Best Management Practices
Content
WATER CONSERVATION PLAN
Remsen Golf Course Remsen, IA United States
February 6, 2013
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
The Remsen Golf Course has adopted a set of Best Management Practices (BMPs) designed to allow us to achieve efficiencies, perform better environmentally, document our management practices, and improve turfgrass health. This document presents the BMPs used by the Remsen Golf Course. It presents an outline of BMPs that generally follow policies and practices that are applicable to the golf course management industry. The outline was developed from a variety of relevant industry sources including the Golf Course Superintendents' Association of America (GCSAA); the United States Golf Association (USGA) Greens Section; the BMPs for Enhancement of Environmental Quality on Florida Golf Courses; Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS); Oregon State University (OSU); Washington State University (WSU); King County, Washington; Northwest Turfgrass Association (NTA); and Best Management Practices for Golf Course Water Use by Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. The priorities for BMP implementation in the Environmental Stewardship Program at the Remsen Golf Course include the following: -To correct any identified existing water quality problems; -To minimize water quality/quantity problems resulting from land use, management practices, and exploitation; -To improve effectiveness of existing BMPs; and -To seek additional improvements based on new information. Our goals for adopting BMPs include the following: -Reduced environmental impacts; -Improved turfgrass quality; -Enhanced golf outing experiences; -Improved worker safety; -Efficient use of resources; -Reduced maintenance expenditures; -Reduced regulatory requirements; and -Self-regulate our practices. Record keeping is a very important component of the BMP program, and serves as the basis for self-auditing of implementation performance. At the Remsen Golf Course, the following types of forms are utilized: -Fertilizer Applications -Pesticide Applications -IPM Scouting -Staff Training -Modifications to the BMP Program A self-audit program is included as part of our Environmental Stewardship Program.
If questions arise regarding specifics of the following BMPs, we address them by cross-referencing appropriate guidance from relevant resources whenever possible. Examples of available resources include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the state environmental quality, ecology, or agriculture departments, state occupational safety and health divisions, the local fire marshal, the universal building code, or the universal fire code. The BMPs will be continually reviewed and revised over time to reflect changes in the level of knowledge and changes at the golf course. BMPs implemented at the golf course will be revisited when water quality data indicate a change may be in order or additional BMPs are adopted. BMPs are divided into the following sections: -Buffer Zones; -Turfgrass Culture; -Horticulture Management; -Fertilization; -Irrigation; -Environmental; -Pest Management; -Pesticides; -Petroleum Products; -Waste Management; -Safety and Education Program; and -Environmental Stewardship Program.
1. BUFFER ZONES
Buffer zones can provide important benefits, including temperature moderation, erosion control, sedimentation prevention, riparian habitat, biodiversity, and landscape connectivity for wildlife. At the Remsen Golf Course we recognize the importance of buffer zones in watershed function. Buffer zones are established near our waterways where appropriate. Our average buffer zone width is 30 ft. Our buffer widths are designed to vary in accordance with landscape and potential pollutants entering the buffer at a specific location. Minimum buffer widths will vary with the intended buffer function and the specific site conditions including hydrogeology, slope, vegetation types, soil type, presence of wetlands, the type of nutrient or pollutant to be removed, and golf course layout. Vegetated buffers are located between water bodies, wetlands, and wellheads and any potential pollution sources such as fertilized areas or runoff producing areas, such as impervious surfaces and seasonally saturated areas. Instructions on the pesticide label for required buffer zones are followed. -Fertilizer applications are limited or eliminated to the extent practical in defined buffer zones. -Separate action thresholds are defined for application of pesticides within buffer zones. We have investigated whether waterways on the golf course have additional restrictions for pesticide use in buffer zones.
