A Path Out of Poverty

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a path out of poverty
Developing rural and women entrepreneurship

UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
economy env ronment emp!oyment

a path out of poverty
Developing rural and women entrepreneurship

UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION

V enna" #$$%

The &e' (nat on' emp!oye& an& the pre'entat on of mater a! n th ' pu)! cat on &oe' not mp!y the e*pre'' on of any op n on +hat'oever on the part of the Secretar at of the Un te& Nat on' In&u'tr a! Deve!opment Or(an ,at on concern n( the !e(a! 'tatu' of any country" terr tory" c ty or area" or of t' author t e'" or concern n( the &e! m tat on of t' front er' or )oun&ar e'- The op n on'" f (ure' an& e't mate' 'et forth are the re'pon' ) ! ty of the author' an& 'hou!& not nece''ar !y )e con' &ere& a' ref!ect n( the v e+' or carry n( en&or'ement of UNIDO- The &e'. (nat on'" /&eve!ope&0 an& /&eve!op n(0 econom e' are nten&e& for 'tat 't ca! conven ence an& &o not nece''ar !y e*pre'' a 1u&(ement a)out the 'ta(e reache& )y a part cu!ar country or area n the &eve!opment proce''- Ment on of f rm name' or commerc a! pro&uct' &oe' not mp!y en&or'ement )y UNIDO-

This document has not been formally edited.

CONTENTS
Intro&uct on 2 3 6 6 6 8 :

1. CHALLENGES
Poverty4 No e* t5 M !!en um &eve!opment (oa!' The ne(!ect of rura! &eve!opment4 a precar ou' m)a!ance Gen&er ne7ua! ty4 mpe& ment to (ro+th an& poverty re&uct on 9u !& n( a /)ottom.up (ro+th 'trate(y0

. !"!AL AND #O$EN ENT!E%!ENE"!SH&% DE'ELO%$ENT
O)1ect ve Approach E*pecte& mpact Ma n 'erv ce' an& metho&o!o( e' UNIDO pro(ramme pr nc p!e'

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(. %!O)ECT E*%E!&ENCES
Mo,am) 7ue4 'tream! n n( re(u!atory )u' ne'' env ronment n the prov nce' U(an&a4 pr vate 'ector a'' 't' pr vate 'ector <entra! Amer ca4 ! n= n( pr vate 'ector a''oc at on'" NGO' an& un ver' t e' Pac f c I'!an&'4 promot n( entrepreneur'h p to create ncome an& emp!oyment opportun t e' R+an&a4 'tren(then n( the ro!e of +omen entrepreneur' n a po't conf! ct ' tuat on U(an&a4 prepar n( youth for entrepreneur'h p ? curr cu!um &eve!opment V et Nam4 e'ta)! 'h n( a /tra& t ona! craft v !!a(e0 for e*port promot on Morocco4 promot n( pro&uct v ty mprovement' n rura! +omen@' )u' ne''e' Aenya4 'oc o.econom c empo+erment of +omen entrepreneur'

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People living in rural peripheries, especially women, shoulder the burden of the worlds’ poverty.

&NT!OD"CT&ON
Th ' )rochure &e'cr )e' UNIDO@' /Rura! an& Bomen Entrepreneur'h p CRBED Deve!opment Pro(ramme0" +h ch ' mana(e& )y the Sma!! an& Me& um Enterpr 'e' 9ranchA' a core contr )ut on of UNIDO to poverty re&uct on" the pro(ramme 'upport' rura! peop!e an& +omen n the r a'p rat on' for entrepreneur a! n t at ve'Peop!e ! v n( n the rura! per pher e'" an& e'pe.c a!!y +omen" 'hou!&er the )ur&en of the +or!&@' poverty" part cu!ar!y n the Lea't Deve!ope& <ountr e' an& 'u).Saharan Afr caThey have )een &epr ve& for too !on( from part c pat n( n the opportun t e' an& )enef t' of econom c (ro+th an& (!o)a! ,at onRe&uc n( ur)an.rura! & 'par t e' an& (en&er ne7ua! t e' ' a cruc a! e!ement for any poverty

re&uct on 'trate(y- Mo) ! , n( the potent a! pro&uct v ty of rura! peop!e an& part cu!ar!y of +omen ' n& 'pen'a)!e to ach eve the re' ! ent econom c (ro+th that + !! pu!! peop!e a)ove the poverty ! neTherefore" the RBE Pro(ramme a m' at pro. mot n( a con&uc ve )u' ne'' env ronment an& at )u !& n( n't tut ona! an& human capac t e' that + !! encoura(e an& 'upport the entrepre. neur a! n t at ve' of rura! peop!e an& +omenPart ; of th ' )rochure &e'cr )e' the cha!!en(e' to )e a&&re''e&" fo!!o+e& )y a &e'cr pt on of UNIDO@' approach" 'erv ce' an& metho&o!o( e' for rura! an& +omen entrepreneur'h p &eve!opment n Part #- Pro1ect e*per ence' are pre'ente& n Part %" !!u'trat n( the re'u!t' UNIDO ha' ach eve& throu(h t' techn ca! cooperat on pro1ect'-

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;- <ha!!en(e'

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• 1.2 billion people live on less than US$ 1 per day • 2. billion people live on less than US$ 2 per day • !" per cent of the poor live in rural areas • #$ per cent of the world’s poor are women and girls • %he average income in the 2$ richest countries is &! times higher than in the 2$ poorest countries • 'igher ine(uality tends to retard growth in poor countries and encourage growth in richer places

%overt+, no e-it.
The + &en n( (ap )et+een r ch an& poor +or!&.+ &e ' a ma1or threat to (!o)a! 'ecur ty an& econom c nte(rat on- A)out ha!f of the p!anet@' popu!at on are poor" ! v n( on !e'' than t+o &o!!ar' a &ay- Poverty ' a v c ou' c rc!e" )e n( )oth the ma1or cau'e an& the effect of a ' tua.t on" n +h ch no opportun t e' 'eem to e* 't for the poor to he!p them'e!ve'-

Effort' are un&er+ay to put

n p!ace macro.

econom c" 'tructura! an& 'oc a! po! c e' an& pro. (ramme' to promote (ro+th an& re&uce povertyTo that en&" Government' n >2 countr e'E have prepare& or are prepar n( Poverty Re&uct on Strate(y Paper' CPRSPD n a part c patory proce'' nvo!v n( c v ! 'oc ety an& &eve!opment partner'They try to un&er'tan& an& ana!y'e 'ome fun. &amenta! 7ue't on'4 Bho are the poor5 Bhere &o they ! ve5 Bhat are the ma n )arr er' for them to move out of poverty5 F The an'+er' can he!p 'ett n( pr or t e' for po! cy cho ce-

)ural development and gender e(uality are *ey elements of strategies to reduce poverty and create income and employment opportunities.

The negle/t o0 rural development, a pre/arious im1alan/e
A 'ta((er n( 62 per cent of the +or!&@' poor ! ve n rura! area'- An& yet" re'ource' an& po! c e' cont nue to )e ) a'e& n favour of ur)an &eve!. opment- An m)a!ance n &eve!opment ' the con'e7uence" + th &etr menta! effect' on )oth rura! an& ur)an peop!e-

$illennium development goals
Era& cat n( poverty ' a 'hare& o)1ect ve of the nternat ona! commun tyThe M !!enn um Dec!arat on of the Un te& Nat on' 't pu!ate' the tar(et of ha!v n( the proport on of the +or!&@' peop!e +ho'e ncome ' !e'' than one &o!!ar a &ay )y the year #$;2- Another m !!en.n um &eve!opment (oa! ' to promote (en&er e7ua! ty an& empo+er +omen a' effect ve +ay' to com)at poverty" hun(er an& & 'ea'e an& to 't mu!ate &eve!opment that ' tru!y 'u'ta na)!e-

B th rura! area' not a)!e to prov &e enou(h opportun t e' for peop!e to 'u'ta n the r ! ve'" the )ur&en of 'upport n( the poor an& rura! popu!at on fa!!' ncrea' n(!y upon c t e'- The (ro+ n( num)er of rura! poor 'ee= n( +or= n overcro+&e& c t e' 'tretch 'oc a! an& phy' ca! nfra'tructure an& econom c opportun t e' n the ur)an area' )eyon& the r capac ty-

E A' of Ge)ruary #$$%-

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On the other han&" the m (rat on of rura! men to ur)an area' !eave' un)a!ance& fam !y 'truc.ture' )eh n&" + th +omen" ch !&ren an& e!&er!y e*pect n( rem ttance'Mo't of the rura! popu!at on &epen&'" & rect!y an& n& rect!y" on 'ma!!.'ca!e foo& crop a(r cu!. ture" f 'hery" pa'tora! an ma! hu')an&ry or rura! +a(e !a)our a''oc ate& + th p!antat on' an& ranche'" an& anc !!ary act v t e' ! n=e& to the econom e' of the rura! ! fe an& rura! to+n'h p'Many rura! fam ! e' nee& to & ver' fy the r 'ource' of ncome an& emp!oyment n v e+

of ncrea' n(!y 'ma!!er parce!' of !an&" !o+ a(r cu!tura! pro&uct v ty" vo!at !e +eather con.& t on' an& 'o ! ero' onThe rura! non.farm economy p!ay' an mportant ro!e for +ea!th creat on an& +e!!.)e n( acro'' countr e'- Gor e*amp!e" 'ma!! rura! hou'eho!&' + th fe+er than $-2 hectare' earn over ha!f of the r tota! ncome from non.farm 'ource'- The compo' t on ' (enera!!y one.th r& manufactur. n(" one.th r& commerce an& 'erv ce' + th m n. n( an& con'truct on account n( for the re't-

Gender ine2ualit+, impediment to growth and povert+ redu/tion
Bomen an& ( r!' con't tute three.f fth' of the +or!&@' poor- The r poverty !eve! ' +or'e than that of men a' c!ear (en&er & 'par t e' n e&u. cat on" emp!oyment opportun t e' an& &ec ' on.ma= n( po+er e* 't-

