ap psychology
Content
Myers Psychology 6/e
Test Bank II
230
CHAPTER
10
Thinking and Lang age
Learnin g Objec ti v e s
Thinking !""# $%&'$()* 1. 2. 3. 4. !. ". #. Describe the nature of concepts and the role of prototypes in concept formation. Discuss how we use trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insight to solve problems. Describe how the confirmation bias and fixation can interfere with effective problem solving. Explain how the representativeness and availability heuristics influence our udgments. Describe the effects that overconfidence and framing can have on our udgments and decisions. Discuss how our beliefs distort logical reasoning, and describe the belief perseverance phenomenon. Describe artificial intelligence, and contrast the human mind and the computer as information processors.
Lang age !""# $($'$&0* 8. Describ e the struct ur e of langu a g e in ter m s of sound s , me a ni n g s , and gra m m a r . Trace the cours e of langu a g e acquisition from the babbling sta g e throug h the two- word stag e . Explain how the natur e- nurtur e deb a t e is illustr a t e d in theorie s of langu a g e develop m e n t .
9.
10.
Thinking and Lang age !""# $&0'$&+* 11. Discus s Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypot h e si s and the relations hip betw e e n thoug h t and langu a g e .
Ani,al Thinking and Lang age !""# $&+'$&-*
231
12.
Describ e the res e a r c h on anim al cognition and com m u nic a tion, and discus s the controv er s y over whet h e r anim als can use langu a g e . Thinking. "# $%& Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 e $ognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of% a. emotion. b. genetics. c. the unconscious. d. brain chemistry. e. thin&ing. Thinking. "# $%& Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 3 'rofessor (hompson)s research activities involve the use of computers to simulate human decision*ma&ing strategies. +hich specialty area does this research best represent, a. personality psychology b. cognitive psychology c. biological psychology d. clinical psychology e. developmental psychology Conce"ts. "# $%& Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 d - mental grouping of similar ob ects, events, or people is a.n/% a. algorithm. b. prototype. c. heuristic. d. concept. Conce"ts. "# $%& Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 a +hen we use the term Hispanic to refer to a cate g o ry of people, we are using this word as a(n): a. conce p t . b. heuristic. c. algorith m . d. prototyp e . e. ster e o t y p e . Conce"ts. "# $%& Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 d (o promote cognitive efficiency, concepts are typically organi0ed into% a. mental sets. b. algorithms. c. neural networ&s. d. hierarchies. Conce"ts. "# $%& Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 c - best example of a category of ob ects, events, or people is called a.n/% a. algorithm. b. concept.
)$)
1.
2.
3.
4.
!.
".
c. prototype. d. model. e. heuristic.
233
$hapter 11 )$+
(hin&ing and 2anguage
#.
Conce"ts. "# $%& Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 e 'rototypes are especially important in the process of% a. belief perseverance. b. trial and error. c. constructing algorithms. d. choosing heuristics. e. classifying ob ects. Conce"ts. "# $%& 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 d $hristmas is to holiday as 44444444 is to 44444444. a. category5 prototype b. availability heuristic5 representativeness heuristic c. algorithm5 heuristic d. prototype5 category Conce"ts. "# $%& Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 d +hen someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha imm e di a t ely thinks of Harvar d University. In this instan c e , Harvar d University is a: a. fixation. b. belief bias. c. heuristic. d. prototyp e . e. ment al set. Conce"ts. ""# $%&'$%Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 a 7ost people ta&e less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their 44444444 of a mammal. a. prototype b. mental set c. heuristic d. algorithm Conce"ts. ""# $%&'$%Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 d 'eople more easily detect male pre udice against women than female pre udice against men because the former more closely resembles their 44444444 of pre udice. a. syntax b. heuristic c. algorithm d. prototype e. mental set 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 3 8n testing thousands of different materials for use as lightbulb filaments, (homas Edison best illustrated a problem*solving approach &nown as% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. trial and error. c. functional fixedness. d. the confirmation bias. e. belief perseverance. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%-
3.
6.
11.
11.
12.
)$% 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
13.
Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 d 2ogical, methodical step*by*step procedures for solving problems are called% a. heuristics. b. semantics. c. prototypes. d. algorithms. e. fixations. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 3 Darla systematically tried each successive &ey on her dad)s &ey ring until she found the one that unloc&ed his office door. (his best illustrates problem solving by means of% a. belief perseverance. b. an algorithm. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the availability heuristic. e. functional fixedness. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 d 9euristics are% a. methodical step*by*step procedures for solving problems. b. mental groupings of similar ob ects, events, or people. c. problem*solving strategies involving the use of trial and error. d. rule*of*thumb strategies for solving problems :uic&ly and efficiently. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 3 8n trying to solve a potentially complicated problem :uic&ly, we are most li&ely to rely on% a. prototypes. b. heuristics. c. phonemes. d. algorithms. e. fixations. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 d ;uth resisted changing her answer to a test :uestion after reminding herself that <it)s always best to stic& with your first answer.= ;uth)s decision best illustrates the use of% a. insight. b. an algorithm. c. trial and error. d. a heuristic. e. a prototype. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 3 - sudden reali0ation of the solution to a problem is called% a. framing. b. insight. c. a heuristic. d. belief perseverance. e. an algorithm. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 e
14.
1!.
1".
1#.
13.
$hapter 11 )$6
(hin&ing and 2anguage
16.
(he sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. belief perseverance. c. the availability heuristic. d. the framing effect. e. insight. Con1ir,ation 3ias. "# $60 Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 c (he tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called% a. functional fixedness. b. the availability heuristic. c. confirmation bias. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. overconfidence. Con1ir,ation 3ias. "# $60 Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 c >red cites his cousin 7illie)s many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. 9e overloo&s the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. >red)s pre udicial conclusion about women)s driving s&ills best illustrates the effects of% a. functional fixedness. b. algorithms. c. confirmation bias. d. the framing effect. e. the representativeness heuristic. Con1ir,ation 3ias. "# $60 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 d ?usiness managers are more li&ely to trac& the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once re ected. (his best illustrates% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. functional fixedness. c. the framing effect. d. confirmation bias. e. neural networ&s. Con1ir,ation 3ias. "# $60 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 a Myra has such a low level of self- est e e m tha t she is typically on the lookout for critical com m e n t s about her app e a r a n c e and beh a vior. Myra bes t illustrat e s the dang er s of: a. confirm a tion bias. b. the framing effect. c. function al fixedn e s s . d. algorith m s . e. the repr e s e n t a t iv e n e s s heuristic.
21.
21.
22.
23.
)$( 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
24.
