AirCraft Carrier
Content
Introductions
In the middle of 20th of last century the military
committee started to develop a new type of navy vessels
called Aircraft carriers operated as mobile airports, the first
trial was at the 30th of last century, during the world war II
there were more need for aircraft carrier, the US Navy now
a day got the best developed vessels in the world with the
latest technology and equipments
Old carriers
Specifications:
By late 1942 the future building committee was
consider new and mush larger carrier, and we can take for
example HMS Malta one of the biggest carriers was built in
the world war II it built to reach 30 knots full loaded with a
Diesel power plant develops 190,000HP on 5 shafts and
built with flight deck 289 m, beam of 37 m, depth of 27 m,
hangars area of 4319 m2 it can carry about 90 aircrafts and
its flight equipments
١
General Arrangement:
123456789-
Oil fuel
Buoyancy drums
Bomb lift
Bomb room
Shaft passage
Damage control HQ
Hangars
Deep beam
Uptake
٢
10- Sick bay
11- WTC
12- RFW
13- Bakery
14- Target indication room
15- Combined ADR and operating room
16- Chart room
17- 982/983 office
New Carriers
Specifications
Today's aircraft carrier flight operations are as much a
product of their history and continuity of operation as of
their design. Now a day the US navy has developed the
Aircraft carriers to applied Hi. Tec. And built a New series
of carriers called "Nimitiz" Class with Nuclear Power plant
and last one built on July 2003 and it can carry about
60,000 persons and with displacement of 102,000 tons and
the flight deck area 333m long and 77 m wide and beam
equal 40.8 m and with speed about 30 knots with full
loaded and for Example we take USS RONALD REAGAN
carrier it can carry 78 aircrafts and can replaced with 50
Helicopters and the deck has 4 elevators and flight
equipments with 4 catapults and 4 arresting cables and it
can get a aircraft take off every 20 seconds and it operate
with 2 Nuclear reactors operating 4 turbines with 4 shafts
and developed 260,000 HP and for emergency it supplied
with Diesel engine developed 10,720HP
٣
Plan deck:
USS RONALD REAGAN
We can see her that the flight deck has a greater area than the ship
hull and that because of the fly way and equipment,
٤
Flight deck component
The Bridge
The Bridge is the primary control position for every ship
when the ship is underway, and the place where all orders
and commands affecting the ship, her movements, and
routine originate
The Combat Direction Center (CDC) is the ship's eyes and
ears, with computer-enhanced air detection systems. Four
warfare modules in CDC compile specific data and relay it
to the Tactical Action Officer (TAO) where it is displayed
in real time on large computer screens. The TAO uses this
٥
information to assist the Captain in defending the ship
against attack and employ the air wing on offensive
missions.
Primary Flight Control ("Pri-Fly")
Primary Flight Control ("Pri-Fly") is the control tower for
the flight operations on the carrier. Here, the "Air Boss"
controls the takeoffs, landings, those aircraft in the air near
the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck,
which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.
The primary function of the Hangar Bay is to store and
serve as a repair area for the ship's aircraft. Nearly half of
the aircraft on board can be kept in the Hangar Bay, with
the remainder staged on the Flight Deck. Aircraft are lifted
from the Hangar Bay to the Flight Deck by one of the ship's
aircraft elevators. The Flight Deck is often described as one
of the most dangerous places in the world because of the
numerous high-performance aircraft launching and landing
in a relatively small, confined area.
Catapults
The catapults are about 300 feet long and consist of a
large piston underneath the deck. Above the deck, only a
small device engages the aircraft nose gear. The catapult
has two rows of slotted, cylindrical piping in the trough
beneath the flight deck. When the planes are ready for
takeoff, the aircraft handlers on the flight deck guide the
٦
plane onto the catapult and hook up the catapult to the
plane's nose gear. On each plane's nose gear is a T-bar
which pulls the plane down the catapult. This bar on the
nose gear of the aircraft attaches to a shuttle protruding
from the flight deck and connects to a pair of pistons in the
trough. A holdback device installed on the nose gear holds
the aircraft in place as tension is applied. After a final
check, the pilot increases the aircraft engines to full power.
When the engines are steady at full power, the catapult is
fired , which accelerates the plane from 0 to 160 knots in
under two seconds. On a signal from the catapult safety
observer on the flight deck, steam is admitted to the
catapult by opening the launching valves assembly. (The
length of time the valves remain open is determined by the
weight of the aircraft and the wind over the deck.) Steam
surges into the cylinders, releasing the holdback and
forcing the pistons and shuttle forward while accelerating
the aircraft along the deck. The shuttle is stopped when
spears on the pistons plunge into water brake cylinders. A
cable and pulley assembly then pulls the shuttle back down
the catapult for the next launch.
