Abnormal Psychology

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Abnormal Psychology

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Chapter 1: Introduction: Historical and Scientific Considerations
LEARNING GOALS
1. Be able to explain the meaning of stigma as it applies to people with mental illness.
2. Be able to des!ibe and ompa!e diffe!ent definitions of abno!malit".
#. Be able to explain how the a$ses and t!eatments of mental illness ha%e hanged o%e!
the o$!se of histo!".
&. Be able to des!ibe the histo!ial fo!es that ha%e helped to shape o$! $!!ent %iew of
mental illness' inl$ding biologial' ps"hoanal"ti' and beha%io!al %iews.
(. Be able to des!ibe the diffe!ent mental health p!ofessions' inl$ding the t!aining
in%ol%ed and the expe!tise de%eloped.
Summary
• )he st$d" of ps"hopatholog" is a sea!h fo! the !easons wh" people beha%e'
thin*' and feel in abno!mal+$nexpeted' sometimes odd' and possibl" self,
defeating+wa"s. -nfo!t$natel"' people who exhibit abno!mal beha%io! o! ha%e a
mental illness a!e often stigmati.ed. Red$ing the stigma assoiated with mental
illness !emains a g!eat hallenge fo! the field.
• In e%al$ating whethe! a beha%io! is abno!mal' ps"hologists onside! se%e!al
diffe!ent ha!ate!istis' inl$ding pe!sonal dist!ess' disabilit"' %iolation of soial
no!ms' and d"sf$ntion. Eah ha!ate!isti tells something abo$t what an be
onside!ed abno!mal' b$t none b" itself p!o%ides a f$ll" satisfato!" definition.
)he /S0,I1,)R definition inl$des all of these ha!ate!istis.
• Sine the beginning of sientifi in2$i!" into abno!mal beha%io!' s$pe!nat$!al'
biologial' and ps"hologial points of %iew ha%e %ied fo! attention. 0o!e
s$pe!nat$!al %iewpoints inl$ded ea!l" demonolog"' whih posited that mentall"
ill people a!e possessed b" demons o! e%il spi!its' leading to t!eatments s$h as
exo!ism. Ea!l" biologial %iewpoints o!iginated in the w!itings of 3ippo!ates.
Afte! the fall of G!eo,Roman i%ili.ation' the biologial pe!speti%e beame less
p!ominent in 4este!n E$!ope' and demonologial thin*ing gained asendan"' as
e%idened b" the pe!se$tion of so,alled withes. Beginning in the fifteenth
ent$!"' mentall" ill people we!e often onfined in as"l$ms' s$h as Bethlehem5
t!eatment in as"l$ms was gene!all" poo! o! nonexistent' $ntil %a!io$s
h$manita!ian !efo!ms we!e instit$ted. Ea!l" s"stems of lassif"ing mental
diso!de!s led to a !eeme!gene of the biologial pe!speti%e in the eighteenth and
nineteenth ent$!ies. In the twentieth ent$!"' genetis and mental illness beame
an impo!tant a!ea of in2$i!"' tho$gh the findings f!om geneti st$dies we!e $sed
to the det!iment of the mentall" ill d$!ing the e$genis mo%ement.
• 6s"hologial %iewpoints eme!ged in the nineteenth ent$!" f!om the wo!* of
7ha!ot and the seminal w!itings of B!e$e! and 8!e$d. 8!e$d9s theo!" emphasi.ed
stages of ps"hosex$al de%elopment and the impo!tane of $nonsio$s
p!oesses' s$h as !ep!ession and defense mehanisms that a!e t!aeable to ea!l",
hildhood onflits. )he!ape$ti inte!%entions based on ps"hoanal"ti theo!"
ma*e $se of tehni2$es s$h as f!ee assoiation and the anal"sis of t!ansfe!ene in
attempting to o%e!ome !ep!essions so that patients an onf!ont and $nde!stand
thei! onflits and find healthie! wa"s of dealing with them. Late! theo!ists s$h
as :$ng and Adle! made %a!io$s modifiations in 8!e$d9s basi ideas and
emphasi.ed diffe!ent fato!s in thei! pe!speti%es on the!ap".
• Beha%io!ism s$ggests that beha%io! de%elops th!o$gh lassial onditioning'
ope!ant onditioning' o! modeling. B. 8. S*inne! int!od$ed the ideas of positi%e
and negati%e !einfo!ement and showed that ope!ant onditioning an shape
beha%io!. Beha%io! the!apists t!" to appl" these ideas to hange $ndesi!ed
beha%io!' tho$ghts' and feelings.
• )he!e a!e a n$mbe! of diffe!ent mental health p!ofessions' inl$ding linial
ps"hologist' o$nseling ps"hologist' ps"hiat!ist' ps"hoanal"st' soial wo!*e!'
and ps"hopathologist. Eah in%ol%es diffe!ent t!aining p!og!ams of diffe!ent
lengths and with diffe!ent emphases on !esea!h' ps"hologial assessment'
ps"hothe!ap"' and ps"hopha!maolog".
1. 4hih of the following is NO) a ha!ate!isti of stigma;
a. A label applied to a g!o$p of people that disting$ishes them f!om othe!s.
b. A label applied to a g!o$p of people that b!ea*s the law.
