Mandatory Information
(1) Identiti produk kimia dan butiran tentang pembekal ; (2) Kandungan bahan yang jelas mengenalpasti bahan kimia berbahaya; (3) Pengenalpastian bahaya; (4) Langkah-langkah pertolongan cemas; (5) Langkah-langkah pemadaman kebakaran; (6) Langkah-langkah menghadapi pelepasan tidak sengaja; (7) Pengendalian dan penyimpanan
14
Dr. AA, 2010
7
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Mandatory Information
(8) Kawalan pendedahan dan perlindungan diri; (9) Sifat fizik dan kimia; (10) Kestabilan dan kereaktifan; (11) Maklumat toksikologi; (l2) Maklumat ekologi; (13) Maklumat pelupusan; (14) Maklumat pengangkutan; dan (15) Tarikh penyediaan Risalah Data Keselamatan Kimia
15
Asbestos
Dr. AA, 2010
8
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Asbestos
• Asbestos – generic name for magnesium silicate that naturally exists. • Two groups: Serpentine and amphibole • Mineralogy
– Fibrous silicates. – Thin crystalline fibres. – Split longitudinally.
• Characteristics
– Heat Resistant – High stress and flexibility properties – Good insulator
ASBESTOS
SERPENTINE
CHRYSOTILE (White Asbestos)
AMPHIBOLE
CROCIDOLITE (Blue Asbestos) AMOSITE (Brown Asbestos)
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
ACTINOLITE ANTOPHYLLITE TREMOLITE A0or1B2C5T8O22(OH,F,Cl)2
A=K,Na; B=Fe,Mn,Mg,Ca; C=Al,Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg; T=Si,Al,Cr,Fe,Ti
Dr. AA, 2010
9
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Type of Asbestos
Chrisotile
Amosite
Chrosidolite
Dr. AA, 2010
10
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Chrysotile (White Asbestos)
• Chrysotile fibers are curly • Chrysotile is more flexible. uses as joint compound, mud and texture coat, vinyl floor tiles, roofing tars, fire proofing etc • Chrysotile, has been used more than any other type and accounts for about 95% of the asbestos found in buildings in America • Chrysotile, has been banned in dozens of countries and is allowed in the USA and Europe in limited circumstances.
Amosite (Brown Asbestos)
• CAS No. 12172-73-5, • is a trade name for the amphiboles commonly from Africa • One formula given for amosite is Fe7Si8O22(OH)2. • It is found most frequently as a fire retardant in thermal insulation products and ceiling tiles.
Dr. AA, 2010
11
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Crosidolite (Blue Asbestos)
• CAS No. 12001-28-4 • found primarily in southern Africa and Australia • One formula given for crocidolite is Na2Fe2+3Fe3+2Si8O22(OH)2 • Commonly occurs as soft friable fibers
Examples of Application
Dr. AA, 2010
12
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Examples of Application
Examples of Application
Dr. AA, 2010
13
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Exposure
Inhalation - Fibre: type, size, dosage - duration of exposure - biological reaction of respiratory system Ingestion - minor
27
Health Hazards
• Due to:
– (i) fibrous nature – (ii) durability in lung (durability blue > brown > white.)
• Health Effects
– Lung
• • • • Asbestosis Lung Cancer Mesothelioma pneumonia
– Other systems
• Cancer - gaster, kidney
Dr. AA, 2010
14
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Health Effect of Asbestos
Asbestosis
• Asbestosis is a breathing disorder caused by inhaling asbestos fibers
– – – – – chronic inflammatory of parenchymal tissue scarring of lungs reduced lung function can cause death high concentration and time.
• Symptoms
– Shortness of breath – Respiratory failure (advanced case)
Dr. AA, 2010
15
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Pleural Plaques
• This is the least harmful form of asbestos condition, not fatal • It is thickening of pleura • Plaques are marks on the lining of the lung which are visible on x-ray • In many cases you will not be aware that you have them union or seek advice from a solicitor experienced in asbestos litigation
Mesothelioma
• cancer that occurs in the thin layer of cells lining the body’s internal organs, known as the mesothelium. • There are three recognized types of mesothelioma.
– Pleural mesothelioma is the most common form of the disease, accounting for roughly 70% of cases, and occurs in the lining of the lung known as the pleura. – Peritoneal mesothelioma occurs in the lining of the abdominal cavity, known as the peritoneum – pericardial mesothelioma originates in the pericardium, which lines the heart.
• • • • •
rare, most associated with asbestos invariably fatal associated with low exposures as well latency 15-50 years blue and brown most potent.
Dr. AA, 2010
16
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Lung Cancer
• Lung Cancer ( Bronchial carcinoma )
– mainly associated with high exposures to asbestos – all types of asbestos – smoking greatly increases risk.
• Smoking and asbestos will increase the chances to get lung cancer 50 times or more • The most common asbestos cancers are found in present or ex-smokers who have occupational exposure to asbestos.
Legislation
• USECHH 2000
- Allowable exposure limit, risk assessment, medical surveillance, control measure
• FMD Asbestos Process Regulation, 1986
– – – – – – PEL 1 f/ml. of air Exhaust equipment. Protective equipment.( clothing/resp) Medical examinations. ( at least 2 yrs ) Monitoring-personal ( < 3 mthly ) Training.
