Accidents
Content
ACCIDENTS
There are many types of, these may include: burns and scalds bleeding(cuts) broken bones choking eye injury electric shock fires explosions poisoning Burns and scalds:
Burns are cause by the touching of hot objects and radiation, where scalds are caused by the heat of steam. To prevent burns and scalds take great care when touching hot liquids, materials and the stove. Do not bump against pot handles on the stove.
Bleeding(cuts)
Cuts can be caused by falling and or being cut by a sharp object which results in bleeding and the breaking of the surface of the skin. To prevent cuts handle knives carefully, point the blade away from you when cutting and cut on a surface.
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Broken bones:
Broken bones are mainly caused by falling and vehicular accidents Broken bones can be prevented by wearing a seat belt when driving and by securing your home from any hazards that may cause falls. Choking
Choking is caused when a piece of food or other object gets stuck in the upper airway, also, in adults choking is cause when food is not properly chewed. Choking can be prevented by cutting food into smaller pieces and by avoiding excess laughing and talking while chewing and swallowing. Eye injury
Eye injury can be caused by a blow to the eye and chemical exposure. To prevent eye injury wear protective eye wear when handling chemicals and avoid dirty and dusty places.
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Electric shock
Electric shock is caused by human exposure to a broken circuit or electricity such as lightning it may cause death or unconsciousness. To prevented electric shock do not handle electrical appliances with wet hands and avoid pushing fingers into electrical sockets. Fires
Fires are caused by the over-heating of electrical faults, gases e.t.c. Also fires are caused. To prevent fires check iron thermometers before leaving the house and avoid smoking or any other form of fire in any no smoking or flammable zone. Explosions
Explosions may be caused by leakage of gas tanks and the delay in lighting burners. to prevent explosions check if your gas cylinder is leaking and always double check the burner knobs on the stove after use.
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Poisoning
Poisoning is caused by the overdose of pills and the consumption of unlabeled chemicals for food. Poisoning can be prevented by labelling of chemicals properly in proper containers and by disposing of chemicals properly.
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SAFETY IN THE LAB
10 ACTIVITIES TO BE DISCOURAGED IN THE LAB 10 ACTIVITIES TO BE ENCOURAGED IN THE LAB
Do not eat in the lab Do not smoke in the lab Do not run/play in the lab Do not sleep at observation Do not play with chemicals
Wear safety goggles Wear safety gloves Wear a lab coat Wash hands before entering the facility Take notes when at observation Turn off all burners after use Handle chemicals with care Dispose of chemicals properly Be attentive to all safety signs
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FIRES
How a fire is made: A fire is made when there is a rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat light and various reaction products. Two methods that can be used to extinguish fires: By water- this involves the sprinkling of water over the fire in order to keep it down. By fire extinguishers-this involves the use of carbon, powder, e.t.c to put out fires. The different types of extinguishers:
Water extinguishers: These act by using the cooling action of water. There are two types: a) soda acid, this is where sulphuric acid reacts with a dilute solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate. The carbon dioxide expands and forces the solution out of the nozzle. b) carbon dioxide, this involves a cylinder of gas inside the extinguisher being broken and gas expansion forces water out the nozzle.
Foam extinguishers: These act by excluding air from the fire. The fire stops as soon as soon as the oxygen is used up. The extinguishers contain solutions of chemicals which react together to form a foam, which is stable.
6|Page
Carbon dioxide extinguishers: Carbon dioxide is stored at high pressure helps exclude oxygen from a fire. The gas is released by a trigger mechanism.
Powder extinguishers: These usually contain a very unreactive substance
Liquid extinguishers: These contain liquids that form vapours with a high density and therefore exclude oxygen.
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SAFETY SIGNS
No Smoking:
No Pedestrians Allowed:
Corrosive:
Explosive:
Flammable:
First Aid:
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PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT USED IN THE LAB:
Safety gloves:
These are use by mainly everyone such as scientists, carpenters, e.t.c they should be worn when handling hazardous materials, chemicals of unknown toxicity, corrosive materials, rough or sharp-edged objects, and very hot or very cold materials. When handling chemicals in a laboratory, disposable latex, vinyl or nitrile examination gloves are usually appropriate for most circumstances. These gloves will offer protection from incidental splashes or contact. Safety goggles:
These are used by bee keepers, scientists, construction workers, e.t.c for the least they should be worn when handling hazardous materials, chemicals of unknown toxicity and corrosive materials. Aprons/lab coats:
These are mainly used by scientists. To be able to quickly see what is on their lab coats. White shows stains well. The coat is protection from corrosive and toxic chemicals, and the white colour makes it easy to see both stains where such materials may have struck, and possible contaminants before entering the laboratory. A lab coat is a first line of defense in lab. If you were to spill something in
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the lab you would get it on the coat instead of on your skin or on your own clothes. Respirator mask:
These are used by persons like firemen, surgeons, e.t.c who deal with smoke unpleasant smells and other unclean air space that may prone to enter the lungs via the nose. In order to use the respirator mask make sure that it is clean of contaminants and safe to use then place on face in order to breath properly.