. )he label is lin*ed to de%iant o! $ndesi!able att!ib$tes of soiet".
d. 6eople with the label fae $nfai! dis!imination.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< #
2. 0ental illness in the 21
st
ent$!"
a. is onept$ali.ed mostl" f!om a ps"hoanal"ti pe!speti%e.
b. !emains stigmati.ed.
. is la!gel" t!eated b" the atha!ti method.
d. is seldom t!eated with ps"hothe!ap".
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< #
#. An ill$st!ation of abno!mal beha%io! wo$ld be
a. soiling oneself at least one a month at age 1&.
b. expe!iening anxiet" while lea%ing the ho$se.
. expe!iening hall$inations.
d. All of the abo%e a!e examples of abno!mal beha%io!.
Answe!< / )"pe< Applied 6age< (,=
&. )he best definition of abno!mal beha%io! ta*es all of the following into ao$nt
E>7E6)
a. pe!sonal dist!ess.
b. %iolations of no!ms.
. disabilit".
d. s"nd!omes.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< (,=
(. 4hih is a limitation of ?ha!mf$l d"sf$ntions@ as a definition of abno!malit";
a. It igno!es the pe!sonal s$ffe!ing of dist$!bed indi%id$als.
b. 0an" d"sf$ntional mehanisms a!e not ha!mf$l.
. 3a!mf$l d"sf$ntions also ha%e an impat on othe!s.
d. )he d"sf$ntional mehanisms a!e la!gel" $n*nown.
Answe!< / )"pe< Applied 6age< =
=. 1a!iations in $lt$!al ba*g!o$nd ma*e it diffi$lt to define abno!mal beha%io! as
simpl" beha%io! whih
a. in%ol%es a de%iation f!om soial no!ms.
b. leads to d"sf$ntion.
. imp!o%es afte! the!ap".
d. a$ses pe!sonal dist!ess.
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< (,=
A. /efining abno!mal beha%io! on the basis of pe!sonal dist!ess is p!oblemati fo! whih
!eason;
a. 3igh le%els of dist!ess and s$ffe!ing a!e no!mal in mode!n soiet".
b. Some abno!mal beha%io! does not in%ol%e pe!sonal dist!ess.
. It igno!es s$ffe!ing that famil" membe!s of dist$!bed people expe!iene.
d. It does not appl" to ph"siologial diso!de!s.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< (
B. 7ind" is an aomplished law"e! who so$ght ps"hologial help in dealing with the
st!esses of balaning wo!* and famil" !esponsibilities. 4hih definition of abno!malit"
applies to 7ind";
a. ha!mf$l d"sf$ntion
b. %iolation of soial no!ms
. pe!sonal dist!ess
d. disabilit"
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< (
C. Afte! p!esenting ha!ate!istis of abno!malit"' the text onl$des that
a. !esea!h is needed to identif" whih ha!ate!isti is best.
b. diffe!ent ha!ate!istis appl" to %a!io$s ps"hopathologies.
. pe!sonal dist!ess is the most $sef$l ha!ate!isti.
d. togethe! the ha!ate!istis gi%e a pa!tial definition of abno!malit".
Answe!< / )"pe 8at$al 6age< A
1D. /emonolog" is the
a. p!atie of exo!ism.
b. de%il wo!ship and satani $lts that some as!ibed to a$sing mental illness.
. idea that an e%il being ma" li%e in a pe!son and ont!ol his o! he! mind and bod".
d. p!atie of d!illing a hole in a pe!son9s head to allow e%il spi!its to esape.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< B
11. 3ippo!ates9 ea!l" %iews on abno!malit" ont!ib$ted to an end$!ing emphasis on
a. nat$!al a$ses.
b. spi!it$alit".
. h$mo!s.
d. lassifiation.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< B
12. 3ippo!ates infl$ened ps"holog" b"
a. disting$ishing mediine f!om !eligion and magi.
b. deb$n*ing the notion that the fo$! h$mo!s we!e !elated to diso!de!s.
. !efo!ming mental hospitals.
d. s$ggesting mental illness was p$nishment f!om God.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< B
1#. Expelling e%il spi!its b" hanting and to!t$!e is *nown as
a. somati the!ap".
b. exo!ism.
. with!aft.
d. t!ephining.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< B
1&. 3ippo!ates s$ggested whih of the following t!eatments fo! mental illness;
a. appliation of leahes
b. he!bal !emedies
. p!a"e! and hants b" faith heale!s
d. !elaxation and a!e in hoosing foods
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< B
1(. 3ippo!atesE %iew of mental illness was s$pe!io! to demonolog" in that it
a. p!omoted a sientifi st$d" of abno!mal beha%io!.
b. made onnetions between b!ain and beha%io! mo!e lea!l" dete!mined.
. allowed fo! lea!e! des!iption of s"mptoms.
d. All of the abo%e a!e o!!et.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< B
1=. 4hih of the following best des!ibes t!eatment of diso!de!ed people d$!ing the /a!*
Ages;
a. 0on*s in monaste!ies p!a"ed o%e! them.
b. )he" we!e hained in ea!l" as"l$ms.
. )he" we!e ondemned as withes and to!t$!ed.
d. )he" we!e gi%en bed !est' fed simple foods' and fo!ed to s$bs!ibe to lean li%ing.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< C
1A. A detailed !e,examination of the with h$nts d$!ing the 0iddle Ages !e%ealed that
a. 0ost of the a$sed we!e not mentall" ill.
b. 0ental illness was mo!e ommon d$!ing that time pe!iod.