/i8ation. "# $61 Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 e ?rainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid% a. heuristics. b. algorithms. c. prototypes. d. semantics. e. fixations. /i8ation. "# $61 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 e 'rofessor @antos tal&s very loudly in her unsuccessful efforts to get her students to listen carefully. 9er failure to recogni0e that spea&ing softly would be a more effective way to gain her student)s attention best illustrates the negative conse:uences of% a. the availability heuristic. b. framing. c. overconfidence. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. fixations. /i8ation. "# $61 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 c - mental set is a% a. methodical step*by*step procedure for solving problems. b. mental grouping of similar ob ects, events, or people. c. tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past. d. group of conclusions derived from certain assumptions or general principles. /i8ation. "# $61 Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 d @tress and anxiety are most li&ely to contribute to% a. linguistic relativity. b. artificial intelligence. c. overconfidence. d. fixation. /i8ation. "# $61 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 d (he Aorean +ar paratrooper who fell to his death with a left*handed parachute apparently suffered the conse:uences of% a. overconfidence. b. functional fixedness. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. a mental set. e. the framing effect.
2!.
2".
2#.
23.
$hapter 11 )$&
(hin&ing and 2anguage
26.
/i8ation. ""# $61. $6) Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 3 +hen given a candle, tac&s, and a box of matches and as&ed to mount the candle on a wall, people often fail to thin& of using the matchbox as a candleholder. (his best illustrates% a. overconfidence. b. functional fixedness. c. confirmation bias. d. the availability heuristic. e. the framing effect. /i8ation. "# $61 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 d ;aul and @ophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. (hey did not thin& of using their big plastic tablecloth as a temporary rain shelter and so were drenched within minutes. (heir oversight best illustrates% a. the availability heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. belief perseverance. d. functional fixedness. e. overconfidence. The re"resentati5eness he ristic. "# $6) Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 e Budging the li&elihood that things fall into a certain category on the basis of how well they seem to match a particular prototype refers to the use of the% a. framing effect. b. availability heuristic. c. confirmation bias. d. belief perseverance phenomenon. e. representativeness heuristic. The re"resentati5eness he ristic. "# $6) Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 e (he tendency to conclude that a person who li&es to read poetry is more li&ely to be a college professor of classics than a construction wor&er illustrates the use of% a. the availability heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. the framing effect. d. belief perseverance. e. the representativeness heuristic. The re"resentati5eness he ristic. "# $6) 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 d Berome believes that his 4*year*old grandson is a hyperactive child because the boy)s constant movement resembles Berome)s prototype of hyperactivity. Berome)s thin&ing best illustrates% a. belief perseverance. b. the availability heuristic. c. confirmation bias. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. the framing effect.
31.
31.
32.
33.
)$2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
34.
The re"resentati5eness he ristic. "# $6) 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 c ?ecause Aen is " " , people often mista&enly assume that he must be a member of his college)s bas&etball team. (his mista&en udgment best illustrates the impact of% a. confirmation bias. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the availability heuristic. e. framing. The a5aila3ility he ristic. "# $6$ Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 3 (he availability heuristic refers to our tendency to% a. udge the li&elihood of category membership by how closely an ob ect or event resembles a particular prototype. b. udge the li&elihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered. c. search for information that is consistent with our preconceptions. d. cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited. The a5aila3ility he ristic. "# $6$ Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 c 7any people overestimate how long they actually remain awa&e during restless nights because their moments of wa&efulness are easier to recall than their moments of sleep. (his best illustrates the impact of% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. the availability heuristic. d. functional fixedness. e. overconfidence. The a5aila3ility he ristic. "# $6$ Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 3 (he tendency to estimate that the letter <&= appears more often as the first letter of words than as the third letter best illustrates our use of% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the availability heuristic. c. prototypes. d. algorithms. e. semantics. The a5aila3ility he ristic. "# $6$ Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 d @tate lottery officials send residents a facsimile of a contest*winning chec& for over C! million so as to encourage them to imagine themselves as possible winners. (he lottery promoters are most clearly exploiting the influence of% a. functional fixedness. b. belief perseverance. c. mental set. d. the availability heuristic. e. the representativeness heuristic.
3!.
3".
3#.
33.
$hapter 11 )+0
(hin&ing and 2anguage
36.
The a5aila3ility he ristic. "# $6$ 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 3 -fter learning that her two best friends had recently lost their obs, Bulia began to grossly overestimate the national rate of unemployment. Bulia)s reaction best illustrates the conse:uences of% a. confirmation bias. b. the availability heuristic. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the belief perseverance phenomenon. e. the framing effect. Thinking Critically A3o t Risks !Bo8*. "# $6+ Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 e +hich of the following contributes most directly to people)s exaggerated perceptions of the li&elihood of air travel disasters, nuclear power accidents, and terrorist violence, a. the belief perseverance phenomenon b. the representativeness heuristic c. overconfidence d. the framing effect e. the availability heuristic 25ercon1idence. "# $6% Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 a (he human tendency toward intellectual arrogance is best demonstrated by% a. overconfidence. b. brief perseverance. c. the framing effect. d. functional fixedness. e. the availability heuristic. 25ercon1idence. "# $6% Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 e -lthough @teve was certain that he answered between #1 and 31 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only !! items. @teve)s mis udgment of his test performance illustrates% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. the belief perseverance phenomenon. d. the framing effect. e. overconfidence. 25ercon1idence. "# $6% Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 d -fter ta&ing two years of college economics courses, 2ionel thin&s he &nows enough about business to become a millionaire. 2ionel should become more aware of% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. functional fixedness. c. the belief perseverance phenomenon. d. overconfidence. e. the framing effect.
41.
41.
42.
43.
)+1 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
44.
25ercon1idence. "# $66 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 3 In studies wher e people have judge d whet h e r anot h e r is lying or telling the truth, participa n t s have de m o n s t r a t e d high levels of: a. insight. b. overconfide n c e . c. function al fixedn e s s . d. artificial intelligenc e. 25ercon1idence. "# $66 Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 e $ollege students routinely underestimate how much time it will ta&e them to complete assigned course pro ects. (his best illustrates the impact of% a. framing. b. functional fixedness. c. the availability heuristic. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. overconfidence. /ra,ing decisions. "# $66 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 a >raming refers to% a. the way in which a problem or issue is phrased or worded. b. a methodical step*by*step procedure for solving problems. c. the grouping of similar ob ects, events, or people into a category. d. a rule*of*thumb strategy for solving problems efficiently. /ra,ing decisions. "# $66 Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 d D ins&a sold many more raffle tic&ets when she told potential buyers they had a 11 percent chance of winning a pri0e than when she told them they had a 61 percent chance of not winning. (his best illustrates% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. confirmation bias. d. the framing effect. e. the availability heuristic. /ra,ing decisions. "# $66 Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 3 - woman is more li&ely to abort a pregnancy when informed there is a !1 percent chance of producing an abnormal child than when told there is a !1 percent chance of producing a normal offspring. (his best illustrates the significance of% a. functional fixedness. b. framing. c. overconfidence. d. belief perseverance. e. the confirmation bias.