+eed to diversify economic opportunities for a better life

A !ar(e num)er of +omen are ma n!y en(a(e& n 'u)' 'tence a(r cu!ture a' +e!! a' n m cro an& 'ma!!.'ca!e enterpr 'e' CMSED- In mo't of the &eve!op n( countr e'" part cu!ar!y n Afr ca" +omen con't tute 6$.8$ per cent of the tota! a(r cu!tura! !a)our force an& they account for over 8$ per cent of foo& pro&uct on- It ' not 'urpr ' n( therefore to f n& many +omen en(a(e& n foo& proce'' n(" +eav n(" per'ona! 'erv ce'" )evera(e preparat on" an& 'e!! n( of 'nac= foo&'- In the MSE 'ector +or!&+ &e" +omen ma=e up one.7uarter to one. th r& of the tota! )u' ne'' popu!at on an& (!o)a! !a)our forceIn a&& t on to the r econom c an& ncome.(ener. at n( act v t e'" +omen a''ume mu!t .facete& ro!e' n 'oc ety" -e- a' )rea&+ nner of a fam !y" unpa & fam !y +or=er'" 'erv ce prov &er' n the commun . t e' an& motherHcare.ta=er of the fam !yn manufactur n( they con't tute one.th r& of the

, poverty-reducing growth strategy should aim at the creation of a comple. and diversified economic structure and should include the development of non-farm econo-mic activities and the facilitation of the transition of informal activities to the formal growth sector. , rural development programme should combine infrastructure development, education and health services, investment in agriculture, and the promotion of rural non-farm activities, in which women and rural population can engage.

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To re'pon& to the nee&' of +omen to mater a! ,e the r econom c potent a! an& there)y to mprove the r 'tan&ar& of ! v n(" t ' nece''ary to &e' (n pro(ramme' )y app!y n( a ma n'tream n( 'trat. e(y- Th ' re7u re' &ev ' n( mea'ure' to nte(rate +omen a' &ec ' on.ma=er'" part c pant' an& )enef c ar e' n a!! re!evant &eve!opment act v .t e'" rre'pect ve of the 'ector or type of act v ty- It ' a!'o nece''ary to a&&re'' the tota!. ty of pro)!em' +omen face a' entrepreneur'" &ue to the + &e 'pectrum of e!ement' affect n( the e7u ta)!e part c pat on of +omen n &eve!opment- A p!an or 'trate(y mu't )e &e' (ne& an& mp!e.mente& n c!o'e co!!a)orat on + th var ou' &eve!opment a' partner' n & fferent 'pec a! ,e& area'" nota)!y4

/oman on the way to a mai0e mill

1ender e(uality is a prere(uisite for poverty reduction because of the contribution women ma*e and the role they play in society and in the economic well-being of the family and communities. 2e it in rural or urban areas, be it in micro or medium and large enterprises, women must be an integral part of development, not only as beneficiaries, but also as decision3ma*ers and agents of change.

e&ucat on" hea!th" human r (ht' a' +e!! env ronment an& ener(y-

3uilding a 41ottom5up growth strateg+6
It ' nece''ary to ta=e a mu!t .& men' ona! per. 'pect ve on poverty re&uct on- Th ' nc!u&e' /)ottom.up (ro+th 'trate( e'0 to encoura(e the )roa&.)a'e& r 'e of entrepreneur a! n t at ve'-

In 'p te of the r mportant contr )ut on' to 'oc o. econom c &eve!opment" +omen 'uffer from var ou' con'tra nt'" +h ch nh ) t them from fu!!y rea! , n( the r potent a! for &eve!op.ment<u!tura! va!ue' an& 'oc a! norm' h n&er the e7ua! part c pat on of +omen n 'oc ety- One of the ma1or con'tra nt' +omen face a' entre. preneur' ' the une7ua! acce'' to pro&uct ve re'ource' an& 'erv ce'" nc!u& n( f nance an& '= !! up(ra& n( opportun t e'- Some !e(a! prov . ' on' an& !e( '!at ve 'y'tem' ma=e t & ff cu!t for +omen to ta=e n t at ve' for )u' ne'' &eve!op. ment- Gurthermore" the r repro&uct ve ro!e n the fam !y an& the commun ty put' +omen n a & '. a&vanta(e& po' t on to en(a(e n entrepre. neur a! act v t e'-

The )enef t' of econom c (ro+th (enerate& )y a han&fu! of mo&ern n&u'tr e' &o not nece'. 'ar !y tr c=!e &o+n to tho'e )u' ne'' 'ector' +here the !ar(e't proport on of the popu!at on ' en(a(e&" an& not at an accepta)!e paceMo't Lea't Deve!ope& <ountr e' CLD<'D an& 'u).Saharan Afr can countr e' are character ,e& )y a po!ar ,e& n&u'tr a! 'y'tem of a han&fu! of !ar(e enterpr 'e'Fo+ne& )y e ther the 'tate" fore (n nve'tor' or a fe+ r ch !oca! entrepre.neur'Fan& a !ar(e num)er of m cro enterpr '.e'" mo't!y n the nforma! 'ector- On!y a fe+ of the'e )u' ne''e' have the capac t e' to re'pon& to the emer( n( opportun t e' from the e*port 'ector an& the chan( n( nternat ona! econom c re( me-

:

mprove the acce'' to '= !! &eve!opment opportu. n t e' that 'tren(then entrepreneur a! capa) ! t e'-

The /)ottom.up (ro+th 'trate(y0 focu'e' on the tran'format on an& & ver' f cat on of m cro.an& 'ma!!.'ca!e enterpr 'e' to (ro+th.or ente& act v t e' an& on ncrea' n( the pro&uct ve capac ty n or&er to ena)!e them to part c pate n the ma n'tream economy of the nat onTh ' 'trate(y ' not a +e!fare pro(ramme" )ut a nece''ary con& t on for atta n n( 'u'ta na)!e eco.nom c (ro+th )y un!ea'h n( un&er.ut ! ,e& pro.&uct v ty potent a!'- Thu'" the a m of a /)ottom up econom c (ro+th 'trate(y0 ' to he!p poor peo.p!e to (ro+ out of the poverty trapSuch a 'trat.e(y comp!ement' an& 'upport' the (ro+th of a mo&ern an& e*port.or ente& 'ector-

People are the asset of the future

Poverty.re&uc n( (ro+th 'trate( e' nee& to & m n 'h po! cy an& re(u!atory o)'tac!e' that & '. coura(e !oca! entrepreneur a! n t at ve' an& to

4lements of a 5bottom-up growth strategy6 to enable rural people and women to participate in the mainstream economy are7 • %he creation of an enabling business regulatory environment, in which rural and women entrepreneurs can fulfil their own initiatives for advancement8 • %he strengthening of entrepreneurial capabilities8 and • %he promotion of collective self-help efforts of small-scale entrepreneurs.

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#- Rura! an& +omen entrepreneur'h p &eve!opment

O17e/tive
The a m of UNIDO@' Rura! an& Bomen Entre. preneur'h p CRBED Pro(ramme ' to contr )ute to poverty re&uct on throu(h entrepreneur'h p &eve!opmentF+ th a focu' on rura! &eve!op.ment an& (en&er e7ua! tyThe e''ent a! e!ement' n th ' Pro(ramme are to create a )u' ne'' env ronment that encoura(e' the n t at ve' of rura! an& +omen entrepreneur' an& to enhance the human an& n't tut ona! capac t e' re7u re& to fo'ter entrepreneur a! &ynam 'm an& enhance pro&uct v ty-

n t at ve'- Iuman capa) ! t e' an& the r (ht n't tut ona! frame+or= are nece''ary con& t on' for entrepreneur'h p to f!our 'h" part cu!ar!y n rura! area'The RBE Pro(ramme therefore focu'e' on4 • Stren(then n( the pu)! c a&m n 'trat on to ma=e the re(u!atory an& a&m n 'trat ve env .ronment more con&uc ve for rura! an& +omen entrepreneur'Iuman re'ource &eve!opment for ncrea'e& compet t ve entrepreneur'h p" techno!o(y a)'or) n( capac t e' an& +omen@' contro! over a''et mana(ement-



Approa/h
9u' ne'' opportun t e' are not create& )y e*ter. na! ntervent onFthey ar 'e from mar=et' an& entrepreneur a! capa) ! t e'- The ''ue ' to ena)!e rura! an& +omen entrepreneur' to ta=e a&vanta(e of mar=et opportun t e'M cro. an& 'ma!!.'ca!e enterpr 'e' CMSED are affor&a)!e an& mana(ea)!e )y rura! peop!eThey create a !ar(e num)er of non.farm emp!oyment an& ncome opportun t e' n re!at ve!y poor!y &eve!ope& area' an& re7u re 'ma!! cap ta! an& ! tt!e 'oph 't cate& mana(er a! an& techn ca! '= !!'- MSE' are a!'o the 'ee&)e&' for a )roa& &eve!opment of the pr vate 'ector throu(hout the country" form n( the foun&at on for the nat ona! economy an& 'oc a! &eve!opment at the (ra''root'In& v &ua! entrepreneur' are a &r v n( force for compet t ve MSE' a' a (ro+th )a'e- Io+ever" the po! cy an& n't tut ona! frame+or= nee&' to )e con&uc ve to encoura( n( entrepreneur a!



Deve!opment of the po! cy a&vocacy an& the co!!ect ve 'e!f.he!p capac t e' of rura! an& +omen entrepreneur'-

EXPECTED IMPACT

%he )/4 Programme aims at7 • 9mproved business performance of :S4s owned by rural and women entrepreneurs8 • 9ncreased transformation of :S4s from the informal to the formal sector8 • 9ncreased number of start-ups. ;eading to7 9ncreased income and employment opportunities in rural areas and particularly for women.

