Ali Padiyar
Content
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Inplant Training Report Shree Pragati Developers
Submitted by
Padiyar Mohammad Ali Fazlu
Semester-V
Fr. Agnel Polytechnic, Vashi
Diploma in
Civil Engineering June ‘3 – Oct ‘19 (2013-14)
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMISSION COPY
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to thank SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS for giving me the opportunity to undergo INPLANT TRAINING at their most prestigious project. I also thank Mr.RAJENDRA G. CHOUDHARI for his support and guidance. I would also like to thank my training incharge MR. VISHAL who helped me at various stages to clear my doubts and encouraged me from time to time. I would also like to thank other members of SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS who helped me in many ways that were very helpful to me. I would also like to show my sincere gratitude towards MRS.SEEMA K, MRS AMARPREET KAUR, MR.LEWIS ANTHONY.(LECTURER INCHARGE) and MRS.SALLY ANTHONY.(H.O.D) who time to time shared their most valuable experience during and before the training. I would also like to thank the management of FR.AGNEL POLYTECHNIC who inplanted a sandwitch pattern syllabus where we students got an opportunity to experience the practical knowledge which will be a great help for us in the coming future and will also be a morale booster for our careers.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Index
CHP Contents Page no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Introduction with brief details Introduction of organisation Site organisation chart & site layout Construction materials Cosntruction tools Machineries Construction methods Members Masonary Finishign works Quality control Safety, security & our duties on site Reference books Conclusion
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Trainee Institution : Padiyar
Mohammad Ali Fazlu.
: Fr.Agnel Polytechnic, Vashi, Navi Mumbai. 400 706
Faculty Organisation Institute Incharge Placement Officer Address Of Site
: Civil Engineering Department. : Shree Pragati Developers. : Mr. Lewis Anthony : Mrs. Jewel Sementa : Shree Pragati Prime, Near Gaodevi Mandir, Kon, Bhiwandi, Dist-Thane.
Architect R.C.C Consultant Contractor Training Period Cost of Project
: Urban And Rural Consultants, Bhiwandi. : Urban And Rural Consultants, Bhiwandi. : Babu Bhai : 3rd June To 19th Oct, 2013. : (20 – 23 Crore)
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANISATION
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS is synonymous with solid foundation of enterprising vision and astute professionalism. The group prides on its efficient panel of Architects, Planning, and Engineers with a specific eye on details and sense of aesthetics we actually blend modernism with culture to create adorable master pieces. With each day, we realize our standards by bringing Innovation, Quality, Transparency and Commitment to deliver every promise made. Values that not only differentiate us from others, but also help build a dynamic Organization.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SITE LAYOUT
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
G + 3 Storage with lift.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
LAYOUT OF 3D FLOOR PLAN.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
LAYOUT OF GROUND FLOOR PLAN.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Cement:
It is on one of the most common and most important material used in construction industry. This is basically used as a binding material only. At our site mostly ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of grade 53 are used, however plain Portland cement of grade 53 is used in a footing work.
Following are the brands used at our site: ACC Cement Ambuja Cement
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Corromandel Cement Cement is available in bags weighing 50 kgs. Test : Manufacturing date should be checked it should not be more than 5 days. No lumps are to be found When a hand is immersed in cement bag it should feel cool.
Fine Aggregate (sand) : Sand is a fine aggregate and is an important constituent of concrete and mortar. Generally river sand is preferred. Before using sand it is very much essential to wash it in order to reduce the silt content.
Test: Silt Content should be less than 10%
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Coarse Aggregate:
It plays an important role to give strength to the concrete structure. They are divided in to three categories. Metal 1. Metal 2. Metal 3.
Test: Sieve analysis was done for all aggregates.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Steel:It is very costly material used in construction industry especially used in concrete works.
Basic purpose of the steel is to provide tensile strength in concrete. Steels are available in various diameter. Following are used at our site: 6mm (Mild Steel) 8 MM (Tor Steel) 10 mm (Tor Steel) 12 mm (Tor Steel) 16 mm (Tor Steel) 20 mm (Tor Steel) 32mm (Tor Steel)
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Checks for steel:
Steel when brought to the site should not the rusted and quantity and diameter should be checked properly.
Rubble:They are big stones mostly used for soling purpose for P.C.C There are not rubble test for rubbles.
Murrum:It is a form of a soil, which is used for filling purpose.
Stone dust:It is mostly used for filling purpose and also used for making approach road.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Bricks:Bricks are basically used to provide partitions and for water-proofing purpose. In our site two sizes of bricks were used:-
1. 23X10X9 Cms. 2. 23X15X10 Cms.
Checks for bricks:1. Colour should be checked for the bricks. 2. It should not be over burnt or under burnt. 3. Bricks should not have water absorption more than 20X 4. Edge should be sharp at right angle.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Tiles:They used for flooring work to give a pleasant appearance. In our site vitrified tiles were used.
Test:Water absorption should not be more than 10
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION TOOLS
Tools are basically third hand for the labours that helps in doing the work more efficiently and at faster speed.
Various tools used in our site are:
Mortar pans. Chisel. Level tube. Skirting pharma. Hammer. Trowel. Chicken mesh. Spirit level. Hexa frame blade. Pick axe. Hacking picks. Spade. Hammer.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Plumb bob. Line dory. Trolley. Right angle. Aluminum float. Wooden float.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
MACHINERIES
Use of machine in building construction helps in achieving our goals at better speed and quality. Machineries are required at every stage of work and can different from projects.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
On
our
site
following
machineries
and
equipment were used: Concrete mixer Needle vibrator Pulley Jcb Roller De-watering pump Leveling staff Trolley Lift & hoist Dumpers Water pumps Cube moulds
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Maintenance of machineries and equipments:
It is very much necessary for smooth working project maintenance also helps in saving money. Maintenance includes:-
Time to time oiling of machineries. Time to time calibration of machineries. Time to time replacing the bearing of machinery.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Excavation
It is one of the most important activities of the construction industry. It starts form digging pit and continues up to the handling over the site.
Excavation is required for various kind of activity like:1. Foundation of the building. 2. Plinth and beam work. 3. Construction of the basement of the building 4. Laying out water and drainage pipe-line. 5. Construction of compound wall.
Requirement to start excavation.
It is very much necessary to understand the various layer of soil below the ground as depth of various layer keeps on changing from location to location. It is one of the main factor on which design of foundation is based.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Methods of excavation:-
With the help of poclain:
It is used when huge volume of soil is to be excavated.
With help of JCB
It is one of the most common equipment used for excavations.
Labour power.
When small volume of soil is to be excavated, labour are used for it.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FOUNDATION
On our site we had column foundation. Before starting column foundation approximately leveled and the center of footings were marked, according to the foundation plan.
Every civil engineering structure is divided into two parts:
Sub Structure Super Structure Sub structure is a term. Which is also called as foundation. Foundation is that part of structure the most important part of the structure, which stays below the gorund and transmits the total load of the structure on to the foundation base.