Dr. AA, 2010
17
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
LEAD
35
Usage of Lead
• Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets, weights, and is part of solder, pewter, fusible alloys and radiation shields. • Like mercury, another heavy metal, lead is a potent neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bone over time. • Lead poisoning was documented in ancient Rome, Greece, and China.
Dr. AA, 2010
18
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Characteristics
1. Inorganic Lead- used as metal, alloy and chemical additives 2. Organic Lead- Used as additive to petrol for internal combustion engine
Exposure
• Inhalation
– Particle size, dose, Duration and frequency of exposure – When lead is inhaled, about 30%-50% of the particles will reach the lungs, depending on the size of the particle. – Large particles land in the upper respiratory tract where they get trapped by the mucous lining and are moved out by the cilia. Unfortunately, the mucous is often swallowed, allowing these large particles to then go into the digestive system. – Smaller particles can reach deeper in the lungs and from there be absorbed into the bloodstream. The small particles created as a fume will reach the blood if they are inhaled. Once lead is in the blood, some of it moves into soft tissues (organs such as the brain and kidneys). – Lack of personal hygiene, careless with work procedure, Smoking at work – an adult will absorb 10-15% of the lead in the digestive system, while children and pregnant women can absorb up to 50%. People will absorb more lead if they are fasting or if their diet is lacking in iron or calcium.
•
Ingestion
Dr. AA, 2010
19
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
How Long Does Lead Stay in the Body?
• • • • • • • Lead stays in the body for different periods of time, depending on where it is. Half of the lead in the blood will be excreted in 25 days (this is called the "half-life"). In soft tissues, it takes 40 days for half of the lead to be excreted. In bones and teeth it takes much longer, up to 10 years or longer. Since lead is stored in the body, a person can get poisoned from exposure to just small amounts of lead over a long period of time (chronic exposure). You do not need to get exposed to just large doses of lead to be poisoned (acute exposure). It can take months or years for the body to get rid of lead. A person will continue to be exposed to lead internally even after the actual exposure to lead stops.
Health Effect
• Lead is a poisonous metal that can damage nervous connections (especially in young children) and cause blood and brain disorders. • Common Effects
Anaemia Reproduction System – infertility, miscarriage Kidney failure Blood: Hypertension Nervous System – behavioral abnormality, numbness, slowness, intense irratibility – Bones – – – – –
40
Dr. AA, 2010
20
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Symptoms
• The symptoms of lead exposure aren’t always easy to spot. A person suffering from lead poisoning might just seem to have the flu or simple fatigue. • Early symptoms may include:
– – – – – Loss of appetite Metallic taste in mouth Constipation Muscle and joint pain Stomach cramps
PEL
• If there is any chance you will be exposed to lead on the job, your employer is required to make an initial exposure assessment. Air samples representing an entire shift are collected in each work area, and then analyzed to determine the concentration of lead particles in the air.
•
The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for lead is set by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH). The PEL for lead is 50 micrograms per cubic meter of air, over an eight-hour period.
Action level of 30 micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air (30 ug/m3), averaged over an 8-hour workday has been proposed. The action level triggers several requirements of the standard such as exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, and training.
•
Dr. AA, 2010
21
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Legislation
• Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Timah Hitam) 1984
– PEL, exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, control measure
• Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Penggunaan dan Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000
– PEL, exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, control measure, risk assessment
ORGANIC SOLVENT
44
Dr. AA, 2010
22
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Organic Solvents
• Organic solvents are chemicals in liquid form with capability to dissolve organic matters that are insoluble in water. • Organic solvent has low boiling point, volatile and flammable at room temperature • It is also typically fat soluble, usually clear and colorless and many have a characteristic odor. • Exposure
– Skin absorption – Inhalation
45
Health Effect
• Many solvents can lead to a sudden loss of consciousness if inhaled in large amounts
– Other narcosis effect on brain include dizziness, nausea, sleepiness
• Some solvents are toxic to bone marrow, kidney, liver, and nevous system • Allergy to eye, nose, throat and lung • Dermatitis. • Benzene can cause cancer (leukemia) • Methanol can cause internal damage to the eyes, including permanent blindness. • Ethanol (grain alcohol) is a widely used and abused psychoactive drug. • Diethyl ether, chloroform, and many other solvents (e.g. from gasoline or glues) are used recreationally in glue sniffing, often with harmful long term health effects like neurotoxicity or cancer.
46
Dr. AA, 2010
23
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Legislation
• Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Penggunaan dan Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000
– PEL, exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, control measure, risk assessment
47
PESTICIDE
48
Dr. AA, 2010
24
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Pesticides
• Pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. • A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any pest. • Pests include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms) and microbes that compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread or are a vector for disease or cause a nuisance.