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$ain servi/es and methodologies
2usiness and regulatory environment for women and rural entrepreneurs
<omp! ance + th comp!e* re(u!atory re7u re. ment' an& &ea! n( + th )ureaucrat c +e)' are re!at ve!y more e*pen' ve for rura! entre. preneur' than for ur)an an& !ar(er enterpr 'e'<um)er'ome an& centra! ,e& )ureaucrac e' often !ea& to !en(thy ! cen' n( proce''e' an& co't!y operat on' of rura! )u' ne''e'- They may thu' & 'coura(e entrepreneur a! act v ty-

Rura! an& +omen entrepreneur'@ un&er'tan& n( of re(u!at on' a' +e!! a' the r capac ty to &en. t fy un1u't f e& app! cat on of the re(u!at on' are +ea=- In't tut on' an& a(ent' to ar) trate & '. pute' are 'carce n rura! area'Gor +omen entrepreneur'" the con'tra nt' are often e*acer)ate& )y !a+' an& re(u!at on' that e*p! c t!y & 'cr m nate a(a n't them- Gurther. more" the (en&er.'en' t v ty of many off c a!' n rura! area' ten&' to )e more heav !y nf!uence& )y the !oca! tra& t on than n ur)an area'The RBE Pro(ramme 'upport' 'tron(!y comm t. te& nat ona! an& !oca! !ea&er' that +ant to a&&re'' the a)ove ''ue' of the re(u!atory )u' . ne'' env ronment- Depen& n( on the ana!y' ' of the con'tra nt' emanat n( from the re(u!atory an& a&m n 'trat ve frame+or=" there are typ . ca!!y t+o ma n ''ue' to )e a&&re''e&4

The pu)! c a&m n 'trat on n rura! area' ha' re!at ve!y +ea= capac t e' to mp!ement po! c e' an& to ma nta n con&uc ve frame+or= con& .t on' for entrepreneur a! n t at ve'- The act on of !oca! author t e' ' often )a'e& on a va(ue un&er'tan& n( of +hat to re(u!ate an& ho+ to re(u!ate- It can re'u!t n ar) trary e*erc 'e of re(u!at on'-

• The nee& to mprove !e(a! te*t'J • The nee& to mprove the mp!ementat on of e* 't n( re(u!at on'-

METHODOLOGIES AND TOOLS <or the diagnostic study of the regu atory and ad!inistrati"e constraints , U+9=> pro?ects carry out surveys among the business community and conduct studies to analyse the impact of regulations and their implementation on :S4s in areas such as business licensing, allocation of business land, ta.ation, inspections or trade regulations. %he findings result in a participatory process to develop re!edia action # ans by the national and local partners to address the identified issues. %hey may for e.ample include proposals for streamlining procedures, establishing one-stop-shops to reduce the number of institutions to be contacted by entrepreneurs see*ing business licenses, the development of databases that facilitate and speed up licensing processes, institu-tionali0ed dissemination of information on regulations, etc. %o facilitate the imple-mentation of the proposed measures, U+9=> provides technical advice, customi0ed methodologies and training programmes for public administrators. %o complement these measures, the )/4 Programme includes entre#reneuria a$areness #rogra!!es for rural and women entrepreneurs on their rights and obligations by using information seminars, leaflets, radio programmes, etc.

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2usiness development services for rural and women entrepreneurs
Spec a! ,e& )u' ne'' &eve!opment n't tut on' are often not ava !a)!e or the r 'erv ce' are not affor&a)!e for rura! entrepreneur'- Gor +omen entrepreneur'" 'pec a! ,e& 'upport n't tut on' har&!y e* 't to cater to the r 'pec f c nee&'- Thu'" entrepreneur a! an& techn ca! tra n n(" a&v 'ory an& nformat on pro(ramme' often have to )e carr e& out + th n a non.conven.t ona! 'et.upA' a (u & n( pr nc p!e" the RBE Pro(ramme 'ee=' to +or= + th e* 't n( or(an ,at on' on the )a' ' of an a''e''ment of the r a)'orpt ve capac t e' an& n t at ve'- Throu(h tra n n( of tra ner'" a&v 'or' an& mana(er a! 'taff a' +e!! a' the &eve!opment of pract ca! an& effect ve metho&o!o( e' an& too!'" pro1ect' 'tren(then the techn ca! an& mana(er a! capa) ! t e' of the partner n't tut on' to &e! ver 'pec a! ,e& 'erv. ce' to +omen an& rura! entrepreneur'The pro(ramme' for entrepreneur'h p tra n n(" 'ma!! n&u'try a&v 'ory 'erv ce'" +omen entre.preneur'h p &eve!opment an& techn ca! '= !!' up(ra& n( are &eve!ope& )y carefu!!y ta !or n( UNIDO@' metho&o!o( e' to f t to the nee&' an& the a)'orpt on capac ty of the entrepreneur' an& the 'upport n't tut on'The'e 'erv ce' + !! he!p entrepreneur' to mprove the r pro&uct on proce''e' an& mana(ement techn 7ue' an& 'upport the r n t at ve' to 'tart up ne+ enterpr 'e'The capac ty )u !& n( a!'o a&&re''e' n't tut o. na! mana(ement mprovement' to he!p the part. ner n't tut on' n the cont nuou' &eve!opment of appropr ate 'erv ce pro(ramme'" the r &e! v.ery an& f nanc a! 'trate( e' to 'u'ta n the 'erv. ce'" e-(- )y char( n( fee' or re&uc n( co't' of 'erv ce &e! very- Operat on' manua!' an& n't . tut ona! )u' ne'' p!an' are &eve!ope& 1o nt!y + th the partner n't tut on'- 9u !& n( net+or='

METHODOLOGIES AND TOOLS <or entre#reneurshi# training, e.ist-ing U+9=> methodologies and materi-als@ such as trainer’s guides, handouts for participants or software pro-grammes@ are adapted to the specific pro?ect conditions. %opics can include mar*eting surveys, production process management, business plans, costing and pricing strategies or organi0ing handicraft production for e.port mar*ets. :ethods range from business opportunity seminars to full entrepre-neurship training courses. 4ntrepreneur-ship development curricula in secondary and vocational schools are also used. Specific methodologies and !anua s for $o!en entre#reneurshi# de"e o#!ent %&ED' have been pre-pared such as a training programme for women entrepreneurs in food pro-cessing, training modules on team-wor*, negotiating or the monitoring and evaluation of /4= pro?ects. /omen entrepreneurship training pro-grammes also emphasi0e confidence building for managing own assets. S!a industry ad"isory ser"ices are developed through capacity build-ing on such sub?ects as industrial e.tension methods, organi0ing collec-tive self-help groups or community-based pro?ects, village outsourcing or the development of entrepreneur-to-entrepreneur advisory services. %echnical s*ills upgrading modules in specific subsectors are applied in co-operation with U+9=>’s subsector and environmental specialists and address topics such as food and fish process-ing, te.tile and wood industries or waste management.

of cooperat n( n't tut on' ' an mportant 'trate(y for &eve!op n( 'erv ce n't tut on' n rura! 'ett n('-

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Aollective self-help capacities and advocacy roles
Support n( the n t at ve' of (roup'" pr vate 'ector a''oc at on' an& commun t e' to &eve!op the r 'e!f. he!p pro(ramme' ' mportant n v e+ of 'carce 'erv ce n't tut on' n rura! area' an& +ea= a&vo. cacy capac ty of rura! an& +omen entrepreneur'-

Rura! an& +omen entrepreneur' can e'ta)! 'h common pro1ect' 'uch a'4 • <o!!ect ve mar=et n(J • 9u!= purcha' n(J • <ommon fac ! t e'" e-(- to 'hare mach nery an& e7u pment" a +arehou'e or a veh c!e or off ce fac ! t e'J • Group.o+ne& enterpr 'e'J • Group !en& n(J • Tra n n( pro(ramme'-

Se!f.he!p (roup' empo+er m cro. an& 'ma!! entrepreneur' to &ent fy the r nee&'" p!an an& mp!ement the r o+n pro1ect'" 'hare the )ene.f t' of the r co!!ect ve effort' an& eva!uate the r pro(ramme' an& pro1ect'-

METHODOLOGIES AND TOOLS U+9=> has developed a series of capacity building programmes to promote advocacy roles and collective self-help initiatives, which have been implemented in a number of countries. , training programme on the methodologies for organi0ing, facilitating and assisting se f( he # entre#reneuria grou#s helps business advisers, :S9 develop-ment wor*ers and staff of associations to promote and implement this approach. %he training programme consists of a %rainer’s 1uide and reference materials in three modules7 BaC organi0ing self-help entrepreneurial groups, BbC developing group pro?ects and BcC motivating and strengthening entrepreneurial groups. <or associa-tions, these materials are complemented by a specific training programme on managing an association. 9n many village settings, reducing both time and energy use for staple-food pro-cessing is of high concern to the rural women. U+9=> has developed together with 9<,= and U+=P the concept of a Mu ti#ur#ose )i age &or*sho# %M)&', which connects a multiple set of e(uipment for milling, dehulling, oil pressing, etc., to one motor in order to optimi0e the use of available e(uipment and energy. 9t is managed by a self-help community group and local small business circles. %he :D/ thus helps women to increase and diversify their food production as well as to improve the (uality of their products and their productivity. Co!!unity(Production Centres %CPCs' are a combination of an organi0ed apprenticeship scheme and a small-scale industrial village wor*shop. %he basic merit is to share production facilities such as premises, e(uipment, storage room, tools, power, communication, management, etc. , APA could combine the production with a service function whereby the APA would organi0e the procurement of raw material and the collective sale of the products. ,n important element for the sustaining success of APAs is a strong traditional and local leadership, supported by the community members.