Necessity and purpose of foundation :
Foundation transfer the load to the soil It supports the structure against wind, ran etc. To provide a leveled base for the super structure to rest.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Foundation on the bases of the depth can be classified as:
Shallow foundation
When it is possible to have a foundation at reasonable shallow depth, the foundation is termed as shallow foundation or when the depth of doundation is less than or equal to the width of the foundation it is called shallow foundation. The different types of shallow foundation are: Shallow footing Combined footing raft footing
Deep foundation
when the depth of foundation is more than the width of the foundation then its termed as deep foundation. Mostly for towers deep foundation is prepared. Pile foundation is a type of deep foundation.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Pile Foundation:-
Pile foundation is a type of foundation, which is done when the soil available, is soft and marshy or the hard strata is at great depth. Pile foundation is designed such that the load is transmitted by resting it on hard strata or by friction between the pile and soil in contact.
Piles may be cast-in-situ or precast. At our site castin-situ piles were used. Piles vary in shape and size. They are available in shapes like circle, hexagonal, etc. and of different diameter 300mm to 1200mm and more.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Plinth works
Plinth work is one the most important works and needs proper care while construction. It is said that efficiently of a civil engineer is judged here, as mistake committed here cannot be rectified. Plinth wall function as a retaining wall.
Plinth work involves following activities.
Excavation up to the depth of plinth required below ground level Rubble soling of 15mm below ground level Compaction of rubble soling P.C.C of 100mm over rubble soling Reducing the height of chipping extra portion. Casting of tie beam. Casting of Column and stub column Brick masonry up to plinth level. Filling of murrum and stone dust and murrum. Compaction of the rubble soling. Anti-termite treatment given to plinth area. P.C.C work to be done over it for flooring.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Precaution while construction of plinths:
Compaction of the murrum and stone dust should be done properly. Compaction of rubble soling is to be done properly. Dimension of plinth should be checked properly and height of plinth should be checked with reference point. Minimum height of plinth wall should be 0.6m.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
MEMBERS
Columns Column are one of the most important vertical member of R.C.C structure as they support beam and slab. It is column that takes the load of beam and slab and transfers I to the foundation. If the column fails t take the load there are high chances for the building collapse. Column not only bears the dead load of the beam and slab but also has to bear gravitational force, wind pressure & earthquake pressure. Column can be casted in various shape and sizes depending upon architectural and sizes depending upon architectural requirements and load bearing capacity of it. Reinforcement in column: It should be as per drawing provided by R.C.C Consultant. Minimum reinforcement should be 0.8% of the C/S area. Maximum reinforcement should be 8% of the C/S area.
Starters:-
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Before casting of column it is essential to cast starters of at least 4” of height. Advantage of casting starters: Position of column can be easily fixed as they are of just 4” of height.
Formwork for column:Formwork for column are erected on the next day of the casting of the starters. Formwork can be either of wood or M.S plates. Before erecting of formwork they are well oiled. Once the formwork is erected they are supported by joist on sides in order to prevent bulging of column. Clamps (shikhanjas) support formworks in angles.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FORMWORK FOR COLUMN
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Concreting Of Coloumn:The desired grade of concrete is prepared in concrete mixer and is transported up to the column. Then with the help of labours the concrete is pored in to formwork with the help of mortar pans. While pouring concrete a person with vibrator has to concrete is properly vibrated.
Deshuttering:It should be done after 24hrs. only.
Hacking :Once the column is casted then it is very much necessary to provide hacking so that when the plaster is applied on it. It holds the plaster firmly.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Checks while casting column: Reinforcement should be properly checked before erecting formwork for column Center of column should be checked with reference to centerline plan. Quantity and spacing of stirrups should be checked Proper binding between stirrups and main bars is to checked properly. Lapping should be checked Spacing between M.S clamps should be checked. Supports to be checked properly. Covers on the top reinforcement are to be checked. Minimum size of the cover should be 40mm. While concreting vibrator should be properly used. Plumb on both sides of column should be checked. Quantity of the concrete should be checked properly.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BAR BENDING
REINFORCEMENT
The main purpose of steel reinforcement in concrete is to increase the tensile strength of concrete in bending and shear. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension hence steel is provided to increase the tensile strength of concrete.
Steel available in two types:
1. Mid Steel :- 6mm 2. Tor Steel :- 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm,
Tor steel is ribbed and is very strong. Mild steel is plain and is not strong as tor steel. Usually for steel available form 8mm onwards.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Laps & splices:During construction. Bars are not joined end to end but are given suitable overlap according to specification.
Cutting:The bent bars are first straightened before they are cut to size. Tamping is done so that the loose and scary rust I removed from the reinforcement. Then as per the length given in steel schedule the length of the bar was marked with the help of steel tape and then bar was cut in the machine.
Bending:All bars bent according to size and shape as shown on detailed drawing/bar bending schedule, the bar is bend in bar bending machine.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Fixing:Reinforcement shall be accurately fixed by any approved means maintained in the correct position as shown in drawing by using spacers, cover block etc to prevent displacement during placing compaction of concrete.
Covers to reinforcement:Cover blocks, which are generally of cement mortar, shall used to ensured To the required necessary cover cover for for
reinforcement.
provide
reinforcement at any section only single cover block shall be used. Covering is provided to the reinforcement sothat due to atmosphere action the reinforcement does not get corroded and therefore the strength cannot be reduce of the R.C.C Member. On out site cover for column was 40mm and for beam it was 25mm
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BEAM & SLAB
Beam and slabs are horizontal member of the structure. The live and dead load is taken by the slab and is passed on to the beam, which in return transfer the load to the column.
Formwork for slab and beam: First of all column cap is marked on all the column with the help of level tube. After fixing column cap beam bottom is erected. Beam bottom is basically a wooden plank rested on over column cap. Once the beam bottom is erected it is supported over the props in order to avoid point load. The formwork of the slab and beam is well oiled.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Reinforcement for beam and slab:It should be as per drawing specified by R.C.C Consultant.
\
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Concreting of slab and beam: Special gang of labours is appointed for this operation. Concrete grade of M40 is prepared and is passed on the slab with the help of concrete pump.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
While
concreting
one
person
should
be
continuously check the vibrator whether it is used at all the places. While another person level the concrete with the help of float.
Deshuttering of slab:
Once the concrete is hardened, sides of the slab can be removed after 224 hrs. however bottom of slab and beam is removed after 7days and 14day respectively.
Curing:Curing should be done 4-5 times for 14days.
Checks for slab and beam during casting
Height from slab to slab should be checked before concreting. Shuttering of the slab should be properly leveled. Width and depth of beam should be checked. Reinforcement of beam should be checked with respect to top bars and bottom bars. Reinforcement of slab should be checked. Props should be properly checked.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Covering should be checked in beam and slab. Lapping should be chcked. Marking of the thickness of the slab should be checked. Dimension of the slab to be checked. Electric conduits should be checked. Proper vibrating should be ensured while concreting Proper leveling should be ensure.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
MASONRY
It is required at many places like construction of foundation, wall, etc. in framed structure no load is taken by masonry. The role played by masonry in framed structure is just a create a partition.
Classification of masonry:1. Stone Masonry 2. Brick Masonry
Stone masonry is further classified as rubble masonry and ashlars masonry, where brick masonry is classified as per bonds like:-
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1. Stretcher bond:
In this bond all the bricks are laid as stretcher on the face of the wall. This is the pattern used when the thickness of the wall is 100mm.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Header bond: This pattern is used when the thickness of the wallis 225mm. in this all the bricks are header on the face of the wall.
