African American
Content
The Annals of Black History in Mathematics
Erika Wargo, Candell Dickerson, Katie Howard 12/5/2007 Central Michigan University MTH 553
Elbert Frank Cox, Dudley Woodard, and Euphemia Lofton Haynes are well known mathematicians. One may ask: What are their personal stories? What are their mathematical achievements? Although they have their own stories and achievements, they have one common bond. Cox, Woodard, and Haynes are among some of the first African-Americans to be awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics by an American University.
“An Early Pioneer” Elbert Frank Cox was a young man with the cards stacked against him, despite this disadvantage and with the support of several adults in his life he managed to overcome. He was born December 5, 1895 in Evansville, Indiana. His father was Johnson D. Cox, a teacher and later an administrator in the local schools of Evansville, and his mother was Eugenia Cox, an Indiana native. He was the eldest of Johnson and Eugenia’s three sons. The Cox’s lived in a small neighborhood in Evansville called Baptisttown which was a peaceful racially mixed community turned violent during the time of the race riots. The school that Cox attended was segregated and severely inadequate to provide African American students with the resources needed for a quality education. The conditions in the school were grossly slanted compared to the neighboring white schools because of certain measures limiting the amount of time a student was allowed necessary materials and resources. As with many youth even in today’s society, the role models for African American children were few and far between especially in the academic arena. One aspect of Governor Street School that allowed children, and more specifically Cox, were the teachers. They were committed and highly esteemed women in the black community and proved to be the right variables in the formula of Cox’s young education. Johnson Cox also had a major influence on the success of his three sons. He was a leader in various organizations established for the betterment of the black community in addition to being a deacon of the Liberty Baptist church of which his family were members. Johnson Cox believed in hard work and community involvement; he remained a key player in their education even as they went on to college. After graduating from high school, in the fall of 1913 Elbert Cox enrolled in Indiana University to study mathematics and physics. Mathematics was a fairly young field at IU, having only graduated their first mathematics major in 1888, just 25 years before. A prominent mathematics organization at Indiana University was called the Euclidean Circle, of which Cox was initiated in the fall of 1915. At their meetings the members discussed mathematical questions which were aimed at being broadly informational; in addition, there were speakers that attended to provide the members with insight on getting a job. Cox was also a member or the Physics club where he served as secretary, was the only African American until his brother Alvalon joined during Cox’s final year at IU. Indiana University was far ahead of the curve compared to most other public universities in regards to diversity; there had been African American students in the university since 1830 and more than 30 percent of the mathematics majors graduates between the years 1888 and 1924 were women. Cox did face adversity, however. Many professors did not believe that the black students in their classes were capable of the same degree of success as the majority white students. The derogatory term “nigger” was also thrown around by whites to show their superiority over the black students. Cox finished his undergraduate courses with a total of 129 credits with an overall grade point average of 3.39 and a 4.0 in mathematics.
Prior to starting graduate school, Cox began his work as an educator in the segregated schools of Henderson, Kentucky where he taught mathematics and physics to high school students. He proved to be a proud American citizen by serving his country in the Army where he quickly rose in ranks. Cox served for two years and upon his return to the states from France he took on the role as professor at Shaw University, a newly established school in Raleigh, North Carolina aimed at the “higher education of Negro students.” By the time he had taught three years of physics, chemistry and biology at Shaw, Cox had begun his studies at Cornell University and had applied for admission to the doctoral program in mathematics. Two professors that Cox had had at Indiana University wrote letters of recommendation, attesting to his aptitude as a student in mathematics and his character. Being colored was not what stood in the way of Cox’s admittance into the program, but it was the strong competition that proved to be a major player. By chance, there was an opening and it was offered to Cox and in the fall of 1922 he became an official graduate student in mathematics at Cornell University, and was the holder of a Graduate Scholarship in Mathematics. In later semesters Cox also received the Erastus Brooks Fellowship in Mathematics which he used to pay for traveling expenses and tuition. In the 1923-1924 school year Cox began his thesis after passing the qualifying exam in February 1924. He was inspired by the work of Niels E. Nörlund, who was interested in solutions to multiple equations and was the leading authority of difference equations. He finished his thesis and presented it to the dissertation board in the summer of 1925. Although Polynomial solutions of difference equations was completed and successfully