4!.
4".
4#.
43.
$hapter 11 )+)
(hin&ing and 2anguage
46.
/ra,ing decisions. "# $66 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 e 'rofessional pollsters and survey ta&ers are especially li&ely to be aware of% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. the confirmation bias. d. functional fixedness. e. the framing effect. Belie1 3ias. "# $6( Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 c +e often consider illogical conclusions that happen to agree with our personal opinions to be logically valid. (his is &nown as% a. the availability heuristic. b. linguistic relativity. c. belief bias. d. framing. e. functional fixedness. Belie1 3ias. "# $6( 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 e 7r. 'otter thin&s that all socialists are political liberals and that the governor of his state is a political liberal. 7r. 'otter)s fear of socialism is so strong that he readily accepts the clearly illogical conclusion that his state governor must be a socialist. 9is difficulty best illustrates% a. confirmation bias. b. functional fixedness. c. the availability heuristic. d. the framing effect. e. belief bias. The 3elie1 "erse5erance "heno,enon. "# $6& Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 d Experimental participants reviewed two research studies, one supporting and the other refuting the crime*deterring effectiveness of capital punishment. -fterwards, the opinions of those who initially favored the use of capital punishment became 44444444 favorable toward its use. (he opinions of those who initially opposed the use of capital punishment became 44444444 favorable toward its use. a. more5 more b. less5 more c. less5 less d. more5 less The 3elie1 "erse5erance "heno,enon. "# $6& 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 a -nderson, 2epper, and ;oss gave experimental participants evidence that either ris&*prone or cautious people ma&e better fire fighters. 'articipants were later informed that the evidence was fictitious. (his experiment was designed to illustrate% a. the belief perseverance phenomenon. b. confirmation bias. c. the framing effect. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. the availability heuristic.
!1.
!1.
!2.
!3.
)+$ 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
!4.
The 3elie1 "erse5erance "heno,enon. "# $6& Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 c Despite overwhelming and highly publici0ed evidence that @enator 7cEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. (heir reaction best illustrates% a. functional fixedness. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. the belief perseverance phenomenon. d. the availability heuristic. e. the framing effect. The 3elie1 "erse5erance "heno,enon. "# $6& Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 d Encouraging people to explain why their own personal views on an issue are correct is most li&ely to promote% a. functional fixedness. b. use of the representativeness heuristic. c. linguistic relativity. d. the belief perseverance phenomenon. e. the framing effect. The 3elie1 "erse5erance "heno,enon. "# $60i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 3 (he difficulty involved in efforts to modify an unrealistically negative self*image best illustrates% a. functional fixedness. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. the framing effect. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. overconfidence. 7i, lating thinking6 arti1icial intelligence. "# $(0 Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e (. Ans6 e - computer program that employs heuristics to correctly solve a crossword pu00le illustrates an application of% a. the framing effect. b. functional fixedness. c. parallel processing. d. linguistic relativity. e. artificial intelligence. 7i, lating thinking6 arti1icial intelligence. ""# $(0'$(1 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e (. Ans6 a Enli&e conventional computers, people are capable of% a. processing numerous informational units simultaneously. b. using heuristics to arrive at solutions to problems. c. retrieving detailed facts from memory. d. following precise rules of logic.
!!.
!".
!#.
!3.
$hapter 11 )++
(hin&ing and 2anguage
!6.
7i, lating thinking6 arti1icial intelligence. "# $(1 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e (. Ans6 3 (he most exciting feature of computer neural networ&s is their capacity to mimic the human ability to% a. ma&e rule*based decisions. b. learn from experience. c. retrieve information from memory. d. use algorithms to solve problems. Lang age str ct re. "# $($ Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 3 'honemes are% a. the best examples of particular categories of ob ects. b. the smallest distinctive sound units of a language. c. rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences. d. the smallest speech units that carry meaning. Lang age str ct re. "# $($ Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 e +hen >red pronounced the words <this= and <that,= he noticed that they share a common% a. prototype. b. phenotype. c. morpheme. d. algorithm. e. phoneme. Lang age str ct re. "# $($ 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 3 (he English language has 44444444 letters than phonemes, and the consonant phonemes generally carry 44444444 information than the vowel phonemes. a. more5 more b. fewer5 more c. more5 less d. fewer5 less Lang age str ct re. "# $($ Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 3 (he smallest speech units that carry meaning are called% a. phonemes. b. morphemes. c. prototypes. d. concepts. e. phenotypes. Lang age str ct re. "# $($ Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 d 8n the words <lightly,= <neatly,= and <shortly,= the <ly= ending is a.n/% a. algorithm. b. phenotype. c. phoneme. d. morpheme. e. prototype.
"1.
"1.
"2.
"3.
"4.
)+% 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
"!.
Lang age str ct re. "# $(+ Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 a +hen her teacher mentioned the arms race, Arista understood that the word <arms= referred to weapons and not to body parts. Arista)s correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of% a. semantics. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. syntax. d. morphemes. e. prototypes. Lang age str ct re. "# $(+ Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 a @yntax refers to the% a. orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences. b. derivation of meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences. c. smallest speech unit that carries meaning. d. most logical and methodical procedure for solving a problem. Lang age str ct re. "# $(+ 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 3 - European visitor to the Enited @tates as&ed a taxi driver, <$an you please a ride to the airport me give,= (his visitor has apparently not yet mastered the 44444444 of the English language. a. phonemes b. syntax c. semantics d. phenotypes e. nomenclature Lang age str ct re. "# $(+ 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 d +ord meaning is to word order as 44444444 is to 44444444. a. concept5 prototype b. phoneme5 grammar c. morpheme5 phoneme d. semantics5 syntax e. nomenclature5 semantics Ac9 iring lang age. "# $(+ Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e -. Ans6 3 (he spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called% a. universal grammar. b. babbling. c. telegraphic speech. d. semantics. Ac9 iring lang age. "# $(+ Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e -. Ans6 d During the earliest stage of speech development, infants% a. spea& in single words that may be barely recogni0able. b. begin to imitate adult syntax. c. ma&e speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired. d. ma&e some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents) native language. e. do all the above.
"".
"#.
"3.
"6.
#1.
$hapter 11 )+6
(hin&ing and 2anguage
#1.
