Battery Storage
Content
DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
MODEL FOR GRID ANALYSIS
APPLICATIONS
By: Eng. Mostafa Kamal Salem Under Supervision Of: Prof. Dr.-Eng. Peter Zacharias Prof. Dr.-Eng. Adel Khalil Prof. Dr.-Eng. Amr Adly Dr.-Eng. Stefan Kempen
19.03.2013
1
Acknowledgment
I would like to thank all the people who helped me in achieving this thesis. Very special thanks to my supervisors: Prof. Dr. Adel Khalil, Prof. Dr. Peter Zacharias, and Prof. Dr. Amr Adly for their supervision and support. I would like to
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
thank the examining committee for their time. I would like to express my appreciation to AEG Power Solutions for giving me the opportunity to work on my master thesis in the company with its quality service provisions. Special thanks to Dr.Ing Kempen, M.Sc.-Ing Ammar Salman, and Mr. John Kuhne for their support and guidance. Also, I would like to thank the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for supporting REMENA master program and for providing me the financial and moral support. Special thanks to Ms. Anke Stahl and Ms. Janique Bikomo for supporting and care. I would
like to express my appreciation to the University of Kassel and Cairo University for hosting me in the master course.
Special thanks to Prof. Adel Khalil, Prof. Sayed Kaseb, Prof. Dirk Dahlhaus, and Ms. Anke Aref for the support and guidance during the whole program.
2
Outlines
1.Introduction 2.Methodology & Procedure 3. Review of Literature Battery Types Battery Models 4. Model in Power Factory
2 Min. 1 Min. 2 Min.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
4 Min.
8 Min. 5. Simulations & Results BESS TEST Public Grid with and without BESS BESS with AEG Grid BESS with PV
6. Conclusion 7. Future Recommendations 8.Summary 9. References
2 Min. 2 Min. 1 Min.
3
1. Introduction
Motivation:
The major challenge now days is to store the excess energy from the renewable energy that generated when demand is low, and reuse this energy in later time or in the high demand times.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Source: www.renewableenergyworld.com
4
1. Introduction
Aim of work:
To Build comprehensive model of the battery energy storage system that simulates the real reactions that happens inside the battery, and to be able to analyze different grid scenarios using Power Factory DIgSILENT.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Source: www.newavenergy.com
5
1. Introduction
Battery Energy Storage System is composed of a combination of electrical part and chemical part.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
+
-
AEG Converter
Lead Acid Battery
Brain of the system
Figure (1): Battery Energy Storage System
6
1. Introduction
BESS Advantages: 1. Active power output/input (support grid frequency). 2. Reactive power output/input (voltage control). 3. Pure phase shift operation is possible. 4. Charge and discharge at any desired cosф.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (2): PQ Characteristics for BESS [5]
7
2. Methodology & Procedure
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Identify The Problem
Developing Battery Model that Simulates the Battery and Consider the Temperature changes during the operation.
Search for Solutions & Model
Suitable model in Power Factory DIgSILENT
Run The Model
Integrating The Model with Different Grids and Different Power Sources
8
2. Methodology & Procedure
The methodology used in this thesis depends in all available papers, journals, theses, books, internet web sites, and magazines that related to the Lead Acid batteries and BESS, to collect
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
the most updated theoretical data in this area. Power Factory Support service provided this thesis with the suitable Model. The available PV data in AEG Power Solutions Company were used.
9
3. Review of Literature
Batteries have been used a long time ago. Earthen containers were used as galvanic cells dating from 250 BC have been found in Baghdad (Iraq). Alessandro Volta is the first person in the modern times to build an actual battery in year 1800, then Mr. Michael Faraday derived the laws of electrochemistry based on Volta’s work. Battery Types:
Table (1): Battery Types [6] Rechargeable Alkaline NiMH NiCd Li-ion Lead Acid 1.5 V CD/MD/MP3 players, toys, electronic games, cameras, flash lights, remote controls, solar lighting Digital cameras, remote controlled racing toy cars Power Tools Notebook computers, PDAs, mobile phones, camcorders, digital cameras Car starter battery, lift trucks, golf charts, marine, standby power, UPS, solar lighting and renewable energy storage
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
1.2 V 1.2 V 3.6-3.7 V 12 V
10
3. Review of Literature
Lead acid battery is the cheapest and the most commercially used battery nowadays.
Figure (3): Comparison of Life Cycle Costs per Delivered kWh for A Typical Peak- Shaving Application [8]
11
3. Review of Literature
Battery Models: 1. Simple Model.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model).