defended, Cox did not publish until nine years later. His Ph. D. was officially conferred September 26, 1925 and history was made; Cox was the first African American and possibly the first man of his race to earn a Ph.D. in Mathematics. Cox’s advisor, William Lloyd Garrison Williams felt it necessary for Cox’s accomplishment to be recognized around the world, however, universities in England and Germany refused to consider his doctoral thesis but the Imperial University in Sandai, Japan, had accept it. Cox went on to teach at West Virginia State College where he proved to be an asset; making changes to the curriculum in mathematics and physics. Because of the overwhelming workload he had taken upon himself, he had little time for research or scholarly activity. During this time Cox did marry Beulah Kaufman of Princeton, Indiana, an elementary school teacherwhom he had met six years earlier at a concert that he and his brother Alvalon had performed. Shortly after his first son, James, was born; soon to follow were Eugene and Elbert. With the dynamics of his life changing as they were Cox was looked ahead to bigger and better things when he set his sight on Howard University, a prestigious black institute in Washington, D.C. Ties were severed with West Virginia State College with a few misunderstandings. There was also tension between Cox and Woodard, the leading mathematician at Howard, because it was rumored that Woodard did not want Cox at the University until he himself had finished his doctorate program which would make him the second African American to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics. Throughout his years at Howard as associate and full professor, Cox became a very well respected professor who not only taught courses in Mathematics and Physics but also advised many Master’s students. He certainly made an impact in the success of his students and with his colleagues. In 1955 Cox became the head of the Mathematics Department at Howard; six years later he gave up the position but continued as professor and advisor for Master’s students. He finally retired from the faculty of Howard in 1966, but he remained a Master’s advisor after his retirement.
Cox died November 28, 1969 at Cafritz Memorial Hospital after a brief illness. Howard University, in 1974 granted approval for a doctoral program in mathematics, something Cox had wanted to see at Howard since he was made professor. The Mathematics Department at Howard also announced the establishment of the Elbert F. Cox Scholarship Fund for undergraduate mathematics majors. A dedication also took place in Cox’s honor in May of 1982 and a photograph of Cox hangs in a prominent place on campus. http://www.jstor.org/view/00029890/di011945/01p0637p/0 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Cox_Elbert.html
“One of Texas’ finest” Dudley Woodard was born in Galveston, Texas on October 3, 1881. Accounts of his childhood are brief or nonexistent, but it is known his father had a job with the US Postal Service, which was considered a prestigious job at the time. There is a quote by Woodard that says, “I do not recall feeling disadvantaged while growing up”, which could be related to his father’s job status. Woodard received his bachelor (A.B.) degree in mathematics in 1903. At the University of Chicago, he received his B.S. and M.S. degree in mathematics by the year 1907. He taught mathematics at Tuskegee Institute for seven years, was on the Wilberforce faculty for six years, and at the most prestigious African American university of the country, Howard University. In addition to being a professor, he was also selected Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. Woodard’s life was dedicated to the promotion of excellence in mathematics through his students, teachings, and research. His masters’ thesis in mathematics from the University of Chicago was published and it was titled “On Two Dimensional Analysis Situs with Special Reference to the Jordan Curve Theorem”. He took advanced mathematics courses at Columbia University during the summer sessions and was considered one of the most gifted mathematicians in the nation. After working at Columbia, Woodard went to Penn for a year to work with one of Penn’s brightest and best faculty members, John R. Kline. In 1928, Woodard became the second African American in the nation to receive a Ph.D. in Mathematics and the 38th person from Penn. Woodard returned to Howard where he established the mathematics library after finding the resources and support to make it possible and was well known and often talked about as “an extremely nice man, well-balanced personally.” Dr. Woodard also established the M.S. degree program in mathematics at Howard, making it one of the best places to study among the American’s Historically Black Universities and Colleges. He also had a wife and a son, whom also joined the Howard faculty. In addition to his thesis, he published three papers: “Loci connected with the Problem of Two Bodies” and “The Characterization of the Closed N-cell”. His paper on the Jordan Curve was the first paper published in an accredited mathematics journal by an African American. He also worked with Elbert Cox where he sponsored and supervised several professorships and scholarly seminars in mathematics. After retirement, Woodard had left a steady advancement in mathematics behind him in all of the places he visited, especially with Howard’s mathematics faculty. The period that Woodard grew up in was very difficult for Blacks who were seeking education, but this did not stop Woodard from experiencing a great life. He enjoyed life despite the racism surrounding him.
