6 Lighting

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LIGHTING

5.0

5.0

6.1 General
6.1 General

6.1.1 Types of Lamps

6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

1. Filament Lamps
a) Incandescent Lamps
b) R and PAR
c) Tungsten - Halogen

LIGHTING

3. High-Intensity Discharge
Lamps
are members of the electric
discharge family of light sources (as
are fluorescent lamps). Light is
produced when a high-pressure
electric arc is passed through a gas
vapor, rather than by a low-pressure
arc as in fluorescent lamps.

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

2. Gaseous Discharge Lamps
a) Fluorescent Lamps
b) Energy Savings Lamps
c) Neon Vapor Lamps
d) PL lamps

a) Mercury Vapor Lamps
b) Metal Halide Lamps
c) High Pressure Sodium Lamps

5.0

LIGHTING

6.1.2 Units of Light
6.1 General

=

1. Unit of Light or Luminous Flux
Lumens

6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps

2. Unit of Density of Light
a) Footcandle
is the amount of lumens falling on
an area one square foot one foot
away

6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps

b) Lux
is the amount of lumens falling on
an area one square meter one
meter away. One (1) footcandle is
equivalent to 10.76 lux.

=

6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

3. Unit of Light Intensity
candlepower (cp)

6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

=

4. Unit of Brightness
footlambert (FL)

5.0

6.2 Incandescent
Lamps
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

composed basically of a sealed
glass containing a filament
connected at its ends to the contact
area in the base thereby completing
an electric circuit.
The glass envelope comes in a
variety of shapes and sizes; bulb
designations consist of a letter to
indicate its shape, and a number to
indicate the diameter in eights of an
inch.

LIGHTING

5.0
The various shapes are:
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms









Standard Globular
Straight
Tubular
Pear-shape Flame
PAR
-

A
G
S
T
PS
F
Parabolic
Aluminized
Reflector

A PS 30 Lamp therefore is a pearshaped bulb 30/8 or 3-3/4” in
diameter

LIGHTING

5.0

6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

Are complete optical systems in a
single bulb. The bulb contains a
filament, reflector and lens.

LIGHTING

6.4 Tungsten Halogen
Lamps
The tungsten-halogen (also called
quartz or quartz-iodine) lamps use a
halogen gas cycle to prevent rapid
depreciation of the lamp filament
and darkening of the transparent
envelop.

5.0

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

comprises a cylindrical glass tube,
sealed at both ends and containing
an inert gas usually argon and
mercury vapors. Built into each end
is a cathode which supplies the
electrons to start an maintain the
mercury arc or gaseous discharge.
This light is absorbed by the
phosphors in which the inside of the
tube is coated and is re-radiated in
the visible light range.
All fluorescent light sources, require
a control device or an auxiliary,
called a ballast, located in the metal
base.
The ballast serves the following
functions:
• Supplying the high voltage necessary
to start the arc;
• Limiting the current in the arc after it
is formed.

LIGHTING

For the operation of some
fluorescent tubes, an automatic
switch known as a starter is
required, in addition to the normal
wall switch. The starter is self
contained in a small tubular jacket
which is inserted in the fixture body
and is a replaceable part.

5.0
Fluorescent lamps are classified as:
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps

1. According to shape
• Standard
• Slim-line
does not require a starter, have single-pin
bases, come in diameters 3/4”, 1”, and 11/2” ; and come in lengths from 42” (4 ft)
to 96” (8 ft).

• Circline

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

2. According to method of tube
operation
• Pre-heat
requires a starter which preheats the
cathodes so that less voltage is required
to strike an arc. There is a 2-5 seconds
delay in the start of lamp after switch is
on. This class is also called a ”switchstart” or “starter-start” lamp. In certain
cases, the starter can be eliminated by

LIGHTING

using a device called a “trigger-start
ballast”. This ballast provides both a
current-limiting function and an
appropriate automatic starting system.

• Instant Start
When the lamp is first switched on, a
sufficient voltage is applied between the
electrodes to strike the arc without
preheating them. Instant-start lamps start
as soon as current is turned on and
eliminates the need for external starters.
They have single-pin bases which are
called “slim-line” lamps.