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FIRST AID PROCEDURES
Burns: In case of small burns, put in cold water or rub with ice. Clean the area but do not put vasline. Burns can be covered with a clean dry cloth or dressing. If the burn forms a blister, leave uncovered. In case of large burns, cool and clean the area with cold water, lightly bandage. Raise the burn part and give the person some cold water to drink in order to replace the body fluids. Get a doctor’s help. Do not put anything fluffy like cotton, wool, or ointments. Fainting: This is caused by insufficient blood flow to the head. Sit the patient down with head between the knees, or lie them down and lift their feet. Blood gets back to the head. The person will regain consciousness after a few minutes. Poisoning: People, mainly children will consume household chemicals, such as bleach, kerosene, e.t.c accidently, in times like this follow the instructions in which the poison came. Otherwise do not try to make the person vomit. Wash around the mouth but do not give water to drink. Give artificial if necessary. Lay them on their side in a comfortable position, then get a doctor’s help. Choking: If something blocks the air passage the person may have trouble breathing. If the person can cough, they may be able to cough out the object. If not, feel around in the throat to see if u can remove the object. Sit the person in a chair, leaning forward. Hit them sharply between the shoulders, then get a doctor’s help. Cuts: In case of small cuts, the wound stops bleeding as a clot forms. Wash the area and remove dirt. Clean with an antiseptic, dry and cover with a clean dressing. If the wound is deep or becomes inflamed see a doctor who may give antibiotics.
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Broken bones: In case of broken bones, move person as little as possible. Treat any severe bleeding. A splint can be bandaged to the side of the limb to stop the bending. Keep the patient warm, do not give patient anything to drink or eat. Get a doctor.
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PROBLEMS THAT MAY OCCUR WHEN HANDLING ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.
Electrical Accidents: workers lose their life as a result of suffering an electric shock in the workplace. Death: person may die from electrical shock.
Electrical burns: are common causes of injury and could scar for life.
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There are many types of, these may include: burns and scalds bleeding(cuts) broken bones choking eye injury electric shock fires explosions poisoning Burns and scalds:
Burns are cause by the touching of hot objects and radiation, where scalds are caused by the heat of steam. To prevent burns and scalds take great care when touching hot liquids, materials and the stove. Do not bump against pot handles on the stove.
Bleeding(cuts)
Cuts can be caused by falling and or being cut by a sharp object which results in bleeding and the breaking of the surface of the skin. To prevent cuts handle knives carefully, point the blade away from you when cutting and cut on a surface.
1|Page
Broken bones:
Broken bones are mainly caused by falling and vehicular accidents Broken bones can be prevented by wearing a seat belt when driving and by securing your home from any hazards that may cause falls. Choking
Choking is caused when a piece of food or other object gets stuck in the upper airway, also, in adults choking is cause when food is not properly chewed. Choking can be prevented by cutting food into smaller pieces and by avoiding excess laughing and talking while chewing and swallowing. Eye injury
Eye injury can be caused by a blow to the eye and chemical exposure. To prevent eye injury wear protective eye wear when handling chemicals and avoid dirty and dusty places.
2|Page
Electric shock
Electric shock is caused by human exposure to a broken circuit or electricity such as lightning it may cause death or unconsciousness. To prevented electric shock do not handle electrical appliances with wet hands and avoid pushing fingers into electrical sockets. Fires
Fires are caused by the over-heating of electrical faults, gases e.t.c. Also fires are caused. To prevent fires check iron thermometers before leaving the house and avoid smoking or any other form of fire in any no smoking or flammable zone. Explosions
Explosions may be caused by leakage of gas tanks and the delay in lighting burners. to prevent explosions check if your gas cylinder is leaking and always double check the burner knobs on the stove after use.
3|Page
Poisoning
Poisoning is caused by the overdose of pills and the consumption of unlabeled chemicals for food. Poisoning can be prevented by labelling of chemicals properly in proper containers and by disposing of chemicals properly.