English bond: In this bond bricks are laid on the alternate courses of header and stretcher. This is supposed to be the stronger bond.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Flemish bond:
In this course each layer is made of alternate header and stretcher. There are two types of Flemish bond: 1. Single Flemish bond. 2. Double Flemish bond. On our site mostly stretcher bond was used on brick masonry.
Procedure to construct the brick wall:
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1. All the brick should be soaked in water before using them for masonry work. 2. First of all layout was made by single layer of brick on a bed of mortar. 3. Once the first layer was approved, layer above it was done and checked by line dori. 4. Cement mortar was made by using ration of 1:6. Brick wall at a height of 1.5m. 5. Then curing was done 2-3 times a day for 3-4 days.
Do’s for the brick masonry
1. Brick should be good and of uniform size, shape and color. 2. Before using for construction work it should be fully immersed inwater for two to three hours. 3. Brick should give metallic ringing sound when struck. 4. Curing should be done at least 7-10 days for brick wall.
Don’ts for the brick masonry:
1. Unburnt and over burnt brick should not be used. 2. Joints should not exceed a thickness of 10mm. 3. Broken bricks should be avoided in masonry work as far as possible.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FINISHING WORKS
Fixing of door
Doors are very much necessary in a building and hence proper care should be taken while fixing them.
Doors:
There are various sizes and types available for doors and frames. The most common sizes for doorframes are: 1. Main door frame – 3’5” X7’ 2. Internal door Frame – 3’X7’ 3. Toilet door frame – 2’6”X7’
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Procedure for fixing door frames:
First of all frames are ordered according to their required dimension and design. Once the frames are brought to the site they are checked to their dimension 6 holdfasts are fixed to it. This doorframe is raised to its required position and plumb is checked from inside and outside. Once the plumb is checked top immersed in brick masonry, it is broken by using breaker. Once this is done the potion is filled with cement concrete. Once the frame is fixed, by using fixtures and fastening door shutter is fixed.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIFICATION
Electric work is one of the most important topics in construction process. Electrification can be done in following ways: Open wiring Concealed wiring
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Open wiring:
The process in which the wiring is carried out over the painted surface is known as open wiring. The main advantage of open wiring Is that is facilitates case in repair works. It can be further classified in to two groups:1. Pipe wiring 2. Open frame wiring 3. Close frame wiring
1. Pipe wiring
In this type of wiring wires are supported with wire, which runs over the wall. In this type of wiring repair work are difficult. As the pipe is to be cut. Thus this type of wiring is not used at present.
2. Open frame wiring
In this type of wiring the wires are supported over a wooden strip, which act as a frame. Due to shabby appearance this type of wiring is avoided.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
3. Closed frame wiring
In this type of wiring a closed frame is use. Which can be opened for repaired works. Due to better appearance and ease in repair work this type of open wiring is maximum use.
4. Concealed wiring
The wiring, which is hidden within the plaster surface, is known as concealed wiring. This type of wiring facilitates better appearance and is thus maximum in use. It even facilitates safely from damage in industrial area. But this type of wiring is difficult to repaired.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PLASTERING
It provides a smooth finished surface. It is a layer of cement and morter applied over masonry work, which also act as a damp proof coat over masonry work. It enhanced the appearance of the building.
Material required for plastering: 1. Sand 2. Cement 3. Water 4. Neeru
Tools required for plastering:-
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1. Mortar pan 2. Chisel 3. Space 4. Hammer 5. Trowel 6. Level tube 7. Wooden float 8. Metal float 9. Right angle. 10. Nylon thread 11. Plumb bob 12. Measuring tape 13. Wire brush
Classification of plaster
1. Internal plaster 2. External plaster
Procedure for external plastering
External plaster is done in two coats. Following are the two coats. First coat or base cot (12mm -20mm) Second coat or final coat (10mm-12mm)
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
For external plaster, scaffolding was built in advance. Before plastering the surface is cured for at least 3 days. Level dots are marked for thickness of 12mm at a distance of 2m to 15m intervals. They are used as reference pint the points are transferred with plumb bob. Nylon threads were tied near all the edges and window frames of external wall so that thickness of plaster and line of edges are controlled. Before starting the plaster cement slurry was applied.
First coat or base coat:
In the first coat proportion used for cement mortar is 1:4. Thickness of the coat was approximate 12mm. the layer was not finished and was kept rought to provide good bonding with second coat. The coat was cured for 3 days before the second coat is started.
Second coat or final coat:
In this second coat proportion used for cement mortar is 1:6. Thickness of second coat was approximately 8mm. during this coat sponge is used to get fine grains of sand.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Checks for external plastering
1. Edges and corners of the building should be checked with the helps of nylon thread. 2. Checking of any elevation part should be done as per architectural drawings.
Gypsum finishing (internal plaster):
1. Gypsum was mixed with water in appropriate ration and gypsum paste was prepared. 2. Once the curing of brickwork is over, gypsum paste of 8mm thickness was placed at various places as a level dot. 3. The dots were allowed to dry for an hour and then with reference of this level dots. Entire wall is paste with gypsum. 4. Level and smooth appearance is given by aluminum float.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PAINTING
Painting is basically done to give a pleasant appearance, however it also increase thelife of the structure as it also acts a protective layer over the structure.
Procedure for painting Internal painting:At our site internal painting was done on gypsum plaster. Oil bound distempers were used for internal painting work. These paints were manufactured by Asian Paints Pvt. Ltd.
Following was the procedure followed during the painting: 1. Scrubbing:Scrubbing was done with the helps of 120 no. water paper the purpose of scrubbing was to remove the dust and other extra waste material from the wall. The other purpose of scrubbing was to level the surface.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
2. Primer application: Primer is a bonding agent, which is applied on the scrubbed surface to provide good bonding with the putty. Primer, which was used at our site, was also manufactured by Asian Paints Pvt Ltd. 3. Putty application It is a mixture of linseed oil and calcium carbonate in suitable proportions. This putty is applied on the wall/over the primer, for the thickness of 1mm to 2mm the purpose of application of the putty is to get good level and smooth surface for painting and also to fill up small gaps and microscopic cracks on the surface of the wall. 4. Painting coat (first coat):Once the above procedure is completed painting is started. Paints are applied using brushes. The paint should be in consistent liquid form and cover are of 12 brasses of area in 20 liters of paint. 5. Painting coat (second coat): Before starting final coat the cracks were filled with putty. After filling the craks it was scrubbed and then the paint was applied.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
External painting:
At our site external plastering was done by cement plaster.
Following was the procedure followed at our site for painting: 1. Cleaning: Spraying water thoroughly on the surface using pipes cleaned the surface of the wall. 2. White wash:White wash of the white cement paint was applied to fit small holes and microscopic cracks that might have developed on the cracks that might have developed on the plastered surface. This helps in saving paint and also to get consistent surface for painting. 3. Curing :The white wash was cured for 3days by spraying water. 4. Application of paint After 3day the paint is applied using brush and it was done in two coat. The paint must be consistent and cover 7brasses to 7brasses in every 20 liters of paint.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Tiling
The main purpose of tiling is to protect the surface from elements like water, mild acid smoke and oily fumes. It also give good finishing and improves appearance of the room.