49
Types of Pesticides
• • • • • • • • • • • • There are multiple ways of classifying pesticides. Algicides or Algaecides for the control of algae Avicides for the control of birds Bactericides for the control of bacteria Fungicides for the control of fungi and oomycetes Herbicides for the control of weeds Insecticides for the control of insects - these can be Ovicides (substances that kill eggs), Larvicides (substances that kill larvae) or Adulticides (substances that kill adult insects) Miticides or Acaricides for the control of mites Molluscicides for the control of slugs and snails Nematicides for the control of nematodes Rodenticides for the control of rodents Virucides for the control of viruses (e.g. H5N1)
Dr. AA, 2010
25
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
PESTICIDES
COMMON CHEMICAL GROUPS
• • • • • • • • Organo chlorines DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor Organo phosphate Malathion Carbamates propoxur, methiocarb Synth. pyrethroids permethrin, cypermethrin Bipyridilium Paraquat, diquat Phenoxyacetates 2,4-D & 2,4,5-T Triazine simazine Organic mercuric compound
Routes of exposure
• Oral – uncommon – mostly accidental • Dermal – Liquids, some powders & gases – leads to systemic poisoning • Inhalation – gases, vapours, droplets & dusts – reaches tissues via bloodstream
Dr. AA, 2010
26
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Acute Health Effects
• Varies among the pesticides families : abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, as well as skin and eye problems. • Vast majority of acute poisoning
– Organophosphate and Carbamates
• Diagnosis of acute poisoning :
– Sign & Symptoms – Temporal relationship to known exposure – Evidence of poisoning in other workers / family
Chronic Health Effects
• Respiratory problems, memory disorders, depression, neurological deficits, • Dermatologic
– 1/3 of pesticides reported diseases – Skin irritant to skin sensitizer
• Cancer
– Human carcinogen- controversies – Epidermiology studies & animal experiment
• Reproductive
– Not recognised as human teratogen – miscarriages, and birth defects. – Reported cases are available and animal studies
Dr. AA, 2010
27
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
HEALTH EFFECTS Organochlorines eg DDT
• • • • • Exposure all three routes Slowly excreted Accumulate in body Affect nervous system Symptoms:
– Excitement,anxiety,twitching,convulsion & death.
• Most now controlled or banned
HEALTH EFFECTS Organophosphate eg Malathion
• • • • • Widely used- WW II Individually vary widely in toxicity Do not accumulate in body Affects nervous system ( cholinesterase ) Symptoms :
– Weakness, vomiting, cold sweating, abdominal cramps, twitching, convulsions & death
Dr. AA, 2010
28
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
HEALTH EFFECTS Carbamates
• Similar to organo-phosphates • Effects wear off quicker
HEALTH EFFECTS Pyrethrin & Synthetic Pyrethroids
• Increasingly popular • Pyrethrum - partially refine extract of
Chrysanthemum
• Seldom causes serious harm • Symptoms:
– Acute : Not known – Chronic : Allergic contact dermatitis Facial pains, skin rash, reddening, some cause convulsions.
Dr. AA, 2010
29
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
HEALTH EFFECTS Bipyrilidium Compound
• Important members, Paraquat, diquat • Paraquat medically most important
• Contact to skin,eyes & respiratory tract
– Irritations of skin, crack & discoloration of fingernails, conjunctivitis, sorethroat
• Ingestion
– Early – Later – Late
Oral & abdo pain, nausea, vomiting & diarrhea Liver injury, renal injury Pulmonary fibrosis
• Lethal if relatively small quantity swallowed - addition of emetic
Classification based on Toxicity
CLASS
IA IB II III
TOXICITY
Very high toxicity and hazardous High Toxicity Moderate Low Toxicity
COLOR CODE
BLACK RED YELLOW BLUE
IV
Very Low Toxicity
WHITE
Dr. AA, 2010
30
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
MINERAL DUSTS
MINERAL DUSTS
• Definition
– 25 listed in regulations. – Includes silica, limestone, kaolin clay. – Silica most significant.
• Silica (silicon dioxide)
– Quartz (majority of uses). – Crystobalite. – Trydimite.
Dr. AA, 2010
31
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Dust Hazard
• Health Hazard
– Irritant dust hazards: Even the larger dust particles that don’t get to the lungs can cause problems. Dust in the nose and in the tubes leading to your lungs can irritate them causing rhinitis or bronchitis. – Irrespirable dust hazards : If too much dust enters the lungs. It can overwhelm the lungs own defenses. Dust particles and dust containing macrophages can collect in the lung tissues and damage them.
•
Explosion Hazard
– Organic dust ( e.g : Flour, grain ,wood dust), coal dust ,metal dust and sulphur dust can be explosions hazards. If a dense cloud of any of these dust form, or if layers of these dust accumulate, then one spark ( or even a hot surface) can ignite it. – These conditions can occur in handling and storage equipment, so it important for all possible sources of ignition to be removed and kept away from these areas ( e.g. welding, slipping belts, sources of static electricity). Electricity equipment in these areas should be ‘Dust ignition proof rated’
Method of Exposure
Inhalation • Risks depend on:
– type of mineral dust – Size of mineral dust – Duration of exposure – Intensity of mineral dust in breathing zone
Dr. AA, 2010
32
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Health Effect -Pneumoconiosis
• Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust
• •
Lung fibrosis caused by mineral dust inhalation. Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to a formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue.
fibrosis can stiffen the lungs, restrict airflow, and ultimately interfere with the lung's normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
•
Dr. AA, 2010
33
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Health Effect - Lung Cancer
• Lung cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. • This growth may lead to metastasis, which is invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. • The vast majority of primary lung cancers are carcinomas of the lung, derived from epithelial cells. • Lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and the second most common in women (after breast cancer), is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually. • The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, coughing (including coughing up blood), and weight loss.