4|Page
SAFETY IN THE LAB
10 ACTIVITIES TO BE DISCOURAGED IN THE LAB 10 ACTIVITIES TO BE ENCOURAGED IN THE LAB
Do not eat in the lab Do not smoke in the lab Do not run/play in the lab Do not sleep at observation Do not play with chemicals
Wear safety goggles Wear safety gloves Wear a lab coat Wash hands before entering the facility Take notes when at observation Turn off all burners after use Handle chemicals with care Dispose of chemicals properly Be attentive to all safety signs
5|Page
FIRES
How a fire is made: A fire is made when there is a rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat light and various reaction products. Two methods that can be used to extinguish fires: By water- this involves the sprinkling of water over the fire in order to keep it down. By fire extinguishers-this involves the use of carbon, powder, e.t.c to put out fires. The different types of extinguishers:
Water extinguishers: These act by using the cooling action of water. There are two types: a) soda acid, this is where sulphuric acid reacts with a dilute solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate. The carbon dioxide expands and forces the solution out of the nozzle. b) carbon dioxide, this involves a cylinder of gas inside the extinguisher being broken and gas expansion forces water out the nozzle.
Foam extinguishers: These act by excluding air from the fire. The fire stops as soon as soon as the oxygen is used up. The extinguishers contain solutions of chemicals which react together to form a foam, which is stable.
6|Page
Carbon dioxide extinguishers: Carbon dioxide is stored at high pressure helps exclude oxygen from a fire. The gas is released by a trigger mechanism.
Powder extinguishers: These usually contain a very unreactive substance
Liquid extinguishers: These contain liquids that form vapours with a high density and therefore exclude oxygen.
7|Page
SAFETY SIGNS
No Smoking:
No Pedestrians Allowed:
Corrosive:
Explosive:
Flammable:
First Aid:
8|Page
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT USED IN THE LAB:
Safety gloves:
These are use by mainly everyone such as scientists, carpenters, e.t.c they should be worn when handling hazardous materials, chemicals of unknown toxicity, corrosive materials, rough or sharp-edged objects, and very hot or very cold materials. When handling chemicals in a laboratory, disposable latex, vinyl or nitrile examination gloves are usually appropriate for most circumstances. These gloves will offer protection from incidental splashes or contact. Safety goggles:
These are used by bee keepers, scientists, construction workers, e.t.c for the least they should be worn when handling hazardous materials, chemicals of unknown toxicity and corrosive materials. Aprons/lab coats:
These are mainly used by scientists. To be able to quickly see what is on their lab coats. White shows stains well. The coat is protection from corrosive and toxic chemicals, and the white colour makes it easy to see both stains where such materials may have struck, and possible contaminants before entering the laboratory. A lab coat is a first line of defense in lab. If you were to spill something in
9|Page
the lab you would get it on the coat instead of on your skin or on your own clothes. Respirator mask:
These are used by persons like firemen, surgeons, e.t.c who deal with smoke unpleasant smells and other unclean air space that may prone to enter the lungs via the nose. In order to use the respirator mask make sure that it is clean of contaminants and safe to use then place on face in order to breath properly.
10 | P a g e
FIRST AID PROCEDURES
Burns: In case of small burns, put in cold water or rub with ice. Clean the area but do not put vasline. Burns can be covered with a clean dry cloth or dressing. If the burn forms a blister, leave uncovered. In case of large burns, cool and clean the area with cold water, lightly bandage. Raise the burn part and give the person some cold water to drink in order to replace the body fluids. Get a doctor’s help. Do not put anything fluffy like cotton, wool, or ointments. Fainting: This is caused by insufficient blood flow to the head. Sit the patient down with head between the knees, or lie them down and lift their feet. Blood gets back to the head. The person will regain consciousness after a few minutes. Poisoning: People, mainly children will consume household chemicals, such as bleach, kerosene, e.t.c accidently, in times like this follow the instructions in which the poison came. Otherwise do not try to make the person vomit. Wash around the mouth but do not give water to drink. Give artificial if necessary. Lay them on their side in a comfortable position, then get a doctor’s help. Choking: If something blocks the air passage the person may have trouble breathing. If the person can cough, they may be able to cough out the object. If not, feel around in the throat to see if u can remove the object. Sit the person in a chair, leaning forward. Hit them sharply between the shoulders, then get a doctor’s help. Cuts: In case of small cuts, the wound stops bleeding as a clot forms. Wash the area and remove dirt. Clean with an antiseptic, dry and cover with a clean dressing. If the wound is deep or becomes inflamed see a doctor who may give antibiotics.
11 | P a g e
Broken bones: In case of broken bones, move person as little as possible. Treat any severe bleeding. A splint can be bandaged to the side of the limb to stop the bending. Keep the patient warm, do not give patient anything to drink or eat. Get a doctor.
12 | P a g e
PROBLEMS THAT MAY OCCUR WHEN HANDLING ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.
Electrical Accidents: workers lose their life as a result of suffering an electric shock in the workplace. Death: person may die from electrical shock.
Electrical burns: are common causes of injury and could scar for life.
13 | P a g e