2. TURFGRASS CULTURE
Cultural practices employed at the Remsen Golf Course can have a significant impact on turfgrass health, growth, and playability. Healthy turfgrass is more tolerant of pest pressures. It is important to develop location specific cultural practices (i.e., greens, approaches, tees, fairways, rough, out of play surface waters, and naturalized areas). These cultural practices are modified based upon microclimates (i.e., shade, slope, or exposure to sun and wind). We maintain a total of 80 acres. Area Greens Tees Fairways Rough Ornamentals Natural Areas Ponds Acres 1.5 1 16 40 0.5 20 1 Mowing Frequency High Medium Medium Medium N/A N/A N/A Turf Height (inches) 0.120” 0.500” 0.500” 2” N/A N/A N/A Cultural Practice Freq. High Medium Medium Low Medium Low Medium
2.1. Mowing
Mowing is an important and necessary cultural practice used to archive healthy and playable turfgrass. Many factors influence and are influenced by mowing. The following mowing BMPs are followed at Cherokee Golf & Country Club. -Mowing height is set appropriately for location. -Mowing height is adjusted to relieve turfgrass stress when necessary. -Sharp blades are maintained for a clean cut to reduce turfgrass stress. -Clippings are left on tees, fairways, and rough, where feasible. -Clippings are removed from greens. -Collected clippings are disposed in a controlled composting program. -Collected clippings are disposed in a stockpile that is beyond 25 feet of surface waters.
2.2. Surface and Soil Profile Management
Golf course playing surfaces perform best when a firm, sandy soil profile is developed for turfgrass growth. 2.2.1. Aerification Aerification type and frequency is adjusted to be appropriate for turfgrass location,
conditions, and weather. Routine verticutting is performed to promote an upright growth habit and smoother putting surface. 2.2.2. Topdressing Light topdressing is applied for preventing excess thatch accumulation at the soil surface and maintaining a uniform soil profile. For greens, we use topdressing sand that meets USGA specifications when available to maintain consistent rootzone content. We attempt to use the same source of sand over time in order to maintain soil profile consistency. Topdressing is applied following aerification. Light topdressing is applied following verticutting. 2.2.3. Seeding and Overseeding Turfgrass species and varieties best suited for the growing environment and the expected use of the area are selected. When available, disease or insect resistant cultivars are used. 2.2.4. Rolling Greens are rolled to provide a smoother, faster playing surface. Greens are rolled to provide a consistent green speed at a higher cutting height. 2.2.5. Wear and Tear Cup locations are routinely moved on the greens. When possible, we vary the points where golf carts enter turfgrass from cart paths to reduce localized wear.
2.3. Poa Annua Discouragement
Poa annua often invades turfgrass and may be considered a weed. The following BMPs are used to discourage the growth of Poa annua.
Growing Medium Chemistry -Maintain a low soil pH by using high levels of ferrous sulfate with high rates of water frequently. -Apply minimal phosphorous to limit seed head production. -Apply low rates of nitrogen. -Apply low rates of paclobutrazol. -Minimize Soil Disturbance -Perform regular deep needle tine aerification (monthly). -Use smooth rollers on greens mowers. -Aerify only at the start of the growing season unless needed to improve drainage locally.
3. HORTICULTURE MANAGEMENT
In addition to turfgrass, the Remsen Golf Course also has other types of vegetation, including trees and shrubs, ornamental plantings, and flower beds. Effective management of these features can be complementary and supportive of turfgrass growth and environmental initiatives we undertake.
3.1. Tree Management
The following BMPs related to tree management are followed at the Remsen Golf Course. Where appropriate we select native trees. Locations are carefully evaluated prior to planting. The Remsen Golf Course makes sure to: -Consider water requirements and influence on shading and air circulation for the surrounding turfgrass. -Consider wildlife habitat. -Consider aesthetics. -Add tree canopy over surface water to help reduce water temperatures and increase dissolved oxygen. -A tree inventory on the entire property including the natural areas has been competed and is updated as needed. -Trees are routinely monitored. -We monitor overall health. -We prune when appropriate to maintain tree health. -The influence on playing characteristics is always considered. -We monitor for the presence of insects and diseases. -We consider the hazard potential posed by unpruned trees. -Tree removal -Trees may be removed because of disease, age, wind, lightening damage, or hazard potential. -Trees may be removed to increase sunlight and air circulation to specific turfgrass areas. -A professional tree service is consulted regarding tree removal that is beyond the scope of routine golf course maintenance practices. -When possible, shade is retained over waterways to preserve habitat and help control temperature. -We consider retaining snags for wildlife habitat. -Air circulation is optimized through tree management. -Shade for turfgrass areas is minimized. -Traffic in shaded areas is minimized. -We remove leaves, fallen limbs, and other debris from turfgrass areas. These are taken to the controlled composting area and/or an area to be staged for disposal.