Ac9 iring lang age. "# $(% Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e -. Ans6 c -t 1# months of age, Bulie says <wada= whenever she wants a drin& of water. Bulie is most li&ely in the 44444444 stage of language development. a. semantic b. babbling c. one*word d. telegraphic speech e. phonetic Ac9 iring lang age. "# $(6 Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e -. Ans6 c (wo*year*old @tephen)s sentencesF<Dad come,= <7om laugh,= and <(ruc& gone=Fare examples of% a. babbling. b. artificial grammar. c. telegraphic speech. d. universal grammar. Ac9 iring lang age. "# $(6 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e -. Ans6 c $hildren begin to demonstrate appropriate use of syntax during the 44444444 stage. a. babbling b. syntactic c. two*word d. three*word e. phonetic E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $(6 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 d ?ehaviorists such as ?. >. @&inner have emphasi0ed that the ac:uisition of language can be explained in terms of% a. the association of word sounds with various ob ects, events, actions, and :ualities. b. children)s imitation of the words and grammar modeled by parents and others. c. the positive reinforcement that adults give children for spea&ing correctly. d. all the above. E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. ""# $(6'$(( 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 c +hich linguistic theorist was most impressed by the underlying similarities of all human language systems, a. @&inner b. +horf c. $homs&y d. ?andura E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $(( Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 a -ccording to $homs&y, the fact that young children overgenerali0e certain rules of grammatical structure suggests that% a. language s&ills are not developed simply through the processes of imitation and reinforcement. b. language ac:uisition does not proceed in an orderly se:uence. c. language ac:uisition develops normally even in the absence of social interaction. d. parents overemphasi0e correct grammatical usage. E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $(( Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 d >our*year*old @arah told her mom, <(he doggy runned away.= +hich theory would most li&ely
#2.
#3.
#4.
#!.
#".
##.
)+( 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
emphasi0e the significance of @arah)s misapplication of a grammatical rule, a. >risch)s biological theory b. @&inner)s language ac:uisition theory c. +horf)s linguistic relativity theory d. $homs&y)s language ac:uisition theory E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $(( Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 c After two minut e s of expos ur e to an unbrok e n, monot o n e string of nons e n s e syllables , infants could recog niz e thre e- syllable sequ e n c e s tha t app e a r e d repe a t e dly. This best illustra t e s the import a n c e of ________ in langu a g e develop m e n t . a. reinforce m e n t b. inborn univers al gram m a r c. statistical learning d. imitation E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $(( 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 d The statistical learning explan a tion of langu a g e develop m e n t ________ claims for an inborn univer s al gra m m a r and ________ claim s for a built- in readin e s s to learn gra m m a t i c al rules. a. support s ; support s b. challeng e s ; challeng e s c. support s ; challen g e s d. challeng e s ; suppor t s E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. ""# $(&'$(Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 a ;esearch suggests that humans can most easily master the grammar of a second language during% a. childhood. b. adolescence. c. early adulthood. d. late adulthood. E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $&0 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 3 (he principles of learning emphasi0ed by behaviorists would be most helpful in explaining why children% a. master the complicated rules of grammar with ease. b. add new words to their vocabulary. c. ma&e systematic speech errors because they overgenerali0e grammatical rules. d. babble even when they have deaf parents. Lang age in1l ences thinking. "# $&1 Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 d (he suggestion that language determines the way we thin& is &nown as the 44444444 hypothesis. a. language ac:uisition b. social*cognitive c. belief perseverance d. linguistic relativity e. telegraphic speech Lang age in1l ences thinking. "# $&1 Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 d (he linguistic relativity hypothesis is most consistent with the suggestion that <words are the 44444444 of ideas.=
78.
79.
31.
31.
32.
33.
$hapter 11 )+&
(hin&ing and 2anguage
a. b. c. d.
brothers daughters husbands mothers
34.
Lang age in1l ences thinking. "# $&1 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 c +hich of the following would most li&ely be cited as evidence in support of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, a. (he generic pronoun <he= is ust as li&ely to trigger images of women as of men. b. 'eople with no words for colors can still perceive color differences. c. 9opi 8ndians cannot readily thin& about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs. d. $himpan0ees can use signs and gestures to communicate with other members of their own species. Lang age in1l ences thinking. "# $&1 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 d 2eland)s language does not distinguish between <family love= and <romantic love,= so he has difficulty reali0ing that he deeply loves his sister. +hich of the following is most relevant to 2eland)s difficulty, a. the representativeness heuristic b. the belief perseverance phenomenon c. functional fixedness d. the linguistic relativity hypothesis Lang age in1l ences thinking. "# $&) Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 3 +hen English*spea&ing $anadian children were taught by a >rench*spea&ing teacher during their early school years, researchers found that they experienced a.n/% a. confused sense of cultural identity. b. improvement in intellectual aptitude. c. slight loss of verbal fluency in English. d. smaller*than*average improvement in mathematical ability. Thinking :itho t lang age. "# $&$ Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 e 7any successful athletes prepare for contests by imagining themselves performing their events. (his mental rehearsal best illustrates the effectiveness of% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. algorithms. d. the framing effect. e. thin&ing without language.
3!.
3".
3#.
)+2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
88.
0o ani,als think;. "# $&% Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1). Ans6 a The chimp a n z e e Sultan use d a short stick to retriev e a long stick, then use d the long stick to retrieve a piece of fruit. Sultan’s succ e s sful acquisition of the fruit was said to be the result of: a. insight. b. a fixation. c. artificial intelligenc e. d. trial and error. e. the availability heuristic. 0o ani,als think;. "# $&% Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1). Ans6 a Psychologis t s are most likely to que s tion whet h e r chimps have the cap a city to: a. infer anot h er chim p’s men t al stat e s . b. discer n num e ric al order. c. invent and trans mi t custo m s . d. form conce p t s . 0o ani,als e8hi3it lang age;. "# $&6 Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1). Ans6 3 Aarl von >risch discovered that 44444444 communicate by means of an intricate dance. a. ants b. honeybees c. spiders d. flamingos e. butterflies 0o ani,als e8hi3it lang age;. "# $&( Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1). Ans6 d $himpan0ees are capable of learning to% a. understand spo&en words. b. string signs together into a meaningful se:uence. c. use computer &eyboards to communicate with other chimps. d. do all the above. 0o ani,als e8hi3it lang age;. "# $&( Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1). Ans6 d ;esearch on the language capabilities of apes indicates that they cannot% a. translate spo&en words into signs. b. ac:uire a vocabulary of more than two do0en signs. c. use signs to communicate with other members of their own species. d. grammatically order language symbols as well as most 3*year*old children.
89.
61.
61.
62.