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9y or(an , n( them'e!ve' n (roup' an& a''o. c at on'" rura! an& +omen entrepreneur' can effect ve!y vo ce the r 'pec f c concern' an& a&vocate chan(e' throu(h forma! po! cy ma=. n( proce''e'- Th ' ' mportant ' nce the r capac ty to part c pate n !oca! an& nat ona! po!. cy ma= n( ' often ! m te&" an& the r ntere't' are often n'uff c ent!y repre'ente& )y ur)an an& ma!e &om nate& !o))y n( (roup'-

Gett n( 'tarte& a' a (roup or an a''oc at on" p!ann n( an& mp!ement n( common pro1ect' an& =eep n( the mot vat on (o n( are the cr t. ca! ''ue' for )u !& n( capac t e' of the entre. preneur a! (roup' an& the r a&v 'or'In commun t e' + th a 'tron( tra& t ona! !ea&er'h p an& or(an ,at on" co!!ect ve pro1ect' can )e un&er. ta=en )y commun ty 'tructure' an& or(an ,at on'-

+NIDO P,OG,AMME P,INCIPLES
Strategic focus- %he focus is on ;=As, sub-Saharan ,frica and countries with special needs, such as post-crisis 0ones or countries with high ine(uality leading to poc*ets of poverty. Peo# e(centred- %he approach is people-centred and therefore starts with the characteri-0ation of the disadvantaged target population groups7 women, rural population, youth, ethnic groups and refugees and displaced people. %he factors impeding their inclusion into economic mainstream and growth activities are analysed with participatory approaches to identify the entry points of the technical assistance. ,oot(cause ana ysis- , comprehensive analysis of the specific root causes of poverty, ine(uality and conflicts forms the basis for developing technical cooperation pro?ects in support of 5bottom-up growth strategies6. Gender sensiti"e- , specific analysis is re(uired to understand the causes of gender ine(ualities and possible discriminatory effects. %he programme uses both a targeting as well as a mainstreaming approach, depending on the analysis. Loca y s#ecific- 9t needs to be understood that no blueprint design for rural and women entrepreneurship development pro?ects is possible. 4.isting methodologies have to be care-fully selected and ad?usted according to local conditions and comple.ities. Asset(.ased- )ather than pursuing a needs-based approach, the programme tries to build on e.isting assets, abilities and initiatives of the poor and aims to strengthen them. Ana ysis of a.sor#ti"e ca#acities- Pro?ects are designed on the basis of the capacity of partner institutions to absorb the technical assistance. <actors to be assessed include7 visions of the leadership on development ob?ectives and their commitment to self-improve-ment, trac* record of management, technical capabilities of the staff, financial sources and fund raising capabilities for recurrent e.penditures and capital investment, e.isting facili-ties, trac* record of client satisfaction. Sustaina.i ity- %he technical assistance aims at building up lasting capabilities of the institutions to operate sustainable service delivery on their own after the pro?ect assistance is over. =imensions of sustainability are of financial, technical and managerial nature. O#en architecture- Strategic alliances for pro?ect formulation and implementation are being sought in order to integrate the pro?ects with 1overnment programmes as well as other operators of similar pro?ects at the local level, and to create synergies for greater impact. I!#act !easure!ent- Performance and impact are analysed periodically with the sta*eholders and, to the e.tent possible, (uantitative impact indicators are applied. Learning essons- %he continuous monitoring of e.periences of U+9=> and others and the feeding bac* of lessons learned into the pro?ect design and implementation in the field of rural and women entrepreneurship development is being underta*en to ensure high (uality of the technical assistance pro?ects and to contribute to global forum debates.

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%- Pro1ect e*per ence'

$O8A$3&9"E,

Streamlining regulator+ 1usiness environment in the provin/es
9ssue
A&m n 'trat ve )arr er' to nve'tment an& to the !e(a! ,at on of enterpr 'e' have ' (n f cant a&ver'e effect' on )u' ne'' (ro+th )y & 'cour.a( n( the n t at ve' of entrepreneur'- M cro.an& 'ma!! enterpr 'e' are & 'proport onate!y affecte&In Mo,am) 7ue" o)'tac!e' nc!u&e )ureaucrat c proce&ure'" !ac= of accurate nformat on" co't!y an& t me.con'um n( cu'tom' proce&ure'- De!ay' an& unnece''ary f nanc a! re7u rement' n o)ta n. n( )u' ne'' ! cence' ar 'e from neff c ent nter. &epartmenta! coor& nat on amon( the & fferent (overnment )o& e'- On avera(e" t ta=e' the ' * or more pu)! c n't tut on' nvo!ve& n the proce'' four month' to !e(a! ,e econom c act v t e'-

ru!e' an& re(u!at on' n or&er to 't mu!ate pr .vate 'ector.!e& (ro+th- 9U en'ure' coor& nat on amon( & fferent prov nc a! &epartment' on ! cen' n( ne+ )u' ne''e'9U a m' to 'pee& up rev e+ an& approva! proce&ure' for ! cen' n( an& to & ''em nate nformat on on re(u!atory re7u rement' an& ncent ve pro(ramme'- 9U ena)!e' the entrepre. neur to treat a!! paper+or= at one !ocat on n'tea& of v ' t n( 'evera! (overnment off ce' an& to ma=e on!y off c a!!y re7u re& fee pay.ment' n a tran'parent manner- A cont nuou' mon tor n( an& accompany n( proce'' fo!!o+' unt ! the &ec ' on ' ma&e an& the ! cence ' han&e& over to the entrepreneur- Thu'" +h !e the actua! proce'' n( of app! cat on' ' not &one )y 9U t'e!f" t (uarantee' the proper an& tran'.parent app! cat on of e* 't n( !e(a! frame+or='-

Strategy
A' a mea'ure to overcome the a&m n 'trat ve o)'tac!e' to nve'tor' an& entrepreneur'" the Prov nc a! Government of Zam)K, a" n cooper. at on + th UNIDO" create& the 9a!cLo Mn co Cone. 'top 'hopD n NuK! mane- 9a!cLo Mn co C9UD fac ! tate' correct an& eff c ent app! cat on' of

Th ' ' ach eve& )y accept n( payment' on!y )y +ay of )an= &epo' t' an& )y offer n( re!evant nformat on on fee' an& c! ent'@ r (ht' an& o)! . (at on'- 9U en'ure' an eff c ent mon tor n( of the proce'' )y u' n( rout n( '! p' to re( 'ter the a&m n 'trat ve t me nee&e& an& )y mean' of t' &ata)a'e- The &ata)a'e prov &e' 'tat 't ca! nfor.mat on nece''ary for the p!ann n( of &eve!op.ment po! c e' )y the pu)! c author t e'The Off ce of the Prov nc a! Governor a&m n '. ter' the 9U an& the prov nc a! (overnment )u&(et cover' a!! the operat ona! co't'-

)esults
• Staff of the 2alcEo Unico e.plaining their wor* to visitors 9a!cLo Mn co C9UD ha' )een 'ucce''fu! n t' act v t e' 'o far an& ha' )een pra 'e& )oth )y the )u' ne'' commun ty an& )y the prov nc a! (overnment-

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Grom t' nau(urat on n Oune #$$; unt ! Au(u't #$$#" 9U han&!e& ;>% app! cat on' from enterpr 'e'" out of +h ch 6: rece ve& ! cence'- An e't mate& %2 of them +ere oper.at ona! )y Au(u't #$$#" repre'ent n( a ne+ 'ource of ta* revenue for the pu)! c 'ector- The proce'' n( t me ha' )een re&uce& to #2 &ay' on avera(eEntrepreneur' f n& that 9U ha' mprove& proce'' n( t me" ncrea'e& tran'parency" eff . c ency an& profe'' ona! 'm of the ! cen' n( proce''" un form an& con' 'tent nterpreta.

t on an& app! cat on of re(u!at on'" re! a)!e nformat on on proce&ure' an& con' 'tent char(e' of fee' a' &eterm ne& )y !a+-



P The overa!! effect on emp!oyment + !! on!y )e not cea)!e n the !on( run" a' a &er vat ve of the mprovement of entre. preneur'@ an& nve'tor'@ percept on of the prov nce'@ re(u!atory env ronment a' +e!! a' other factor' affect n( the )u' ne'' c! mate- Neverthe!e''" an e't mate& #$$ 1o)' have 'o far )een create& n the forma! 'ector-

"GANDA,

%rivate se/tor assists private se/tor
9ssue
Entrepreneur' n rura! area' 'uffer from a !ac= of tra n n( an& a&v 'ory 'erv ce' that +ou!& a!!o+ them to up(ra&e the r mana(er a! an& techn ca! '= !!' an& 'o!ve mme& ate pro&uct on pro)!em'" thu' mprov n( pro&uct v ty an& ncrea' n( prof ta) ! tyThe (overnment often &oe' not have a 'uff c ent )u&(et to f nance the co't' of tra n n( an& a&v 'ory n't tut on'- The techn c an' of pu)! c n't tut on' may not have the nece''ary pr vate. 'ector or entat on an& )u' ne'' 'p r t to prov &e pract ca! a&v ce to entrepreneur'In U(an&a" +here more than 6$ per cent of enterpr 'e' emp!oy !e'' than #$ peop!e" m cro. an& 'ma!! enterpr 'e' p!ay an mportant ro!e n the econom c an& 'oc a! ! fe of the ma1or ty of c t ,en'- Io+ever" the (ro+th an& the

+ea= nfra'tructure" & ff cu!t e' n acce'' n( !oan'" an& comp! cate& company re( 'trat on proce''e'-

Strategy
One of UNIDO@' act v t e' focu'e' on mprov n( the acce'' of 'ma!! entrepreneur' n rura! & '. tr ct' to a&v 'ory 'erv ce' an& tra n n(- The pro. 1ect ha' ntro&uce& the concept of a Ma'ter <raft'men Pro(ramme CM<PD n ' * & 'tr ct' of U(an&a- It ' a 'e!f.'u'ta n n(" &eman&.&r ven an& pr vate 'ector.!e& 'y'tem of a'' 'tance to entrepreneur'" coor& nate& )y the U(an&a Sma!!.Sca!e In&u'tr e' A''oc at on CUSSIAD-

compet t vene'' of th ' 'ector are hampere& )y a !ac= of mana(er a! an& techn ca! '= !!'"