• Rapid Start
are the most recent developments and
the one that is most widely used. Rapidstart lamps use low-resistance electrodes
which can be heated continuously with
low current loses. These are the only
fluorescent lamps that can be electrically
dimmed or flashed. They start as quickly
as the instant-start lamps; require no
external starters; and the ballasts are
smaller and more efficient.

5.0

6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

5.0

6.6 Mercury Vapor
Lamps
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

contains mercury vapor in a clear
quartz arc tube, which when
electrically excited, produces visible
light of characteristically blue-green
color. It is suitable only for limited
industrial areas, general outdoor
applications and street lighting.

LIGHTING

6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
a modification of the mercury vapor
with an arc of improved color. In
addition to mercury, the arc tube
contains metallic vapors such as
indium iodide, thallium iodide, or
sodium iodide. It possesses
therefore increased light output,
improved color rendition without the
use of phosphors, and small source
size.

5.0

6.8 High-Pressure
Sodium Lamps

LIGHTING

6.9 Ballasts

6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

are the newest addition to the HID
field. Its arc tube is made of highdensity polycrystalline alumina an
contains a mixture of primarily
sodium.

are auxiliary equipment for
fluorescent and HID lamps which
limits the amount of current in the
lamp and provides the proper
starting voltages. A power factor is
frequently listed with each ballast
description. The low power factor
ballast is cheap and inefficient; while
the high power factor ballast has a
capacitor* which improves its
efficiency.
*CAPACITOR – An electric component which
consists of conducting plates insulated from
each other by a layer of dielectric material;
introduces capacitance into a circuit.
Capacitance is the quantitative measure of the
electric-energy storage capability of a capacitor;
usually measured in farads or microfarads.

5.0

6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

5.0

6.10 Luminaires
(Or Lighting Fixtures)
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

is the device which supports the
source or sources of electric light
and redirects or helps to control the
light rays from the source. Control of
the rays is necessary to secure even
distribution, to avoid glare, to cut-off
direct rays to the eyes, and
eliminates disturbing reflection of the
rays from polished surfaces.

LIGHTING

Ceiling-Mounted Downlights

5.0
Spotlights
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

Pendants

LIGHTING

5.0
Wall Lights
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

Task and Table Lights

5.0
Floor Lights
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

Fluorescent Fittings

5.0
Oddities
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

Exterior Lights

5.0

6.11 Classifications of
Luminaires
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

1. Indirect
90% to 100% of the light
output is directed towards
the ceiling and upper
walls of the room.
2. Semi-indirect
60% to 90% of the light is
directed upwards; 40% to
10% downwards.
3. General diffuse or
direct-indirect
provides approximately
equal distribution of light
upwards and downwards.
4. Semi-direct
60% to 90% of light is
directed downwards;
while 40% to 10% is
directed upwards.
5. Direct
90% - 100% of the light
output is directed
downwards

LIGHTING

5.0

6.12 Lighting Systems
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

1. Cornice Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a panel parallel to the
wall and attached to the ceiling to
distribute light downwards over the
wall. This is considered as direct
lighting.

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts

2. Cove Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a ledge to distribute light
upwards over the ceiling and upper
wall. It is a form of indirect lighting.

6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

3. Valance Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a panel parallel to the
wall usually across the top of a
window. This provides light both
upwards and downwards over the
wall.

LIGHTING

5.0

6.13 Lighting Methods
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

1. Local Lighting
method which employs lamps at
definite points where light is
specially needed producing pools of
light mingled with areas of shadows.
It is the very opposite of uniform
illumination. The location of lamps in
this method usually depends upon
the position of furniture or the
position of activity areas.
2. General Lighting
this method strives for diffused light
and uniform intensity over an entire
area. The lamps are evenly spaced
without regard to furniture location
and are provided with reflectors,
baffles or diffusing prisms to prevent
glare, harsh shadows and uneven
illumination.