. 0ost withes we!e ps"hoti.
d. 0an" mo!e men than women we!e a$sed' to!t$!ed and p$t to death.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< C
1B. /$!ing the with h$nts of the in2$isition most insane people we!e
a. b$!ned as withes.
b. onfined in l$nati hospitals.
. a!ed fo! in monaste!ies.
d. set o$t to !oam the st!eets.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< C
1C. )he E0alle$s 0alefia!$mE was a
a. with h$nt man$al.
b. e!emonial g$ide $sed b" withes.
. t!eatment man$al $sed in ea!l" mental hospitals.
d. 8!e$dian pe!speti%e on mental illness.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< C
2D. Edith was a$sed of being a with in 1(#2. She most li*el" li%ed in
a. R$ssia.
b. 6anama.
. E$!ope.
d. :apan.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< C
21. )h!o$gh the $se of mode!n anal"ses' it was fo$nd that the maFo!it" of the withes of
the latte! 0iddle Ages we!e ps"hoti bea$se
a. the" we!e del$sional.
b. the" ati%el" hall$inated.
. both a and b.
d. None of the abo%e a!e o!!et5 the maFo!it" of these withes a!e now tho$ght to ha%e
not been ps"hoti.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< C
22. 4hih of the following s$ggests that man" GwithesG ondemned d$!ing the
in2$isition we!e' in fat' mentall" diso!de!ed indi%id$als;
a. )he in2$isito!s themsel%es !ead lette!s f!om withes.
b. )he withes we!e t"piall" f!om lowe! soial lasses.
. )he withes GonfessedG to del$sions and hall$inations.
d. )he withes we!e labeled insane b" the o$!ts of the times.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< C
2#. In the 0iddle Ages' mental illness

a. was belie%ed to be assoiated with magial powe!s.
b. was t!eated with mo!e ompassion than in mode!n times.
. !es$lted in the s$ffe!e! being onfined to an as"l$m..
d. !es$lted in b$!ning at the sta*e.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1D
2&. Ea!l" as"l$ms we!e de%eloped
a. fo! the onfinement and a!e of the mentall" ill.
b. to p!otet people f!om with h$nts.
. afte! the diso%e!" of s"philis.
d. ent$!ies befo!e lep!os" hospitals.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1D
2(. 4hat t!eatment was p!o%ided b" ea!l" as"l$ms;
a. mo!al t!eatment
b. to!t$!e $ntil the" admitted the" we!e withes
. onfinement with no lea! t!eatment p!og!am
d. attendants tal*ed to them in 2$iet' !eligio$s !et!eats
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1D,11
2=. Some of the fi!st as"l$ms fo! the mentall" ill
a. pe!fo!med lobotomies on patients.
b. we!e assoiated with medial a!e' and th$s we!e mo!e h$mane.
. !elied hea%il" on tal* the!ap".
d. we!e to$!ist att!ations.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1D,11
2A. Bedlam
a. o!iginated f!om obse!%ations of !it$alisti hantings of EwithesE.
b. was a ommon p!atie of withes that in%ol%ed t!anes and asting spells.
. is the te!m assoiated with the haoti onditions at ea!l" as"l$ms.
d. is the p!atie of p!es!ibing total bed !est fo! mentall" ill people.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 1D
2B. In 1AC1' :ohn was ommitted to an as"l$m in the -nited States. 4hih t!eatment was
he li*el" to expe!iene the!e;
a. a fo!m of g!o$p the!ap"
b. bloodletting
. mo!al t!eatment
d. h"pnosis
Answe!< B )"pe< Applied 6age< 1D,11
2C. 4ho is assoiated with !eating mo!e h$mane en%i!onments at mental hospitals;
a. Emil H!aepelin
b. :oseph B!e$e!
. 6hilippe 6inel
d. :ohn 4atson
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 11
#D. )!eatment fo! the mentall" ill beame mo!e h$mane when
a. t!eatment was int!od$ed that fo$sed on the indi%id$al.
b. as"l$ms we!e abolished.
. abno!mal beha%io! was seen as based $pon medial p!oblems.
d. speialt" hospital wa!ds we!e !eated fo! the mentall" ill within gene!al a!e failities.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 12
#1. 0o!al t!eatment@ was la!gel" abandoned bea$se of the de%elopment of
a. ps"hoanal"sis.
b. imp!o%ed mediations.
. la!ge impe!sonal hospitals.
d. sandals at !et!eat ente!s.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 12
#2. An ad%antage of mo!al t!eatment was
a. the $se of d!$gs li*e opi$m and annibis.
b. that disha!ge !ates we!e %e!" high.
. that limits we!e established to !est!it the n$mbe! of patients hospitali.ed at an" gi%en
time.
d. that attendants too* omplete a!e and !esponsibilit" fo! eah patient.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 12
##. 0o!al t!eatment in%ol%ed
a. he!bal !emedies that ma" ha%e been toxi.
b. fighting soial ine2$ities.
