Administration in Africa

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CHAPTER FOUR COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN AFRICA Assessment of Public administration in African reveals many particular predicaments and evokes various conceptual and practical challenges. It is important to note that until recently one finds only a scant attention being given to public services in the literature on Africa’s development problems. Yet in all independent African nations the public services remains the mainstay of the state in a case study. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN INDEPENDENCT AFRICAN STATE. Many African states continue to endure a crisis of governance fueling multiple dilemmas such as Legitimacy of governance institutional competence, and ethics of leadership and management. The gloomy picture is regularly conveyed by observers of the African scene. REVIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFORM EXPERIENCES: LESSONS OF INTERNATIONAL AND AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES Most reformers do not invent completely new ideas; they buy or borrow management ideas and techniques from elsewhere.

CURRENT TRENDS IN AFRICAN COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS This analysis on African comparative public administration is largely focused on the contributions of the early comparativists and the guidance they provided, or failed to provide, to the development of the African state in the early years of independence. THE FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN AFRICA The stork truth about the public administration reform is that we know much more about what has not worked in the past, than what is likely to work in the future

CHAPTER FIVE ETHICS ACCOUNTABLITY AD TRANSPRENCY IN ADMINISTRATION There has been a considerable debate in the literature of political science and dating back to the period of Hobbes as to the whether the state, as a sovereign, should be accountable to anyone or whether it should be treated as moral and responsible agent. The consensus now seems to be that while the state must be self. Accounting on the basis of the constitution and the laws of the country, the individuals who exercise power on behalf of the state whether appointed or elected must be accountable for the actions they take on behalf of the state. UNDERSTANDING ETHICS, ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY. Strictly speaking the above concepts are interrelated and although attempt can be made to define each of them independently, the sum total shows that there are no clear cut boundaries between them. Therefore the existence or lack of any of them will either positively or negatively impact on the other this automatically implies that a well balanced public servant in terms of performance and respect must possess and /or put all of them in practice.

ETHICS There is no universally agreed definition of the term “ethics” (Ayee, 1998) the guestion of ethics is one that is linked to the history of mankind ethics deals with the character and conduct of moral of human beings. It evaluates conduct against some absolute criteria and puts negative or positive values on it. ACCOUNTABILITY Although accountability is widely believed to be a good thing the concept is highly abstract and it is often used in a very general way (Hulme and sanderatries 2008). A eypical definition is that accountability concern the processes by which those who exercise power whether is governments, as elected representatives or as appointed officials, must be able to show that they how exercised their power and discharged their duties properly. PROMOTING PUBLIC SERVICE ETHICS ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARANCY Enhancing the quality and standard of service is about attitude change that is behavior modification. The public especially the poor, would in all probability welcome an era in which they are entitled withord have to cringe before bribe or exchange favour with public officials.

CHAPTER SIX COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN LAJIN AMERICA The years since 1990 brought about important transformation in the polities, societies and economies of lating American countries and by extension, their state apparatuses public sector reform has affected a large number of institutions and polities, producing significant changes in the role of the state and the way it performs its functions COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FROM SELECTED COUNTRIES IN LATIN AMERICA Public administration is the aggregate of organizations people, formal and informal rules, capacities, and practices. Its statutory mission is to concert policies, laws and the budget into useful services for citizens. THE REFORM IN THE GOVERNMENTAL AGENDA From 1995 to 2002, the federal Government of Brazil under went through a civil service reform, altogether with the reorganization of the Brazilians state itself with the aim to increase productivity and professionalism in public sector environment, it was conducted from 1995 to 1998 by the state reform and federal

administration minster Mr. Lviz Carlos Bnesser. Pereira in 1995, it issues the state reform plan. THE CHALLENGE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN LATIN AMERICA Poorly functioning institution lead to harmful social and economic outcomes, but cause and affect can be difficult to distinguish fro example, corruption limits growth but is itself encouraged by poor economics performance. Corruption is a symptom of underlying weaknesses in the operation of the state.

CHAPTER SEVEN COMPARATIVE LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION. Local government is form of public administration which in a majority of contexts, exits as the lowest tier of administration within a given state. MEANING OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT The concept of local government involves a philosophical commitment to democratic participation in the governing process at the grass root level. COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES United States of America Local Government in the United States is structured in accordance with the laws of the various individual state, terriories and the district of Columbia typically each state has at least two separate tiers of local government.

CHAPTER EIGHT COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT ADMINSITRATION Administration of development is a strategic factor in economics and social development it influence and determines the success of any development plan and it at the same time susceptible to deliberate social control and changes. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The current scene is glooming worrisome for many countries in Africa and few countries in Southeast Asia.

CHAPTER NINE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT The new public management (NPM) wave in public sector organizational change was founded on themes of disaggregation of traditional bureaucratic organization of management authority the introduction of market and quasi-market mechanism and customer – oriented services. NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AS SET OF IDEAS Currently NPM is the dominate paradigm in the discipline of public administration NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AS SET OF PRACTICES The germane question to ask is that how and where have the NPM ideas first been operationalized and put into practice? Privatization implies = transferring the ownership of public enterprises to private interests in the UK, Privatization was extensively pursued by the conservative government of Margaret that Cher and Jam major in the period 1979 – 1997 publicly owned industries (Like Manufacturing).

CHAPTER TEN GLOBALIZATION AND COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Dominate feature of global economic trends in contemporary world system is globalization which is being risen particularly by a new wave of information technology that is unparallel in the history of humankind. MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS There has been no greater challenge to nation, state sovereignty in the later half of the 20th century them the threat of multinational corporations (MNCs) FORCES OF GLOBALIZATION Three main powerful forces that propel globalization in contemporary global environment can be discerned, namely technological revolution, economic liberalization and democratic system of governance. Personae perspective of the book eithed. DYNAMICS OF COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN GLOBAL VILLAGE I truly do not see how in anyway the book can be criticized because the book actually explains full details of administration in detail both in public band private

organization only that it did not emphasis much on the effectiveness difference in our contemporary environment or state as Nigeria. COMPARATIVE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA IN CONCLUSION We can emphasis on administration both in public or private as some method of administration in terms of Bureaucracy but the obvious comparative can be seen in their effectiveness in terms of management skills technology and man power. Therefore, I think the book did not emphasis much on bother management that is seen in private administration than the public.

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