LIGHTING

3. Combined Local and General
Lighting (sometimes called
Localized Lighting)
provides sufficient general lighting to
illuminate various objects in the
room and at the same time furnishes
additional local lamps at desks,
reading tables, showcases and other
equipment needing additional
illumination

5.0

6.1 General

6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable
Seeing Conditions

6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

1. Intensity of Illumination
intensity of light required will depend
upon the tasks involved as follows

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

a) for casual work, as in conferencing,
interviewing and inactive filing – 10 to 30 fc
b) for moderate work, as in intermittent filing
and general clerical work – 30 to 50 fc
c) for prolonged work, as in active filing,
index referencing and mail sorting – 50 to
100 fc
d) for precision work, as in accounting,
auditing, tabulating, bookkeeping, business
machine operation, reading poor
reproductions and rough layout drafting –
100 to 150 fc
e) for fine precision work, as in cartography,
designing and detail drafting – 150 to 200 fc

LIGHTING

2. Quality of Light
Light Distribution depends upon:
Uniformity
freedom from variations of illumination in a
room or space. Absolute uniformity signifies
same intensity throughout and it is not
always practicable to attain. A deviation of
25% from the average intensity cannot be
detected by the eye, and is considered an
acceptable maximum.

Diffusion
refers to the number of directions and angles
from which illuminating rays proceed. Good
diffusion is obtained when light falls upon a
matte or satin surface from a variety of
directions thus eliminating shadows and
streaks of brilliancy. Poor diffusion results
from illumination from one direction only thus
causing visual confusion because of
distorted highlights and shadows

5.0

6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps

Absence of Glare
Glare is defined as the effect of brightness in
the field of vision which causes annoyance
or discomfort, or in worse cases, interferes
with seeing. When the glare is caused by
light sources in the field of vision, it is known
as “direct glare” or “disability glare”. When
glare is caused by the reflection of a light
source in a viewed surface, it is known as
“reflected glare” or “discomfort glare”.

6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

Bare lamps or brilliant fixture globes should
never be in the line of sight from any point in
the room. An angle of 45 deg. between the
horizontal and the line of sight (line from the
lamp to the eye) is generally accepted as the
greatest permissible angle.
Color of Light
depends upon the type of lamp chosen.
Incandescent lamps provide yellow light;
although there are many other colors
depending upon the color of their glass
bulbs. Fluorescent lamps have the greatest
variety of colors ranging from daylight to
bluish white and even pinkish white. Color is
also used to enhance certain qualities. For
example, de luxe FL lamps are used to
enhance food in restaurants.

LIGHTING

5.0

6.15 Lighting Terms
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps

1. Absorption
Loss of light when light rays strikes
or traverses any medium. The ratio
of light absorbed by a material to the
light falling upon it is called the
“absorption factor” or “absorptance”.
2. Diffuse Reflection
a beam of light is reflected diffusely,
that is, its ray is scattered in all
directions, if it strikes a rough or
matte surface.

6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

3. Specular Reflection
a beam of light is specularly
reflected when a light ray striking a
shiny or glossy surface at an angle
of incidence is reflected as the same
beam with equal angle of reflection.

LIGHTING

4. Reflectance
also called “reflection factor”; it is the
ratio of light reflected by a surface to
the light falling upon it.

5. Transmission
is the passage of light through a
medium when light falls upon a
transparent material. It is “refracted”
(bent) as it passes through the
material but emerges at the same
angle that it entered. When passing
through a translucent material, such
as plastic, and the emerging rays
are spread in all directions, it is
called “diffused transmission”.
6. Transmittance
also called “transmission factor”; it is
the ratio of light transmitted to light
striking the surface.

5.0

6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps

7. Accent Lighting
directional lighting to emphasize a
space or an object.

12. Luminance Ceiling
a false ceiling of diffusing material
with light sources mounted above

8. Down Light
a fixture producing concentrated
direct lighting from a single bulb. It
may be recessed in or mounted on
the ceiling

13. Filter
device which changes either amount
or color, or both. of light passing
through it.

6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires

9. High Hat
a term often applied to a can-type of
recessed incandescent downlight.
10. Eye Ball
recessed or semi-recessed lighting
unit with a rotating spherical element
that may be turned to project light in
any direction.

6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

11. Lumiline
a tubular fluorescent lamp with a
disc base at each end.

14. Dimmer
a device to control the amount of
light by reducing the voltage or the
current; also called a “rayostat”.
15. Capacitor
An electric component which
consists of conducting plates
insulated from each other by a layer
of dielectric material; introduces
capacitance into a circuit.
Capacitance is the quantitative
measure of the electric-energy
storage capability of a capacitor;
usually measured in farads or
microfarads.

5.0

Lighting Symbols
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms

LIGHTING

LIGHTING

END

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