٧
The Meatball
The "Meatball" lights aid the pilot in lining up for the
landing. In the center are amber and red lights with Fresnel
lenses. Although the lights are always on, the Fresnel lens
only makes one light at a time seem to glow, as the angle at
which the pilot looks at the lights changes. If the lights
appear above the green horizontal bar, the pilot is too high.
If it is below, the pilot is too low, and if the lights are red,
the pilot is very low. If the red lights on either side of the
amber vertical bar are flashing, it is a wave off.
٨
Arresting Cables
The design of naval aircraft starts with the airframe and
landing gear, as they must withstand a tremendous shock
each time the aircraft launches or lands. Each carrier-based
aircraft has a tail hook, a hook bolted to an 8-foot bar
extending from the after part of the aircraft. It is with the
tail hook that the pilot catches one of the four steel arresting
cables stretched across the deck, bringing the plane to a
complete stop. The cables are set to stop each aircraft at the
same place on the deck, regardless of the size or weight of
the plane. When the aircraft's arresting hook snags a wire,
the wire pulls a piston within a fluid-filled chamber. As the
piston is drawn down the cylinder, hydraulic fluid is forced
through the small holes in the cylinder end, thus absorbing
the energy of the aircraft and breaking it to a stop. An
arresting wire can stop a 54,000-pound aircraft traveling at
a speed of 130-150 miles per hour in a distance less than
350 feet. When the aircraft drops the wire, the piston is
retracted and made ready to recover another aircraft in 45
seconds.
٩
Elevator
Aircraft elevators are designed primarily to transport
aircraft between the hangar deck and the flight deck. They
are, however, also used to transport cargo and equipment.
All aircraft elevators use hydraulic engines, sheaves and
wire ropes to lift and lower the platform. Inboard and deck
edge are the two major types of aircraft elevators. These
names refer to the location of the elevator platform on the
ship. Inboard elevators are located inside the hull of the
ship. Deck edge elevators are more common and are
located just outboard of the hull. The machinery for inboard
and deck edge elevators operates under the same principles
and is similar in arrangement.
Typical Inboard Elevator Arrangement
١٠
Constriction
Aircraft carriers must has a special construction for the
hangers and the flight deck to sustain the stresses from the
weight of the aircrafts and the dynamic stresses from the
aircrafts high speed to reach the lift speed
Hanger's construction:
١١
Deck pillaring:
An adequate and well-distributed system of pillaring
in conjunction with the bulkheads is essential to assist in
supporting the decks, maintain the latter at their proper
distance a part, and generally assist in maintaining form
under all conditions of loading.
١٢
Supports to weapons:
The structure supporting a main gun armament
mounting must be design to sustain the acting stresses on the
gun from it's weight, the recoil at firing of each direction, and
forces arising from roll, pitch or heave of the ship.
The main supported member is a ring bulkhead fitted around
the gun bay between the deck on which the mounting rotate
and the deck which form the floor of the gun bay
١٣
Power Plant:
Most of new navy ship use the Nuclear power plant
because it the more efficient power plant for the large ship as in
aircraft carriers. Nuclear power plant is recommended because
1- Long period between refueling
2- Weight saving for fuel oil tanks and its equipments.
3- Very simple control and achieve the maneuvering
requirement.
4- It develop a high power with a lower fuel consumption
But it's so dangerous because of the nuclear maternal and the
ray leakage and its harm effect on the crew and on the
environment too.
١٤
Last word
Over the next few years the straight flight deck was to
be replaced with the angled deck, requiring a complete
relearning of the procedures for launch and recovery and
for "spotting" aircraft on and below the deck. The
introduction of jet aircraft required another set of new
procedures for launch, recovery, and spotting, and for
maintenance, safety, handling, engine storage and support,
aircraft servicing, and fueling. The introduction of the
Fresnel-lens landing system and air traffic control radar put
the approach and landing under centralized, positive, onboard control. As the years went by, the launch/approach
speed, weight, capability, and complexity of the aircraft
increased steadily, as did the capability and complexity of
electronics of all kinds.