Lung Cancer : Symptoms
• Symptoms that suggest lung cancer include:[
– – – – – – – – – dyspnea (shortness of breath) hemoptysis (coughing up blood) chronic coughing or change in regular coughing pattern wheezing chest pain or pain in the abdomen cachexia (weight loss), fatigue, and loss of appetite dysphonia (hoarse voice) clubbing of the fingernails (uncommon) dysphagia (difficulty swallowing).
• •
If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. This can lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, predisposing the patient to pneumonia. Many lung cancers have a rich blood supply. The surface of the cancer may be fragile, leading to bleeding from the cancer into the airway. This blood may subsequently be coughed up.
Dr. AA, 2010
34
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Health Effect Tuberculosis
• •
•
Tuberculosis or TB deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis usually attacks lungs (as pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, the gastrointestinal system, bones, joints, and even the skin. The classic symptoms of tuberculosis are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs causes a wide range of symptoms.
Pneumoconiosis and its agent
Agent Silica Crystal Coal dust Iron oxide Tin Oxide Talc Common Name Silicosis “Coal miners’ pneumokoniosis Siderosis Stannosis Talcosis
Dr. AA, 2010
35
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Silicosis
Silicosis is a disabling, nonreversible and sometimes fatal lung disease caused by overexposure to respirable crystalline silica. • There are three types of silicosis, depending upon the airborne concentration of crystalline silica to which a worker has been exposed: • Chronic silicosis usually occurs after 10 or more
years of overexposure. • Accelerated silicosis results from higher exposures and develops over 5-10 years. • Acute silicosis occurs where exposures are the highest and can cause symptoms to develop within a few weeks or up to 5 years.
Silicosis
Dr. AA, 2010
36
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Symptoms of silicosis
• Silicosis may remain undetected for years in the early stages; in fact, a chest X-ray may not reveal an abnormality until after 15 or 20 years of exposure. The body's ability to fight infections may be overwhelmed by silica dust in the lungs, making workers more susceptible to certain illnesses, such as tuberculosis. As a result, workers may exhibit one or more of the following symptoms: • shortness of breath following physical exertion • severe cough • fatigue • loss of appetite • chest pains • fever
How Can Workers Determine If They Have Silicosis?
• A medical examination that includes a complete work history and a chest X-ray and lung function test is the only sure way to determine if a person has silicosis. • Workers who believe they are overexposed to silica dust should visit a doctor who knows about lung diseases. • It is recommended that medical examinations occur before job placement or upon entering a trade, and at least every 3 years thereafter.
Dr. AA, 2010
37
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Talcosis
• Talcosis is a pulmonary disorder characterized by "restrictive or obstructive disorders of breathing or the two in combination". • It has been related to silicosis resulting from inhalation of talc and silicates, also tied to heroin use. • Pure talc is a hydrated magnesium silicate, but commercial talcs have varying purities, with the most significant possible impurities consisting of quartz or tremolite (an amphibole asbestos). • Talc has numerous applications in industry (e.g. rubber, paint, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry), but it is also widely used in health and personal care.
Legislation: FMA- Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Habuk Galian) 1989 • • • • Limits of exposure Exposure monitoring Medical surveillance Control Measure
Dr. AA, 2010
38
Chemical Hazards
Chemicals
• Can be in solid, liquid or gaseous form • Can be combined to form a compound • Chemical are a fact of life
– All living things are built upon chemicals – In fact we depend on chemicals in our life – Air, clothing food etc
• Health & safety Risk
– The physical form of chemicals.
• One maybe harmless in solid form but toxic or flammable in vapour state etc
– The way chemicals are used - ROE – Dose
2
Dr. AA, 2010
1
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Chemical Hazards
• There is no such thing as ARMLESS CHEMICALS • There is a safe way of using and handling chemicals
3
CHEMICAL HAZARD
Health Effects
– Metil Isocyanate, Bhopal, India – Hexane incident, Prai, Penang
Fire and Explosion
– Flixborough Explosion, England, PEMEX tank Farm, Mexico – Bright Sparklers, Sg. Buloh – Fire in Tg Langsat Tank Farm
Environmental Impact
– Chernobyl, Ukraine – Thinning of ozone layer due to CFC – Pulau Pangkor toxic dumping
4
Dr. AA, 2010
2
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Video: Dealing with Chemicals
Chemical Exposures – Routes of Entry
• Inhalation - Lungs
– Breathe 20,000 – 25,000 Times Per Day – At Rest – Inhale 10,000 to 14,000 Liters of Air Per Day
• Absorption – Skin • Ingestion – Digestive Tract • Injection – Typically Through Sharps
Dr. AA, 2010
3
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Types of Chemical Exposures