Figure (4): Structure of the BESS In Power Factory [11]
12
3. Review of Literature
1. Simple Model:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Current I
Impedance Z (S,SOC)
E (S,SOC)
Figure (5): Typical Discharge Profile of A Lead-Acid Battery [11]
Figure (6): Simple Equivalent Circuit for the Lead Acid Battery [11]
13
3. Review of Literature
2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model):
C1 in Farads R0
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
R2 R1 Em
+ -
Ip, VPN
R1 = f (SOC) R2 = f (I,SOC) IP = f (θ) Emo= f (SOC,θ)
Main Branch Parasitic Branch
Figure (7): Ceraolo Battery Model Equivalent Circuit [14]
14
3. Review of Literature
2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model) during the operation:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (9): Implemented Model [14]
15
4. Model in Power Factory
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
θ (t) = θinit +
(Battery Capacity)
C = f (I,θ)
Depth of Discharge Depth of Discharge = Q/ C
Depth of Discharge =
of Discharge f (OpenDepth Circuit Voltage (Ue)) State of Charge
Ucell = Ue+Urs
State of Charge
Battery Outputs
16
4. Models in Power Factory
BESS Model Verification:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (11): Frame of the BESS Controller In Power Factory [11]
17
Outlines
1.Introduction 2.Methodology & Procedure 3. Review of Literature Battery Types Battery Models 4. Models in Power Factory 5. Simulations & Results BESS TEST Public Grid with and without BESS BESS with AEG Grid BESS with PV 6. Conclusion 7. Future Recommendations 8.Summary 9. References
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
18
5. Simulations & Results
BESS TEST:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (12): Small Testing Grid for the BESS
19
5. Simulations & Results
EVENTS:
Active Power (MW)
0,80
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Load_1
0,60
0,40 0,20
0,00
0,40
-0,20 2000,0
2000,0 Load Step: Active Power in MW Load_1: Active Power in MW Load_Ramp: Active Power in MW
2000,0
2000,0
2000,0
[s]
2000,0
At 2000 sec.
Load _Step
0,20
0,00
120 sec.
Load_Ramp
-0,20 -3.00E-1
3.00E+3 Load Step: Active Power in MW Load_1: Active Power in MW Load_Ramp: Active Power in MW
6.00E+3
9.00E+3
1.20E+4
[s]
1.50E+4
Time (seconds)
Figure (13): Loads Active Power In MW
20
5. Simulations & Results
Results:
DIgSILENT
1,00
0,98
Active Power (MW)
1,02
1,60
SOC Unit less
Transient due to the event
1,40
1,30 1,20
DIgSILENT
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
120 sec.
1,10
1,00 118,45 G (coal): Active Power in MW 120,39
0,94
1,20
0,90
1,00
0,86
0,80
At 2000 sec.
0,82 -3.00E-1 3.00E+3 6.00E+3 9.00E+3 1.20E+4 [s]
1.50E+4
0,60 -3.00E-1
3.00E+3
6.00E+3
9.00E+3
1.20E+4
[s]
1.50E+4
Charging Control: SOC
Time (seconds)
G (coal): Active Power in MW
Time (seconds)
Figure (14): The Battery State Of Charge
Figure (15): Synchronous Generator Active Power In MW
21
5. Simulations & Results
Public Grid with and without BESS:
DIgSILENT
1. External Grid without BESS:
External Grid
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Active Current (p.u.)
2,10
1,90
1.62 p.u.
1,70
Switch is open
1,50
1.41 p.u.
1,30
1,10 -3.00E-1
3.40E+3
6.80E+3
1.02E+4
1.36E+4
[s]
1.70E+4
Breaker/Switch(1): Current, Magnitude/Terminal i in p.u.
Time (seconds)
Figure (16): External Grid without the BESS
Figure (17): External Grid Active Current
22
5. Simulations & Results
2. External Grid with BESS:
Active Current (p.u.)
External Grid
2,15
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
1,90
1.49 p.u. 1.46 p.u.
1,65
Switch is closed
1,40
1,15
0,90 -3.00E-1
3.40E+3
6.80E+3
1.02E+4
1.36E+4 [s]
1.70E+4
Breaker/Switch(1): Current, Magnitude/Terminal i in p.u.
Time (seconds)
Figure (18): External Grid with BESS
Figure (19): External Grid Active Current
23
5. Simulations & Results
2. External Grid with BESS :
DIgSILENT
1,03
1,00
Battery Discharging
Active Current (p.u.)