In the 1930’s, he said “black is beautiful” and ignored the “colored” signs, and visited any location, specifically restrooms, restaurants and theatres, no matter who they were supposed to be for. Woodard and his family even moved into an all white neighborhood because it was near Howard and a beautiful place. He died in 1965 in his home in Cleveland, Ohio. http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/woodard_dudleyw.htmlhttp://www.aaregistry.com/african_am erican_history/2530/Dudley_Woodard_one_of_Texas_finest
First African-American woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics: Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes
Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes, mostly recognized as Euphemia, was born to William Lofton and Lavinia Dey. She is widely well known for being the first African American woman awarded a Ph.D. in Mathematics in America. Her father Dr. William Lofton was a respected dentist and business man in the area, while her mother Lavinia was active in the Catholic Church and community. Since Euphemia’s birth on September 11, 1890, Lavinia and Euphemia lived in Washington, D.C. An Inventory of the Haynes-Lofton Family papers said she was “highly motivated and ambitious” from a young age (“University Libraries”). Graduating valedictorian of her class she then moved onto Smith College, where she received a B.A. in Mathematics, and minor in psychology. In 1914, Euphemia took a break from studying to teach in the Washington, D.C. public schools. She met her husband Harold Appo Haynes during this time and married him in 1917. Both Harold and Euphemia taught in public schools until they pursued a Master’s in Education at University of Chicago. Upon completing her Master’s degree, she taught at Miner Teacher’s college, where she established a mathematics department. Serving as a chair for the college’s newly founded mathematics department was one of Euphemia’s first step towards dedicating her life to education. Eventually, she graduated from The Catholic University of America with her doctorate in mathematics. Therefore, she became the first African American woman Ph.D. in Mathematics. Her dissertation was classified as “The Determination of Sets of Independent Conditions Characterizing Certain Special Cases of Symmetric Correspondences” (Williams). All sources highlight her success in Washington schools where she taught for forty-seven years and was the first woman to be a chair of the DC school board. Forty-seven years of teaching gave her the opportunity to teach the entire spectrum: elementary, high school, and
college. During this time, her husband Harold also advanced in the public school system, serving as a principal and high authority positions for many years. They both were active in political and social organizations. However, Euphemia invested more in organizations than Harold. For instance, she was “the first vice president of the Archdiocesan Council of Catholic Women, chairman of the Advisory Board of Fides Neighborhood House, on the Committee of International Social Welfare, League of Women Voters” and involved in many more throughout the years (“Registry”). Many say she was most well known for her involvement in the District of Columbia Board of Education from 1960 to 1968, where she fulfilled the president role from 1966 to 1967 (“University Libraries”). In 1959 or towards the end of her career, the Catholic Church awarded Euphemia the Papal Medal or Pro Ecclesia et Pontific (“Registry”). Sadly, Harold died in 1978, followed by the death of Euphemia in 1980. Though they did not have children, yet they left a big legacy. Euphemia donated $700, 000 to Catholic University for professional support and student loans. The 2006 University handbook has a section dedicated to the “Euphemia Lofton Haynes Student Loan Fund” where a low-interest fund is made available to graduate students majoring in Education (Student Handbook). Works Cited Diaz, Sara. "Haynes, Euphemia Lofton Haynes." BlackPast.Org. 2007. University of Washington. 30 Nov. 2007 <http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/haynes-martha-euphemialofton-1890-1980>. "Euphemia Haynes Pioneered Education and Mathematics." The African American Registry. 2005. Non-Profit Euducation Organization. 30 Nov. 2007 <http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2512/Euphemia_Haynes_pioneered_educ ation_and_mathematics>. Fikes, Robert. “Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes, First African American Woman Mathematician.” Black Women in Mathematics. 1 July 2001. The State University of New York. 2007 <http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/haynes.euphemia.lofton. html>. "Haynes-Lofton Family." University Libraries. Aug. 2007. University of Washington. 30 Nov. 2007 <http://libraries.cua.edu/achrcua/Haynes-Lofton.html>. Schuttloffel, Merylann.The Catholic University of America: Graduate Student Handbook. Ms. Washington. 2006.