• Acute – Short Term • Chronic – Over a Long Period of Time • Chemical Exposures May or May Not Result in Adverse Impact, Depending on the Amount of the Exposure (i.e., the Dose) • Environmental pollution
– Spills and leaks, air contamination
• Fire and Explosion
Legislation
• CPL1997 • USECHH2000
– Risk Assessment: CHRA, – Control Measure: Engineering control, LEV, PPE – Chemical Management: Chemical register, disposal – Chemical monitoring, Health Surveillance
• FMA Regulations
– FMA Reg 11 – Lead – FMA Reg 12 – Asbestos
Dr. AA, 2010
4
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Content of USECHH 2000
• • • • • • • • • • • • Part I –Preliminary Part II –Identification of Chemical Hazardous to Health Part III – Permissible Exposure Limit000 Part IV - Assessment of Risk to Health Part V - Action to Control Exposure) Part VI: Labelling and Relabelling Part VII - Information, Instruction and Training Part VIII - Monitoring of Exposure at the Place of Work Part IX - Health Surveillance Part X: Medical Removal Protection Part XI: Warning Sign Part XII: Record Keeping
9
Classification Part A – Physicochemical Criteria • • • • • Explosive Oxidising Extremely Flammable Highly Flammable Flammable
10
Dr. AA, 2010
5
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Classification of Chemical Hazardous to Health Based on Health Effect
Very Toxic Toxic Corrosive Harmful Irritant
Carcinogenic
– Category 1,2,3
Mutagenic
– Category 1,2,3
Terratogenic
– Category 1,2
11
Chemical Safety Data Sheet
• CSDS is a form with data regarding the properties of a particular substance • Also known as material safety data sheet (MSDS) • Must be supplied by the supplier of materials • Can also be obtained from many sources including over the internet
12
Dr. AA, 2010
6
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
OBJECTIVE OF CSDS
CSDS assists the user in • understanding recommended safety measures and its rationale • understanding the effect of noncompliance to recommended safety measures • identifying the effect of over exposure • formulation of strategies for safe utilisation of chemicals
13
Mandatory Information
(1) Identiti produk kimia dan butiran tentang pembekal ; (2) Kandungan bahan yang jelas mengenalpasti bahan kimia berbahaya; (3) Pengenalpastian bahaya; (4) Langkah-langkah pertolongan cemas; (5) Langkah-langkah pemadaman kebakaran; (6) Langkah-langkah menghadapi pelepasan tidak sengaja; (7) Pengendalian dan penyimpanan
14
Dr. AA, 2010
7
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Mandatory Information
(8) Kawalan pendedahan dan perlindungan diri; (9) Sifat fizik dan kimia; (10) Kestabilan dan kereaktifan; (11) Maklumat toksikologi; (l2) Maklumat ekologi; (13) Maklumat pelupusan; (14) Maklumat pengangkutan; dan (15) Tarikh penyediaan Risalah Data Keselamatan Kimia
15
Asbestos
Dr. AA, 2010
8
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Asbestos
• Asbestos – generic name for magnesium silicate that naturally exists. • Two groups: Serpentine and amphibole • Mineralogy
– Fibrous silicates. – Thin crystalline fibres. – Split longitudinally.
• Characteristics
– Heat Resistant – High stress and flexibility properties – Good insulator
ASBESTOS
SERPENTINE
CHRYSOTILE (White Asbestos)
AMPHIBOLE
CROCIDOLITE (Blue Asbestos) AMOSITE (Brown Asbestos)
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4
ACTINOLITE ANTOPHYLLITE TREMOLITE A0or1B2C5T8O22(OH,F,Cl)2
A=K,Na; B=Fe,Mn,Mg,Ca; C=Al,Cr,Ti,Fe,Mg; T=Si,Al,Cr,Fe,Ti
Dr. AA, 2010
9
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Type of Asbestos
Chrisotile
Amosite
Chrosidolite
Dr. AA, 2010
10
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Chrysotile (White Asbestos)
• Chrysotile fibers are curly • Chrysotile is more flexible. uses as joint compound, mud and texture coat, vinyl floor tiles, roofing tars, fire proofing etc • Chrysotile, has been used more than any other type and accounts for about 95% of the asbestos found in buildings in America • Chrysotile, has been banned in dozens of countries and is allowed in the USA and Europe in limited circumstances.
Amosite (Brown Asbestos)
• CAS No. 12172-73-5, • is a trade name for the amphiboles commonly from Africa • One formula given for amosite is Fe7Si8O22(OH)2. • It is found most frequently as a fire retardant in thermal insulation products and ceiling tiles.
Dr. AA, 2010
11
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Crosidolite (Blue Asbestos)
• CAS No. 12001-28-4 • found primarily in southern Africa and Australia • One formula given for crocidolite is Na2Fe2+3Fe3+2Si8O22(OH)2 • Commonly occurs as soft friable fibers
Examples of Application
Dr. AA, 2010
12
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Examples of Application
Examples of Application
Dr. AA, 2010
13
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Exposure
Inhalation - Fibre: type, size, dosage - duration of exposure - biological reaction of respiratory system Ingestion - minor
27
Health Hazards
• Due to:
– (i) fibrous nature – (ii) durability in lung (durability blue > brown > white.)
• Health Effects
– Lung
• • • • Asbestosis Lung Cancer Mesothelioma pneumonia
– Other systems
• Cancer - gaster, kidney
Dr. AA, 2010
14
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Health Effect of Asbestos
Asbestosis
• Asbestosis is a breathing disorder caused by inhaling asbestos fibers
– – – – – chronic inflammatory of parenchymal tissue scarring of lungs reduced lung function can cause death high concentration and time.