0,60
DIgSILENT
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
SOC Unit less
Battery Discharging
0,40
0,98
0,93
0,20
Can be damped using inverter control
0,88
0,00
0,83
Battery Charging
0,78 -3.00E-1
-0,20
Battery Charging
1.02E+4 1.36E+4 [s]
1.70E+4
3.40E+3 Charging Control: SOC
6.80E+3
-0,40 -3.00E-1
3.40E+3
6.80E+3
1.02E+4
1.36E+4
[s]
1.70E+4
Time (seconds)
Advanced Battery: I
Figure (20): Battery State of Charge
Time (seconds)
Figure (21): Battery Output Current In p.u.
24
5. Simulations & Results
BESS with AEG Grid:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (22) AEG Grid with the BESS
25
5. Simulations & Results
BESS with AEG Grid :
1,00
Active Current (p.u.)
1,02
DIgSILENT
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
SOC Unit less
Discharge
0,75
1st Event at 300 sec.
1,00
0,50
Idle mode
0,98
End of battery charging and the 4th eventat 15000 sec.
0,25
Charging
0,96
0,00
0,94
2nd and 3rd Event at 1500 sec.
-0,25 -3.00E-1 3.60E+3 7.20E+3 1.08E+4 1.44E+4 [s]
1.80E+4 0,92 -3.00E-1
Charge Control: id_ref_out
3.60E+3
7.20E+3
1.08E+4
1.44E+4
[s]
1.80E+4
Time (seconds)
Charge Control: SOC
Time (seconds)
Figure (23) Active Charging Current In p.u.
Figure (24): Battery State of Charge
26
5. Simulations & Results
BESS with PV (off Grid):
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (25): Electric Grid with Synchronous Generator, BESS, and PV System
27
5. Simulations & Results
Events:
Active Power (MW)
0,40
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
0,30
0,20
300 sec.
1000 sec.
0,10
0,00
-0,10 -0,1000
287,92 Load Step: Active Power in MW Load_1: Active Power in MW
575,94
863,96
1152,0
[s]
1440,0
Time (seconds)
Figure (26): Loads Active Power In MW
28
5. Simulations & Results
Photovoltaic Data: The data are taken for one day with one minute time span in AEG Power Solution inWarstein Belecke, Germany.
Active Current (p.u.)
2,00
DIgSILENT
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
-0,50 -0,1000
287,92 Measurment: id_ref
575,94
863,96
1152,0
[s]
1440,0
Time (seconds)
Figure (27): Photovoltaic Active Current In p.u.
29
5. Simulations & Results
Active Power (MW)
0,99985
0,21
SOC Unit less
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
0,99960
300 sec.
0,18
0,99935
PV production increased
0,15
0,99910
1000 sec.
0,12
0,99885
PV production decreased
0,09
0,99860 -0,1000
287,92
575,94
863,96
1152,0 [s]
0,06 1440,0 -0,1000
287,92
575,94
863,96
1152,0
[s]
1440,0
Charging Control: SOC
Time (seconds)
G3 (coal): Active Power in MW
Time (seconds)
Figure (28): Battery State of Charge
Figure (29): Generator Active Power in MW
30
6. Conclusion
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (32): Advanced Battery Equivalent Circuit
Figure (31): Simple Battery Equivalent Circuit
31
6. Conclusion
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (33): External Grid Active Current with and without BESS
32
7. Future Recommendations
7.1 PV DATA TAKEN EVERY SECOND.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
7.2. CASE STUDY IN EGYPT. 7.3 INTEGRATION THE BATTERY LIFE TIME IN THE MODEL.
33
7. Future Recommendations
7.1 PV DATA TAKEN EVERY SECOND:
For more realistic results of the PV simulation, PV data are required to be entered to the system which should be taken with a one second time span for one complete day.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
34
7. Future Recommendations 7.2. CASE STUDY IN EGYPT:
Source: www.aegypten-berater.de
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
El Gouna
Figure (34): Egyptian Solar Map [21]
Figure (35): El Gouna Resort
It is recommended to integrate BESS with the PV and another power source to be used in day time or in emergency cases. As a recommendation for future work, the implementation of the analyzed BESS can be studied including the sizing, energy yield, and economical evaluation of the plant in El Gouna.
35
7. Future Recommendations
7.3 INTEGRATION THE BATTERY LIFE TIME IN THE MODEL:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
.V q Q lifetime = F . DOD max nom 1000
Where:
F DOD qmax Vnom Is the number of cycles to failure Is the depth of discharge [%] Is the maximum capacity of the battery [Ah] Is the nominal voltage of the battery [V].