A)out ;$$ 'ma!!. n&u'try entrepreneur' have )een 'e!ecte& an& tra ne& to prov &e fee. )a'e& 'erv ce' to other m cro an& 'ma!!.'ca!e n&u'tr a! entrepreneur' n the r & 'tr ct'- The ' * & 'tr ct' are Ma'a=a" M)arara" Aa)aro!e" Mu)en&e" M)a!e an& L ra-

;:

te*t !e" !eather an& +oo&+or= n(- The ma1or func.t on' are n&u'tr a! a&v 'ory 'erv ce'" tra n n( n )u' ne'' an& techn ca! '= !!' up(ra& n(" encoura(. n( the format on of entrepreneur a! 'e!f.he!p (roup'" an& 'ecretar a! 'erv ce' at the a''oc at on@' & 'tr ct off ce'-

)esults
• A tota! of ;$$ entrepreneur' an& '= !!e& techn c an' have )een tra ne& a' M<P a&v .'or' an& are operat n( n ' * & 'tr ct'Over 62$ entrepreneur' n the ' * & 'tr ct' mprove& the r mana(er a! an& techn ca! '= !!'-

:AP advisor in a metal wor*shop


E''ent a! n th ' 'trate(y are the &ynam c' of communa! o)! (at on' a' the &r v n( force" +h ch +or= n a +ay that )u' ne'' peop!e n the 'ame )u' ne'' commun ty he!p each other- Io+ever" c! ent' +ere not u'e& to pay n( fee' for tra n n( an& a&v 'ory 'erv ce'" 'omet me' affecte& )y heav !y &onor.'u)' & ,e& 'erv ce'- The UNIDO pro1ect ha' not ( ven any f nanc a! ncent ve' or 'u)' & e' to the M<P" )ut he!pe& n the conceptua! &eve!opment" preparat on of metho&o!o( e' an& manua!'" tra n n( of a&v 'or' an& campa (n n( for the fee.)a'e& 'erv ce'The M<P 'erv ce' focu' on meta!+or= n(" e!ectr . ca! an& e!ectron c' en( neer n(" foo& proce'' n("



Tra n n( manua!' an& operat ona! manua!' for the M<P are )e n( u'e&Ne (h)our n( & 'tr ct' have re7ue'te& the 'erv ce' of the M<P a&v 'or'USSIA & 'tr ct off cer' have )een tra ne& n the mana(ement of the a''oc at on an& the coor& nat on )et+een the nat ona! an& the & 'tr ct off ce' ha' mprove&-







A net+or= of NGO' cooperat n( + th M<P ha' )een e*pan& n(-

'ussein 2. has a mai0e milling business in the /estern Ugandan town of <ort Portal. 'e started it after his farm and transport business collapsed when his property was looted during the war in 1F ". 'ussein has 1" years of e.perience in milling and he supplies the flour to schools and government institutions. 'owever, all along he had not seen his business grow as hoped and had been thin*ing that his wor*ers may have been cheating him on his business. 4lectricity costs were ta*ing all his earnings. >ne of the :AP advisors, >0unga, invited him to attend a s*ills upgrading training in milling techni(ues and maintenance, but 'ussein was hesitant and as*ed what new things he could learn. 'owever, he decided to give it a try and paid #G,$$$ shillings. 'ussein offered to use his mill as a venue for the practical training. ,t the end of the training programme, 'ussein realised that his mill was loosing *g of flour for every 1$$ *g7 the whole factory was full of flour on the walls, ceiling and floor. 'e usually milled &$ bags a day, which meant a loss of 1F2,$$$ shillings per day. 'ussein made the necessary modifications in his mai0e mill, which he had learnt from the :AP training. %oday, the lost flour at his mill has been reduced to only 1 *g for every 1$$ *g. 9n four months he managed to save enough money to buy a rice huller to add to his business.

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, woman :AP advisor in a carpentry shop
,dolf '. is a young and dynamic businessman in his twenties. 'e owns a carpentry wor*shop in :ubende, 2$$ *ilometres west of Hampala. 'is e(uipment mostly consists of hand tools and one bench. ,dolf used to complain about not having enough customers, and conse(uently low sales. /hen he attended a :AP wor*shop on carpentry he reali0ed that his problem was not the lac* of customers but the (uality of his wor*. 'e approached :0ee, one of the :AP advisors in the district. :0ee reviewed the wor* of ,dolf and, during two wee*s at ,dolfIs own wor*shop, gave him hands-on advice to improve the product design, material selection, surface preparation, ?oints etc. 2efore the training, ,dolf used to sell his Johnny set at 12$,$$$ to 1"$,$$$ shillings. %he set they wor*ed on during the training was sold for G"$,$$$ shillings. ,dolf paid for the training fee of &",$$$ shillings at the USS9, office. ,ll his other products are now fetching about 2$-&$ per cent more than before. 'e has managed to attract orders from a coffee factory that used to buy furniture from Hampala. 'is average sales have multiplied fivefold. 'e has now as*ed :0ee to give him more training.

CENT!AL A$E!&CA,

Lin:ing private se/tor asso/iations; NGOs and universities
9ssue
Promot n( +omen@' part c pat on n the pro&uc. t ve 'ector ' a ma1or cha!!en(e n <entra! Amer can commun t e'- In part cu!ar" +omen + th a !o+ !eve! of tra n n( an& e&ucat on" an& tho'e )e n( a!one at the hea& of the fam !y nee& to or(an ,e them'e!ve' for pro&uct v ty (a n' to ncrea'e the r ncome- There ' a pre'' n( nee& for them to )e a)!e to mprove the r mar=et acce'' an& (ro+ the r )u' ne''e' compet t ve!y-

Gor youn( per'on'" a ma1or cha!!en(e ' the &eve!opment of an entrepreneur a! cu!ture for enterpr 'e an& 1o) creat on" +h !e up.(ra& n( the r techn ca! '= !!' at the 'ame t me-

The ma n ''ue +a' to f n& effect ve +ay' throu(h the e'ta)! 'hment an& net+or= n( of )u' ne'' 'upport pro(ramme' to )r n( +omen an& youn( entrepreneur' nto the ma n'tream of entrepreneur a! venture' an& pr vate 'ector &eve!opment-

#;

Strategy
The pro1ect ha' )een a'' 't n( pr vate 'ector n't tut on'" un ver' t e' an& NGO' n Guatema!a" Ion&ura' an& N cara(ua to )u !& the r or(an .,at ona! capac t e' for mprove& &e! very of 'pe.c a! ,e& )u' ne'' 'upport 'erv ce' for +omen from the poorer 'e(ment' of 'oc ety +ho man.a(e 'ma!! foo&. proce'' n( enterpr 'e' an& the r emp!oyee'The n't tut ona! capac t e' of counterpart a(en. c e' an& the r !oca! co!!a)orat n( a(enc e' are 'tren(thene& throu(h tra n n(" &eve!op n( an& a&apt n( metho&o!o( e' an& techn ca! a&v ce to a&&re'' the &eman& for mana(er a! an& techn . ca! 'erv ce' re7u re& )y +omen entrepreneur'The +omen tar(ete& are tho'e that have 'ome )a' c e*per ence n a(ro.foo& )u' ne''e' an& pro&uct on" an& that nee& a'' 'tance n )u' ne'' &eve!opment an& (ro+th- Bomen entrepreneur' are (u &e& to &eve!op commerc a! att tu&e' an& a 'tron( pro&uct on or entat on" a' th ' ' often a ma1or con'tra nt that ha' )een o)'erve& n the'e pro1ect'Gor youth entrepreneur'h p &eve!opment" the pro1ect ha' ta=en a cata!yt c approach to a&&re'' the ''ue of unemp!oyment of 'choo! !eaver' an& (ra&uate' + th a techn ca! )ac=(roun& n the foo&. proce'' n( 'ector- The pro1ect fac ! tate& the r acce'' to techn ca! =no+!e&(e" cre& t ! n=.

a(e' an& pract ca! )u' ne'' e*per ence' to he!p them 'hape the r &ea' for enterpr 'e &eve!op.ment- Bh !e focu' n( on '= !! tra n n( to &eve.!op the potent a! of youn( entrepreneur' n the a(ro.foo& 'ector" t +a' foun& to )e e''ent a! that th ' 'hou!& )e comp!emente& )y prepar n( )u' ne'' p!an' to fac ! tate cre& t re7ue't' an& approva!A )a' ' for 'ucce'' of the pro1ect are the 'tron( ! n=a(e' e'ta)! 'he& )et+een the pr vate 'ector a''oc at on'" !oca! tra n n( n't tut on' an& un . ver' t e' n the three countr e'- They a!! cooper. ate to offer the nte(rate& 'erv ce pac=a(e for the youn( potent a! entrepreneur'The pro(ramme' are &eve!op n( 'yner( e' + th other UNIDO pro(ramme' current!y )e n( e*e. cute& n the three countr e'" a' +e!! a' + th entrepreneur'h p re!ate& pro(ramme' mp!e. mente& )y other &eve!opment cooperat on a(enc e'- There are a!'o a num)er of po' t ve 'yner( e' an& )enef t' &eve!ope& )et+een the t+o pro(ramme' n <entra! Amer ca" -e- n or(an , n( ntern'h p'" mar=et n( 'urvey' an& )u' ne'' venture'-

)esults
• More than >3$ +omen entrepreneur' tra ne&" + th appro* mate!y 8$ emp!oyee'Some ## (roup' of +omen entrepreneur' a'' 'te& to 'et up pro&uct on fac ! t e'-





A tota! of ;%8 fac ! tator' tra ne&" out of +h ch %; are act ve!y +or= n( + th +omen entrepreneur' an& (roup'A(reement' of ' * NGO' o)ta ne& to act a' cre& t fac ! tator'Some 62 rura! an& ur)an youn( entrepre. neur' tra ne&" + th appro* mate!y >$ per cent 'ett n( up an enterpr 'e-