. eno$!aging patients to engage in p$!posef$l ati%ities.
d. f!ightening the indi%id$al.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 12
#&. Eli.abeth was !eei%ing mo!al t!eatment while in an ea!l" as"l$m. 4hih of the
following t!eatments was she least li*el" to !eei%e;
a. mediation
b. ph"sial !est!aints
. p$!posef$l wo!* ati%ities
d. menial tas*s
Answe!< B )"pe< Applied 6age< 12
#(. 0o!al t!eatment of the mentall" diso!de!ed was abandoned bea$se
a. 6inel and othe!s eno$!aged mo!e h$mane t!eatment app!oahes.
b. mode!n ps"hologial t!eatments beame mo!e effeti%e.
. e%ol%ing legal standa!ds p!ohibited !eligion,based t!eatment app!oahes.
d. indi%id$al attention was impossible in la!ge' mediall" o!iented instit$tions.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 12
#=. )he Io!* Ret!eat was an ea!l" mental hospital. A !eent e%al$ation of !eo!ds the!e
showed
a. t!eatment was highl" effeti%e.
b. to!t$!o$s methods of t!eatment we!e !o$tinel" $sed.
. some inno%ati%e somati the!apies we!e de%eloped.
d. fewe! than one,thi!d of patients imp!o%ed.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 12
#A. /o!othea /ix is famo$s fo!
a. g!eatl" imp!o%ing the standa!d of a!e fo! people with mental illness.
b. o%e!seeing the !eation of o%e! thi!t" state hospitals fo! the mentall" ill.
. p!o%iding mo!al t!eatment to man" people with mental illness.
d. All of the abo%e a!e o!!et.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 12
#B. In ompa!ison to ea!l" as"l$ms' p!esent,da" mental hospitals
a. p!o%ide a g!eat deal of stim$lation.
b. p!o%ide intensi%e indi%id$al the!ap".
. a!e p!ima!il" $stodial.
d. a!e well,staffed with n$!ses and ps"hiat!ists' b$t ha%e few ps"hologists.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1#
#C. Emil H!aepelin
a. showed that h"pnosis blo*s pain.
b. des!ibed the h$man anatom".
. de%eloped a lassifiation s"stem of mental diso!de!s.
d. pionee!ed the f!ee assoiation method.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1&
&D. )he $!!ent lassifiation s"stem fo! mental illness was hea%il" infl$ened b" whih
of the following indi%id$als;
a. Sigm$nd 8!e$d
b. Emil H!aepelin
. 6hilippe 6inel
d. 8!an. 0esme!
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1&
41. 4hen a g!o$p of s"mptoms t"piall" o,o$!' the" a!e alled
a. s"nd!omes.
b. mental diso!de!s.
. diagnoses.
d. l$ste!s.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1&
&2. Gene!al pa!esis is best des!ibed as
a. an ea!l" te!m fo! shi.oph!enia.
b. h"ste!ial pa!al"sis with no medial a$se.
. a dete!io!ation of mental and ph"sial health in assoiated with s"philis.
d. a blood,letting tehni2$e.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1(
&#. )he ge!m theo!" of disease' whih states that disease is a$sed b" infetion of the
bod" b" tin" o!ganisms' was p$t fo!th b"
a. Emil H!aepelin.
b. 8!an. Anton 0esme!.
. :ean 7ha!ot.
d. Lo$is 6aste$!.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1(
&&. )he diso%e!" of the a$se of s"philis was impo!tant to the field of mental illness fo!
whih !eason;
a. S"philis was widel" fea!ed and exae!bated mental illness.
b. It in!eased inte!est in dete!mining biologial a$ses fo! mental illness.
. 0o!e as"l$m patients we!e diagnosed with s"philis.
d. It highlighted the need fo! %alid diagnosti s"stems.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 2B1(
&(. 6s"hopatholog" has been dominated b" biologial h"potheses bea$se of the
a. dominane of nonmedial p!ofessionals in the a!ea.
b. diso%e!" of the lin* between gene!al pa!esis and s"philis.
. gene!al la* of othe! theo!ies.
d. identifiation of b!ain d"sf$ntion in shi.oph!enia.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1(
&=. )he ge!m theo!" of disease
a. shows the lin* between s"philis and mental illness.
b. explains the a$se of shi.oph!enia and dep!ession.
. disp!o%ed biologial h"potheses.
d. shows the lin* between infl$en.a and adF$stment diso!de!.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1(
&A. Ge!m theo!"
a. s$ggested that s"philis was the !es$lt of exessi%e %ies' s$h as tobao and alohol
$se.
b. p!oposed that the disease is d$e to an infetion f!om min$te o!ganisms.
. h"pothesi.ed that infetions !es$lt in shi.oph!enia and dementia.
d. helped to identif" fato!s that p!e%ent mani dep!ession.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1(
&B. An adhe!ent fo! biologial app!oahes wo$ld s$ggest whih of the following
t!eatments fo! dep!ession;
a. antidep!essant mediation
b. ps"hothe!ap"
. !elaxation the!ap"
d. h"pnosis
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< 1=
&C. Biologial a$ses fo! mental illness we!e st!engthened b" the diso%e!" of
a. animal magnetism.
b. the a$se of gene!al pa!esis.
. h"pnosis.
d. the atha!ti method.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1(
(D. )he e$genis mo%ement
a. was a di!et !es$lt of the ge!m theo!" of disease.
b. so$ght to leanse soiet" of people with $ndesi!able ha!ate!istis.
. lassified mental diso!de!s ao!ding to thei! genesis.
d. so$ght to abolish E7) t!eatments.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1(
(1. Ea!l" wo!* in beha%io! genetis led to
a. elet!oon%$lsi%e the!ap".
b. the $!e fo! gene!al pa!esis.