Erika Wargo, Candell Dickerson, Katie Howard 12/5/2007 Central Michigan University MTH 553
Elbert Frank Cox, Dudley Woodard, and Euphemia Lofton Haynes are well known mathematicians. One may ask: What are their personal stories? What are their mathematical achievements? Although they have their own stories and achievements, they have one common bond. Cox, Woodard, and Haynes are among some of the first African-Americans to be awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics by an American University.
“An Early Pioneer” Elbert Frank Cox was a young man with the cards stacked against him, despite this disadvantage and with the support of several adults in his life he managed to overcome. He was born December 5, 1895 in Evansville, Indiana. His father was Johnson D. Cox, a teacher and later an administrator in the local schools of Evansville, and his mother was Eugenia Cox, an Indiana native. He was the eldest of Johnson and Eugenia’s three sons. The Cox’s lived in a small neighborhood in Evansville called Baptisttown which was a peaceful racially mixed community turned violent during the time of the race riots. The school that Cox attended was segregated and severely inadequate to provide African American students with the resources needed for a quality education. The conditions in the school were grossly slanted compared to the neighboring white schools because of certain measures limiting the amount of time a student was allowed necessary materials and resources. As with many youth even in today’s society, the role models for African American children were few and far between especially in the academic arena. One aspect of Governor Street School that allowed children, and more specifically Cox, were the teachers. They were committed and highly esteemed women in the black community and proved to be the right variables in the formula of Cox’s young education. Johnson Cox also had a major influence on the success of his three sons. He was a leader in various organizations established for the betterment of the black community in addition to being a deacon of the Liberty Baptist church of which his family were members. Johnson Cox believed in hard work and community involvement; he remained a key player in their education even as they went on to college. After graduating from high school, in the fall of 1913 Elbert Cox enrolled in Indiana University to study mathematics and physics. Mathematics was a fairly young field at IU, having only graduated their first mathematics major in 1888, just 25 years before. A prominent mathematics organization at Indiana University was called the Euclidean Circle, of which Cox was initiated in the fall of 1915. At their meetings the members discussed mathematical questions which were aimed at being broadly informational; in addition, there were speakers that attended to provide the members with insight on getting a job. Cox was also a member or the Physics club where he served as secretary, was the only African American until his brother Alvalon joined during Cox’s final year at IU. Indiana University was far ahead of the curve compared to most other public universities in regards to diversity; there had been African American students in the university since 1830 and more than 30 percent of the mathematics majors graduates between the years 1888 and 1924 were women. Cox did face adversity, however. Many professors did not believe that the black students in their classes were capable of the same degree of success as the majority white students. The derogatory term “nigger” was also thrown around by whites to show their superiority over the black students. Cox finished his undergraduate courses with a total of 129 credits with an overall grade point average of 3.39 and a 4.0 in mathematics.
Prior to starting graduate school, Cox began his work as an educator in the segregated schools of Henderson, Kentucky where he taught mathematics and physics to high school students. He proved to be a proud American citizen by serving his country in the Army where he quickly rose in ranks. Cox served for two years and upon his return to the states from France he took on the role as professor at Shaw University, a newly established school in Raleigh, North Carolina aimed at the “higher education of Negro students.” By the time he had taught three years of physics, chemistry and biology at Shaw, Cox had begun his studies at Cornell University and had applied for admission to the doctoral program in mathematics. Two professors that Cox had had at Indiana University wrote letters of recommendation, attesting to his aptitude as a student in mathematics and his character. Being colored was not what stood in the way of Cox’s admittance into the program, but it was the strong competition that proved to be a major player. By chance, there was an opening and it was offered to Cox and in the fall of 1922 he became an official graduate student in mathematics at Cornell University, and was the holder of a Graduate Scholarship in Mathematics. In later semesters Cox also received the Erastus Brooks Fellowship in Mathematics which he used to pay for traveling expenses and tuition. In the 1923-1924 school year Cox began his thesis after passing the qualifying exam in February 1924. He was inspired by the work of Niels E. Nörlund, who was interested in solutions to multiple equations and was the leading authority of difference equations. He finished his thesis and presented it to the dissertation board in the summer of 1925. Although Polynomial solutions of difference equations was completed and successfully defended, Cox did not publish until nine