<ood processing as a business opportunity

##

%AC&<&C &SLANDS,

%romoting entrepreneurship to /reate in/ome and emplo+ment opportunities
9ssue
In 'ome countr e'" entrepreneur a! 'p r t an& n .t at ve' are very +ea=!y &eve!ope& &ue to a !ac= of re!evant '= !!' an& =no+!e&(e" ! tt!e e*po'ure to the out' &e a' +e!! a' for h 'tor c an& cu!.tura! rea'on'In 'evera! Pac f c '!an& countr e'" th ' ' part cu!ar!y true n the conte*t of econom e'" +h ch are character ,e& )y a(r cu!tura! 'u)' '. tence act v t e' or a prepon&erant pu)! c 'ectorGurthermore" tra& t ona! va!ue' empha' ,e com.muna! approache' rather than n& v &ua! 't c entrepreneur'h p- Po! cy an& n't tut ona! 'et.t n(' are not con&uc ve to entrepreneur a! n .t at ve'- The re'u!t of a!! the'e factor' ' a +ea=!y &eve!ope& pr vate 'ector an& acute 'horta(e' of ncome an& emp!oyment opportu.n t e'-

<ederated States of :icronesia7 this tailorshop in Hosrae State opened with :4=A assistance
'!an& entrepreneur'- It a!'o contr )ute& to mprove !e( '!at on to )e more con&uc ve for enterpr 'e' to 'tart" (ro+ an& & ver' fyUNIDO prepare& entrepreneur'h p &eve!opment metho&.o!o( e' an& tra n n( manua!'" +h ch +ere !ater a!'o 'ucce''fu!!y a&apte& n other countr e'" an& tra ne& a)out 8$ tra ner'" )u' ne'' a&v 'or' an& other 'taff of the cooperat n( n't tut on'- More than ;"3$$ potent a! an& e* 't n( entrepreneur' )enef te& from MED< a'' 'tance-

Strategy
UNIDO a&v 'e& an& mana(e& pro1ect' n the Ge&erate& State' of M crone' a an& n So!omon I'!an&'" hav n( a' a common e!ement the a m to promote a 'tron(er pr vate entrepreneur a! )a'eThe focu' +a' on &eve!op n( entrepre.neur'h p throu(h a more favoura)!e po! cy an& a&m n 'trat ve frame+or=" 'tren(then n( 'upport 'erv ce capac t e' an& fo'ter n( co!!ect ve 'e!f. he!p n t at ve' of (roup' of entrepreneur' an& commun t e'B th the e'ta)! 'hment of M crone' an

In the So!omon I'!an&'" the pro1ect contr )ute& to a&&re'' the acute 'horta(e of 1o) opportun . t e' n rura! area' +here peop!e &er ve the r ncome mo't!y from a m * of 'u)' 'tence an& commerc a! act v t e' an& 'u)'e7uent m (rat on from the prov nce' to the cap ta!- It promote& the &eve!opment of 'ma!!.'ca!e an& cotta(e n&u'tr e' n rura! commun t e' n Ma!a ta" Ma= ra" I'a)e! an& the Be'tern Prov nce' a' +e!! a' n Gua&a!cana! an& Ion araGor tra n n( act v t e'" the pro1ect 'taff a&apte& an& &eve!ope& UNIDO tra n n( mater a!' for entrepreneur'h p &eve!opment an& techn ca! '= !!' tra n n(- N nety 'taff of var ou' n't tut on'

Entrepreneur Deve!opment <entre' CMED<D n four 'tate' CPohnpe " <huu=" Ao'rae an& QapD" the pro1ect )u !t a net+or= of tra n n( pro(ramme'" n't tut on' offer n( an& techn ca! )u' ne''

a&v 'ory 'erv ce' an& )u' ne'' nformat on to the

#%

!an& tenure" the pro1ect a!'o a&v 'e& commun t e' n the e'ta)! 'hment of cooperat ve )u' ne'' pro. 1ect' for re'ource.)a'e& proce'' n(- Gor )etter coor& nat on an& mp!ementat on of mea'ure' to promote 'ma!!.'ca!e entrepreneur'h p" con'u!ta. t ve comm ttee' +ere e'ta)! 'he& n the prov nce'" con' 't n( of the !oca! author t e' an& pr vate 'ec. tor repre'entat ve'-

)esults
Solomon 9slands7 , communitybased business venture
+ere tra ne& to carry out the 'erv ce' for the entrepreneur'- More than ;"#$$ entrepreneur' rece ve& tra n n( or other a'' 'tanceI''ue' 'uch a' tra& t ona! !an& tenure pract ce an& a&m n 'trat ve )arr er'" +ea= acce'' to cre& t an& nformat on +ere a!'o a&&re''e&- A +e) ' te an& on! ne.)u' ne'' nformat on 'erv ce are operat n(In v e+ of preva ! n( communa! approache' an&



In f ve prov nce' of So!omon I'!an&'" more than ;"$$$ ne+ emp!oyment opportun t e' +ere create& &ur n( three year' throu(h the 'tart.up of a!mo't #$$ ne+ )u' ne''e' an& the e*pan' on of a)out ;82 e* 't n( )u' ne''e'In the Ge&erate& State' of M crone' a" more than 32$ enterpr 'e' 'tarte& or e*pan&e& + th the MED< a'' 'tance" creat n( a!mo't ;"2$$ ne+ 1o)' an& an e't mate& nve'tment of USR ;%-2 m !! on-



!#ANDA,

Strengthening the role o0 women entrepreneurs in a post /on0li/t situation
9ssue
Bomen@' )ur&en ' part cu!ar!y compoun&e& n po't.conf! ct ' tuat on'- Gre7uent!y" they are the 'o!e )rea&+ nner of the fam !y a' the r ma!e fam. !y mem)er' have )een e ther !o't or 'eparate& n the +ar" f!e& or 1a !e&- The r mme& ate nee&' for 'u'ta n n( the fam !y mount tremen&ou'!y +hen the 'upp!y of (oo&' an& 'erv ce' cea'e' an& tra. & t ona! commun ty he!p 'cheme' co!!ap'e &ue to the re'tr cte& mo) ! ty an& 'ecur ty-

In +ar torn area' of R+an&a" t )ecome' a cr t . ca! ''ue to prov &e +omen an& + &o+' + th mean' to rea''ure the r proact ve ro!e n com. mun ty &eve!opment an& to 'upport the r fam . ! e'@ +e!!.)e n(- Due to the &eva'tat n( ' tuat on after ;::>" the r nee& for mprove& an& 'u'ta n. a)!e )u' ne'' operat on ha' )ecome even more cr t ca! a' a !on(.term 'o!ut on to 'u'ta na)!e ! ve! hoo&- It +a' nece''ary to re'tore +omen@' 'e!f.he!p n t at ve' an& ncrea'e the r )u' ne'' potent a!" e'pec a!!y n 'ma!! foo& proce'' n(-

#>

Strategy
A carefu! ana!y' ' +a' con&ucte& on the 'oc o. econom c env ronment of the v !!a(e' +here +omen run a )u' ne''- <u!tura!" re! ( ou' an& eth. n c compo' t on of the commun ty +ere ana!y'e& to(ether + th the phy' ca! an& 'oc a! nfra'truc.ture" mar=et acce'' an& (en&er & v ' on of !a)ourE* 'tence of any (roup' of & 'p!ace& peop!e a' +e!! a' return n( 'o!& er' n the commun ty +a' rev e+e& n or&er to avo & an m)a!ance& & 'tr . )ut on of )enef t' an& po+er 'tructure-

The pro1ect tar(ete& +omen a!rea&y en(a(e& n 'ome form of proce'' n( act v t e'" 'uch a' &a ry" fru t an& ve(eta)!e pro&uct' n v e+ of the mportance of th ' 'ector for mprove& foo& 'ecur ty n the commun t e'- Tra ner' +ere 'e!ecte& from the (roup of 'pec a! 't' +or= n( n the )u' ne''- 9an= off cer' an& f e!& e*ten.' on off cer' +ere nv te& to run a 'er e' of moc= con'u!tat on 'e'' on' + th the +omen to & 'cu'' the r )u' ne'' p!an'9y (ett n( to =no+ each other an& 'har n( the r )u' ne'' e*per ence' an& pro)!em' n ethn ca!!y m *e& (roup'" +omen )ecame a+are of the nee& to reconc !e effort' to 'tren(then the r 'e!f. he!p n t at ve' an& net+or=' n the commun t e'-

)wandan entrepreneurs wor* together in dairy production

proce'' n( n 9yum)a an& A (a! Rura! Prefecture'- Ten of them o)ta ne& cre& t from !oca! &eve!opment )an=' for e*pan& n( the r )u' ne'' an& t+o of them 'ucce''fu!!y mar.=ete& the r pro&uct' nto the ur)an mar=et n A (a! • Tra ne& +omen entrepreneur' 'tarte& p!ay n( the ro!e of a !oca! a&v 'er to fe!!o+ entre. preneur' at the r o+n 'ett n('Fa net+or= +a' thu' e'ta)! 'he& amon( +omen entre. preneur' to 'hare nformat on" re'ource' an& e7u pment to pro&uce foo& pro&uct'Some #3 tra ner' +ere tra ne& n the or(an. ,at on of '= !! tra n n( for +omen entrepre. neur' an& #% of them +ent throu(h refre'her tra n n( cour'e'- More than ha!f of them )e!on( to !oca! NGO' an& n't tut on'-



)esults
• Some >$ +omen entrepreneur' +ere tra ne& n &a ry pro&uct' an& fru t an& ve(eta)!e