[16]
36
8. Summary
The main purpose of the study is to simulate the effect of the battery temperature, on the different battery parameters and develop battery model that simulates the real reactions happens inside the battery ,then integrate this model with different grids with different power sources.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Source: principlesofedu.wikispaces.com
37
9. References
1 2 Kenrik, V., 2012, Clean Power and Renewable Energy Growth in MENA Region, http://www.environmentalleader.com. Goikoetxea1, A., Barrena1, J.A., Rodríguez, M.A., and Abad,G., March 2010, “Grid manager design using Battery Energy Storage Systems in weak power systems with high penetration of wind energy“, Proceedings of the tenth International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, Granada, Spain. Kottick, D., Blau, M.,and Edelstein,D., 1993, Battery Energy Strorage for Frequency Regulation in an Island Power System, vol.8, 3rd edition, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. Tsang, M.W., and Sutanto,D., 1998, “Control Strategies to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using a Battery Energy Storage System”, Department of Electrical Engineering, university of Hong Kong Polytechnic , Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
Electricity Storage Association web site, 2012, http://www.electricitystorage.org
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
3 4
5
6 7 8 9
Hageman, S.C., 1993 “Simple PSpice models let you simulate common battery types”, EDN, Oct. 28, 1993, pp.117-132. Barak, M. (Ed.), Dickinson, T., Falk, U.,Sudworth, J.L.,Thirsk, H.R., Tye F.L., 1980, Electrochemical Power Sources: Primary & Secondary Batteries, IEE Energy Series 1, A. Wheaton &Co, Exeter. Energiespeicher in Stromversorgungssystemen mit hohem Anteil erneuerbarer Energieträger“ VDE- Studie 2009. Tammineedi,C., May2011, “Modelling Battery-Ultra-capacitor Hybrid Systems For Solar And Wind Applications”, The Graduate School, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA.
10 Toyota Motors Sales, 2012, Automotive batteries with questions, http://www.autoshop101.com.
38
9. References
11 DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version 14.1 Battery Energy Storing Systems in PowerFactory. Application Manual Gomaringen, Germany, May 2011. 12 Idlbi,B., 2012, “ Dynamic Simulation Of A PV-Diesel-Battery Hybird Plant For Off Grid Electricity Supply“, MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, Faculty Of Electrical Engineering And Computer Science, Kassel, Germany, March, 2012. 13 Medora, N.K., and Kusko A., Sept. 2005 “Dynamic Battery Modeling of Lead-Acid Batteries using Manufacturers“, Proceedings of the 27th, Telecommunications Conference, Berlin, Germany. 14 Ceraolo, M., 2000,” New Dynamical Models of Lead–Acid Batteries, Department of Electrical Systems and Automation”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, IEEE Transections On Power Systems, VOL. 15, NO. 4, Nov. 2000. 15 Jackey, R.A., 2007, ”A Simple, Effective Lead-Acid Battery Modeling Process for Electrical System Component Selection”, The MathWorks, Inc. 16 Lambert T., Homer Energy Software, [Online], May 2005, tom@[email protected].
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
17 Grid Code, High and extra high voltage, E-ON Netz GmbH, Bayreuth, 1 April 2006. 18 DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Version 14.1, User’s Manual,Volume I, User’s Manual,Volume II, Edition 1, DIgSILENT GmbH, Gomaringen, Germany, May 2011. Jürgens, F., July 2012, “Modeling of a Micro grid at an industrial production site with a high percentage of regenerative electrical energy 19 and with innovative energy storage technologies“, BSc. Thesis, University of Wilhelmshaven, Wilhelmshaven, Germany. 20 Orascom Development Holding AG web site, 2008, www.orascomdh.com. 21 New and Renewable Energy Authority web site, 2013, www.nrea.gov.eg.
39
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Thank
You
for
Your
Attention
2002 Stefan R. Müller .www.blinde-kuh.de
40
5. Simulations & Results
Harmonic analysis:
0,015
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
0,012
0,009
0,006
0,003
0,000 1,00 5,00 9,00 13,0 17,0 21,0 25,0 29,0 33,0 37,0 41,0 45,0 49,0 [-] PWM Converter/1 DC-Connection: Current, Magnitude/Terminal AC in p.u.
