Alleppo Pine

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Weed Sheet
Declared weed sheet : Aleppo pine

Aleppo pine
(Pinus halepensis)
Aleppo pines are fast growing perennial coniferous trees originating from the Mediterranean. They are drought tolerant and have the potential to out compete established native vegetation if left uncontrolled.

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MURRAY-DARLING BASIN NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT BOARD ( SA MDB NRM BOARD )

Aleppo pine
What is it?
Aleppo pines are fast growing perennial coniferous trees originating from the Mediterranean. They are drought tolerant and have the potential to out compete established native vegetation if left uncontrolled.

What does it look like?
Image: T Bowman

Growth: Aleppo pines are an evergreen tree with a single trunk which often divides into several main branches to form an open, often rounded crown. They grow to between 20-30m and have thick greybrown fissured outer bark and red inner bark. Leaves: The leaves consist of bright green
Image: Wikipedia Image: T Bowman

(sometimes yellowish-green) slender needles approximately 6-10cm long. The needles occur in pairs which are often twisted, are bound by a basal sheath about 1cm long and light brown in colour. have a flower. They are gymnosperms known as conifers which contain both male and female cones. Pollen from the male cone is transferred to the fruiting body in the female cone, some 15 months after pollination; fertilisation occurs and a seed is produced.

Flowers: Technically speaking Aleppo pines do not

Image: T Bowman

Image: Google Images

Fruit: The fruit consists of seed cones approximately 5-11cm long and 2.5-4cm wide. The cones are green at first, mature to a reddish-brown colour and grow in groups or individually on short stems that bend backwards along the branch. Seed: The seeds are roughly 6mm long and
contain a wing of approximately 25mm to aid dispersal by wind. Viability of seeds within the canopy can be maintained for 20-50 years; however cone maturation and seed release generally occurs after 2-3 years unless accelerated by fire.

Image: T Bowman

Image: T Bowman

Image: T Bowman

Roots: Aleppo pines possess extensive root systems with a central taproot extending many metres into the ground.

Why is it a problem?
Aleppo pines can rapidly invade native vegetation and readily form tall dense thickets that out-compete and prevent the germination and survival of native plants. In some circumstances, the impacts of shading and oil from pine-needles can result in a loss of native plant cover, in turn impacting the native
Image: Google Images Cover images: T Bowman

www.samdbnrm.sa.gov.au

Infestation Level of Pinus halepensis (ALEPPO PINE) by Hundreds in the State of South Australia. *

Legend

% infested (of areas at risk)
0 (no info/not known) 1-10% (localised/small) 11-50% (spreading/scattered) 51-100% (widespread)
APC Group Records (1985-2005) SA Herbarium Records (1985-2005)
Whilst all care is taken in the preparation of these data, neither the DWLBC nor its officers or staff accept any responsibility for any loss or damage which may result from inaccuracy or omission in the map or from the use of the information contained therein.

animals for which these plants provide both habitat and food. It is estimated that 65% of native vegetation in South Australia is at risk from invasion of Aleppo pine. Mature Aleppo pines have been known to produce as many as 17,000 seeds annually which germinate from autumn to winter when there is reduced competition by other shrubby species. Up to 90% of seed can germinate although seedling survival is generally low. In areas of water scarcity Aleppo pines consume valuable water which would otherwise supply drinking water, be utilised for agriculture or by native vegetation. Affected land uses : Native vegetation, forestry and roadsides.

100

Kilometers 50 0

100

Infestation Level of ALEPPO PINE (Pinus halepensis) by hundreds in the State of South Australia (2005 data)

How do we control it?
Physical control: Physical removal of Aleppo pine can be achieved by standing with a foot either side of the stem and slowly pulling in an upward direction; ensuring to minimise any soil disturbance. This method of control is only suitable for seedling or juvenile Aleppo pines and is very time consuming. Alternatively, cutting the stem or stump off at the base, ensuring there are no growth nodes or shoots below the cut, has also proven to be an effective method of physical control. Chemical control: Chemicals registered in South Australia for the control of Pinus species include Glyphosate, Diuron and Trifluralin. Always ensure to read and follow the product label directions. Biological control: In recent times Pinus species including Aleppo pines have been targeted for research in an effort to identify potential biological control agents such as mites and insects that effectively reduce the germination of alien species by feeding on the cones and seeds of such plants. No biological control agent has been found to be effective to date.

Where is it found?
Regional observations and experience with naturalised Aleppo pines have been recorded throughout the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges, Upper and Lower Eyre Peninsula, Yorke Peninsula, Mid North, Fleurieu Peninsula, upper South East and more recently within the Murray Lower Lakes region and on Kangaroo Island. In many instances Aleppo pines originated from plantings used for shelter belts along paddock boundaries or driveways, stock shelter or erosion reduction. Aleppo pines are found in a wide range of soil types of differing parent material including highly alkaline soils, moderately drained heavy clays, limestone and shallow soils. Aleppo pines do not tolerate water logging. Research suggests that a majority of South Australia is climatically suitable for Aleppo pines.

References
Animal and Plant Control Commission 2002, Weed Identification Notes- Aleppo pine, APCC, South Australia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_pine http://images.google.com/ Virtue, J. G. and Melland, R. L., 2003. The Environmental Weed Risk of Revegetation and Forestry Plants. South Australia. Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation. Report, DWLBC 2003/02 Way, S (2006) Strategic management of Aleppo Pines on Lower Eyre Peninsula to maximise biodiversity conservation outcomes, Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia.

How is it spread?
Aleppo pine seeds can be dispersed considerable distances by wind and short distances by black cockatoos; however a majority of seeds fall within close proximity to the parent tree.

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MURRAY-DARLING BASIN NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT BOARD ( SA MDB NRM BOARD )

Contact us
Head Office
Mannum Road PO Box 2343 Murray Bridge SA 5253 Telephone : (08) 8532 1432 Facsimile : (08) 8531 1843 www.samdbnrm.sa.gov.au [email protected]

Declared weed sheet : Aleppo pine

Legislation
Aleppo pines are declared under the Natural Resources Management (NRM) Act 2004. Declared Plant Class: 5E Declared Plant Category: 3 The following provisions of the Natural Resources Management (NRM) Act 2004 are to be applied in Council areas specified within the ‘South Australian Government Gazette’: 182(2)(3) – relates to the obligation of an owner of land to control and keep controlled the plant and take any measures prescribed by the relevant authority. 185(1) – relates to the ability of the NRM authority to recover the costs of control on roadsides from adjoining landholders. Aleppo pines are not currently declared in any Council areas within the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management region, however this is under review. Ongoing assessments are made for pest plants to be declared under the Natural Resources Management (NRM) Act 2004 through the use of a risk assessment matrix.

Copyright.
This work is Copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth), no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission obtained from the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be directed to the General Manager, South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board, PO Box 2343, Murray Bridge, SA 5253.

Disclaimer.
The South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board makes no representation as to the accuracy of the information or its sufficiency or suitability for the application to which any individual user may wish to put it. The South Australian Murray-Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Board accepts no liability for any use of the information or reliance placed on it and no responsibility is accepted for events or damages resulting from its use. The information provided in this publication is provided “as is” and is not intended to be exhaustive or to replace the need for interested parties to make their own enquiries. The appearance of non-government acknowledgements in this publication is not an endorsement by the South Australian MurrayDarling Basin Natural Resources Management Board of those acknowledged companies, products or services.

MURRAY-DARLING BASIN NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT BOARD www.samdbnrm.sa.gov.au

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