• Symptoms
– Shortness of breath – Respiratory failure (advanced case)
Dr. AA, 2010
15
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Pleural Plaques
• This is the least harmful form of asbestos condition, not fatal • It is thickening of pleura • Plaques are marks on the lining of the lung which are visible on x-ray • In many cases you will not be aware that you have them union or seek advice from a solicitor experienced in asbestos litigation
Mesothelioma
• cancer that occurs in the thin layer of cells lining the body’s internal organs, known as the mesothelium. • There are three recognized types of mesothelioma.
– Pleural mesothelioma is the most common form of the disease, accounting for roughly 70% of cases, and occurs in the lining of the lung known as the pleura. – Peritoneal mesothelioma occurs in the lining of the abdominal cavity, known as the peritoneum – pericardial mesothelioma originates in the pericardium, which lines the heart.
• • • • •
rare, most associated with asbestos invariably fatal associated with low exposures as well latency 15-50 years blue and brown most potent.
Dr. AA, 2010
16
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Lung Cancer
• Lung Cancer ( Bronchial carcinoma )
– mainly associated with high exposures to asbestos – all types of asbestos – smoking greatly increases risk.
• Smoking and asbestos will increase the chances to get lung cancer 50 times or more • The most common asbestos cancers are found in present or ex-smokers who have occupational exposure to asbestos.
Legislation
• USECHH 2000
- Allowable exposure limit, risk assessment, medical surveillance, control measure
• FMD Asbestos Process Regulation, 1986
– – – – – – PEL 1 f/ml. of air Exhaust equipment. Protective equipment.( clothing/resp) Medical examinations. ( at least 2 yrs ) Monitoring-personal ( < 3 mthly ) Training.
Dr. AA, 2010
17
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
LEAD
35
Usage of Lead
• Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets, weights, and is part of solder, pewter, fusible alloys and radiation shields. • Like mercury, another heavy metal, lead is a potent neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bone over time. • Lead poisoning was documented in ancient Rome, Greece, and China.
Dr. AA, 2010
18
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Characteristics
1. Inorganic Lead- used as metal, alloy and chemical additives 2. Organic Lead- Used as additive to petrol for internal combustion engine
Exposure
• Inhalation
– Particle size, dose, Duration and frequency of exposure – When lead is inhaled, about 30%-50% of the particles will reach the lungs, depending on the size of the particle. – Large particles land in the upper respiratory tract where they get trapped by the mucous lining and are moved out by the cilia. Unfortunately, the mucous is often swallowed, allowing these large particles to then go into the digestive system. – Smaller particles can reach deeper in the lungs and from there be absorbed into the bloodstream. The small particles created as a fume will reach the blood if they are inhaled. Once lead is in the blood, some of it moves into soft tissues (organs such as the brain and kidneys). – Lack of personal hygiene, careless with work procedure, Smoking at work – an adult will absorb 10-15% of the lead in the digestive system, while children and pregnant women can absorb up to 50%. People will absorb more lead if they are fasting or if their diet is lacking in iron or calcium.
•
Ingestion
Dr. AA, 2010
19
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
How Long Does Lead Stay in the Body?
• • • • • • • Lead stays in the body for different periods of time, depending on where it is. Half of the lead in the blood will be excreted in 25 days (this is called the "half-life"). In soft tissues, it takes 40 days for half of the lead to be excreted. In bones and teeth it takes much longer, up to 10 years or longer. Since lead is stored in the body, a person can get poisoned from exposure to just small amounts of lead over a long period of time (chronic exposure). You do not need to get exposed to just large doses of lead to be poisoned (acute exposure). It can take months or years for the body to get rid of lead. A person will continue to be exposed to lead internally even after the actual exposure to lead stops.
Health Effect
• Lead is a poisonous metal that can damage nervous connections (especially in young children) and cause blood and brain disorders. • Common Effects
Anaemia Reproduction System – infertility, miscarriage Kidney failure Blood: Hypertension Nervous System – behavioral abnormality, numbness, slowness, intense irratibility – Bones – – – – –
40
Dr. AA, 2010
20
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Symptoms
• The symptoms of lead exposure aren’t always easy to spot. A person suffering from lead poisoning might just seem to have the flu or simple fatigue. • Early symptoms may include:
– – – – – Loss of appetite Metallic taste in mouth Constipation Muscle and joint pain Stomach cramps
PEL
• If there is any chance you will be exposed to lead on the job, your employer is required to make an initial exposure assessment. Air samples representing an entire shift are collected in each work area, and then analyzed to determine the concentration of lead particles in the air.
•
The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for lead is set by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH). The PEL for lead is 50 micrograms per cubic meter of air, over an eight-hour period.
Action level of 30 micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air (30 ug/m3), averaged over an 8-hour workday has been proposed. The action level triggers several requirements of the standard such as exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, and training.