Test Bank II
230
CHAPTER
10
Thinking and Lang age
Learnin g Objec ti v e s
Thinking !""# $%&'$()* 1. 2. 3. 4. !. ". #. Describe the nature of concepts and the role of prototypes in concept formation. Discuss how we use trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insight to solve problems. Describe how the confirmation bias and fixation can interfere with effective problem solving. Explain how the representativeness and availability heuristics influence our udgments. Describe the effects that overconfidence and framing can have on our udgments and decisions. Discuss how our beliefs distort logical reasoning, and describe the belief perseverance phenomenon. Describe artificial intelligence, and contrast the human mind and the computer as information processors.
Lang age !""# $($'$&0* 8. Describ e the struct ur e of langu a g e in ter m s of sound s , me a ni n g s , and gra m m a r . Trace the cours e of langu a g e acquisition from the babbling sta g e throug h the two- word stag e . Explain how the natur e- nurtur e deb a t e is illustr a t e d in theorie s of langu a g e develop m e n t .
9.
10.
Thinking and Lang age !""# $&0'$&+* 11. Discus s Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypot h e si s and the relations hip betw e e n thoug h t and langu a g e .
Ani,al Thinking and Lang age !""# $&+'$&-*
231
12.
Describ e the res e a r c h on anim al cognition and com m u nic a tion, and discus s the controv er s y over whet h e r anim als can use langu a g e . Thinking. "# $%& Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 e $ognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of% a. emotion. b. genetics. c. the unconscious. d. brain chemistry. e. thin&ing. Thinking. "# $%& Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 3 'rofessor (hompson)s research activities involve the use of computers to simulate human decision*ma&ing strategies. +hich specialty area does this research best represent, a. personality psychology b. cognitive psychology c. biological psychology d. clinical psychology e. developmental psychology Conce"ts. "# $%& Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 d - mental grouping of similar ob ects, events, or people is a.n/% a. algorithm. b. prototype. c. heuristic. d. concept. Conce"ts. "# $%& Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 a +hen we use the term Hispanic to refer to a cate g o ry of people, we are using this word as a(n): a. conce p t . b. heuristic. c. algorith m . d. prototyp e . e. ster e o t y p e . Conce"ts. "# $%& Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 d (o promote cognitive efficiency, concepts are typically organi0ed into% a. mental sets. b. algorithms. c. neural networ&s. d. hierarchies. Conce"ts. "# $%& Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 c - best example of a category of ob ects, events, or people is called a.n/% a. algorithm. b. concept.
)$)
1.
2.
3.
4.
!.
".
c. prototype. d. model. e. heuristic.
233
$hapter 11 )$+
(hin&ing and 2anguage
#.
Conce"ts. "# $%& Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 e 'rototypes are especially important in the process of% a. belief perseverance. b. trial and error. c. constructing algorithms. d. choosing heuristics. e. classifying ob ects. Conce"ts. "# $%& 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 d $hristmas is to holiday as 44444444 is to 44444444. a. category5 prototype b. availability heuristic5 representativeness heuristic c. algorithm5 heuristic d. prototype5 category Conce"ts. "# $%& Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 d +hen someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha imm e di a t ely thinks of Harvar d University. In this instan c e , Harvar d University is a: a. fixation. b. belief bias. c. heuristic. d. prototyp e . e. ment al set. Conce"ts. ""# $%&'$%Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 a 7ost people ta&e less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their 44444444 of a mammal. a. prototype b. mental set c. heuristic d. algorithm Conce"ts. ""# $%&'$%Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1. Ans6 d 'eople more easily detect male pre udice against women than female pre udice against men because the former more closely resembles their 44444444 of pre udice. a. syntax b. heuristic c. algorithm d. prototype e. mental set 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 3 8n testing thousands of different materials for use as lightbulb filaments, (homas Edison best illustrated a problem*solving approach &nown as% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. trial and error. c. functional fixedness. d. the confirmation bias. e. belief perseverance. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%-
3.
6.
11.
11.
12.
)$% 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
13.
Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 d 2ogical, methodical step*by*step procedures for solving problems are called% a. heuristics. b. semantics. c. prototypes. d. algorithms. e. fixations. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 3 Darla systematically tried each successive &ey on her dad)s &ey ring until she found the one that unloc&ed his office door. (his best illustrates problem solving by means of% a. belief perseverance. b. an algorithm. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the availability heuristic. e. functional fixedness. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 d 9euristics are% a. methodical step*by*step procedures for solving problems. b. mental groupings of similar ob ects, events, or people. c. problem*solving strategies involving the use of trial and error. d. rule*of*thumb strategies for solving problems :uic&ly and efficiently. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 3 8n trying to solve a potentially complicated problem :uic&ly, we are most li&ely to rely on% a. prototypes. b. heuristics. c. phonemes. d. algorithms. e. fixations. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 d ;uth resisted changing her answer to a test :uestion after reminding herself that <it)s always best to stic& with your first answer.= ;uth)s decision best illustrates the use of% a. insight. b. an algorithm. c. trial and error. d. a heuristic. e. a prototype. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 3 - sudden reali0ation of the solution to a problem is called% a. framing. b. insight. c. a heuristic. d. belief perseverance. e. an algorithm. 7ol5ing "ro3le,s. "# $%Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e ). Ans6 e
14.
1!.
1".
1#.
13.
$hapter 11 )$6
(hin&ing and 2anguage
16.
(he sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. belief perseverance. c. the availability heuristic. d. the framing effect. e. insight. Con1ir,ation 3ias. "# $60 Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 c (he tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called% a. functional fixedness. b. the availability heuristic. c. confirmation bias. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. overconfidence. Con1ir,ation 3ias. "# $60 Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 c >red cites his cousin 7illie)s many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. 9e overloo&s the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. >red)s pre udicial conclusion about women)s driving s&ills best illustrates the effects of% a. functional fixedness. b. algorithms. c. confirmation bias. d. the framing effect. e. the representativeness heuristic. Con1ir,ation 3ias. "# $60 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 d ?usiness managers are more li&ely to trac& the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once re ected. (his best illustrates% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. functional fixedness. c. the framing effect. d. confirmation bias. e. neural networ&s. Con1ir,ation 3ias. "# $60 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 a Myra has such a low level of self- est e e m tha t she is typically on the lookout for critical com m e n t s about her app e a r a n c e and beh a vior. Myra bes t illustrat e s the dang er s of: a. confirm a tion bias. b. the framing effect. c. function al fixedn e s s . d. algorith m s . e. the repr e s e n t a t iv e n e s s heuristic.
21.
21.
22.
23.
)$( 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
24.