3.2. Ornamental Landscape Management
Ornamental plants are properly selected, planted, and maintained for increased survival, water conservation, and performance in the landscape. Woody ornamentals and herbaceous perennials are planted in the fall and winter. The planting bed is prepared by: -Deep tilling to a depth of 8 to 12 inches. -When planting individual plants, we create a wide enough excavation to provide a favorable rooting environment. -When necessary, appropriate amendments are added to the planting bed to improve the physical properties of the soil - water retention, water infiltration, and drainage or to enhance its mineral and microbial content. -We irrigate at night or early in the morning to conserve moisture and avoid evaporative loss of water. -We practice deep watering in order to encourage strong healthy root systems that are water efficient. -Light, frequent irrigation of ornamentals that would encourage shallow rooting is avoided as much as possible. -Over-fertilization is avoided. -Fertilizing during periods of limited rainfall or high temperatures is avoided.
4. FERTILIZATION
Proper fertilization is essential for turfgrass to sustain desirable color, growth, density, and vigor; to better resist diseases, weeds, and insects; and to provide optimum playability.
Area Greens Tees Fairways Rough Ornamentals Natural Areas Ponds Acres 1.5 1 16 40 0.5 20 1 Fertilizer Fert. Total Requirement Treatments/Yr. Nitrogen Med-High 7 2.7 lbs./M Low-Med 4 3 lbs./M Low-Med 2 2 lbs./M Low N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cultural Prac. Freq. High Medium Medium Low Medium Low Medium
4.1. Nutrient Testing
Nutrient testing is a good indicator of the fertilization requirement. Soil nutrient testing is performed at regular intervals (typically every 1 - 3 years with shorter intervals for sand-based soil profiles). Samples are collected at the same time of year (i.e. Spring) and same depth (i.e. 3 inches) to provide a consistent evaluation of soil nutrient levels from year to year. Samples are collected at the end of the fertilization application interval before the next application interval. Accurate records of soil sample locations, date of sampling, soil conditions, and test results are maintained. The same laboratory is used for analyses over time so that results are more comparable. Plant tissue testing is used to evaluate fertility. This is most valuable for micronutrients.
4.2. Nitrogen
Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients applied to turfgrass. Nitrogen has a strong effect on elements such as growth rate, thatch accumulation, and turfgrass color.
We regulate nitrogen application to optimize turfgrass health and prevent disease development with the goal of using the least amount of nitrogen needed for healthy functional turf. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizers are used when appropriate. Low rates of quick-release nitrogen fertilizers are used to minimize inputs to the environment. Nitrogen applications are adjusted in consideration of groundwater and surface water vulnerability. Clipping yield, thatch levels, need for growth, color, growth rate, and tissue testing determine the need for nitrogen applications.
4.3. Phosphorus
Phosphorous is very important in turfgrass health, especially during turfgrass establishment. We apply the least amount of phosphorus needed for healthy functional turf. We use soil test information to determine phosphorus need. Phosphorus applications are minimized in areas where phosphorus levels are medium to high based on soil test results, except in the case of establishment operations. Local restrictions on phosphorus use are followed. We adjust phosphorus in consideration of groundwater and surface water vulnerability. We adjust phosphorus to limit seed head developemetn in Poa annua.
4.4. Potassium
Potassium is a very important element in turfgrass health. It is an essential component needed in plant growth. Soil test information is used to develop target potassium levels. We limit potassium inputs to the amount needed to reach target levels.
4.5. Calcium, Magnesium, and Micronutrients
Calcium, magnesium, and multiple micronutrients such as iron each play an active role in turfgrass health. Their functions include encouraging plant growth, producing chlorophyll, reducing disease, as well as, many other functions. We apply calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients as required to maintain plant health. We regularly test soil and plant tissue to avoid calcium, magnesium, and micronutrient deficiency problems.
4.6. pH
The availability of nutrients to turfgrass is influenced by the pH of the soil. We maintain soil pH appropriate for turfgrass type. We adjust soil pH when possible to optimize soil nutrient availability using results from soil tests.
4.7. Fertilizer Application Practices
Nutrient management has a significant impact on plant health, soils, and the environment. We use appropriate application equipment for the area being fertilized. Fertilizer spreaders are properly calibrated to ensure accurate application rates. We review the weather forecast prior to fertilizer applications. We avoid fertilizer applications prior to forecasts for heavy rainfall to minimize potential for runoff. We avoid fertilizer application to impervious surfaces (cart paths, parking lots, etc). We avoid applying fertilizer to sand bunkers and water features. We closely monitor the nutrient application rate, form, application method, and application timing.