Reference:
Practical warship design
R.N. Newton
British Navy aviation
Colonel R.S. Smith
www.navy.mil
www.homestuffworks.com
١٥
In the middle of 20th of last century the military
committee started to develop a new type of navy vessels
called Aircraft carriers operated as mobile airports, the first
trial was at the 30th of last century, during the world war II
there were more need for aircraft carrier, the US Navy now
a day got the best developed vessels in the world with the
latest technology and equipments
Old carriers
Specifications:
By late 1942 the future building committee was
consider new and mush larger carrier, and we can take for
example HMS Malta one of the biggest carriers was built in
the world war II it built to reach 30 knots full loaded with a
Diesel power plant develops 190,000HP on 5 shafts and
built with flight deck 289 m, beam of 37 m, depth of 27 m,
hangars area of 4319 m2 it can carry about 90 aircrafts and
its flight equipments
١
General Arrangement:
123456789-
Oil fuel
Buoyancy drums
Bomb lift
Bomb room
Shaft passage
Damage control HQ
Hangars
Deep beam
Uptake
٢
10- Sick bay
11- WTC
12- RFW
13- Bakery
14- Target indication room
15- Combined ADR and operating room
16- Chart room
17- 982/983 office
New Carriers
Specifications
Today's aircraft carrier flight operations are as much a
product of their history and continuity of operation as of
their design. Now a day the US navy has developed the
Aircraft carriers to applied Hi. Tec. And built a New series
of carriers called "Nimitiz" Class with Nuclear Power plant
and last one built on July 2003 and it can carry about
60,000 persons and with displacement of 102,000 tons and
the flight deck area 333m long and 77 m wide and beam
equal 40.8 m and with speed about 30 knots with full
loaded and for Example we take USS RONALD REAGAN
carrier it can carry 78 aircrafts and can replaced with 50
Helicopters and the deck has 4 elevators and flight
equipments with 4 catapults and 4 arresting cables and it
can get a aircraft take off every 20 seconds and it operate
with 2 Nuclear reactors operating 4 turbines with 4 shafts
and developed 260,000 HP and for emergency it supplied
with Diesel engine developed 10,720HP
٣
Plan deck:
USS RONALD REAGAN
We can see her that the flight deck has a greater area than the ship
hull and that because of the fly way and equipment,
٤
Flight deck component
The Bridge
The Bridge is the primary control position for every ship
when the ship is underway, and the place where all orders
and commands affecting the ship, her movements, and
routine originate
The Combat Direction Center (CDC) is the ship's eyes and
ears, with computer-enhanced air detection systems. Four
warfare modules in CDC compile specific data and relay it
to the Tactical Action Officer (TAO) where it is displayed
in real time on large computer screens. The TAO uses this
٥
information to assist the Captain in defending the ship
against attack and employ the air wing on offensive
missions.
Primary Flight Control ("Pri-Fly")
Primary Flight Control ("Pri-Fly") is the control tower for
the flight operations on the carrier. Here, the "Air Boss"
controls the takeoffs, landings, those aircraft in the air near
the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck,
which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet.
The primary function of the Hangar Bay is to store and
serve as a repair area for the ship's aircraft. Nearly half of
the aircraft on board can be kept in the Hangar Bay, with
the remainder staged on the Flight Deck. Aircraft are lifted
from the Hangar Bay to the Flight Deck by one of the ship's
aircraft elevators. The Flight Deck is often described as one
of the most dangerous places in the world because of the
numerous high-performance aircraft launching and landing
in a relatively small, confined area.
Catapults
The catapults are about 300 feet long and consist of a
large piston underneath the deck. Above the deck, only a
small device engages the aircraft nose gear. The catapult
has two rows of slotted, cylindrical piping in the trough
beneath the flight deck. When the planes are ready for
takeoff, the aircraft handlers on the flight deck guide the
٦
plane onto the catapult and hook up the catapult to the
plane's nose gear. On each plane's nose gear is a T-bar
which pulls the plane down the catapult. This bar on the
nose gear of the aircraft attaches to a shuttle protruding
from the flight deck and connects to a pair of pistons in the
trough. A holdback device installed on the nose gear holds
the aircraft in place as tension is applied. After a final
check, the pilot increases the aircraft engines to full power.
When the engines are steady at full power, the catapult is
fired , which accelerates the plane from 0 to 160 knots in
under two seconds. On a signal from the catapult safety
observer on the flight deck, steam is admitted to the
catapult by opening the launching valves assembly. (The
length of time the valves remain open is determined by the
weight of the aircraft and the wind over the deck.) Steam
surges into the cylinders, releasing the holdback and
forcing the pistons and shuttle forward while accelerating
the aircraft along the deck. The shuttle is stopped when
spears on the pistons plunge into water brake cylinders. A
cable and pulley assembly then pulls the shuttle back down
the catapult for the next launch.