Figure (15): Harmonic Distortion (Current/ Terminal AC in p.u) For the Converter
41
4. Models in Power Factory
1. Simple Model in Power Factory:
Ucell=Uc-UR
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (8): Simple Battery Model in Power Factory [11]
42
4. Models in Power Factory
2.Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model)in Power Factory:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (10): Advanced Battery Model (Ceraolo Model) In Power Factory
43
44
MODEL FOR GRID ANALYSIS
APPLICATIONS
By: Eng. Mostafa Kamal Salem Under Supervision Of: Prof. Dr.-Eng. Peter Zacharias Prof. Dr.-Eng. Adel Khalil Prof. Dr.-Eng. Amr Adly Dr.-Eng. Stefan Kempen
19.03.2013
1
Acknowledgment
I would like to thank all the people who helped me in achieving this thesis. Very special thanks to my supervisors: Prof. Dr. Adel Khalil, Prof. Dr. Peter Zacharias, and Prof. Dr. Amr Adly for their supervision and support. I would like to
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
thank the examining committee for their time. I would like to express my appreciation to AEG Power Solutions for giving me the opportunity to work on my master thesis in the company with its quality service provisions. Special thanks to Dr.Ing Kempen, M.Sc.-Ing Ammar Salman, and Mr. John Kuhne for their support and guidance. Also, I would like to thank the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for supporting REMENA master program and for providing me the financial and moral support. Special thanks to Ms. Anke Stahl and Ms. Janique Bikomo for supporting and care. I would
like to express my appreciation to the University of Kassel and Cairo University for hosting me in the master course.
Special thanks to Prof. Adel Khalil, Prof. Sayed Kaseb, Prof. Dirk Dahlhaus, and Ms. Anke Aref for the support and guidance during the whole program.
2
Outlines
1.Introduction 2.Methodology & Procedure 3. Review of Literature Battery Types Battery Models 4. Model in Power Factory
2 Min. 1 Min. 2 Min.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
4 Min.
8 Min. 5. Simulations & Results BESS TEST Public Grid with and without BESS BESS with AEG Grid BESS with PV
6. Conclusion 7. Future Recommendations 8.Summary 9. References
2 Min. 2 Min. 1 Min.
3
1. Introduction
Motivation:
The major challenge now days is to store the excess energy from the renewable energy that generated when demand is low, and reuse this energy in later time or in the high demand times.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Source: www.renewableenergyworld.com
4
1. Introduction
Aim of work:
To Build comprehensive model of the battery energy storage system that simulates the real reactions that happens inside the battery, and to be able to analyze different grid scenarios using Power Factory DIgSILENT.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Source: www.newavenergy.com
5
1. Introduction
Battery Energy Storage System is composed of a combination of electrical part and chemical part.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
+
-
AEG Converter
Lead Acid Battery
Brain of the system
Figure (1): Battery Energy Storage System
6
1. Introduction
BESS Advantages: 1. Active power output/input (support grid frequency). 2. Reactive power output/input (voltage control). 3. Pure phase shift operation is possible. 4. Charge and discharge at any desired cosф.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (2): PQ Characteristics for BESS [5]
7
2. Methodology & Procedure
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Identify The Problem
Developing Battery Model that Simulates the Battery and Consider the Temperature changes during the operation.
Search for Solutions & Model
Suitable model in Power Factory DIgSILENT
Run The Model
Integrating The Model with Different Grids and Different Power Sources
8
2. Methodology & Procedure
The methodology used in this thesis depends in all available papers, journals, theses, books, internet web sites, and magazines that related to the Lead Acid batteries and BESS, to collect
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
the most updated theoretical data in this area. Power Factory Support service provided this thesis with the suitable Model. The available PV data in AEG Power Solutions Company were used.
9
3. Review of Literature
Batteries have been used a long time ago. Earthen containers were used as galvanic cells dating from 250 BC have been found in Baghdad (Iraq). Alessandro Volta is the first person in the modern times to build an actual battery in year 1800, then Mr. Michael Faraday derived the laws of electrochemistry based on Volta’s work. Battery Types:
Table (1): Battery Types [6] Rechargeable Alkaline NiMH NiCd Li-ion Lead Acid 1.5 V CD/MD/MP3 players, toys, electronic games, cameras, flash lights, remote controls, solar lighting Digital cameras, remote controlled racing toy cars Power Tools Notebook computers, PDAs, mobile phones, camcorders, digital cameras Car starter battery, lift trucks, golf charts, marine, standby power, UPS, solar lighting and renewable energy storage
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
1.2 V 1.2 V 3.6-3.7 V 12 V
10
3. Review of Literature
Lead acid battery is the cheapest and the most commercially used battery nowadays.
Figure (3): Comparison of Life Cycle Costs per Delivered kWh for A Typical Peak- Shaving Application [8]
11
3. Review of Literature
Battery Models: 1. Simple Model.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model).