•
Dr. AA, 2010
21
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Legislation
• Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Timah Hitam) 1984
– PEL, exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, control measure
• Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Penggunaan dan Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000
– PEL, exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, control measure, risk assessment
ORGANIC SOLVENT
44
Dr. AA, 2010
22
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Organic Solvents
• Organic solvents are chemicals in liquid form with capability to dissolve organic matters that are insoluble in water. • Organic solvent has low boiling point, volatile and flammable at room temperature • It is also typically fat soluble, usually clear and colorless and many have a characteristic odor. • Exposure
– Skin absorption – Inhalation
45
Health Effect
• Many solvents can lead to a sudden loss of consciousness if inhaled in large amounts
– Other narcosis effect on brain include dizziness, nausea, sleepiness
• Some solvents are toxic to bone marrow, kidney, liver, and nevous system • Allergy to eye, nose, throat and lung • Dermatitis. • Benzene can cause cancer (leukemia) • Methanol can cause internal damage to the eyes, including permanent blindness. • Ethanol (grain alcohol) is a widely used and abused psychoactive drug. • Diethyl ether, chloroform, and many other solvents (e.g. from gasoline or glues) are used recreationally in glue sniffing, often with harmful long term health effects like neurotoxicity or cancer.
46
Dr. AA, 2010
23
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Legislation
• Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Penggunaan dan Standard Pendedahan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Kepada Kesihatan) 2000
– PEL, exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, control measure, risk assessment
47
PESTICIDE
48
Dr. AA, 2010
24
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Pesticides
• Pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. • A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any pest. • Pests include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms) and microbes that compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread or are a vector for disease or cause a nuisance.
49
Types of Pesticides
• • • • • • • • • • • • There are multiple ways of classifying pesticides. Algicides or Algaecides for the control of algae Avicides for the control of birds Bactericides for the control of bacteria Fungicides for the control of fungi and oomycetes Herbicides for the control of weeds Insecticides for the control of insects - these can be Ovicides (substances that kill eggs), Larvicides (substances that kill larvae) or Adulticides (substances that kill adult insects) Miticides or Acaricides for the control of mites Molluscicides for the control of slugs and snails Nematicides for the control of nematodes Rodenticides for the control of rodents Virucides for the control of viruses (e.g. H5N1)
Dr. AA, 2010
25
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
PESTICIDES
COMMON CHEMICAL GROUPS
• • • • • • • • Organo chlorines DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor Organo phosphate Malathion Carbamates propoxur, methiocarb Synth. pyrethroids permethrin, cypermethrin Bipyridilium Paraquat, diquat Phenoxyacetates 2,4-D & 2,4,5-T Triazine simazine Organic mercuric compound
Routes of exposure
• Oral – uncommon – mostly accidental • Dermal – Liquids, some powders & gases – leads to systemic poisoning • Inhalation – gases, vapours, droplets & dusts – reaches tissues via bloodstream
Dr. AA, 2010
26
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Acute Health Effects
• Varies among the pesticides families : abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, as well as skin and eye problems. • Vast majority of acute poisoning
– Organophosphate and Carbamates
• Diagnosis of acute poisoning :
– Sign & Symptoms – Temporal relationship to known exposure – Evidence of poisoning in other workers / family
Chronic Health Effects
• Respiratory problems, memory disorders, depression, neurological deficits, • Dermatologic
– 1/3 of pesticides reported diseases – Skin irritant to skin sensitizer
• Cancer
– Human carcinogen- controversies – Epidermiology studies & animal experiment
• Reproductive
– Not recognised as human teratogen – miscarriages, and birth defects. – Reported cases are available and animal studies
Dr. AA, 2010
27
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
HEALTH EFFECTS Organochlorines eg DDT
• • • • • Exposure all three routes Slowly excreted Accumulate in body Affect nervous system Symptoms:
– Excitement,anxiety,twitching,convulsion & death.
• Most now controlled or banned
HEALTH EFFECTS Organophosphate eg Malathion
• • • • • Widely used- WW II Individually vary widely in toxicity Do not accumulate in body Affects nervous system ( cholinesterase ) Symptoms :
– Weakness, vomiting, cold sweating, abdominal cramps, twitching, convulsions & death
Dr. AA, 2010
28
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
HEALTH EFFECTS Carbamates
• Similar to organo-phosphates • Effects wear off quicker
HEALTH EFFECTS Pyrethrin & Synthetic Pyrethroids
• Increasingly popular • Pyrethrum - partially refine extract of
Chrysanthemum
• Seldom causes serious harm • Symptoms:
– Acute : Not known – Chronic : Allergic contact dermatitis Facial pains, skin rash, reddening, some cause convulsions.
Dr. AA, 2010
29
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
HEALTH EFFECTS Bipyrilidium Compound
• Important members, Paraquat, diquat • Paraquat medically most important
• Contact to skin,eyes & respiratory tract
– Irritations of skin, crack & discoloration of fingernails, conjunctivitis, sorethroat
• Ingestion
– Early – Later – Late
Oral & abdo pain, nausea, vomiting & diarrhea Liver injury, renal injury Pulmonary fibrosis
• Lethal if relatively small quantity swallowed - addition of emetic
Classification based on Toxicity
CLASS
IA IB II III
TOXICITY
Very high toxicity and hazardous High Toxicity Moderate Low Toxicity
COLOR CODE
BLACK RED YELLOW BLUE
IV
Very Low Toxicity
WHITE
Dr. AA, 2010
30
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
MINERAL DUSTS
MINERAL DUSTS
• Definition
– 25 listed in regulations. – Includes silica, limestone, kaolin clay. – Silica most significant.