٧
The Meatball
The "Meatball" lights aid the pilot in lining up for the
landing. In the center are amber and red lights with Fresnel
lenses. Although the lights are always on, the Fresnel lens
only makes one light at a time seem to glow, as the angle at
which the pilot looks at the lights changes. If the lights
appear above the green horizontal bar, the pilot is too high.
If it is below, the pilot is too low, and if the lights are red,
the pilot is very low. If the red lights on either side of the
amber vertical bar are flashing, it is a wave off.
٨
Arresting Cables
The design of naval aircraft starts with the airframe and
landing gear, as they must withstand a tremendous shock
each time the aircraft launches or lands. Each carrier-based
aircraft has a tail hook, a hook bolted to an 8-foot bar
extending from the after part of the aircraft. It is with the
tail hook that the pilot catches one of the four steel arresting
cables stretched across the deck, bringing the plane to a
complete stop. The cables are set to stop each aircraft at the
same place on the deck, regardless of the size or weight of
the plane. When the aircraft's arresting hook snags a wire,
the wire pulls a piston within a fluid-filled chamber. As the
piston is drawn down the cylinder, hydraulic fluid is forced
through the small holes in the cylinder end, thus absorbing
the energy of the aircraft and breaking it to a stop. An
arresting wire can stop a 54,000-pound aircraft traveling at
a speed of 130-150 miles per hour in a distance less than
350 feet. When the aircraft drops the wire, the piston is
retracted and made ready to recover another aircraft in 45
seconds.
٩
Elevator
Aircraft elevators are designed primarily to transport
aircraft between the hangar deck and the flight deck. They
are, however, also used to transport cargo and equipment.
All aircraft elevators use hydraulic engines, sheaves and
wire ropes to lift and lower the platform. Inboard and deck
edge are the two major types of aircraft elevators. These
names refer to the location of the elevator platform on the
ship. Inboard elevators are located inside the hull of the
ship. Deck edge elevators are more common and are
located just outboard of the hull. The machinery for inboard
and deck edge elevators operates under the same principles
and is similar in arrangement.
Typical Inboard Elevator Arrangement
١٠
Constriction
Aircraft carriers must has a special construction for the
hangers and the flight deck to sustain the stresses from the
weight of the aircrafts and the dynamic stresses from the
aircrafts high speed to reach the lift speed
Hanger's construction:
١١
Deck pillaring:
An adequate and well-distributed system of pillaring
in conjunction with the bulkheads is essential to assist in
supporting the decks, maintain the latter at their proper
distance a part, and generally assist in maintaining form
under all conditions of loading.
١٢
Supports to weapons:
The structure supporting a main gun armament
mounting must be design to sustain the acting stresses on the
gun from it's weight, the recoil at firing of each direction, and
forces arising from roll, pitch or heave of the ship.
The main supported member is a ring bulkhead fitted around
the gun bay between the deck on which the mounting rotate
and the deck which form the floor of the gun bay
١٣
Power Plant:
Most of new navy ship use the Nuclear power plant
because it the more efficient power plant for the large ship as in
aircraft carriers. Nuclear power plant is recommended because
1- Long period between refueling
2- Weight saving for fuel oil tanks and its equipments.
3- Very simple control and achieve the maneuvering
requirement.
4- It develop a high power with a lower fuel consumption
But it's so dangerous because of the nuclear maternal and the
ray leakage and its harm effect on the crew and on the
environment too.
١٤
Last word
Over the next few years the straight flight deck was to
be replaced with the angled deck, requiring a complete
relearning of the procedures for launch and recovery and
for "spotting" aircraft on and below the deck. The
introduction of jet aircraft required another set of new
procedures for launch, recovery, and spotting, and for
maintenance, safety, handling, engine storage and support,
aircraft servicing, and fueling. The introduction of the
Fresnel-lens landing system and air traffic control radar put
the approach and landing under centralized, positive, onboard control. As the years went by, the launch/approach
speed, weight, capability, and complexity of the aircraft
increased steadily, as did the capability and complexity of
electronics of all kinds.
Reference:
Practical warship design
R.N. Newton
British Navy aviation
Colonel R.S. Smith
www.navy.mil
www.homestuffworks.com
١٥