. !ed$ed inte!est in ps"hoanal"sis.
d. fo!ed ste!ili.ation of mental patients.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1(
(2. 4hih of the following is t!$e abo$t E7);
a. It is $sed toda" in !a!e instanes to t!eat patients with shi.oph!enia and se%e!e
dep!ession.
b. )oda" it is p!ima!il" $sed in the t!eatment of epileps".
. It dest!o"s the t!ats onneting the f!ontal lobes to the lowe! ente!s of the b!ain.
d. E7) p!aties eased to exist afte! the int!od$tion of the lobotom".
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1=
(#. 3"pnosis' as o!iginall" $sed b" 0esme!' was $sed fo!
a. mild exo!ism.
b. $no%e!ing ea!l" hild ab$se.
. ating as an anestheti.
d. t!eating h"ste!ia.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1A
(&. )he !easoning behind h"pnosis as de%eloped b" 0esme! was
a. that hanging magneti fields in his patients wo$ld !es$lt in s"mptom !ed$tion.
b. that !elaxation was a s$ffiient t!eatment fo! alle%iating s"mptoms.
. that f!ightening patients wo$ld !es$lt in s"mptom !ed$tion.
d. that faith in the heale! a$sed healing.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1A
((. Esthe! was a patient of 0esme!Es' who was t!eating he! fo! blindness. 4hat was the
li*el" sena!io when she ente!ed his t!eatment !oom;
a. a 2$iet !oom' with a soft !elining hai!
b. a Ebleeding de%ieE $sed to d!ain blood belie%ed to be in exess that !es$lted in
ps"hogeni blindness
. a sto* of hemial, filled !ods' with 0esme! p!esiding o%e! the !oom in a p$!ple !obe
d. a ste!ile' well,lit !oom with se%e!al doto!s in white labo!ato!" oats
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 1A
(=. B!e$e! obse!%ed an assoiation between !ealling past t!a$mati e%ents and
exp!ession of the o!iginal emotion in h"ste!is. )his !es$lted in
a. in!eased h"ste!ia.
b. de!eased h"ste!ia.
. the eme!gene of new s"mptoms.
d. the !ep!ession of emotions.
Answe!< B )"pe< Applied 6age< 1A
(A. /!. :ones eno$!ages he! lients' $nde! h"pnosis' to !eall hildhood t!a$mas and the
emotions assoiated with them. )his tehni2$e was de%eloped b"
a. :osef B!e$e!.
b. 7a!l :$ng.
. 8!it. 6e!ls.
d. 8!an. 0esme!.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1A
(B. 4hih is )R-E !ega!ding atha!sis;
a. It is a mo!al the!ap" method.
b. It was initiated b" 6inel.
. It onsists of d!awing blood f!om a patient.
d. It eno$!ages the !elease of emotional tension.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1A
(C. If "o$ went to :osef B!e$e! fo! t!eatment of h"ste!ial pa!al"sis' whih t!eatment
wo$ld "o$ p!obabl" NO) !eei%e;
a. h"pnosis
b. f!ee assoiation
. tal* the!ap"
d. mediation
Answe!< / )"pe< Applied 6age< 1A
=D. )he atha!ti method was !eated b"
a. Sigm$nd 8!e$d.
b. :osef B!e$e!.
. :ean 0a!tin 7ha!ot.
d. Riha!d %on H!afft,Ebing.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1A
=1. )he main !eason fo! the abandonment of p!ef!ontal lobotomies in medial settings
was
a. diso%e!" of E7).
b. the se!io$s loss of ogniti%e apaities in the patients.
. int!od$tion of new d!$gs.
d. effeti%e ps"hosoial inte!%entions.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1=
=2. )he ps"hoanal"ti theo!" !ests $pon the ass$mption that ps"hopatholog" is the
!es$lt of
a. inomplete s$pe!ego de%elopment.
b. $nonsio$s onflits.
. ego defense mehanisms.
d. o%e! ont!ol of the pleas$!e p!iniple.
Answe!< B )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
=#. )he id' ego' and s$pe!ego a!e
a. st!$t$!es of the mind.
b. o!de!s in a de%elopmental se2$ene.
. biologial d!i%es.
d. b!ain st!$t$!es.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B
=&. )he ego ope!ates ao!ding to the JJJJJJJJJ p!iniple.
a. !ealit"
b. Oedipal
. Elet!a
d. pleas$!e
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B
=(. )he basi ene!g" so$!e fo! the ps"he is the
a. id.
b. ego.
. s$pe!ego.
d. Oedip$s omplex.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B
==. 4hen "o$ feel h$ng!" and immediatel" see* o$t food' this is an example of the
JJJJJ ating.
a. s$pe!ego
b. ego
. id
d. p!oFetion
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
=A. Ao!ding to 8!e$dEs theo!"' the s$pe!ego de%elops f!om the
a. id.
b. ego.
. eme!gene of defense mehanisms.
d. onflits in the Oedipal stage.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B
=B. /ealing with !ealit" is the p!ima!il" !ole of the
a. id.
b. ego.
. s$pe!ego.
d. p!eonsio$s.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B
=C. 4hih st!$t$!e has some $nonsio$s ati%it";
a. id
b. ego
. s$pe!ego
d. All of these ha%e some $nonsio$s ati%it".