Figure (4): Structure of the BESS In Power Factory [11]
12
3. Review of Literature
1. Simple Model:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Current I
Impedance Z (S,SOC)
E (S,SOC)
Figure (5): Typical Discharge Profile of A Lead-Acid Battery [11]
Figure (6): Simple Equivalent Circuit for the Lead Acid Battery [11]
13
3. Review of Literature
2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model):
C1 in Farads R0
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
R2 R1 Em
+ -
Ip, VPN
R1 = f (SOC) R2 = f (I,SOC) IP = f (θ) Emo= f (SOC,θ)
Main Branch Parasitic Branch
Figure (7): Ceraolo Battery Model Equivalent Circuit [14]
14
3. Review of Literature
2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model) during the operation:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (9): Implemented Model [14]
15
4. Model in Power Factory
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
θ (t) = θinit +
(Battery Capacity)
C = f (I,θ)
Depth of Discharge Depth of Discharge = Q/ C
Depth of Discharge =
of Discharge f (OpenDepth Circuit Voltage (Ue)) State of Charge
Ucell = Ue+Urs
State of Charge
Battery Outputs
16
4. Models in Power Factory
BESS Model Verification:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (11): Frame of the BESS Controller In Power Factory [11]
17
Outlines
1.Introduction 2.Methodology & Procedure 3. Review of Literature Battery Types Battery Models 4. Models in Power Factory 5. Simulations & Results BESS TEST Public Grid with and without BESS BESS with AEG Grid BESS with PV 6. Conclusion 7. Future Recommendations 8.Summary 9. References
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
18
5. Simulations & Results
BESS TEST:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (12): Small Testing Grid for the BESS
19
5. Simulations & Results
EVENTS:
Active Power (MW)
0,80
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Load_1
0,60
0,40 0,20
0,00
0,40
-0,20 2000,0
2000,0 Load Step: Active Power in MW Load_1: Active Power in MW Load_Ramp: Active Power in MW
2000,0
2000,0
2000,0
[s]
2000,0
At 2000 sec.
Load _Step
0,20
0,00
120 sec.
Load_Ramp
-0,20 -3.00E-1
3.00E+3 Load Step: Active Power in MW Load_1: Active Power in MW Load_Ramp: Active Power in MW
6.00E+3
9.00E+3
1.20E+4
[s]
1.50E+4
Time (seconds)
Figure (13): Loads Active Power In MW
20
5. Simulations & Results
Results:
DIgSILENT
1,00
0,98
Active Power (MW)
1,02
1,60
SOC Unit less
Transient due to the event
1,40
1,30 1,20
DIgSILENT
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
120 sec.
1,10
1,00 118,45 G (coal): Active Power in MW 120,39
0,94
1,20
0,90
1,00
0,86
0,80
At 2000 sec.
0,82 -3.00E-1 3.00E+3 6.00E+3 9.00E+3 1.20E+4 [s]
1.50E+4
0,60 -3.00E-1
3.00E+3
6.00E+3
9.00E+3
1.20E+4
[s]
1.50E+4
Charging Control: SOC
Time (seconds)
G (coal): Active Power in MW
Time (seconds)
Figure (14): The Battery State Of Charge
Figure (15): Synchronous Generator Active Power In MW
21
5. Simulations & Results
Public Grid with and without BESS:
DIgSILENT
1. External Grid without BESS:
External Grid
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Active Current (p.u.)
2,10
1,90
1.62 p.u.
1,70
Switch is open
1,50
1.41 p.u.
1,30
1,10 -3.00E-1
3.40E+3
6.80E+3
1.02E+4
1.36E+4
[s]
1.70E+4
Breaker/Switch(1): Current, Magnitude/Terminal i in p.u.
Time (seconds)
Figure (16): External Grid without the BESS
Figure (17): External Grid Active Current
22
5. Simulations & Results
2. External Grid with BESS:
Active Current (p.u.)
External Grid
2,15
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
1,90
1.49 p.u. 1.46 p.u.
1,65
Switch is closed
1,40
1,15
0,90 -3.00E-1
3.40E+3
6.80E+3
1.02E+4
1.36E+4 [s]
1.70E+4
Breaker/Switch(1): Current, Magnitude/Terminal i in p.u.
Time (seconds)
Figure (18): External Grid with BESS
Figure (19): External Grid Active Current
23
5. Simulations & Results
2. External Grid with BESS :
DIgSILENT
1,03
1,00
Battery Discharging
Active Current (p.u.)
