Accident Prevention
Content
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
ACCIDENTS don’t just happen… “THEY ARE CAUSED!!!”
2
What is an Accident ?
• Any undesired, unplanned event arising out of employment which results in physical injury or damage to property, or the possibility of such injury or damage. • “Near miss” situations must also be addressed - events which did not result in injury or damage but had the potential to do so.
Accident Prevention and Control
• What is an Accident? Accident = Incident + Consequences What is an Incident? Incident = sequence of actions or events
Accident Causation
• Primary Causation and Secondary Causation. • Management need to concentrate on the nature of the accident phenomenon rather than the outcome. • Primary Causes = Unsafe Acts and Conditions.
Causes of Accidents
• Direct result of unsafe acts or Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions conditions.
Working without Working without authority. authority. Failure to warn others of Failure to warn others of danger danger Using dangerous equip. Using dangerous equip. Using wrong equipment Using wrong equipment Failure to issue control Failure to issue control measures measures Horseplay ..etc ..etc Horseplay ..etc ..etc Inadequate or missing Inadequate or missing machine guards. machine guards. Defective tools or Defective tools or equipment equipment Fire Hazards Fire Hazards Ineffective housekeeping Ineffective housekeeping Excessive noise Excessive noise Poor ventilation and Poor ventilation and lighting ..etc…etc.. lighting ..etc…etc..
ACCIDENT SEQUENCE
• Worker – (Present at the work site.) • Faults – (Unsafe Act or condition exists) • Cause – (Unsafe Act or condition occurs) • Accident – (Occurs) • Result – (Frequency-Severity)
7
ACCIDENTS ARE CAUSED BY: • Unsafe Acts • Unsafe Conditions
8
UNSAFE CONDITION (Hazard):
Is a physical condition or circumstance that permits, or is likely to cause an accident.
9
UNSAFE ACT (Work Practice):
Is any violation of (or departure from) an accepted normal, or correct, procedure or practice.
10
Accident Causes
• Unsafe Act
–
an act by the injured person or another person (or both) which caused the accident; and/or some environmental or hazardous situation which caused the accident independent of the employee(s)
• Unsafe Condition
–
ACCIDENTS
• • • • Injuries Illnesses Property Damage Near-Misses
12
ACCIDENTS
An undesired event that could involve: Workers Materials Tools Equipment Environment
13
Accident Causation Model
• • • • 1. Results of the accident - (harm or damage) 2. Incident - Contact (Accident) 3. Immediate causes (symptoms) 4. Basic causes (real problems)
1. Results of Accident
• Physical harm (Injury or illness)
– – – – – – –
• Property damage
– – – –
catastrophic (multiple deaths) death disabling, lost time, major serious minor notifiable compensatable
catastrophic major serious minor
2. Incident - Contact
– – – – – – – – –
struck against struck by fall to below fall on same level caught on caught in caught between over exertion chemical contact
• Contact with
– – – – – – – –
electricity plant & equipment noise or vibration hazardous substances radiation heat & cold animals or insects microbiological agents
3. Immediate Causes
• Standard Practices • Standard Conditions
– – – – – – – –
operating with authority use serviceable equipment use equipment properly use of PPE where required correct lifting no drinking & drugs no horseplay secure equipment or warnings
– – – – –
effective guards & devices serviceable tools & equipment adequate warning systems good housekeeping non polluted environment
• noise • hazardous substances
– –
good illumination & ventilation good working, storage & travelling space
4.Basic Causes
• Personal Factors
– – – –
•
lack of knowledge or skill improper motivation physical or mental conditions literacy or ability (NESB)
•
Job Factors • – physical environment – sub-standard equipment – abnormal usage – wear & tear – inadequate standards – design & maintenance – purchasing standards
Supervisory Performance – inadequate instructions – failure of SOPs – rules not enforced – hazards not corrected – devices not provided Management Policy & Decisions – set measurable standards – measure work in progress – evaluate work-v-standards – correct performance if nec
Effects of Accidents
• • • • 1. On the Victim 2. On the Supervisor 3. On the Company 4. On the Nation
1. The Victim
• • • • • • • • • • • • Death Pain & suffering Permanent disability Effects on family & dependants Loss of earnings Extra expenditure Inability to resume occupation Psychological effects Feeling of uselessness Fear of further injury Social effects Loss of sports or hobby
2. The Supervisor
• • • • • • loss of trained worker loss of production extra work investigations & reports training new employee loss of prestige by:
– –
management other workers
• • •
effects on promotion worry (could I have prevented it ?) Stress
3. The Company
• • • • • • • • • • • loss of trained worker loss of production damage to machinery damage to equipment wasted materials increased insurance premiums prosecutions fines civil actions legal costs loss of prestige - customers
4. The Nation
• • • • • • loss of section of workforce loss of production increased cost of production effects on imports effects on exports effects on balance of trade
• the community pays !