Usually tiling is done is following ways:-
1. Floor tiling 2. Skirting tiling 3. Dado tiling
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Floor tiling:
At our site vitrified tiles were used for flooring and it was provided in all rooms however in bathroom we had ceramic tiles. The sizes of tiles were. 1. For vitrified tiles 1’X1’ 2. Foe ceramic tile 30cm X 30cm
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Procedure for flooring:1. The level was taken with respect to doorframes and level was transfer to every corner with the help of level tube. 2. Floor completely clean cheeping of waste material was done to get the floor in level. 3. Bedding is laid for maximum of 2” and required slope was given. At our site bedding was prepare in neeru cement mortar. 4. Next day after checking of the slope, tile are laid over the prepared bedding. 5. After the tile are laid the joints between the tiles are filled with white cement. 6. Care should be taken that the joints are in same continuous line. 7. For flooring in bathroom and W/C the tile level is kept 1” below tile level in the rooms. Slope should be checked with the help of line dori. 8. Joints between two tiles should be less than 2mm. 9. The slope should be checked and should be in perfect direction
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Skirting tiling:
At our site skirting tiles are of same vitrified tiles, which were for flooring. It is provided in all rooms. Height of skirting was 10mm from floor level.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Dado tiling:
Dado tiling at our site was provided in kitchen bathroom and w/c.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PLUMBING
Plumbing is a art of constructing and laying of water lines and sewer lines in constructed structure. The main purpose of plumbing or house drainage is to provide an efficient drainage system.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
There are two types of plumbing: 1. Internal plumbing 2. External plumbing
Internal plumbing includes sewage and water lines whereas external plumbing includes outside works.
Internal Plumbing
External Plumbing
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Plumbing for water supply: Plumbing for water supply is done by using G.I Pipes or with copper pipes. At our site copper pipe was used for plumbing. Copper pipes are available invarious diameters like
½”, 1 ½”, 2” etc.
External work was done using P.V.C pipes
Test for plumbing
1. Air pressure test was done after assembling the pipeline. 2. Water color test was done.
Plumbing process for bathroom & w/C.
1. The layouts of pipe were marked as per the drawing in the bathroom 2. The area where pipes were to be laid was chipped off by using chisel and hammer. 3. The pipes are placed and a rough skeleton was prepared. 4. Then the joints were soldered with each other. 5. Once it is finalized pressure test is done on pipes with the help of pressure machine.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
6. There were covered with sponge material. 7. Then finally they are placed properly and covered with cement mortar.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Water proofing
It is much necessary as it is maintains the appearance of the building and increase life of structure. Waterproofing is basically done at toilets, bathroom terrace, lift pit, etc. for better waterproofing selection of good quality material and skilled workmen ship is required.
Material used for water proofing
1. Cement 2. Sand 3. Metal 4. Brick bat 5. Shahabad tiles 6. Water proofing chemical
Tool required for waterproofing
1. Trowel 2. Wooden float 3. Plumb bob 4. Mortar pan 5. Wooden mallet
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
6. Line dori 7. Metal float 8. Chisel 9. Hacker 10. Right angle 11. Pressure grouting machine 12. Measuring box 13. Spirit level 14. Level tube 15. Brush
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Procedure for brickbat water proofing in bathroom 1. Select well burnt brickbat and soaked them in water for at least half an hour. 2. Clean the area where the water proofing is to be done. 3. Fill area with cement mortar rich in vement content. Place brick leaving 1-2 cm gap between them. 4. Leave this position for at least 24hours. 5. Then fill area with water and then leave it for three days. 6. Remove all water after three days and fill it with cement mortar till the heights of bricks giving a slope of 1:100 towards drainage. 7. Leave this for few hours and fill area with water and leave it for 4-5 days.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Procedure for shahabad waterproofing for lit pit. 1. Make heights up to which Shahabad waterproofing is to done in lift pit. 2. Cement paste is spread over tat area. 3. Cement slurry is put over 1 side of Shahabad tile and is pasted to the lift pit. 4. Once the position is fixed, more cement slurry is put in the gap between Shahabad tile and the wall of lift pit. 5. Once the entire area where waterproofing is to be done, is completely covered with Shahabad tiles, then pressurized grouting is done if required.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
QUALITY CONTROL
To ensure the best quality company has hire one quality in charge person who checks quality of all material used on site. Following activities are performed under quality control:1. Compressive test for concrete cubes which is done time to time. 2. Silt content test for sand. 3. Brick test.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SAFETY & SECURITY
Safety measurements help us avoiding accidents. 1. To ensure safety following preventive steps are taken on sites:2. Compulsory wearing of safety helmets on site. 3. Compulsory wearing of safety shoes on site. 4. First Aid Box is kept on site. 5. Fire Fighting Equipment are also installed on site. 6. Safety Belt are also given to labours to ensure safety when working on heights.
Security
Four security men were hired all the time in order to prevent any theft at the site.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
OUR DUTIES ON SITE
Checking alignment, level, plumb, and size according to drawing of all RCC members in form work. Checking size, length, stirrups, extra bar, cover chairs, etc. in beam column, slab as per drawing. Checking lapping, covering, size, diagonal and plumb of shuttering Controlling the quality of concreting mix as per proportion and supervising, when concreting. Giving laying out of block masonry as per drawing checking. Alignment, level plumb, thickness, of plaster in plastering work, Recording daily work and labour report on site. Maintaining daily cement consuming report.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Various drawing use for construction of A building
Right from the start of any project a engineer has to deal with a number of plans. The drawing give a brief idea about the building. The drawing are the giving by the architect i.e all the elevation drawing and the consultant should be check cleared by some experienced person. If at all there is some mistake in the plan it will eventually create a problem at site. As the engineer construct the building as per the drawing The various drawing used are: General drawing Centerline plan Foundation and column plan Plinth beam plan Various floor plan Sectional drawing Elevation drawing (both side) Categories of labour They are classified in three: Mukadam Carpenter Fitter Mason
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONCLUSION
The training period of six months has helped me get familiar with the site, thus giving me an insight of future professional career. To carry project at out site according to the specification & to maintain the required stand is really a job, which needs a great amount of hard work & experienced to control & maintain the progress of the work.
This training period has made me more responsible and confident in my approach towards our future. Thus I would conclude that we are well equipped with practical knowledge and not only theoretical knowledge and we are fortunate one among the few. And also we are prepared to face the world of construction any time in the future.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
We learnt the bitter fact the civil engineering is not a theoretical study engineering is not a theoretical study but is comes to life only after your on field and take command of the adverse situation arising on the site. We also got to meet the very professional people in this field and there were of working. Many fundamental concepts were cleared of during the training period.