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age<1B
AD. 4hile st$d"ing fo! an exam' G!eg wo!*ed fo! 1( min$tes befo!e beoming ti!ed. 3e
deided that it wo$ld be bette! to wo!* fo! anothe! #D min$tes befo!e ta*ing a b!ea*. 3is
beha%io! is being g$ided b" whih pa!t of his pe!sonalit";
a. id
b. ego
. s$pe!ego
d. ego defense
Answe!< B )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
A1. 4hile Ste%e was st$d"ing fo! an exam' he s$ddenl" !eali.ed that his fa%o!ite
tele%ision show was on. 3e stopped his wo!* and h$!!ied to wath. 3is beha%io! is being
g$ided b" whih pa!t of his pe!sonalit";
a. id
b. ego
. s$pe!ego
d. ego defense
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
A2. 4hen one !efe!s to thei! onsiene' the" a!e also des!ibing thei!
a. id.
b. ego.
. s$pe!ego.
d. ego defenses.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B
A#. )he s$pe!ego allows $s to
a. be apable of !ational tho$ght.
b. *now !ight f!om w!ong.
. at in line with !ealit".
d. be spontaneo$s.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B
A&. 1e!" st!it pa!ents might !eate a %e!" st!ong JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ in thei! hild!en.
a. id
b. ego
. s$pe!ego
d. s$blimation defense
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
A(. 7a!ol is t!"ing to deide whethe! to d!in* alohol' *nowing that he! pa!ents a!e
st!ongl" opposed to d!in*ing. Ao!ding to 8!e$dian theo!"' 7a!ol9s st!$ggle is between
he! JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ' whih ma*es he! want to d!in*' and he! JJJJJJJJJJJJ' whih
diso$!ages he! f!om d!in*ing.
a. id5 s$pe!ego
b. ego5 s$pe!ego
. id5 ego
d. s$pe!ego5 ego
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age<1B
A=. 6s"hoanal"ti theo!" speifiall" !efe!s to
a. defense mehanisms.
b. the Oedip$s omplex.
. the ps"hosex$al stages of de%elopment.
d. the ass$mption that ps"hopatholog" !es$lts f!om $nonsio$s onflits.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B
AA. Ao!ding to 8!e$d' what is the most impo!tant dete!minant of beha%io!;
a. onsio$s
b. p!e,onsio$s
. $nonsio$s
d. All a!e e2$all" impo!tant.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B
AB. )he ego $ses JJJJJ to p!otet itself f!om anxiet".
a. libido.
b. defense mehanisms.
. s$pe!ego.
d. id.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1C
AC. Sheila ma*es plans to go to a pa!t"' e%en tho$gh she has an exam the next da" and
*nows she needs to st$d". 4hih of the following is g$iding he! deision to go to the
pa!t";
a. id
b. ego
. s$pe!ego
d. None of the abo%e a!e o!!et.
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
BD. :ane alwa"s donates to ha!ities' e%en tho$gh she has %e!" little mone". Ao!ding to
8!e$dian theo!"' whih aspet of he! $nonsio$s is g$iding he! ha!itable beha%io!;
a. id
b. ego
. s$pe!ego
d. All of the abo%e a!e o!!et.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
B1. )im9s beha%io! in lass a$sed his teahe! to s$ggest that he Ehas absol$tel" no
s$pe!ego.E If this was t!$e' )im
a. was ext!emel" !igid in his thin*ing' and inapable of seeing othe!
pe!speti%es.
b. did not lea!n !ight and w!ong when inst!$ted.
. ated in st!it ao!dane with lass !$les.
d. was !eading and ompleting his homewo!*.
Answe!< B )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
B2. Sa!ahEs pa!ents we!e %e!" pe!missi%e when she was g!owing $p. 4hih aspet of he!
$nonsio$s is li*el" to be most de%eloped in ad$lthood;
a. id
b. ego
. s$pe!ego
d. None of the abo%e a!e o!!et.
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
B#. Owen wo$ld li*e to go o$t with his f!iends. 3owe%e!' he *nows that if he goes o$t he
will not be able to st$d" eno$gh fo! his histo!" exam the next da". If he goes o$t' then
his JJJJJJJJJ p!e%ailed5 if he st$dies' then his JJJJJJJJJJJJJ won o$t in dete!mining
his beha%io!.
a. ego5 s$pe!ego
b. s$pe!ego5 id
. id5 ego
d. id5 t!ansfe!ene
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
B&. 0onia9s t"pial wo!* da" is twel%e ho$!s. An"time she feels li*e ta*ing a b!ea*' she
2$i*l" !eminds he!self that he! pa!ents emphasi.ed ha!d wo!* and dediation fo!
s$ess. 3e! JJJJJJJJ is most in ont!ol of he! beha%io!.
a. id
b. !ep!essi%e st"le
. s$pe!ego
d. None of the abo%e a!e o!!et.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 1B
B(. 7onflits f!om a pa!ti$la! stage of de%elopment' ao!ding to 8!e$d' will
a. be ompletel" igno!ed.
b. be $nimpo!tant in late! stages.