HAZARDS
24
Recognition of Hazards
• Identify unsafe acts and conditions • Determine the corrective actions • Implement corrective actions
25
© Texas Workers’ Compensation Insurance Fund 2001
How Hazards are Controlled
At its source. Along its path. (erect a barricade between the hazard and the worker.) At the worker. (remove the worker from the exposure, such as automated/remote controls, worker rotation, providing PPE when all options have been exhausted.) Monitoring activities (locate new hazards and assess the effectiveness of existing controls.) 26
Preventative and Corrective Measures
The implementation of Control Measures: 1.Administrative (through personnel, management, monitoring, limiting worker exposure, measuring performance, training and education, housekeeping and maintenance, purchasing.) 2. Engineering (isolation of source, lockout procedure, design, process or procedural changes, monitoring and warning equipment, chemical or material substitution.) 3. PPE (body protection, fall protection.)
27
What Causes Injuries?
Acts of God 2% Unsafe Conditions 20%
20%
Unsafe Acts 78%
78 %
UNSAFE CONDITIONS ACTS OF GOD
UNSAFE ACTS
28
© Texas Workers’ Compensation Insurance Fund 2001
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Anytime you find yourself doing one of these things, you should think: DANGER! My back is at risk! Try to avoid heavy lifting, especially repetitive lifting over a long period of time
29
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Twisting at the waist while lifting or holding a heavy load . . . this frequently happens when using a shovel.
30
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Reaching and lifting over your head, across a table, or out the back of a truck . . . .
31
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Lifting or carrying objects with awkward or odd shapes . . . .
32
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Working in awkward, uncomfortable positions . .
33
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Sitting or standing too long in one position ... Sitting can be very hard on the lower back ...
34
Common Causes of Back Injuries
It is also possible to injure your back slipping on a wet floor or ice . . .
35
Prevent Back Injuries
• • • • • Avoid lifting and bending whenever you can. Place objects up off the floor. Raise/lower shelves. Use carts and dollies. Use cranes, hoists, lift tables, and other liftassist devices whenever you can. • Test the weight of an object before lifting by picking up a corner. • Get help if it’s too heavy for you to lift it alone.
36
Prevent Back Injuries
• Use proper lift procedures . . . Follow these steps when lifting . . . . – Take a balanced stance, feet shoulderwidth apart – Squat down to lift, get as close as you can.
37
Prevent Back Injuries
• Get a secure grip, hug the load. • Lift gradually using your legs, keep load close to you, keep back and neck straight.
38
Prevent Back Injuries
• Once standing, change directions by pointing your feet and turn your whole body. Avoid twisting at your waist. • To put load down, use these guidelines in reverse.
39
Exercise!
• Exercise regularly, every other day. Warm up slowly . . . A brisk walk is a good way to warm up Inhale deeply before each repetition of an exercise and exhale when performing each repetition.
40
ACCIDENTS don’t just happen… “THEY ARE CAUSED!!!”
2
What is an Accident ?
• Any undesired, unplanned event arising out of employment which results in physical injury or damage to property, or the possibility of such injury or damage. • “Near miss” situations must also be addressed - events which did not result in injury or damage but had the potential to do so.
Accident Prevention and Control
• What is an Accident? Accident = Incident + Consequences What is an Incident? Incident = sequence of actions or events
Accident Causation
• Primary Causation and Secondary Causation. • Management need to concentrate on the nature of the accident phenomenon rather than the outcome. • Primary Causes = Unsafe Acts and Conditions.
Causes of Accidents
• Direct result of unsafe acts or Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions conditions.
Working without Working without authority. authority. Failure to warn others of Failure to warn others of danger danger Using dangerous equip. Using dangerous equip. Using wrong equipment Using wrong equipment Failure to issue control Failure to issue control measures measures Horseplay ..etc ..etc Horseplay ..etc ..etc Inadequate or missing Inadequate or missing machine guards. machine guards. Defective tools or Defective tools or equipment equipment Fire Hazards Fire Hazards Ineffective housekeeping Ineffective housekeeping Excessive noise Excessive noise Poor ventilation and Poor ventilation and lighting ..etc…etc.. lighting ..etc…etc..
ACCIDENT SEQUENCE
• Worker – (Present at the work site.) • Faults – (Unsafe Act or condition exists) • Cause – (Unsafe Act or condition occurs) • Accident – (Occurs) • Result – (Frequency-Severity)
7
ACCIDENTS ARE CAUSED BY: • Unsafe Acts • Unsafe Conditions
8
UNSAFE CONDITION (Hazard):
Is a physical condition or circumstance that permits, or is likely to cause an accident.
9
UNSAFE ACT (Work Practice):
Is any violation of (or departure from) an accepted normal, or correct, procedure or practice.