/i8ation. "# $61 Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 e ?rainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid% a. heuristics. b. algorithms. c. prototypes. d. semantics. e. fixations. /i8ation. "# $61 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 e 'rofessor @antos tal&s very loudly in her unsuccessful efforts to get her students to listen carefully. 9er failure to recogni0e that spea&ing softly would be a more effective way to gain her student)s attention best illustrates the negative conse:uences of% a. the availability heuristic. b. framing. c. overconfidence. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. fixations. /i8ation. "# $61 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 c - mental set is a% a. methodical step*by*step procedure for solving problems. b. mental grouping of similar ob ects, events, or people. c. tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past. d. group of conclusions derived from certain assumptions or general principles. /i8ation. "# $61 Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 d @tress and anxiety are most li&ely to contribute to% a. linguistic relativity. b. artificial intelligence. c. overconfidence. d. fixation. /i8ation. "# $61 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 d (he Aorean +ar paratrooper who fell to his death with a left*handed parachute apparently suffered the conse:uences of% a. overconfidence. b. functional fixedness. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. a mental set. e. the framing effect.
2!.
2".
2#.
23.
$hapter 11 )$&
(hin&ing and 2anguage
26.
/i8ation. ""# $61. $6) Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 3 +hen given a candle, tac&s, and a box of matches and as&ed to mount the candle on a wall, people often fail to thin& of using the matchbox as a candleholder. (his best illustrates% a. overconfidence. b. functional fixedness. c. confirmation bias. d. the availability heuristic. e. the framing effect. /i8ation. "# $61 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e $. Ans6 d ;aul and @ophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. (hey did not thin& of using their big plastic tablecloth as a temporary rain shelter and so were drenched within minutes. (heir oversight best illustrates% a. the availability heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. belief perseverance. d. functional fixedness. e. overconfidence. The re"resentati5eness he ristic. "# $6) Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 e Budging the li&elihood that things fall into a certain category on the basis of how well they seem to match a particular prototype refers to the use of the% a. framing effect. b. availability heuristic. c. confirmation bias. d. belief perseverance phenomenon. e. representativeness heuristic. The re"resentati5eness he ristic. "# $6) Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 e (he tendency to conclude that a person who li&es to read poetry is more li&ely to be a college professor of classics than a construction wor&er illustrates the use of% a. the availability heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. the framing effect. d. belief perseverance. e. the representativeness heuristic. The re"resentati5eness he ristic. "# $6) 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 d Berome believes that his 4*year*old grandson is a hyperactive child because the boy)s constant movement resembles Berome)s prototype of hyperactivity. Berome)s thin&ing best illustrates% a. belief perseverance. b. the availability heuristic. c. confirmation bias. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. the framing effect.
31.
31.
32.
33.
)$2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
34.
The re"resentati5eness he ristic. "# $6) 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 c ?ecause Aen is " " , people often mista&enly assume that he must be a member of his college)s bas&etball team. (his mista&en udgment best illustrates the impact of% a. confirmation bias. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the availability heuristic. e. framing. The a5aila3ility he ristic. "# $6$ Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 3 (he availability heuristic refers to our tendency to% a. udge the li&elihood of category membership by how closely an ob ect or event resembles a particular prototype. b. udge the li&elihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered. c. search for information that is consistent with our preconceptions. d. cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited. The a5aila3ility he ristic. "# $6$ Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 c 7any people overestimate how long they actually remain awa&e during restless nights because their moments of wa&efulness are easier to recall than their moments of sleep. (his best illustrates the impact of% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. the availability heuristic. d. functional fixedness. e. overconfidence. The a5aila3ility he ristic. "# $6$ Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 3 (he tendency to estimate that the letter <&= appears more often as the first letter of words than as the third letter best illustrates our use of% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the availability heuristic. c. prototypes. d. algorithms. e. semantics. The a5aila3ility he ristic. "# $6$ Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 d @tate lottery officials send residents a facsimile of a contest*winning chec& for over C! million so as to encourage them to imagine themselves as possible winners. (he lottery promoters are most clearly exploiting the influence of% a. functional fixedness. b. belief perseverance. c. mental set. d. the availability heuristic. e. the representativeness heuristic.
3!.
3".
3#.
33.
$hapter 11 )+0
(hin&ing and 2anguage
36.
The a5aila3ility he ristic. "# $6$ 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 3 -fter learning that her two best friends had recently lost their obs, Bulia began to grossly overestimate the national rate of unemployment. Bulia)s reaction best illustrates the conse:uences of% a. confirmation bias. b. the availability heuristic. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the belief perseverance phenomenon. e. the framing effect. Thinking Critically A3o t Risks !Bo8*. "# $6+ Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e +. Ans6 e +hich of the following contributes most directly to people)s exaggerated perceptions of the li&elihood of air travel disasters, nuclear power accidents, and terrorist violence, a. the belief perseverance phenomenon b. the representativeness heuristic c. overconfidence d. the framing effect e. the availability heuristic 25ercon1idence. "# $6% Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 a (he human tendency toward intellectual arrogance is best demonstrated by% a. overconfidence. b. brief perseverance. c. the framing effect. d. functional fixedness. e. the availability heuristic. 25ercon1idence. "# $6% Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 e -lthough @teve was certain that he answered between #1 and 31 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only !! items. @teve)s mis udgment of his test performance illustrates% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. the belief perseverance phenomenon. d. the framing effect. e. overconfidence. 25ercon1idence. "# $6% Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 d -fter ta&ing two years of college economics courses, 2ionel thin&s he &nows enough about business to become a millionaire. 2ionel should become more aware of% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. functional fixedness. c. the belief perseverance phenomenon. d. overconfidence. e. the framing effect.
41.
41.
42.
43.
)+1 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
44.
25ercon1idence. "# $66 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 3 In studies wher e people have judge d whet h e r anot h e r is lying or telling the truth, participa n t s have de m o n s t r a t e d high levels of: a. insight. b. overconfide n c e . c. function al fixedn e s s . d. artificial intelligenc e. 25ercon1idence. "# $66 Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 e $ollege students routinely underestimate how much time it will ta&e them to complete assigned course pro ects. (his best illustrates the impact of% a. framing. b. functional fixedness. c. the availability heuristic. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. overconfidence. /ra,ing decisions. "# $66 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 a >raming refers to% a. the way in which a problem or issue is phrased or worded. b. a methodical step*by*step procedure for solving problems. c. the grouping of similar ob ects, events, or people into a category. d. a rule*of*thumb strategy for solving problems efficiently. /ra,ing decisions. "# $66 Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 d D ins&a sold many more raffle tic&ets when she told potential buyers they had a 11 percent chance of winning a pri0e than when she told them they had a 61 percent chance of not winning. (his best illustrates% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. confirmation bias. d. the framing effect. e. the availability heuristic. /ra,ing decisions. "# $66 Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 3 - woman is more li&ely to abort a pregnancy when informed there is a !1 percent chance of producing an abnormal child than when told there is a !1 percent chance of producing a normal offspring. (his best illustrates the significance of% a. functional fixedness. b. framing. c. overconfidence. d. belief perseverance. e. the confirmation bias.