. ontin$e to affet de%elopment.
d. be impo!tant onl" when one is info!med of the speifi onflit.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B,1C
B=. 8ixation at a pa!ti$la! stage' ao!ding to 8!e$d' !es$lts in
a. diffi$lties in dete!mining the nat$!e of the onflits when the pe!son ente!s anal"sis.
b. a sex$all" $n!esponsi%e indi%id$al.
. an inabilit" to de%elop f$!the!.
d. !eg!ession to that stage when st!essed late! in life.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1B,1C
BA. 8!an* has an $n!esol%ed Oedip$s omplex. )his s$ggests that he did not omplete
the JJJJJJ stage of de%elopment.
a. phalli
b. anal
. laten"
d. o!al
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< 1C
88. /efense mehanisms aid in
a. p!oteting the ego f!om anxiet".
b. the ego exp!essing anxiet".
. p!e%enting the s$pe!ego f!om beoming dominant.
d. !elaxation.
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 1C
BC. 0a!ia states onfidentl" GI ne%e! get ang!". In fat' I ne%e! !eall feeling ang!".G
0a!ia is exhibiting
a. p!oFetion.
b. !eation fo!mation.
. !ep!ession.
d. s$blimation.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 1C
CD. Afte! going to a pa!t"' :ames explains to himself that this was mo!e impo!tant than
st$d"ing bea$se GI needed a b!ea* f!om all the st!ess'G e%en tho$gh he has not st$died at
all "et. )his wo$ld be an example of
a. identifiation.
b. !eation fo!mation.
. displaement.
d. !ationali.ation.
Answe!< / )"pe< Applied 6age< 1C
C1. Lindse" begins to "ell at he! h$sband as soon as he wal*s in the ho$se< GI donEt *now
wh" "o$ a!e so ang!" with me.G 3owe%e!' he! h$sband has not "et said an"thing to he!'
and e%en g!eeted he! with a smile and flowe!s when she got home. Lindse" is exhibiting
a. !eation fo!mation.
b. p!oFetion.
. displaement.
d. s$blimation.
Answe!< B )"pe< Applied 6age< 1C
C2. Sam is ang!" at his boss fo! passing o%e! him fo! a p!omotion. Instead' he goes home
and a!g$es with his wife. )his is an ill$st!ation of
a. !ep!ession.
b. !eation fo!mation.
. displaement.
d. p!oFetion.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age 1C
93. 4hih of the following pai!s a!e o!!etl" mathed;
a. :$ng< olleti%e $nonsio$s
b. 8!e$d< womb en%"
. E!i*son< shadow
d. Band$!a< d!eam inte!p!etation
Answe!< A )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 21
C&. /!. Smith a!g$es that the desi!e to h$nt is b$ilt into all men dating ba* to the times
of a%e men. /!. Smith is !el"ing on the onept of
a. positi%e !einfo!ement.
b. olleti%e $nonsio$s.
. self,at$ali.ation.
d. s$blimation.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 21
C(. Adle! de%eloped a theo!" of ps"hoanal"ti tho$ght o!iented towa!ds
a. ps"hotiism.
b. st!i%ing fo! s$pe!io!it".
. o%e!t beha%io! hange.
d. All of these a!e o!!et.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 21
C=. As pa!t of the!ap"' "o$ a!e as*ed to lie on a o$h and sa" an"thing that omes to
mind. )his is alled
a. inte!p!etation.
b. t!ansfe!ene.
. !eal anal"sis.
d. f!ee assoiation.
Answe!< / )"pe< Applied 6age< 2D
CA. 4hen engaging in f!ee assoiation' "o$ begin to s!een "o$! tho$ghts and do not
!epo!t e%e!"thing that omes to mind. Io$ a!e
a. !esisting.
b. expe!iening t!ansfe!ene.
. expe!iening o$nte!t!ansfe!ene.
d. All of the abo%e a!e o!!et.
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< 2D
98. Io$ begin to !ega!d "o$! the!apist in a simila! wa" to "o$! siste! so "o$ begin to t!eat
the the!apist as "o$ t!eat "o$! siste!. )his is !efe!!ed to as
a. o$nte!t!ansfe!ene.
b. identifiation.
. t!ansfe!ene.
d. p!oFetion.
Answe!< 7< )"pe Applied 6age< 2D
99. Beha%io!ists ad%oate that
a. abno!mal beha%io! a!ises f!om dis$ssions of abno!mal beha%io!.
b. abno!mal beha%io! is lea!ned.
. insight is impo!tant in hanging beha%io!.
d. defenses a!e assoiated with !esol%ing anxiet".
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 22
1DD. As pa!t of the beha%io!ism mo%ement in ps"holog"' the!e was a mo%ement awa"
f!om JJJJJJJJ tehni2$es' and a mo%ement towa!d JJJJJJJJJ tehni2$es fo! st$d"ing
beha%io!.
a. the ase st$d"5 o!!elational st$dies
b. phenomenolog"5 ope!ant onditioning
. int!ospetion5 di!et obse!%ation
d. dete!minism5 the onept of f!ee will
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 22
1D1. )he ea!liest expe!imental wo!* on lassial onditioning was ond$ted b"
a. Band$!a.
b. )olman.
. S*inne!.
d. 6a%lo%.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 22
1D2. Anne expe!iened ext!eme pain at the dentist as a hild. Now' she goes to a diffe!ent
dentist' b$t feels he! hea!t !ae when she a!!i%es' and go down when she lea%es. 3e! hea!t
!aing whene%e! she goes to the dentist is d$e to JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ' and the alming
feeling when she lea%es is d$e to JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ.
a. lassial onditioning' ope!ant onditioning.
b. ope!ant onditioning' lassial onditioning.