years later. His Ph. D. was officially conferred September 26, 1925 and history was made; Cox was the first African American and possibly the first man of his race to earn a Ph.D. in Mathematics. Cox’s advisor, William Lloyd Garrison Williams felt it necessary for Cox’s accomplishment to be recognized around the world, however, universities in England and Germany refused to consider his doctoral thesis but the Imperial University in Sandai, Japan, had accept it. Cox went on to teach at West Virginia State College where he proved to be an asset; making changes to the curriculum in mathematics and physics. Because of the overwhelming workload he had taken upon himself, he had little time for research or scholarly activity. During this time Cox did marry Beulah Kaufman of Princeton, Indiana, an elementary school teacherwhom he had met six years earlier at a concert that he and his brother Alvalon had performed. Shortly after his first son, James, was born; soon to follow were Eugene and Elbert. With the dynamics of his life changing as they were Cox was looked ahead to bigger and better things when he set his sight on Howard University, a prestigious black institute in Washington, D.C. Ties were severed with West Virginia State College with a few misunderstandings. There was also tension between Cox and Woodard, the leading mathematician at Howard, because it was rumored that Woodard did not want Cox at the University until he himself had finished his doctorate program which would make him the second African American to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics. Throughout his years at Howard as associate and full professor, Cox became a very well respected professor who not only taught courses in Mathematics and Physics but also advised many Master’s students. He certainly made an impact in the success of his students and with his colleagues. In 1955 Cox became the head of the Mathematics Department at Howard; six years later he gave up the position but continued as professor and advisor for Master’s students. He finally retired from the faculty of Howard in 1966, but he remained a Master’s advisor after his retirement.
Cox died November 28, 1969 at Cafritz Memorial Hospital after a brief illness. Howard University, in 1974 granted approval for a doctoral program in mathematics, something Cox had wanted to see at Howard since he was made professor. The Mathematics Department at Howard also announced the establishment of the Elbert F. Cox Scholarship Fund for undergraduate mathematics majors. A dedication also took place in Cox’s honor in May of 1982 and a photograph of Cox hangs in a prominent place on campus. http://www.jstor.org/view/00029890/di011945/01p0637p/0 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Cox_Elbert.html
“One of Texas’ finest” Dudley Woodard was born in Galveston, Texas on October 3, 1881. Accounts of his childhood are brief or nonexistent, but it is known his father had a job with the US Postal Service, which was considered a prestigious job at the time. There is a quote by Woodard that says, “I do not recall feeling disadvantaged while growing up”, which could be related to his father’s job status. Woodard received his bachelor (A.B.) degree in mathematics in 1903. At the University of Chicago, he received his B.S. and M.S. degree in mathematics by the year 1907. He taught mathematics at Tuskegee Institute for seven years, was on the Wilberforce faculty for six years, and at the most prestigious African American university of the country, Howard University. In addition to being a professor, he was also selected Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. Woodard’s life was dedicated to the promotion of excellence in mathematics through his students, teachings, and research. His masters’ thesis in mathematics from the University of Chicago was published and it was titled “On Two Dimensional Analysis Situs with Special Reference to the Jordan Curve Theorem”. He took advanced mathematics courses at Columbia University during the summer sessions and was considered one of the most gifted mathematicians in the nation. After working at Columbia, Woodard went to Penn for a year to work with one of Penn’s brightest and best faculty members, John R. Kline. In 1928, Woodard became the second African American in the nation to receive a Ph.D. in Mathematics and the 38th person from Penn. Woodard returned to Howard where he established the mathematics library after finding the resources and support to make it possible and was well known and often talked about as “an extremely nice man, well-balanced personally.” Dr. Woodard also established the M.S. degree program in mathematics at Howard, making it one of the best places to study among the American’s Historically Black Universities and Colleges. He also had a wife and a son, whom also joined the Howard faculty. In addition to his thesis, he published three papers: “Loci connected with the Problem of Two Bodies” and “The Characterization of the Closed N-cell”. His paper on the Jordan Curve was the first paper published in an accredited mathematics journal by an African American. He also worked with Elbert Cox where he sponsored and supervised several professorships and scholarly seminars in mathematics. After retirement, Woodard had left a steady advancement in mathematics behind him in all of the places he visited, especially with Howard’s mathematics faculty. The period that Woodard grew up in was very difficult for Blacks who were seeking education, but this did not stop Woodard from experiencing a great life. He enjoyed life despite the racism surrounding him.