Thus we conclude that we are amongst these fortunate who are not throw on this theoretical study alone, but we are well equipped with practical knowledge and ready to face the world of construction in future.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
REFERENCE
Following bookswere referred while making this project:
Concrete technology A2Z of construction Soil Mechanics Building Construction by Naville by Mantri by VNS Murthy by Sushil Kumar
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Inplant Training Report Shree Pragati Developers
Submitted by
Padiyar Mohammad Ali Fazlu
Semester-V
Fr. Agnel Polytechnic, Vashi
Diploma in
Civil Engineering June ‘3 – Oct ‘19 (2013-14)
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMISSION COPY
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to thank SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS for giving me the opportunity to undergo INPLANT TRAINING at their most prestigious project. I also thank Mr.RAJENDRA G. CHOUDHARI for his support and guidance. I would also like to thank my training incharge MR. VISHAL who helped me at various stages to clear my doubts and encouraged me from time to time. I would also like to thank other members of SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS who helped me in many ways that were very helpful to me. I would also like to show my sincere gratitude towards MRS.SEEMA K, MRS AMARPREET KAUR, MR.LEWIS ANTHONY.(LECTURER INCHARGE) and MRS.SALLY ANTHONY.(H.O.D) who time to time shared their most valuable experience during and before the training. I would also like to thank the management of FR.AGNEL POLYTECHNIC who inplanted a sandwitch pattern syllabus where we students got an opportunity to experience the practical knowledge which will be a great help for us in the coming future and will also be a morale booster for our careers.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Index
CHP Contents Page no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Introduction with brief details Introduction of organisation Site organisation chart & site layout Construction materials Cosntruction tools Machineries Construction methods Members Masonary Finishign works Quality control Safety, security & our duties on site Reference books Conclusion
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Trainee Institution : Padiyar
Mohammad Ali Fazlu.
: Fr.Agnel Polytechnic, Vashi, Navi Mumbai. 400 706
Faculty Organisation Institute Incharge Placement Officer Address Of Site
: Civil Engineering Department. : Shree Pragati Developers. : Mr. Lewis Anthony : Mrs. Jewel Sementa : Shree Pragati Prime, Near Gaodevi Mandir, Kon, Bhiwandi, Dist-Thane.
Architect R.C.C Consultant Contractor Training Period Cost of Project
: Urban And Rural Consultants, Bhiwandi. : Urban And Rural Consultants, Bhiwandi. : Babu Bhai : 3rd June To 19th Oct, 2013. : (20 – 23 Crore)
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANISATION
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS is synonymous with solid foundation of enterprising vision and astute professionalism. The group prides on its efficient panel of Architects, Planning, and Engineers with a specific eye on details and sense of aesthetics we actually blend modernism with culture to create adorable master pieces. With each day, we realize our standards by bringing Innovation, Quality, Transparency and Commitment to deliver every promise made. Values that not only differentiate us from others, but also help build a dynamic Organization.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SITE LAYOUT
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
G + 3 Storage with lift.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
LAYOUT OF 3D FLOOR PLAN.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
LAYOUT OF GROUND FLOOR PLAN.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Cement:
It is on one of the most common and most important material used in construction industry. This is basically used as a binding material only. At our site mostly ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of grade 53 are used, however plain Portland cement of grade 53 is used in a footing work.
Following are the brands used at our site: ACC Cement Ambuja Cement
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Corromandel Cement Cement is available in bags weighing 50 kgs. Test : Manufacturing date should be checked it should not be more than 5 days. No lumps are to be found When a hand is immersed in cement bag it should feel cool.
Fine Aggregate (sand) : Sand is a fine aggregate and is an important constituent of concrete and mortar. Generally river sand is preferred. Before using sand it is very much essential to wash it in order to reduce the silt content.
Test: Silt Content should be less than 10%
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Coarse Aggregate:
It plays an important role to give strength to the concrete structure. They are divided in to three categories. Metal 1. Metal 2. Metal 3.
Test: Sieve analysis was done for all aggregates.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Steel:It is very costly material used in construction industry especially used in concrete works.
Basic purpose of the steel is to provide tensile strength in concrete. Steels are available in various diameter. Following are used at our site: 6mm (Mild Steel) 8 MM (Tor Steel) 10 mm (Tor Steel) 12 mm (Tor Steel) 16 mm (Tor Steel) 20 mm (Tor Steel) 32mm (Tor Steel)
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Checks for steel:
Steel when brought to the site should not the rusted and quantity and diameter should be checked properly.
Rubble:They are big stones mostly used for soling purpose for P.C.C There are not rubble test for rubbles.
Murrum:It is a form of a soil, which is used for filling purpose.
Stone dust:It is mostly used for filling purpose and also used for making approach road.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Bricks:Bricks are basically used to provide partitions and for water-proofing purpose. In our site two sizes of bricks were used:-
1. 23X10X9 Cms. 2. 23X15X10 Cms.
Checks for bricks:1. Colour should be checked for the bricks. 2. It should not be over burnt or under burnt. 3. Bricks should not have water absorption more than 20X 4. Edge should be sharp at right angle.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Tiles:They used for flooring work to give a pleasant appearance. In our site vitrified tiles were used.
Test:Water absorption should not be more than 10
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION TOOLS
Tools are basically third hand for the labours that helps in doing the work more efficiently and at faster speed.
Various tools used in our site are:
Mortar pans. Chisel. Level tube. Skirting pharma. Hammer. Trowel. Chicken mesh. Spirit level. Hexa frame blade. Pick axe. Hacking picks. Spade. Hammer.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Plumb bob. Line dory. Trolley. Right angle. Aluminum float. Wooden float.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
MACHINERIES
Use of machine in building construction helps in achieving our goals at better speed and quality. Machineries are required at every stage of work and can different from projects.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
On
our
site
following
machineries
and
equipment were used: Concrete mixer Needle vibrator Pulley Jcb Roller De-watering pump Leveling staff Trolley Lift & hoist Dumpers Water pumps Cube moulds
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Maintenance of machineries and equipments:
It is very much necessary for smooth working project maintenance also helps in saving money. Maintenance includes:-
Time to time oiling of machineries. Time to time calibration of machineries. Time to time replacing the bearing of machinery.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Excavation
It is one of the most important activities of the construction industry. It starts form digging pit and continues up to the handling over the site.
Excavation is required for various kind of activity like:1. Foundation of the building. 2. Plinth and beam work. 3. Construction of the basement of the building 4. Laying out water and drainage pipe-line. 5. Construction of compound wall.
Requirement to start excavation.
It is very much necessary to understand the various layer of soil below the ground as depth of various layer keeps on changing from location to location. It is one of the main factor on which design of foundation is based.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Methods of excavation:-
With the help of poclain:
It is used when huge volume of soil is to be excavated.
With help of JCB
It is one of the most common equipment used for excavations.
Labour power.
When small volume of soil is to be excavated, labour are used for it.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FOUNDATION
On our site we had column foundation. Before starting column foundation approximately leveled and the center of footings were marked, according to the foundation plan.
Every civil engineering structure is divided into two parts:
Sub Structure Super Structure Sub structure is a term. Which is also called as foundation. Foundation is that part of structure the most important part of the structure, which stays below the gorund and transmits the total load of the structure on to the foundation base.