0,60
DIgSILENT
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
SOC Unit less
Battery Discharging
0,40
0,98
0,93
0,20
Can be damped using inverter control
0,88
0,00
0,83
Battery Charging
0,78 -3.00E-1
-0,20
Battery Charging
1.02E+4 1.36E+4 [s]
1.70E+4
3.40E+3 Charging Control: SOC
6.80E+3
-0,40 -3.00E-1
3.40E+3
6.80E+3
1.02E+4
1.36E+4
[s]
1.70E+4
Time (seconds)
Advanced Battery: I
Figure (20): Battery State of Charge
Time (seconds)
Figure (21): Battery Output Current In p.u.
24
5. Simulations & Results
BESS with AEG Grid:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (22) AEG Grid with the BESS
25
5. Simulations & Results
BESS with AEG Grid :
1,00
Active Current (p.u.)
1,02
DIgSILENT
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
SOC Unit less
Discharge
0,75
1st Event at 300 sec.
1,00
0,50
Idle mode
0,98
End of battery charging and the 4th eventat 15000 sec.
0,25
Charging
0,96
0,00
0,94
2nd and 3rd Event at 1500 sec.
-0,25 -3.00E-1 3.60E+3 7.20E+3 1.08E+4 1.44E+4 [s]
1.80E+4 0,92 -3.00E-1
Charge Control: id_ref_out
3.60E+3
7.20E+3
1.08E+4
1.44E+4
[s]
1.80E+4
Time (seconds)
Charge Control: SOC
Time (seconds)
Figure (23) Active Charging Current In p.u.
Figure (24): Battery State of Charge
26
5. Simulations & Results
BESS with PV (off Grid):
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (25): Electric Grid with Synchronous Generator, BESS, and PV System
27
5. Simulations & Results
Events:
Active Power (MW)
0,40
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
0,30
0,20
300 sec.
1000 sec.
0,10
0,00
-0,10 -0,1000
287,92 Load Step: Active Power in MW Load_1: Active Power in MW
575,94
863,96
1152,0
[s]
1440,0
Time (seconds)
Figure (26): Loads Active Power In MW
28
5. Simulations & Results
Photovoltaic Data: The data are taken for one day with one minute time span in AEG Power Solution inWarstein Belecke, Germany.
Active Current (p.u.)
2,00
DIgSILENT
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
-0,50 -0,1000
287,92 Measurment: id_ref
575,94
863,96
1152,0
[s]
1440,0
Time (seconds)
Figure (27): Photovoltaic Active Current In p.u.
29
5. Simulations & Results
Active Power (MW)
0,99985
0,21
SOC Unit less
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
0,99960
300 sec.
0,18
0,99935
PV production increased
0,15
0,99910
1000 sec.
0,12
0,99885
PV production decreased
0,09
0,99860 -0,1000
287,92
575,94
863,96
1152,0 [s]
0,06 1440,0 -0,1000
287,92
575,94
863,96
1152,0
[s]
1440,0
Charging Control: SOC
Time (seconds)
G3 (coal): Active Power in MW
Time (seconds)
Figure (28): Battery State of Charge
Figure (29): Generator Active Power in MW
30
6. Conclusion
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (32): Advanced Battery Equivalent Circuit
Figure (31): Simple Battery Equivalent Circuit
31
6. Conclusion
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (33): External Grid Active Current with and without BESS
32
7. Future Recommendations
7.1 PV DATA TAKEN EVERY SECOND.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
7.2. CASE STUDY IN EGYPT. 7.3 INTEGRATION THE BATTERY LIFE TIME IN THE MODEL.
33
7. Future Recommendations
7.1 PV DATA TAKEN EVERY SECOND:
For more realistic results of the PV simulation, PV data are required to be entered to the system which should be taken with a one second time span for one complete day.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
34
7. Future Recommendations 7.2. CASE STUDY IN EGYPT:
Source: www.aegypten-berater.de
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
El Gouna
Figure (34): Egyptian Solar Map [21]
Figure (35): El Gouna Resort
It is recommended to integrate BESS with the PV and another power source to be used in day time or in emergency cases. As a recommendation for future work, the implementation of the analyzed BESS can be studied including the sizing, energy yield, and economical evaluation of the plant in El Gouna.
35
7. Future Recommendations
7.3 INTEGRATION THE BATTERY LIFE TIME IN THE MODEL:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
.V q Q lifetime = F . DOD max nom 1000
Where:
F DOD qmax Vnom Is the number of cycles to failure Is the depth of discharge [%] Is the maximum capacity of the battery [Ah] Is the nominal voltage of the battery [V].
[16]
36
8. Summary
The main purpose of the study is to simulate the effect of the battery temperature, on the different battery parameters and develop battery model that simulates the real reactions happens inside the battery ,then integrate this model with different grids with different power sources.