• Silica (silicon dioxide)
– Quartz (majority of uses). – Crystobalite. – Trydimite.
Dr. AA, 2010
31
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Dust Hazard
• Health Hazard
– Irritant dust hazards: Even the larger dust particles that don’t get to the lungs can cause problems. Dust in the nose and in the tubes leading to your lungs can irritate them causing rhinitis or bronchitis. – Irrespirable dust hazards : If too much dust enters the lungs. It can overwhelm the lungs own defenses. Dust particles and dust containing macrophages can collect in the lung tissues and damage them.
•
Explosion Hazard
– Organic dust ( e.g : Flour, grain ,wood dust), coal dust ,metal dust and sulphur dust can be explosions hazards. If a dense cloud of any of these dust form, or if layers of these dust accumulate, then one spark ( or even a hot surface) can ignite it. – These conditions can occur in handling and storage equipment, so it important for all possible sources of ignition to be removed and kept away from these areas ( e.g. welding, slipping belts, sources of static electricity). Electricity equipment in these areas should be ‘Dust ignition proof rated’
Method of Exposure
Inhalation • Risks depend on:
– type of mineral dust – Size of mineral dust – Duration of exposure – Intensity of mineral dust in breathing zone
Dr. AA, 2010
32
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Health Effect -Pneumoconiosis
• Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust
• •
Lung fibrosis caused by mineral dust inhalation. Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to a formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue.
fibrosis can stiffen the lungs, restrict airflow, and ultimately interfere with the lung's normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
•
Dr. AA, 2010
33
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Health Effect - Lung Cancer
• Lung cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. • This growth may lead to metastasis, which is invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. • The vast majority of primary lung cancers are carcinomas of the lung, derived from epithelial cells. • Lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and the second most common in women (after breast cancer), is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually. • The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, coughing (including coughing up blood), and weight loss.
Lung Cancer : Symptoms
• Symptoms that suggest lung cancer include:[
– – – – – – – – – dyspnea (shortness of breath) hemoptysis (coughing up blood) chronic coughing or change in regular coughing pattern wheezing chest pain or pain in the abdomen cachexia (weight loss), fatigue, and loss of appetite dysphonia (hoarse voice) clubbing of the fingernails (uncommon) dysphagia (difficulty swallowing).
• •
If the cancer grows in the airway, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. This can lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, predisposing the patient to pneumonia. Many lung cancers have a rich blood supply. The surface of the cancer may be fragile, leading to bleeding from the cancer into the airway. This blood may subsequently be coughed up.
Dr. AA, 2010
34
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Health Effect Tuberculosis
• •
•
Tuberculosis or TB deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis usually attacks lungs (as pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, the gastrointestinal system, bones, joints, and even the skin. The classic symptoms of tuberculosis are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs causes a wide range of symptoms.
Pneumoconiosis and its agent
Agent Silica Crystal Coal dust Iron oxide Tin Oxide Talc Common Name Silicosis “Coal miners’ pneumokoniosis Siderosis Stannosis Talcosis
Dr. AA, 2010
35
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Silicosis
Silicosis is a disabling, nonreversible and sometimes fatal lung disease caused by overexposure to respirable crystalline silica. • There are three types of silicosis, depending upon the airborne concentration of crystalline silica to which a worker has been exposed: • Chronic silicosis usually occurs after 10 or more
years of overexposure. • Accelerated silicosis results from higher exposures and develops over 5-10 years. • Acute silicosis occurs where exposures are the highest and can cause symptoms to develop within a few weeks or up to 5 years.
Silicosis
Dr. AA, 2010
36
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Symptoms of silicosis
• Silicosis may remain undetected for years in the early stages; in fact, a chest X-ray may not reveal an abnormality until after 15 or 20 years of exposure. The body's ability to fight infections may be overwhelmed by silica dust in the lungs, making workers more susceptible to certain illnesses, such as tuberculosis. As a result, workers may exhibit one or more of the following symptoms: • shortness of breath following physical exertion • severe cough • fatigue • loss of appetite • chest pains • fever
How Can Workers Determine If They Have Silicosis?
• A medical examination that includes a complete work history and a chest X-ray and lung function test is the only sure way to determine if a person has silicosis. • Workers who believe they are overexposed to silica dust should visit a doctor who knows about lung diseases. • It is recommended that medical examinations occur before job placement or upon entering a trade, and at least every 3 years thereafter.
Dr. AA, 2010
37
MKH1313 – Industrial Hygiene
Talcosis
• Talcosis is a pulmonary disorder characterized by "restrictive or obstructive disorders of breathing or the two in combination". • It has been related to silicosis resulting from inhalation of talc and silicates, also tied to heroin use. • Pure talc is a hydrated magnesium silicate, but commercial talcs have varying purities, with the most significant possible impurities consisting of quartz or tremolite (an amphibole asbestos). • Talc has numerous applications in industry (e.g. rubber, paint, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry), but it is also widely used in health and personal care.
Legislation: FMA- Peraturan-Peraturan Kilang dan Jentera (Habuk Galian) 1989 • • • • Limits of exposure Exposure monitoring Medical surveillance Control Measure
Dr. AA, 2010
38