#2

"GANDA,

%reparing +outh 0or entrepreneurship=/urri/ulum development
9ssue
Bherea' mo't 'tu&ent' !oo= for 1o)' after !eav n( 'econ&ary 'choo!'" 'ome (o further on to a vocat ona! 'choo! n or&er to ac7u re 'pe.c f c techn ca! '= !!'- Once the'e youn( peop!e are n the !a)our mar=et" they !earn a)out )u' .ne'' on.the.1o) an& there are fe+ opportun .t e' to 'y'temat ca!!y !earn a)out )u' ne''- In an env ronment +here a!mo't ha!f of the popu!at on ' un&er ;2 year' o!& an& mo't of them have to f n& 1o)' n the pr vate 'ector" =no+ n( the )a' c' of )u' ne'' at an ear!y a(e ' an a&vanta(e- It 't mu!ate' the 'tu&ent' of 'econ&ary 'choo!' to a''oc ate aca&em c 'u).1ect' n concrete term' an& ' u'efu! for 'tu&ent' n vocat ona! 'choo!' n or&er to a''o.c ate the r techn ca! '= !!' + th overa!! )u' ne'' concept'A !ar(e num)er of entrepreneur' )u !& up 'av n(' +h !e they +or= a' emp!oyee' n or&er to 'tart the r o+n )u' ne''- Therefore" t ' mportant that the youn( peop!e &eve!op a not on of the pr vate 'ector an& entrepre. neur'h p )efore enter n( the 1o) mar=et- The E&ucat on Bh te Paper C;::#D of the Govern. ment of U(an&a a m' at putt n( n p!ace an e&ucat on 'y'tem to pro&uce manpo+er" +h ch + !! he!p create emp!oyment opportun t e'" 'upport mo&ern ,at on of a(r cu!ture" 'tart n&u'tr e' an& contr )ute to rap & econom c (ro+th an& tran'format on-

Strategy
The UNIDO Pro1ect ha' ntro&uce& entrepre.neur'h p curr cu!a to 'econ&ary 'choo!' an& to a vocat ona! tra n n( centreGor 'econ&ary 'choo!'" the curr cu!um +a' &eve!. ope& for the c!a''e' of ;%.;8 year o!& 'tu&ent'" an& the M n 'try of E&ucat on approve& t to )ecome an off c a! cour'e- UNIDO a'' 'te& the Nat ona! <urr cu!um Deve!opment <omm '' on CN<D<D n &eve!op n( the te*t)oo=' an& tra ne& the n'tructor'- The curr cu!um ha' )een ntro. &uce& n ;$ 'choo!' + th 2"$$$ 'tu&ent' for a p !ot operat on ' nce Ou!y #$$#- So far" 'choo!.ma'ter'" n'tructor'" 'tu&ent' an& parent' are happy + th the p !ot pha'e-

Secondary school students in Hampala ta*ing an entrepreneurship development course

The Na=a+a Vocat ona! Tra n n( In't tute CNVTID !ocate& n Aampa!a thou(ht t +a' u'efu! to com) ne the vocat ona! tra n n( + th entre.preneur'h p tra n n(- NVTI hope& that 'ome 'tu&ent' +ou!& )ecome ntere'te& n 'tart n( the r o+n )u' ne'' after 'ome year' of emp!oyment )y u' n( the vocat ona! '= !!' o)ta ne&UNIDO &eve!ope& the entrepreneur.'h p tra n n( curr cu!um for NVTI tar(et n( the 'tu&ent' of ;:.## year' o!& an& tra ne& the n'tructor'-

#3

)esults
• The M n 'try of E&ucat on ha' approve& the entrepreneur'h p curr cu!um mater a!' for 'econ&ary 'choo!' a' an off c a! curr cu!umOver 2"$$$ 'tu&ent' at 'econ&ary 'choo!' 'tarte& to ta=e the entrepreneur'h p curr cu. !um &ur n( the f r't p !ot year-



NVTI ha' approve& the entrepreneur'h p curr cu!um an& ha' e'ta)! 'he& a 'pec a! ,e& &epartment for the entrepreneur'h p.tra n. n( pro(ramme- Some #6$ 'tu&ent' are a!'o ta= n( the entrepreneur'h p cour'e at NVTI- It ' e*pecte& that the avera(e annua! enro!ment n future + !! )e on a ' m !ar !eve!-

'&ET NA$,

Esta1lishing a 4traditional /ra0t village6 0or e-port promotion
9ssue
Promot n( art 'an craft &eve!opment for e*port mar=et' can create 1o) an& ncome opportun t e' n rura! area'- Io+ever" the pre'ervat on of tra& . t ona! cu!ture ' often ne(!ecte& n th ' un&er.ta= n(Th ' n turn affect' the ! ve! hoo&' of the art 'an' an& the r fam ! e' an& (nore' e*port potent a! )a'e& on a 'tron( cu!tura! referenceOne of the cruc a! ''ue' n the promot on of the art 'an craft 'ector ' mprov n( the techno!o( e' an& mar=eta) ! ty of pro&uct' throu(h craft 7ua!. ty an& &e' (n up(ra& n(" re'earch an& tra n n( a' +e!! a' the co!!ect on an& & ''em nat on of nfor. mat on- The pro1ect therefore nc!u&e& a&v 'ory 'erv ce' for the e'ta)! 'hment of an nte(rate& centre Cthe 'o.ca!!e& /tra& t ona! craft v !!a(e0D- The v !!a(e + !! act a' a tour 't attract on +h !e conta n n( tra n n( an& re'earch an& &eve!opment fac ! t e' a' +e!! a' an e*h ) t on ha!!po! c e' an& (u &e! ne' for art 'an craft 'ector &eve!. opment an& prov &e& a + &e ran(e of a'' 'tance to pre'erve an& promote V etname'e art 'an craft'-

<raft'peop!e are often una+are of the po'' ) !. t e' to e*port" mo't!y &ue to a !ac= of contact'- In a&& t on" art 'an' are fre7uent!y not or(an. ,e& +e!! enou(h to rea! ,e the r potent a! capac ty of pro&uct on an& the 7ua! ty of pro&.uct' ' often not 'uff c ent!y h (h to meet for.e (n mar=et nee&'The Government of V et Nam ha' reco(n ,e& the nee& to reconc !e the pre'ervat on of tra& t ona! art 'an craft' an& cu!tura! her ta(e + th effect ve mar=et n( effort' to enter nto e*port mar=et'-

A tra n n( component +a' nc!u&e& n the pro.1ect &ur n( +h ch on.the.1o) tra n n( +a' pro.v &e& to art 'an' n or&er to mprove the 7ua! ty of 'e!ecte& craft'Gurthermore" the pro1ect carr e& out a 'tate.of. the.art 'urvey on m nor ty tr )e'@ art 'an craft' n the conte*t of rura! an& mounta nou' v !!a(e &eve!opment- The 'urvey put for+ar& a 'tron( nee& to e!a)orate the future &eve!opment v ' on' for mounta nou' tr )e'@ tra& t ona! craft promot on- E*per ence' +ere & ''em nate& throu(h 'em nar' an& +or='hop'-

Strategy
UNIDO ha' con&ucte& var ou' type' of techn ca! cooperat on pro1ect' n the f e!& of art 'an craft' &eve!opment- The pro1ect n V et Nam prepare&

#6

%he image of the 5%raditional Araft Dillage6

)esults
• Po! cy recommen&at on' for promot on of tra& t ona! craft' +ere a&opte& )y the Government of V et Nam an& ref!ecte& n the Pr me M n 'ter@' &ec ' on on the promot on of rura! n&u'tr a! &eve!opment n Novem)er #$$$• The pro1ect prov &e& the conceptua! foun&a.t on for the /tra& t ona! craft v !!a(e0 centre- The !an& + th 6-# ha ha' )een 'ecure& for the e'ta)! 'hment of the propo'e& v !!a(e nc!u&. n( a tra n n( centre an& e*h ) t on ha!!-



The 'pec f c re7u rement' for 7ua! ty mprovement for e*port promot on have )een c!ear!y reco(n ,e& )y po! cy ma=er' an& art .'an'- The Government ha' p!ace& a h (h &eve!opment pr or ty on tra n n( of nat ona! &e' (ner' an& craft &eve!opment coor& na.tor'- Tra n n( pro(ramme' have )een con.&ucte& to mprove the 7ua! ty of pro&uct' to meet fore (n mar=et nee&'-



A ma'ter p!an on art 'an craft &eve!opment for rura! &eve!opment ' )e n( carr e& out to formu!ate the !on(. term &eta !e& &eve!op.ment 'trate( e'-

$O!OCCO, %romoting produ/tivit+ improvements in rural women>s 1usinesses
9ssue
Bomen entrepreneur' n Morocco are often face& + th a !ac= of operat ona! an& mana(er .a! '= !!' re'u!t n( n !o+ pro&uct v ty an& compet t vene''- <u!tura! con'tra nt' are an a&& t ona! o)'tac!e that nh ) t the eff c ent con&uct of )u' ne'' for +omen- The re'u!t n( !o'' of pro&uct v ty not on!y ha' a&ver'e effect' on the r ncome )ut a!'o on econom c (ro+thSome of the mo't prom ' n( 'ector' for the Moroccan economy an& tho'e n +h ch +omen are the mo't numerou' can )e foun& n the north of Morocco" n one of the mo't & 'a&. vanta(e& re( on' of the country- Io+ever" nef. f c ent pro&uct on mechan 'm' an& a !ac= of mana(er a! '= !!' have re'u!te& n a !o'' of pro. &uct v ty an& ncome for +omen entrepreneur'Th ' ' part cu!ar!y true for tra& t ona! +eav n(" o! ve o ! pro&uct on a' +e!! a' n&u'tr a!