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Source: principlesofedu.wikispaces.com
37
9. References
1 2 Kenrik, V., 2012, Clean Power and Renewable Energy Growth in MENA Region, http://www.environmentalleader.com. Goikoetxea1, A., Barrena1, J.A., Rodríguez, M.A., and Abad,G., March 2010, “Grid manager design using Battery Energy Storage Systems in weak power systems with high penetration of wind energy“, Proceedings of the tenth International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, Granada, Spain. Kottick, D., Blau, M.,and Edelstein,D., 1993, Battery Energy Strorage for Frequency Regulation in an Island Power System, vol.8, 3rd edition, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. Tsang, M.W., and Sutanto,D., 1998, “Control Strategies to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using a Battery Energy Storage System”, Department of Electrical Engineering, university of Hong Kong Polytechnic , Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
Electricity Storage Association web site, 2012, http://www.electricitystorage.org
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
3 4
5
6 7 8 9
Hageman, S.C., 1993 “Simple PSpice models let you simulate common battery types”, EDN, Oct. 28, 1993, pp.117-132. Barak, M. (Ed.), Dickinson, T., Falk, U.,Sudworth, J.L.,Thirsk, H.R., Tye F.L., 1980, Electrochemical Power Sources: Primary & Secondary Batteries, IEE Energy Series 1, A. Wheaton &Co, Exeter. Energiespeicher in Stromversorgungssystemen mit hohem Anteil erneuerbarer Energieträger“ VDE- Studie 2009. Tammineedi,C., May2011, “Modelling Battery-Ultra-capacitor Hybrid Systems For Solar And Wind Applications”, The Graduate School, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA.
10 Toyota Motors Sales, 2012, Automotive batteries with questions, http://www.autoshop101.com.
38
9. References
11 DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version 14.1 Battery Energy Storing Systems in PowerFactory. Application Manual Gomaringen, Germany, May 2011. 12 Idlbi,B., 2012, “ Dynamic Simulation Of A PV-Diesel-Battery Hybird Plant For Off Grid Electricity Supply“, MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, Faculty Of Electrical Engineering And Computer Science, Kassel, Germany, March, 2012. 13 Medora, N.K., and Kusko A., Sept. 2005 “Dynamic Battery Modeling of Lead-Acid Batteries using Manufacturers“, Proceedings of the 27th, Telecommunications Conference, Berlin, Germany. 14 Ceraolo, M., 2000,” New Dynamical Models of Lead–Acid Batteries, Department of Electrical Systems and Automation”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, IEEE Transections On Power Systems, VOL. 15, NO. 4, Nov. 2000. 15 Jackey, R.A., 2007, ”A Simple, Effective Lead-Acid Battery Modeling Process for Electrical System Component Selection”, The MathWorks, Inc. 16 Lambert T., Homer Energy Software, [Online], May 2005, tom@[email protected].
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
17 Grid Code, High and extra high voltage, E-ON Netz GmbH, Bayreuth, 1 April 2006. 18 DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Version 14.1, User’s Manual,Volume I, User’s Manual,Volume II, Edition 1, DIgSILENT GmbH, Gomaringen, Germany, May 2011. Jürgens, F., July 2012, “Modeling of a Micro grid at an industrial production site with a high percentage of regenerative electrical energy 19 and with innovative energy storage technologies“, BSc. Thesis, University of Wilhelmshaven, Wilhelmshaven, Germany. 20 Orascom Development Holding AG web site, 2008, www.orascomdh.com. 21 New and Renewable Energy Authority web site, 2013, www.nrea.gov.eg.
39
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Thank
You
for
Your
Attention
2002 Stefan R. Müller .www.blinde-kuh.de
40
5. Simulations & Results
Harmonic analysis:
0,015
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
0,012
0,009
0,006
0,003
0,000 1,00 5,00 9,00 13,0 17,0 21,0 25,0 29,0 33,0 37,0 41,0 45,0 49,0 [-] PWM Converter/1 DC-Connection: Current, Magnitude/Terminal AC in p.u.
Figure (15): Harmonic Distortion (Current/ Terminal AC in p.u) For the Converter
41
4. Models in Power Factory
1. Simple Model in Power Factory:
Ucell=Uc-UR
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (8): Simple Battery Model in Power Factory [11]
42
4. Models in Power Factory
2.Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model)in Power Factory:
Battery Energy Storage System BESS
Figure (10): Advanced Battery Model (Ceraolo Model) In Power Factory
43
44