Necessity and purpose of foundation :
Foundation transfer the load to the soil It supports the structure against wind, ran etc. To provide a leveled base for the super structure to rest.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Foundation on the bases of the depth can be classified as:
Shallow foundation
When it is possible to have a foundation at reasonable shallow depth, the foundation is termed as shallow foundation or when the depth of doundation is less than or equal to the width of the foundation it is called shallow foundation. The different types of shallow foundation are: Shallow footing Combined footing raft footing
Deep foundation
when the depth of foundation is more than the width of the foundation then its termed as deep foundation. Mostly for towers deep foundation is prepared. Pile foundation is a type of deep foundation.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Pile Foundation:-
Pile foundation is a type of foundation, which is done when the soil available, is soft and marshy or the hard strata is at great depth. Pile foundation is designed such that the load is transmitted by resting it on hard strata or by friction between the pile and soil in contact.
Piles may be cast-in-situ or precast. At our site castin-situ piles were used. Piles vary in shape and size. They are available in shapes like circle, hexagonal, etc. and of different diameter 300mm to 1200mm and more.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Plinth works
Plinth work is one the most important works and needs proper care while construction. It is said that efficiently of a civil engineer is judged here, as mistake committed here cannot be rectified. Plinth wall function as a retaining wall.
Plinth work involves following activities.
Excavation up to the depth of plinth required below ground level Rubble soling of 15mm below ground level Compaction of rubble soling P.C.C of 100mm over rubble soling Reducing the height of chipping extra portion. Casting of tie beam. Casting of Column and stub column Brick masonry up to plinth level. Filling of murrum and stone dust and murrum. Compaction of the rubble soling. Anti-termite treatment given to plinth area. P.C.C work to be done over it for flooring.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Precaution while construction of plinths:
Compaction of the murrum and stone dust should be done properly. Compaction of rubble soling is to be done properly. Dimension of plinth should be checked properly and height of plinth should be checked with reference point. Minimum height of plinth wall should be 0.6m.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
MEMBERS
Columns Column are one of the most important vertical member of R.C.C structure as they support beam and slab. It is column that takes the load of beam and slab and transfers I to the foundation. If the column fails t take the load there are high chances for the building collapse. Column not only bears the dead load of the beam and slab but also has to bear gravitational force, wind pressure & earthquake pressure. Column can be casted in various shape and sizes depending upon architectural and sizes depending upon architectural requirements and load bearing capacity of it. Reinforcement in column: It should be as per drawing provided by R.C.C Consultant. Minimum reinforcement should be 0.8% of the C/S area. Maximum reinforcement should be 8% of the C/S area.
Starters:-
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Before casting of column it is essential to cast starters of at least 4” of height. Advantage of casting starters: Position of column can be easily fixed as they are of just 4” of height.
Formwork for column:Formwork for column are erected on the next day of the casting of the starters. Formwork can be either of wood or M.S plates. Before erecting of formwork they are well oiled. Once the formwork is erected they are supported by joist on sides in order to prevent bulging of column. Clamps (shikhanjas) support formworks in angles.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FORMWORK FOR COLUMN
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Concreting Of Coloumn:The desired grade of concrete is prepared in concrete mixer and is transported up to the column. Then with the help of labours the concrete is pored in to formwork with the help of mortar pans. While pouring concrete a person with vibrator has to concrete is properly vibrated.
Deshuttering:It should be done after 24hrs. only.
Hacking :Once the column is casted then it is very much necessary to provide hacking so that when the plaster is applied on it. It holds the plaster firmly.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Checks while casting column: Reinforcement should be properly checked before erecting formwork for column Center of column should be checked with reference to centerline plan. Quantity and spacing of stirrups should be checked Proper binding between stirrups and main bars is to checked properly. Lapping should be checked Spacing between M.S clamps should be checked. Supports to be checked properly. Covers on the top reinforcement are to be checked. Minimum size of the cover should be 40mm. While concreting vibrator should be properly used. Plumb on both sides of column should be checked. Quantity of the concrete should be checked properly.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BAR BENDING
REINFORCEMENT
The main purpose of steel reinforcement in concrete is to increase the tensile strength of concrete in bending and shear. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension hence steel is provided to increase the tensile strength of concrete.
Steel available in two types:
1. Mid Steel :- 6mm 2. Tor Steel :- 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm,
Tor steel is ribbed and is very strong. Mild steel is plain and is not strong as tor steel. Usually for steel available form 8mm onwards.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Laps & splices:During construction. Bars are not joined end to end but are given suitable overlap according to specification.
Cutting:The bent bars are first straightened before they are cut to size. Tamping is done so that the loose and scary rust I removed from the reinforcement. Then as per the length given in steel schedule the length of the bar was marked with the help of steel tape and then bar was cut in the machine.
Bending:All bars bent according to size and shape as shown on detailed drawing/bar bending schedule, the bar is bend in bar bending machine.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Fixing:Reinforcement shall be accurately fixed by any approved means maintained in the correct position as shown in drawing by using spacers, cover block etc to prevent displacement during placing compaction of concrete.
Covers to reinforcement:Cover blocks, which are generally of cement mortar, shall used to ensured To the required necessary cover cover for for
reinforcement.
provide
reinforcement at any section only single cover block shall be used. Covering is provided to the reinforcement sothat due to atmosphere action the reinforcement does not get corroded and therefore the strength cannot be reduce of the R.C.C Member. On out site cover for column was 40mm and for beam it was 25mm
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BEAM & SLAB
Beam and slabs are horizontal member of the structure. The live and dead load is taken by the slab and is passed on to the beam, which in return transfer the load to the column.
Formwork for slab and beam: First of all column cap is marked on all the column with the help of level tube. After fixing column cap beam bottom is erected. Beam bottom is basically a wooden plank rested on over column cap. Once the beam bottom is erected it is supported over the props in order to avoid point load. The formwork of the slab and beam is well oiled.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Reinforcement for beam and slab:It should be as per drawing specified by R.C.C Consultant.
\
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Concreting of slab and beam: Special gang of labours is appointed for this operation. Concrete grade of M40 is prepared and is passed on the slab with the help of concrete pump.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
While
concreting
one
person
should
be
continuously check the vibrator whether it is used at all the places. While another person level the concrete with the help of float.
Deshuttering of slab:
Once the concrete is hardened, sides of the slab can be removed after 224 hrs. however bottom of slab and beam is removed after 7days and 14day respectively.
Curing:Curing should be done 4-5 times for 14days.
Checks for slab and beam during casting
Height from slab to slab should be checked before concreting. Shuttering of the slab should be properly leveled. Width and depth of beam should be checked. Reinforcement of beam should be checked with respect to top bars and bottom bars. Reinforcement of slab should be checked. Props should be properly checked.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Covering should be checked in beam and slab. Lapping should be chcked. Marking of the thickness of the slab should be checked. Dimension of the slab to be checked. Electric conduits should be checked. Proper vibrating should be ensured while concreting Proper leveling should be ensure.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
MASONRY
It is required at many places like construction of foundation, wall, etc. in framed structure no load is taken by masonry. The role played by masonry in framed structure is just a create a partition.
Classification of masonry:1. Stone Masonry 2. Brick Masonry
Stone masonry is further classified as rubble masonry and ashlars masonry, where brick masonry is classified as per bonds like:-
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1. Stretcher bond:
In this bond all the bricks are laid as stretcher on the face of the wall. This is the pattern used when the thickness of the wall is 100mm.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Header bond: This pattern is used when the thickness of the wallis 225mm. in this all the bricks are header on the face of the wall.