In the 1930’s, he said “black is beautiful” and ignored the “colored” signs, and visited any location, specifically restrooms, restaurants and theatres, no matter who they were supposed to be for. Woodard and his family even moved into an all white neighborhood because it was near Howard and a beautiful place. He died in 1965 in his home in Cleveland, Ohio. http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/woodard_dudleyw.htmlhttp://www.aaregistry.com/african_am erican_history/2530/Dudley_Woodard_one_of_Texas_finest
First African-American woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics: Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes
Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes, mostly recognized as Euphemia, was born to William Lofton and Lavinia Dey. She is widely well known for being the first African American woman awarded a Ph.D. in Mathematics in America. Her father Dr. William Lofton was a respected dentist and business man in the area, while her mother Lavinia was active in the Catholic Church and community. Since Euphemia’s birth on September 11, 1890, Lavinia and Euphemia lived in Washington, D.C. An Inventory of the Haynes-Lofton Family papers said she was “highly motivated and ambitious” from a young age (“University Libraries”). Graduating valedictorian of her class she then moved onto Smith College, where she received a B.A. in Mathematics, and minor in psychology. In 1914, Euphemia took a break from studying to teach in the Washington, D.C. public schools. She met her husband Harold Appo Haynes during this time and married him in 1917. Both Harold and Euphemia taught in public schools until they pursued a Master’s in Education at University of Chicago. Upon completing her Master’s degree, she taught at Miner Teacher’s college, where she established a mathematics department. Serving as a chair for the college’s newly founded mathematics department was one of Euphemia’s first step towards dedicating her life to education. Eventually, she graduated from The Catholic University of America with her doctorate in mathematics. Therefore, she became the first African American woman Ph.D. in Mathematics. Her dissertation was classified as “The Determination of Sets of Independent Conditions Characterizing Certain Special Cases of Symmetric Correspondences” (Williams). All sources highlight her success in Washington schools where she taught for forty-seven years and was the first woman to be a chair of the DC school board. Forty-seven years of teaching gave her the opportunity to teach the entire spectrum: elementary, high school, and
college. During this time, her husband Harold also advanced in the public school system, serving as a principal and high authority positions for many years. They both were active in political and social organizations. However, Euphemia invested more in organizations than Harold. For instance, she was “the first vice president of the Archdiocesan Council of Catholic Women, chairman of the Advisory Board of Fides Neighborhood House, on the Committee of International Social Welfare, League of Women Voters” and involved in many more throughout the years (“Registry”). Many say she was most well known for her involvement in the District of Columbia Board of Education from 1960 to 1968, where she fulfilled the president role from 1966 to 1967 (“University Libraries”). In 1959 or towards the end of her career, the Catholic Church awarded Euphemia the Papal Medal or Pro Ecclesia et Pontific (“Registry”). Sadly, Harold died in 1978, followed by the death of Euphemia in 1980. Though they did not have children, yet they left a big legacy. Euphemia donated $700, 000 to Catholic University for professional support and student loans. The 2006 University handbook has a section dedicated to the “Euphemia Lofton Haynes Student Loan Fund” where a low-interest fund is made available to graduate students majoring in Education (Student Handbook). Works Cited Diaz, Sara. "Haynes, Euphemia Lofton Haynes." BlackPast.Org. 2007. University of Washington. 30 Nov. 2007 <http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/haynes-martha-euphemialofton-1890-1980>. "Euphemia Haynes Pioneered Education and Mathematics." The African American Registry. 2005. Non-Profit Euducation Organization. 30 Nov. 2007 <http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2512/Euphemia_Haynes_pioneered_educ ation_and_mathematics>. Fikes, Robert. “Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes, First African American Woman Mathematician.” Black Women in Mathematics. 1 July 2001. The State University of New York. 2007 <http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/haynes.euphemia.lofton. html>. "Haynes-Lofton Family." University Libraries. Aug. 2007. University of Washington. 30 Nov. 2007 <http://libraries.cua.edu/achrcua/Haynes-Lofton.html>. Schuttloffel, Merylann.The Catholic University of America: Graduate Student Handbook. Ms. Washington. 2006.