4!.
4".
4#.
43.
$hapter 11 )+)
(hin&ing and 2anguage
46.
/ra,ing decisions. "# $66 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e %. Ans6 e 'rofessional pollsters and survey ta&ers are especially li&ely to be aware of% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. the confirmation bias. d. functional fixedness. e. the framing effect. Belie1 3ias. "# $6( Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 c +e often consider illogical conclusions that happen to agree with our personal opinions to be logically valid. (his is &nown as% a. the availability heuristic. b. linguistic relativity. c. belief bias. d. framing. e. functional fixedness. Belie1 3ias. "# $6( 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 e 7r. 'otter thin&s that all socialists are political liberals and that the governor of his state is a political liberal. 7r. 'otter)s fear of socialism is so strong that he readily accepts the clearly illogical conclusion that his state governor must be a socialist. 9is difficulty best illustrates% a. confirmation bias. b. functional fixedness. c. the availability heuristic. d. the framing effect. e. belief bias. The 3elie1 "erse5erance "heno,enon. "# $6& Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 d Experimental participants reviewed two research studies, one supporting and the other refuting the crime*deterring effectiveness of capital punishment. -fterwards, the opinions of those who initially favored the use of capital punishment became 44444444 favorable toward its use. (he opinions of those who initially opposed the use of capital punishment became 44444444 favorable toward its use. a. more5 more b. less5 more c. less5 less d. more5 less The 3elie1 "erse5erance "heno,enon. "# $6& 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 a -nderson, 2epper, and ;oss gave experimental participants evidence that either ris&*prone or cautious people ma&e better fire fighters. 'articipants were later informed that the evidence was fictitious. (his experiment was designed to illustrate% a. the belief perseverance phenomenon. b. confirmation bias. c. the framing effect. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. the availability heuristic.
!1.
!1.
!2.
!3.
)+$ 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
!4.
The 3elie1 "erse5erance "heno,enon. "# $6& Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 c Despite overwhelming and highly publici0ed evidence that @enator 7cEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. (heir reaction best illustrates% a. functional fixedness. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. the belief perseverance phenomenon. d. the availability heuristic. e. the framing effect. The 3elie1 "erse5erance "heno,enon. "# $6& Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 d Encouraging people to explain why their own personal views on an issue are correct is most li&ely to promote% a. functional fixedness. b. use of the representativeness heuristic. c. linguistic relativity. d. the belief perseverance phenomenon. e. the framing effect. The 3elie1 "erse5erance "heno,enon. "# $60i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 6. Ans6 3 (he difficulty involved in efforts to modify an unrealistically negative self*image best illustrates% a. functional fixedness. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. the framing effect. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. overconfidence. 7i, lating thinking6 arti1icial intelligence. "# $(0 Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e (. Ans6 e - computer program that employs heuristics to correctly solve a crossword pu00le illustrates an application of% a. the framing effect. b. functional fixedness. c. parallel processing. d. linguistic relativity. e. artificial intelligence. 7i, lating thinking6 arti1icial intelligence. ""# $(0'$(1 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e (. Ans6 a Enli&e conventional computers, people are capable of% a. processing numerous informational units simultaneously. b. using heuristics to arrive at solutions to problems. c. retrieving detailed facts from memory. d. following precise rules of logic.
!!.
!".
!#.
!3.
$hapter 11 )++
(hin&ing and 2anguage
!6.
7i, lating thinking6 arti1icial intelligence. "# $(1 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e (. Ans6 3 (he most exciting feature of computer neural networ&s is their capacity to mimic the human ability to% a. ma&e rule*based decisions. b. learn from experience. c. retrieve information from memory. d. use algorithms to solve problems. Lang age str ct re. "# $($ Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 3 'honemes are% a. the best examples of particular categories of ob ects. b. the smallest distinctive sound units of a language. c. rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences. d. the smallest speech units that carry meaning. Lang age str ct re. "# $($ Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 e +hen >red pronounced the words <this= and <that,= he noticed that they share a common% a. prototype. b. phenotype. c. morpheme. d. algorithm. e. phoneme. Lang age str ct re. "# $($ 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 3 (he English language has 44444444 letters than phonemes, and the consonant phonemes generally carry 44444444 information than the vowel phonemes. a. more5 more b. fewer5 more c. more5 less d. fewer5 less Lang age str ct re. "# $($ Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 3 (he smallest speech units that carry meaning are called% a. phonemes. b. morphemes. c. prototypes. d. concepts. e. phenotypes. Lang age str ct re. "# $($ Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 d 8n the words <lightly,= <neatly,= and <shortly,= the <ly= ending is a.n/% a. algorithm. b. phenotype. c. phoneme. d. morpheme. e. prototype.
"1.
"1.
"2.
"3.
"4.
)+% 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
"!.
Lang age str ct re. "# $(+ Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 a +hen her teacher mentioned the arms race, Arista understood that the word <arms= referred to weapons and not to body parts. Arista)s correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of% a. semantics. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. syntax. d. morphemes. e. prototypes. Lang age str ct re. "# $(+ Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 a @yntax refers to the% a. orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences. b. derivation of meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences. c. smallest speech unit that carries meaning. d. most logical and methodical procedure for solving a problem. Lang age str ct re. "# $(+ 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 3 - European visitor to the Enited @tates as&ed a taxi driver, <$an you please a ride to the airport me give,= (his visitor has apparently not yet mastered the 44444444 of the English language. a. phonemes b. syntax c. semantics d. phenotypes e. nomenclature Lang age str ct re. "# $(+ 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e &. Ans6 d +ord meaning is to word order as 44444444 is to 44444444. a. concept5 prototype b. phoneme5 grammar c. morpheme5 phoneme d. semantics5 syntax e. nomenclature5 semantics Ac9 iring lang age. "# $(+ Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e -. Ans6 3 (he spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called% a. universal grammar. b. babbling. c. telegraphic speech. d. semantics. Ac9 iring lang age. "# $(+ Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e -. Ans6 d During the earliest stage of speech development, infants% a. spea& in single words that may be barely recogni0able. b. begin to imitate adult syntax. c. ma&e speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired. d. ma&e some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents) native language. e. do all the above.
"".
"#.
"3.
"6.
#1.
$hapter 11 )+6
(hin&ing and 2anguage
#1.