4.8. Buffer Zones
We follow appropriate buffer zone practices as described in the Buffer Zones section of this BMP document. Fertilizer applications are limited in defined buffer zones.
4.9. Documentation
Location, date, weather conditions, and type of fertilizer applied are recorded. Rate of nutrient application is recorded. Method of nutrient application is recorded. Post-application irrigation practices are recorded. The current inventory of fertilizer on hand is maintained.
4.10. Storage
We avoid long-term storage of fertilizers and order as needed. Fertilizer inventory is maintained in a dedicated, dry, well-ventilated, enclosed environment. Fertilizer is stored separately from solvents, fuels, and pesticides. We sweep up any spilled fertilizer immediately.
5. IRRIGATION
A well-designed irrigation system can maintain the desired level of turfgrass health and playability while using water more efficiently. Area Greens Tees Fairways Rough Ornamentals Natural Areas Ponds Acres 1.5 1 16 40 0.5 20 1 Irrigation Requirement High Medium Medium Low N/A N/A N/A Cultural Practices Frequency High Medium Medium Low Medium Low Medium
5.1. Irrigation System Design
Irrigation of greens and green surrounds is designed to provide inward and outward sprinkler coverage for maximum efficiency and optimal turfgrass health. We have operational control of each head to increase irrigation flexibility. We have separate irrigation zones for slopes, roughs, and areas surrounding greens. Rain shutoff switches are installed or are a part of the automated/computerized system/weather station installed to avoid over-watering following significant rainfall. Irrigation systems were designed and installed by qualified specialists.
5.2. Soil Moisture
Soil moisture levels that promote healthy turfgrass are maintained. Over-application of water to turfgrass is avoided. Adequate drainage is provided to promote healthy root development and help prevent compaction. Moisture sensors are used to determine effectiveness of irrigation in wetting soil. We monitor soil wettability with the Water Drop Penetration Time (WDPT) test. If soil resists wetting, soil surfactants are used to restore wettability and avoid
development of soil water repellency.
5.3. Conservation
The following BMPs are practiced at Cherokee Golf & Country Club in order to reduce the amount of water withdrawn from water supply sources, reduce consumptive use, reduce the loss or waste of water, improve the efficiency of water use, and increase the recycling and reuse of water when possible. Irrigation program is optimized to conserve water. Irrigation application rates do not exceed the maximum ability of the soil to absorb and hold the water applied at any one time, with the exception of salt affected soils. We irrigate according to the needs of each area of the golf course specifically. To assist in irrigation scheduling we use data from: -Weather station. -Evapotranspiration (ET). -Soil surfactants are used to ensure uniform delivery of water and solutes to rootzone. -Irrigation in secondary rough areas is reduced. -Where possible, irrigation of non-play areas has been eliminated We plan to conduct an irrigation audit to find out where improvements can be made in irrigation system efficiency. We use turfgrass species that require less water. Water conservation measures are applied even if using reclaimed water.
5.4. Water Quality
Irrigation water quality has been tested and the irrigation source water is suitable for application to turfgrass. Long-term implications of irrigation source water quality have been identified.
5.5. Reclaimed Water
Irrigating with recycled or reclaimed water provides an opportunity to conserve water and develop partnerships with the community.
5.6. Management
Irrigation systems are operated based on moisture needs of turfgrass or to water in a fertilizer or chemical application as directed by the label. The following are at least annually: -Irrigation System -Flow Meters -Annual maintenance on pump stations is performed. -The irrigation system is monitored for breaks and malfunctions. -We perform leak detection on a regular basis, including in the spring prior to the start of the irrigation season and again at the end of the season. -Isolation valves are used before all main lines and major laterals to be able to quickly shut off leaking areas before turfgrass is damaged and water is lost. -We trim vegetation around and level sprinkler heads and valve boxes as needed. -Leak monitoring devices are installed that will automatically disable the pump in the event of a substantial leak. The irrigation schedule coincides with other cultural practices such as the application of nutrients. A drought emergency plan has been developed to address the most critical golf course water demands during times of water use restrictions. Irrigation is limited to seasons defined in appurtenant water rights. Irrigation is limited to quantities defined in appurtenant water rights. Backflow prevention devices are used to limit the possibility of irrigationwater entering municipal water supply systems. We measure water use monthly and annually. We coordinate fertilization and irrigation rates to prevent runoff to surface waters or groundwater leaching.