#8

proce'' n( of f ('" prune'" me& c na! an& aro. mat c p!ant'- In the pa't" tra& t ona! +eaver' e*c!u' ve!y u'e& art f c a! f )re'" thu' atta n n( on!y !o+ pr ce' for the r pro&uct'- A!mo't #$ per cent of o! ve o ! +a' !o't &ue to neff c ent pro. &uct on metho&' an& the h (h ac & ty n the o ! +a' ha,ar&ou' to the hea!th of the con'umer'No proce'' n( of f (' an& prune' too= p!aceThe fru t' thu' ha& to )e 'o!& on !oca! mar=et' at !o+ mar( n' or per 'he& 7u c=!y-

'igh (uality for competitive products

Strategy
UNIDO@' pro1ect a me& to enhance the compet . t vene'' of enterpr 'e' mana(e& )y +omen- A' a f r't 'tep" the pro1ect attempte& to ma=e +omen a+are of ho+ they can mprove the r pro&uct on an& thu' the r ncome- They are then tra ne& n )oth )u' ne'' mana(ement an& pro. &uct on techn 7ue'- The tra ner' are e ther mem. )er' of +omen@' (roup' or of e* 't n( pu)! c an& pr vate 'upport n't tut on'" +h ch have )een a'' 'te& )y UNIDO n mprov n( the r capac ty to prov &e 'erv ce' to +omen entrepreneur'-

In the tra& t ona! +eav n( component of the pro1ect" +omen !earn ho+ to & ver' fy the r pro&uct'" ho+ to +or= on 'u)contract an& to u'e natura! f )re' n or&er to ncrea'e the e*port potent a! of the r pro&uct'The o! ve o ! component ha' )een a'' 't n( +omen@' cooperat ve' an& (roup' to mprove pro&uct on metho&' an& the 7ua! ty of the o !<our'e part c pant' have !earne& ho+ to u'e a mo) !e un t that ncrea'e' pro&uct on eff c en.cy" techn 7ue' that re&uce the ac & content of the o ! a' +e!! a' +a'te mana(ement- The +omen have a!'o rece ve& tra n n( n c!a'' f ca.t on of the pro&uce& o !" n 7ua! ty contro! an& mar=et n(Severa! tra ner' have a!rea&y rep! .cate& the tra n n( n & fferent rura! area'The pro1ect component" concentrat n( on the pro. ce'' n( of f ('" prune'" me& c na! an& aromat c p!ant'" focu'e' on &ry n( of the pro&uct'" pac=a(. n( an& mar=et n(- The e7u pment +a' &eve!ope& )y UNIDO n co!!a)orat on + th the Un ver' ty of V enna an& ' a!'o )e n( u'e& n other pro1ect'-

T+o type' of tra n n( are current!y offere& )y the pro1ect4 BaC tra n n( of tra ner' + th the ' mu!taneou' creat on of a net+or= of peo.p!e '= !!e& n area' 'uch a' econom c act v ty &ent f cat on" nformat on prov ' on" )u' ne'' mana(ement an& mar=et n(" +ho + !! )e a)!e to fo!!o+ up on the +omen they tra n an&

BbC & rect tra n n( of +omen- Tra ner' are n re(u!ar contact + th +omen@' (roup' to &en.t fy the e*act nee&' of the'e +omen an& to a&apt the cour'e' accor& n(!y- A th r& type of tra n n( n format on of a''oc at on' an& n the a&m n 'trat on of cooperat ve' ' )e n( ntro&uce&A fun&amenta! e!ement of the tra n n( ' the mprovement of pro&uct on techn 7ue'- At a p !ot tra n n( un t" the pro1ect prov &e' tra n n( on ne+ metho&' u' n( !oca!!y ava !a)!e e7u pment-

)esults
• The pro1ect ha' 'o far prov &e& comprehen. ' ve tra n n(" nc!u& n( coach n( n pro&uc. t on" )u' ne'' mana(ement an& mar=et n("

#:

to %%: +omen Ctra& t ona! +eav n(4 3$ +omen" o! ve o ! pro&uct on4 ;23 +omen" proce'' n( of f (' an& prune'4 ;#% +omenD-



A' a part of the coach n( pro(ramme of the o! ve o ! component of the pro1ect" a p !ot a''o. c at on ha' rece ve& a'' 'tance n 7ua! ty con. tro!" n )u' ne'' an& f nanc a! mana(ement" n the preparat on of a !a)e!" n re( 'ter n( the r tra&emar=" n promot n( the pro&uct' an& n the procurement of pac=a( n( mater a!-

P The tra n n( n the +eav n( component of the pro1ect re'u!te& n the part c pat on of 'ome of the part c pant' n tra&e fa r'A' a re'u!t" one cooperat ve ha' &ou)!e& t' ncome• A)out a &o,en ne+ +eav n( )u' ne''e' have 'o far )een 'tarte& a' a re'u!t of the tra n n(-



The pro1ect ' creat n( a cr t ca! ma'' of tra ner' C)oth techn ca! an& mana(er a!D +ho are 'taff of !oca! 'upport n't tut on' a' +e!! a' a net+or= amon( the'e n't tut on'" !oca! NGO' an& cre& t n't tut on'-

?EN@A,

So/io5e/onomi/ empowerment o0 women entrepreneurs
9ssue
Bomen entrepreneur' 'ee the e'ta)! 'hment of a pro&uct ve )u' ne'' a' a mean' to mprove the r 'tatu' n 'oc ety a' +e!! a' the r fam !y@' 'tan&ar& of ! v n( an& to 'erve the r commun ty )y creat n( emp!oyment opportun t e'- Io+ever" &ue to a !ac= of techn ca! '= !!'" conf &ence" 'tron( n& v &ua! nvo!vement an& the + !! n(. ne'' to ta=e r '='" +omen are often una)!e to e'ta)! 'h an& 'u'ta n 'ucce''fu! )u' ne''e'In Aenya" +omen are the ma n foo& pro&ucer' an& 'ma!! farmer' of the country" yet the r poten.t a!' rema n !ar(e!y untappe& &ue to une7ua! acce'' to re'ource' an& the !ac= of 'upport 'erv. ce' for +omen@' econom c act v t e'- Bomen operat n( n foo& proce'' n( n Muran(@a an& A ! f & 'tr ct'" +here !ar(e proport on' of the pop.u!at on ! ve n a)'o!ute poverty" face 'evera! ma1or con'tra nt'The'e nc!u&e the r na) ! ty to 1u&(e the prof ta) ! ty of the r operat on' &ue to a !ac= of )a' c account n( '= !!'" n'uff c ent techn ca! an& )u' ne'' mana(ement '= !!' a' +e!! a' 'oc o. cu!tura! con'tra nt'-

Strategy
The pro1ect a me& at the 'oc o.econom c empo+erment of +omen n the foo& proce'' n( 'ector n Muran(@a an& A ! f & 'tr ct' )y a'' 't. n( them n the r act ve 'earch for )u' ne'' opportun t e'- Ne+ techn ca! '= !!'" )a' c com. puter ! teracy" )u' ne'' 'tart.up a'' 'tance" mprove& f nanc a! an& )u' ne'' mana(ement a' +e!! a' the e'ta)! 'hment of + &er mar=et n( net+or=' are amon( the 'erv ce' offere&- In con.tra't to pro1ect' focu' n( 'o!e!y on techn ca! '= !!' up(ra& n(" th ' pro1ect a'' 't' +omen n 'tren(then n( the r ro!e n 'oc ety an& the r con. tr )ut on to the commun ty- Th ' ' ach eve& throu(h 'e!f.conf &ence )u !& n(" nformat on prov ' on on IIVHAIDS an&" f re7u re&" throu(h funct ona! ! teracy pro(ramme'- Tra n n( n con. &uct n( 'e!f.a''e''ment enhance' +omen entre.preneur'@ compet t ve th n= n(9y fac ! tat n( +omen@' acce'' to too!' an& '= !!' to mprove" mon tor an& eva!uate the r pro(re'' a' entrepreneur'" the pro1ect ena)!e' them to 'et (oa!' for them'e!ve' an& to ach eve the r

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)u' ne'' o)1ect ve'" )oth n& v &ua!!y an& )y +or= n( n (roup'Bomen entrepreneur' are encoura(e& to or(an. ,e them'e!ve' n a )u' ne'' a''oc at on- Thu'" they can (et nto touch + th ! =e.m n&e& +omen" e*chan(e &ea' an& ta=e part n po! cy preparat on proce''e' that &eterm ne the future of m cro an& 'ma!!.'ca!e enterpr 'e'-

)esults
• A tota! of ;6$ +omen have )een nte(rate& nto the pro1ect 'o far- Gee&)ac= rece ve& from part c pant' n& cate' h (h 'at 'fact on rate'-

4mpower /omenK pro&uct' )y ) cyc!e" there)y a&& n( to emp!oyment creat on• Bomen entrepreneur' part c pat n( n the pro1ect have un&er'too& the mportance of pr c n( an& 7ua! ty 'tan&ar&' of ra+ mate. r a!'" thu' enhanc n( the r )ar(a n n( po+er +hen &ea! n( + th m &&!emen or !ar(er enterpr 'e'Bomen entrepreneur' n one re( on fe!t 'o con. f &ent after the r tra n n( that they 'ucce''fu!!y ne(ot ate& a mar=et.'har n( arran(ement + th the commerc a! v !!a(e )a=ery-

• In (enera!" ntere't n )u' ne'' ha' ncrea'e& n the cour'e of the tra n n( an& +omen &eve!ope& a+arene'' of the e''ent a! ro!e of per'ona! n t at ve' an& 'e!f.conf &ence to 'uccee& n )u' ne''• Mo't of the part c pant' +ou!& ! =e to 'tart the r o+n )u' ne'' or mprove a!rea&y e* 't n( one'Bomen fe!t that the r 'e!f.conf &ence a' )u' ne''+omen ha' )een enhance&- So far" appro* mate!y 6$ +omen have 'tarte& the r )u' ne'' + th the he!p of the pro(ramme an& have" on avera(e" (enerate& emp!oyment po'. ' ) ! t e' for t+o to three per'on'-







Severa! of the +omen entrepreneur' emp!oy youn('ter' to mar=et an& & 'tr )ute the r

Bomen env 'a(e u' n( the '= !!' ac7u re& to mprove the & et of the r fam ! e' an& to con.tr )ute to foo& hy( ene n the countryThey con' &er 'erv n( the commun ty )y he!p n( tra n other +omen n foo& proce'' n( an& pre'ervat on-

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