10
Accident Causes
• Unsafe Act
–
an act by the injured person or another person (or both) which caused the accident; and/or some environmental or hazardous situation which caused the accident independent of the employee(s)
• Unsafe Condition
–
ACCIDENTS
• • • • Injuries Illnesses Property Damage Near-Misses
12
ACCIDENTS
An undesired event that could involve: Workers Materials Tools Equipment Environment
13
Accident Causation Model
• • • • 1. Results of the accident - (harm or damage) 2. Incident - Contact (Accident) 3. Immediate causes (symptoms) 4. Basic causes (real problems)
1. Results of Accident
• Physical harm (Injury or illness)
– – – – – – –
• Property damage
– – – –
catastrophic (multiple deaths) death disabling, lost time, major serious minor notifiable compensatable
catastrophic major serious minor
2. Incident - Contact
– – – – – – – – –
struck against struck by fall to below fall on same level caught on caught in caught between over exertion chemical contact
• Contact with
– – – – – – – –
electricity plant & equipment noise or vibration hazardous substances radiation heat & cold animals or insects microbiological agents
3. Immediate Causes
• Standard Practices • Standard Conditions
– – – – – – – –
operating with authority use serviceable equipment use equipment properly use of PPE where required correct lifting no drinking & drugs no horseplay secure equipment or warnings
– – – – –
effective guards & devices serviceable tools & equipment adequate warning systems good housekeeping non polluted environment
• noise • hazardous substances
– –
good illumination & ventilation good working, storage & travelling space
4.Basic Causes
• Personal Factors
– – – –
•
lack of knowledge or skill improper motivation physical or mental conditions literacy or ability (NESB)
•
Job Factors • – physical environment – sub-standard equipment – abnormal usage – wear & tear – inadequate standards – design & maintenance – purchasing standards
Supervisory Performance – inadequate instructions – failure of SOPs – rules not enforced – hazards not corrected – devices not provided Management Policy & Decisions – set measurable standards – measure work in progress – evaluate work-v-standards – correct performance if nec
Effects of Accidents
• • • • 1. On the Victim 2. On the Supervisor 3. On the Company 4. On the Nation
1. The Victim
• • • • • • • • • • • • Death Pain & suffering Permanent disability Effects on family & dependants Loss of earnings Extra expenditure Inability to resume occupation Psychological effects Feeling of uselessness Fear of further injury Social effects Loss of sports or hobby
2. The Supervisor
• • • • • • loss of trained worker loss of production extra work investigations & reports training new employee loss of prestige by:
– –
management other workers
• • •
effects on promotion worry (could I have prevented it ?) Stress
3. The Company
• • • • • • • • • • • loss of trained worker loss of production damage to machinery damage to equipment wasted materials increased insurance premiums prosecutions fines civil actions legal costs loss of prestige - customers
4. The Nation
• • • • • • loss of section of workforce loss of production increased cost of production effects on imports effects on exports effects on balance of trade
• the community pays !
HAZARDS
24
Recognition of Hazards
• Identify unsafe acts and conditions • Determine the corrective actions • Implement corrective actions
25
© Texas Workers’ Compensation Insurance Fund 2001
How Hazards are Controlled
At its source. Along its path. (erect a barricade between the hazard and the worker.) At the worker. (remove the worker from the exposure, such as automated/remote controls, worker rotation, providing PPE when all options have been exhausted.) Monitoring activities (locate new hazards and assess the effectiveness of existing controls.) 26
Preventative and Corrective Measures
The implementation of Control Measures: 1.Administrative (through personnel, management, monitoring, limiting worker exposure, measuring performance, training and education, housekeeping and maintenance, purchasing.) 2. Engineering (isolation of source, lockout procedure, design, process or procedural changes, monitoring and warning equipment, chemical or material substitution.) 3. PPE (body protection, fall protection.)
27
What Causes Injuries?
Acts of God 2% Unsafe Conditions 20%
20%
Unsafe Acts 78%
78 %
UNSAFE CONDITIONS ACTS OF GOD
UNSAFE ACTS
28
© Texas Workers’ Compensation Insurance Fund 2001
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Anytime you find yourself doing one of these things, you should think: DANGER! My back is at risk! Try to avoid heavy lifting, especially repetitive lifting over a long period of time
29
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Twisting at the waist while lifting or holding a heavy load . . . this frequently happens when using a shovel.
30
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Reaching and lifting over your head, across a table, or out the back of a truck . . . .
31
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Lifting or carrying objects with awkward or odd shapes . . . .
32
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Working in awkward, uncomfortable positions . .
33
Common Causes of Back Injuries
Sitting or standing too long in one position ... Sitting can be very hard on the lower back ...
34
Common Causes of Back Injuries
It is also possible to injure your back slipping on a wet floor or ice . . .
35
Prevent Back Injuries
• • • • • Avoid lifting and bending whenever you can. Place objects up off the floor. Raise/lower shelves. Use carts and dollies. Use cranes, hoists, lift tables, and other liftassist devices whenever you can. • Test the weight of an object before lifting by picking up a corner. • Get help if it’s too heavy for you to lift it alone.
36
Prevent Back Injuries
• Use proper lift procedures . . . Follow these steps when lifting . . . . – Take a balanced stance, feet shoulderwidth apart – Squat down to lift, get as close as you can.
37
Prevent Back Injuries
• Get a secure grip, hug the load. • Lift gradually using your legs, keep load close to you, keep back and neck straight.
38
Prevent Back Injuries
• Once standing, change directions by pointing your feet and turn your whole body. Avoid twisting at your waist. • To put load down, use these guidelines in reverse.
39
Exercise!
• Exercise regularly, every other day. Warm up slowly . . . A brisk walk is a good way to warm up Inhale deeply before each repetition of an exercise and exhale when performing each repetition.
40