English bond: In this bond bricks are laid on the alternate courses of header and stretcher. This is supposed to be the stronger bond.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Flemish bond:
In this course each layer is made of alternate header and stretcher. There are two types of Flemish bond: 1. Single Flemish bond. 2. Double Flemish bond. On our site mostly stretcher bond was used on brick masonry.
Procedure to construct the brick wall:
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1. All the brick should be soaked in water before using them for masonry work. 2. First of all layout was made by single layer of brick on a bed of mortar. 3. Once the first layer was approved, layer above it was done and checked by line dori. 4. Cement mortar was made by using ration of 1:6. Brick wall at a height of 1.5m. 5. Then curing was done 2-3 times a day for 3-4 days.
Do’s for the brick masonry
1. Brick should be good and of uniform size, shape and color. 2. Before using for construction work it should be fully immersed inwater for two to three hours. 3. Brick should give metallic ringing sound when struck. 4. Curing should be done at least 7-10 days for brick wall.
Don’ts for the brick masonry:
1. Unburnt and over burnt brick should not be used. 2. Joints should not exceed a thickness of 10mm. 3. Broken bricks should be avoided in masonry work as far as possible.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
FINISHING WORKS
Fixing of door
Doors are very much necessary in a building and hence proper care should be taken while fixing them.
Doors:
There are various sizes and types available for doors and frames. The most common sizes for doorframes are: 1. Main door frame – 3’5” X7’ 2. Internal door Frame – 3’X7’ 3. Toilet door frame – 2’6”X7’
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Procedure for fixing door frames:
First of all frames are ordered according to their required dimension and design. Once the frames are brought to the site they are checked to their dimension 6 holdfasts are fixed to it. This doorframe is raised to its required position and plumb is checked from inside and outside. Once the plumb is checked top immersed in brick masonry, it is broken by using breaker. Once this is done the potion is filled with cement concrete. Once the frame is fixed, by using fixtures and fastening door shutter is fixed.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIFICATION
Electric work is one of the most important topics in construction process. Electrification can be done in following ways: Open wiring Concealed wiring
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Open wiring:
The process in which the wiring is carried out over the painted surface is known as open wiring. The main advantage of open wiring Is that is facilitates case in repair works. It can be further classified in to two groups:1. Pipe wiring 2. Open frame wiring 3. Close frame wiring
1. Pipe wiring
In this type of wiring wires are supported with wire, which runs over the wall. In this type of wiring repair work are difficult. As the pipe is to be cut. Thus this type of wiring is not used at present.
2. Open frame wiring
In this type of wiring the wires are supported over a wooden strip, which act as a frame. Due to shabby appearance this type of wiring is avoided.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
3. Closed frame wiring
In this type of wiring a closed frame is use. Which can be opened for repaired works. Due to better appearance and ease in repair work this type of open wiring is maximum use.
4. Concealed wiring
The wiring, which is hidden within the plaster surface, is known as concealed wiring. This type of wiring facilitates better appearance and is thus maximum in use. It even facilitates safely from damage in industrial area. But this type of wiring is difficult to repaired.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PLASTERING
It provides a smooth finished surface. It is a layer of cement and morter applied over masonry work, which also act as a damp proof coat over masonry work. It enhanced the appearance of the building.
Material required for plastering: 1. Sand 2. Cement 3. Water 4. Neeru
Tools required for plastering:-
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1. Mortar pan 2. Chisel 3. Space 4. Hammer 5. Trowel 6. Level tube 7. Wooden float 8. Metal float 9. Right angle. 10. Nylon thread 11. Plumb bob 12. Measuring tape 13. Wire brush
Classification of plaster
1. Internal plaster 2. External plaster
Procedure for external plastering
External plaster is done in two coats. Following are the two coats. First coat or base cot (12mm -20mm) Second coat or final coat (10mm-12mm)
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
For external plaster, scaffolding was built in advance. Before plastering the surface is cured for at least 3 days. Level dots are marked for thickness of 12mm at a distance of 2m to 15m intervals. They are used as reference pint the points are transferred with plumb bob. Nylon threads were tied near all the edges and window frames of external wall so that thickness of plaster and line of edges are controlled. Before starting the plaster cement slurry was applied.
First coat or base coat:
In the first coat proportion used for cement mortar is 1:4. Thickness of the coat was approximate 12mm. the layer was not finished and was kept rought to provide good bonding with second coat. The coat was cured for 3 days before the second coat is started.
Second coat or final coat:
In this second coat proportion used for cement mortar is 1:6. Thickness of second coat was approximately 8mm. during this coat sponge is used to get fine grains of sand.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Checks for external plastering
1. Edges and corners of the building should be checked with the helps of nylon thread. 2. Checking of any elevation part should be done as per architectural drawings.
Gypsum finishing (internal plaster):
1. Gypsum was mixed with water in appropriate ration and gypsum paste was prepared. 2. Once the curing of brickwork is over, gypsum paste of 8mm thickness was placed at various places as a level dot. 3. The dots were allowed to dry for an hour and then with reference of this level dots. Entire wall is paste with gypsum. 4. Level and smooth appearance is given by aluminum float.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PAINTING
Painting is basically done to give a pleasant appearance, however it also increase thelife of the structure as it also acts a protective layer over the structure.
Procedure for painting Internal painting:At our site internal painting was done on gypsum plaster. Oil bound distempers were used for internal painting work. These paints were manufactured by Asian Paints Pvt. Ltd.
Following was the procedure followed during the painting: 1. Scrubbing:Scrubbing was done with the helps of 120 no. water paper the purpose of scrubbing was to remove the dust and other extra waste material from the wall. The other purpose of scrubbing was to level the surface.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
2. Primer application: Primer is a bonding agent, which is applied on the scrubbed surface to provide good bonding with the putty. Primer, which was used at our site, was also manufactured by Asian Paints Pvt Ltd. 3. Putty application It is a mixture of linseed oil and calcium carbonate in suitable proportions. This putty is applied on the wall/over the primer, for the thickness of 1mm to 2mm the purpose of application of the putty is to get good level and smooth surface for painting and also to fill up small gaps and microscopic cracks on the surface of the wall. 4. Painting coat (first coat):Once the above procedure is completed painting is started. Paints are applied using brushes. The paint should be in consistent liquid form and cover are of 12 brasses of area in 20 liters of paint. 5. Painting coat (second coat): Before starting final coat the cracks were filled with putty. After filling the craks it was scrubbed and then the paint was applied.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
External painting:
At our site external plastering was done by cement plaster.
Following was the procedure followed at our site for painting: 1. Cleaning: Spraying water thoroughly on the surface using pipes cleaned the surface of the wall. 2. White wash:White wash of the white cement paint was applied to fit small holes and microscopic cracks that might have developed on the cracks that might have developed on the plastered surface. This helps in saving paint and also to get consistent surface for painting. 3. Curing :The white wash was cured for 3days by spraying water. 4. Application of paint After 3day the paint is applied using brush and it was done in two coat. The paint must be consistent and cover 7brasses to 7brasses in every 20 liters of paint.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Tiling
The main purpose of tiling is to protect the surface from elements like water, mild acid smoke and oily fumes. It also give good finishing and improves appearance of the room.