. ope!ant onditioning' mediational lea!ning.
d. ope!ant onditioning' modeling.
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< 22
103. 8iona faints when he! doto! begins to d!aw blood. 4hat is the $nonditioned
!esponse;
a. the needle
b. blood
. fainting
d. blood flow
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 2#
104. 4hen "o$ attempt to b$" a soda f!om a mahine' "o$ onl" do so if the lights a!e
on. Ao!ding to S*inne!' the lights on the soda mahine a!e
a. positi%e !einfo!ement.
b. a dis!iminati%e stim$l$s.
. a signal fo! extintion.
d. a onditioned stim$l$s.
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< 2&
105. )his t"pe of !esponse to beha%io! !es$lts in an in!eased p!obabilit" of the beha%io!
o$!!ing again.
a. positi%e !einfo!ement
b. negati%e !einfo!ement
. extintion
d. Both a and b
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 2&
1D=. A lass ond$ted an expe!iment with thei! p!ofesso!. )he st$dents onl" paid
attention as a g!o$p when she was to the left of the bla*boa!d. Afte! this was established'
the" onl" paid attention when she was th!ee feet f!om the bla*boa!d' f$!the! to the left.
8inall"' the" onl" paid attention when she was di!etl" in the o!ne!' to the left of the
bla*boa!d. )his is an ill$st!ation of
a. shaping.
b. p$nishment.
. habit$ation.
d. modeling.
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< 2&
107. Sall" is $!!entl" in a hospital whe!e she ea!ns to*ens fo! speified beha%io!s.
)hese to*ens a!e late! exhanged fo! goods' s$h as food and iga!ettes. )his to*en
eonom" is based on what beha%io!al p!iniples;
a. ope!ant onditioning
b. lassial onditioning
. ogniti%e beha%io! the!ap"
d. modeling
Answe!< A )"pe< Applied 6age< 2#,2&
108. 6s"hiat!ists diffe! f!om linial ps"hologists in that ps"hiat!ists
a. !eei%e t!aining in sientifi bases of beha%io!.
b. !eei%e t!aining in diagnosis of ps"hopatholog".
. $nde!go pe!sonal anal"sis as pa!t of thei! t!aining.
d. p!es!ibe mediation.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 2=,2A
1DC. 4hih p!ofession !e2$i!es a !esea!h disse!tation as a p!e!e2$isite fo! an ad%aned
deg!ee;
a. ps"hiat!"
b. linial ps"holog"
. ps"hiat!i n$!sing
d. ps"hoanal"sis
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 2=,2A
11D. Soial wo!*e!s
a. pe!fo!m ps"hologial assessments.
b. ond$t extensi%e !esea!h.
. ond$t ps"hothe!ap".
d. p!es!ibe mediation.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 2=,2A
111. )he doto! of ps"holog" deg!ee K6s"./.L emphasi.es
a. mediation, based t!aining.
b. ps"hod"nami t!aining.
. testing and meas$!ement of mental illness.
d. linial t!aining mo!e than !esea!h t!aining.
Answe!< / )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 2=,2A
112. E!nie is st!$ggling with hall$inations. 3e %isits a doto!' who p!es!ibed
mediation fo! his s"mptoms. 3e most li*el" %isited
a. a linial ps"hologist.
b. a soial wo!*e!.
. a ps"hiat!ist.
d. he ma" ha%e %isited an" of these p!ofessionals.
Answe!< 7 )"pe< Applied 6age< 2=,2A
11#. 7linial ps"hologists' o$nseling ps"hologists' and soial wo!*e!s a!e all li*el" to
be in%ol%ed in
a. !esea!h.
b. ps"hothe!ap".
. ps"hologial assessment.
d. ps"hoati%e mediation.
Answe!< B )"pe< 8at$al 6age< 2=,2A
11&. )he!e has !eentl" been a debate !ega!ding whethe! linial ps"hologists sho$ld be
allowed to
a. fo$s on !esea!h !athe! than linial p!atie.
b. st$d" soial fato!s infl$ening ps"hopatholog".
. admit patients to the hospital.
d. p!es!ibe mediation.
Answe!< / )"pe< Applied 6age< 2=,2A
Essa" 2$estions<
1. 4hat a!e some p!ofessions in abno!mal ps"holog"; 3ow a!e the" simila!; 3ow do
the" diffe!;
2. /es!ibe some p!oblems with labeling. /is$ss' in pa!ti$la!' diffi$lties s$h as
stigma.
#. /es!ibe the p!og!ession of diffe!ent t!eatment app!oahes to mental illness th!o$gh
the ent$!ies.
&. /es!ibe the diffe!enes between ope!ant and lassial onditioning.
(. 7ont!ast ps"hoanal"sis with beha%io!ism.
=. 1i%ianne has been feeling dep!essed fo! the past few months. She feels that he! Fob as a
se!eta!" is not stim$lating eno$gh fo! he! and she "ea!ns fo! a !omanti !elationship'
altho$gh she has done nothing to f$!the! this desi!e. B!iefl" des!ibe how a the!apist with
an existential point of %iew might app!oah this ase.
A. /es!ibe th!ee defense mehanisms.

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