Ac9 iring lang age. "# $(% Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e -. Ans6 c -t 1# months of age, Bulie says <wada= whenever she wants a drin& of water. Bulie is most li&ely in the 44444444 stage of language development. a. semantic b. babbling c. one*word d. telegraphic speech e. phonetic Ac9 iring lang age. "# $(6 Easy. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e -. Ans6 c (wo*year*old @tephen)s sentencesF<Dad come,= <7om laugh,= and <(ruc& gone=Fare examples of% a. babbling. b. artificial grammar. c. telegraphic speech. d. universal grammar. Ac9 iring lang age. "# $(6 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e -. Ans6 c $hildren begin to demonstrate appropriate use of syntax during the 44444444 stage. a. babbling b. syntactic c. two*word d. three*word e. phonetic E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $(6 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 d ?ehaviorists such as ?. >. @&inner have emphasi0ed that the ac:uisition of language can be explained in terms of% a. the association of word sounds with various ob ects, events, actions, and :ualities. b. children)s imitation of the words and grammar modeled by parents and others. c. the positive reinforcement that adults give children for spea&ing correctly. d. all the above. E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. ""# $(6'$(( 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 c +hich linguistic theorist was most impressed by the underlying similarities of all human language systems, a. @&inner b. +horf c. $homs&y d. ?andura E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $(( Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 a -ccording to $homs&y, the fact that young children overgenerali0e certain rules of grammatical structure suggests that% a. language s&ills are not developed simply through the processes of imitation and reinforcement. b. language ac:uisition does not proceed in an orderly se:uence. c. language ac:uisition develops normally even in the absence of social interaction. d. parents overemphasi0e correct grammatical usage. E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $(( Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 d >our*year*old @arah told her mom, <(he doggy runned away.= +hich theory would most li&ely
#2.
#3.
#4.
#!.
#".
##.
)+( 2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
emphasi0e the significance of @arah)s misapplication of a grammatical rule, a. >risch)s biological theory b. @&inner)s language ac:uisition theory c. +horf)s linguistic relativity theory d. $homs&y)s language ac:uisition theory E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $(( Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 c After two minut e s of expos ur e to an unbrok e n, monot o n e string of nons e n s e syllables , infants could recog niz e thre e- syllable sequ e n c e s tha t app e a r e d repe a t e dly. This best illustra t e s the import a n c e of ________ in langu a g e develop m e n t . a. reinforce m e n t b. inborn univers al gram m a r c. statistical learning d. imitation E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $(( 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 d The statistical learning explan a tion of langu a g e develop m e n t ________ claims for an inborn univer s al gra m m a r and ________ claim s for a built- in readin e s s to learn gra m m a t i c al rules. a. support s ; support s b. challeng e s ; challeng e s c. support s ; challen g e s d. challeng e s ; suppor t s E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. ""# $(&'$(Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 a ;esearch suggests that humans can most easily master the grammar of a second language during% a. childhood. b. adolescence. c. early adulthood. d. late adulthood. E8"laining lang age de5elo",ent. "# $&0 Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 10. Ans6 3 (he principles of learning emphasi0ed by behaviorists would be most helpful in explaining why children% a. master the complicated rules of grammar with ease. b. add new words to their vocabulary. c. ma&e systematic speech errors because they overgenerali0e grammatical rules. d. babble even when they have deaf parents. Lang age in1l ences thinking. "# $&1 Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 d (he suggestion that language determines the way we thin& is &nown as the 44444444 hypothesis. a. language ac:uisition b. social*cognitive c. belief perseverance d. linguistic relativity e. telegraphic speech Lang age in1l ences thinking. "# $&1 Medi ,. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 d (he linguistic relativity hypothesis is most consistent with the suggestion that <words are the 44444444 of ideas.=
78.
79.
31.
31.
32.
33.
$hapter 11 )+&
(hin&ing and 2anguage
a. b. c. d.
brothers daughters husbands mothers
34.
Lang age in1l ences thinking. "# $&1 0i11ic lt. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 c +hich of the following would most li&ely be cited as evidence in support of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, a. (he generic pronoun <he= is ust as li&ely to trigger images of women as of men. b. 'eople with no words for colors can still perceive color differences. c. 9opi 8ndians cannot readily thin& about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs. d. $himpan0ees can use signs and gestures to communicate with other members of their own species. Lang age in1l ences thinking. "# $&1 0i11ic lt. Conce"t al. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 d 2eland)s language does not distinguish between <family love= and <romantic love,= so he has difficulty reali0ing that he deeply loves his sister. +hich of the following is most relevant to 2eland)s difficulty, a. the representativeness heuristic b. the belief perseverance phenomenon c. functional fixedness d. the linguistic relativity hypothesis Lang age in1l ences thinking. "# $&) Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 3 +hen English*spea&ing $anadian children were taught by a >rench*spea&ing teacher during their early school years, researchers found that they experienced a.n/% a. confused sense of cultural identity. b. improvement in intellectual aptitude. c. slight loss of verbal fluency in English. d. smaller*than*average improvement in mathematical ability. Thinking :itho t lang age. "# $&$ Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 11. Ans6 e 7any successful athletes prepare for contests by imagining themselves performing their events. (his mental rehearsal best illustrates the effectiveness of% a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. algorithms. d. the framing effect. e. thin&ing without language.
3!.
3".
3#.
)+2anguage
$hapter 11
(hin&ing and
88.
0o ani,als think;. "# $&% Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1). Ans6 a The chimp a n z e e Sultan use d a short stick to retriev e a long stick, then use d the long stick to retrieve a piece of fruit. Sultan’s succ e s sful acquisition of the fruit was said to be the result of: a. insight. b. a fixation. c. artificial intelligenc e. d. trial and error. e. the availability heuristic. 0o ani,als think;. "# $&% Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1). Ans6 a Psychologis t s are most likely to que s tion whet h e r chimps have the cap a city to: a. infer anot h er chim p’s men t al stat e s . b. discer n num e ric al order. c. invent and trans mi t custo m s . d. form conce p t s . 0o ani,als e8hi3it lang age;. "# $&6 Easy. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1). Ans6 3 Aarl von >risch discovered that 44444444 communicate by means of an intricate dance. a. ants b. honeybees c. spiders d. flamingos e. butterflies 0o ani,als e8hi3it lang age;. "# $&( Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1). Ans6 d $himpan0ees are capable of learning to% a. understand spo&en words. b. string signs together into a meaningful se:uence. c. use computer &eyboards to communicate with other chimps. d. do all the above. 0o ani,als e8hi3it lang age;. "# $&( Medi ,. /act al/0e1initional. 234ecti5e 1). Ans6 d ;esearch on the language capabilities of apes indicates that they cannot% a. translate spo&en words into signs. b. ac:uire a vocabulary of more than two do0en signs. c. use signs to communicate with other members of their own species. d. grammatically order language symbols as well as most 3*year*old children.
89.
61.
61.
62.