Usually tiling is done is following ways:-
1. Floor tiling 2. Skirting tiling 3. Dado tiling
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Floor tiling:
At our site vitrified tiles were used for flooring and it was provided in all rooms however in bathroom we had ceramic tiles. The sizes of tiles were. 1. For vitrified tiles 1’X1’ 2. Foe ceramic tile 30cm X 30cm
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Procedure for flooring:1. The level was taken with respect to doorframes and level was transfer to every corner with the help of level tube. 2. Floor completely clean cheeping of waste material was done to get the floor in level. 3. Bedding is laid for maximum of 2” and required slope was given. At our site bedding was prepare in neeru cement mortar. 4. Next day after checking of the slope, tile are laid over the prepared bedding. 5. After the tile are laid the joints between the tiles are filled with white cement. 6. Care should be taken that the joints are in same continuous line. 7. For flooring in bathroom and W/C the tile level is kept 1” below tile level in the rooms. Slope should be checked with the help of line dori. 8. Joints between two tiles should be less than 2mm. 9. The slope should be checked and should be in perfect direction
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Skirting tiling:
At our site skirting tiles are of same vitrified tiles, which were for flooring. It is provided in all rooms. Height of skirting was 10mm from floor level.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Dado tiling:
Dado tiling at our site was provided in kitchen bathroom and w/c.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PLUMBING
Plumbing is a art of constructing and laying of water lines and sewer lines in constructed structure. The main purpose of plumbing or house drainage is to provide an efficient drainage system.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
There are two types of plumbing: 1. Internal plumbing 2. External plumbing
Internal plumbing includes sewage and water lines whereas external plumbing includes outside works.
Internal Plumbing
External Plumbing
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Plumbing for water supply: Plumbing for water supply is done by using G.I Pipes or with copper pipes. At our site copper pipe was used for plumbing. Copper pipes are available invarious diameters like
½”, 1 ½”, 2” etc.
External work was done using P.V.C pipes
Test for plumbing
1. Air pressure test was done after assembling the pipeline. 2. Water color test was done.
Plumbing process for bathroom & w/C.
1. The layouts of pipe were marked as per the drawing in the bathroom 2. The area where pipes were to be laid was chipped off by using chisel and hammer. 3. The pipes are placed and a rough skeleton was prepared. 4. Then the joints were soldered with each other. 5. Once it is finalized pressure test is done on pipes with the help of pressure machine.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
6. There were covered with sponge material. 7. Then finally they are placed properly and covered with cement mortar.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Water proofing
It is much necessary as it is maintains the appearance of the building and increase life of structure. Waterproofing is basically done at toilets, bathroom terrace, lift pit, etc. for better waterproofing selection of good quality material and skilled workmen ship is required.
Material used for water proofing
1. Cement 2. Sand 3. Metal 4. Brick bat 5. Shahabad tiles 6. Water proofing chemical
Tool required for waterproofing
1. Trowel 2. Wooden float 3. Plumb bob 4. Mortar pan 5. Wooden mallet
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
6. Line dori 7. Metal float 8. Chisel 9. Hacker 10. Right angle 11. Pressure grouting machine 12. Measuring box 13. Spirit level 14. Level tube 15. Brush
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Procedure for brickbat water proofing in bathroom 1. Select well burnt brickbat and soaked them in water for at least half an hour. 2. Clean the area where the water proofing is to be done. 3. Fill area with cement mortar rich in vement content. Place brick leaving 1-2 cm gap between them. 4. Leave this position for at least 24hours. 5. Then fill area with water and then leave it for three days. 6. Remove all water after three days and fill it with cement mortar till the heights of bricks giving a slope of 1:100 towards drainage. 7. Leave this for few hours and fill area with water and leave it for 4-5 days.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Procedure for shahabad waterproofing for lit pit. 1. Make heights up to which Shahabad waterproofing is to done in lift pit. 2. Cement paste is spread over tat area. 3. Cement slurry is put over 1 side of Shahabad tile and is pasted to the lift pit. 4. Once the position is fixed, more cement slurry is put in the gap between Shahabad tile and the wall of lift pit. 5. Once the entire area where waterproofing is to be done, is completely covered with Shahabad tiles, then pressurized grouting is done if required.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
QUALITY CONTROL
To ensure the best quality company has hire one quality in charge person who checks quality of all material used on site. Following activities are performed under quality control:1. Compressive test for concrete cubes which is done time to time. 2. Silt content test for sand. 3. Brick test.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SAFETY & SECURITY
Safety measurements help us avoiding accidents. 1. To ensure safety following preventive steps are taken on sites:2. Compulsory wearing of safety helmets on site. 3. Compulsory wearing of safety shoes on site. 4. First Aid Box is kept on site. 5. Fire Fighting Equipment are also installed on site. 6. Safety Belt are also given to labours to ensure safety when working on heights.
Security
Four security men were hired all the time in order to prevent any theft at the site.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
OUR DUTIES ON SITE
Checking alignment, level, plumb, and size according to drawing of all RCC members in form work. Checking size, length, stirrups, extra bar, cover chairs, etc. in beam column, slab as per drawing. Checking lapping, covering, size, diagonal and plumb of shuttering Controlling the quality of concreting mix as per proportion and supervising, when concreting. Giving laying out of block masonry as per drawing checking. Alignment, level plumb, thickness, of plaster in plastering work, Recording daily work and labour report on site. Maintaining daily cement consuming report.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Various drawing use for construction of A building
Right from the start of any project a engineer has to deal with a number of plans. The drawing give a brief idea about the building. The drawing are the giving by the architect i.e all the elevation drawing and the consultant should be check cleared by some experienced person. If at all there is some mistake in the plan it will eventually create a problem at site. As the engineer construct the building as per the drawing The various drawing used are: General drawing Centerline plan Foundation and column plan Plinth beam plan Various floor plan Sectional drawing Elevation drawing (both side) Categories of labour They are classified in three: Mukadam Carpenter Fitter Mason
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONCLUSION
The training period of six months has helped me get familiar with the site, thus giving me an insight of future professional career. To carry project at out site according to the specification & to maintain the required stand is really a job, which needs a great amount of hard work & experienced to control & maintain the progress of the work.
This training period has made me more responsible and confident in my approach towards our future. Thus I would conclude that we are well equipped with practical knowledge and not only theoretical knowledge and we are fortunate one among the few. And also we are prepared to face the world of construction any time in the future.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
We learnt the bitter fact the civil engineering is not a theoretical study engineering is not a theoretical study but is comes to life only after your on field and take command of the adverse situation arising on the site. We also got to meet the very professional people in this field and there were of working. Many fundamental concepts were cleared of during the training period.
Thus we conclude that we are amongst these fortunate who are not throw on this theoretical study alone, but we are well equipped with practical knowledge and ready to face the world of construction in future.
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
SHREE PRAGATI DEVELOPERS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
REFERENCE
Following bookswere referred while making this project:
Concrete technology A2Z of construction Soil Mechanics Building Construction by Naville by Mantri by VNS Murthy by Sushil Kumar
FR. AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, VASHI