6. ENVIRONMENTAL
Environmental issues are recognized by the golf course superintendent at the Remsen Golf Course. The following BMPs were developed to highlight the key environmental issues.
6.1. Regulations
There are numerous rules and regulations that are pertinent to our golf course and golf course maintenance practices. We are familiar with federal, state, and local regulations that apply to golf course operations including those related to habitat, surface water, groundwater, and stormwater runoff. We implement policies and procedures to achieve compliance with relevant regulations.
6.2. Habitat
The Remsen Golf Course is able to provide significant habitat to a diverse population of birds, mammals, plants, insects, and other wildlife. -The golf course is maintained to optimize preservation and enhancement of wildlife habitat. -We obtain advice from organizations and agencies such as Audubon International, local Audubon Society Chapters, state wildlife agencies, local watershed councils, environmental professionals, etc. to assist in habitat enhancement and applicable regulations. -We consider the presence of amphibian and other species when selecting pesticide delivery systems.
6.3. Stormwater
Stormwater management is important at the Remsen Golf Course for many reasons. Stormwater runoff can carry pollution to receiving waters, cause erosion, and cause flooding if not managed properly. -We strive to understand both the quantity and quality of stormwater that passes through the golf course. -The natural drainage pathways that existed prior to development were preserved where possible. -Stormwater management slows water velocities and reduces peak discharges. -Discharges from pipes that go directly to surface water are avoided.
-We institute buffers and special management zones. -We minimize the use of impervious surfaces. -We maximize opportunities for infiltration in permeable areas. -We minimize use of curbing or create breaks in curbs where water can flow into appropriate landscaped or natural areas to serve as alternative "irrigation" and be naturally filtered. -We control surface runoff quantity and quality in parking lots and from roofs with appropriate infiltration and/or treatment practices such as bioretention facilities (rain gardens), infiltration planters, grassy swales, filter strips, or constructed wetlands. -We channel water from rain gutters into planted areas or water reservoirs.
6.4. Monitoring
We have inventoried property features with respect to habitat, water quality, and stormwater management to define a baseline for measuring improvement and enhancements. -We monitor and document habitat improvements and related wildlife response (e.g., installation of bird boxes leading to increased bird population). -We measure pH, temperature, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen in our water quality samples. -We include nutrients in our analytical plan for water quality samples. -We include pesticides in our analytical plan for water quality samples. -We monitor and document water quality of relevant surface and groundwater to assess impact of golf course management practices. -Our sampling program includes testing for nutrient concentration in water. -Our sampling program includes testing for pesticide concentrations in water. -A certified analytical lab is used. -Sampling techniques recognized as the standard of practice are used. -The water quality is evaluated by review of documentation related to the sampling event. -The daily weather forecast or the local air quality index is checked to find out if an air quality advisory is in effect. If it is, activities that add to air pollution are reduced. For example, we limit the amount of motorized equipment use that day.
6.5. Corrective Action
In the event that monitoring information identifies a potential problem, we design and implement action to correct the situation. -We document the corrective action plan. -We document the corrective action taken.
6.6. Spill Response
A specific Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) based on these BMPs has been developed. -Appropriate spill response equipment is maintained. -Staff is trained on proper use of spill response equipment. -Staff is trained on procedures for containing spills and avoiding injury. -When appropriate, a spill response report is filed. -Information for appropriate responders based on the nature of the spill is maintained and posted. The conditions that define whether a spill must be reported are determined (i.e. what quantity of chemical spilled requires reporting). If required, spills are reported to the National Spill Response Center () or to the local state regulatory agency. Information for other public or private agencies in the area that deal with spill response, is stored in a location visible for all staff. We are ready to answer questions such as: Where is the spill? What spilled? How much spilled? How concentrated is the spilled material? Who spilled the material? Is anyone cleaning up the spill? Are there resource damages? Who is reporting the spill? How can they get back to us about the spill?
6.7. Wellhead Protection
The objective of wellhead protection is to protect groundwater resources for our use and for the communities in which our golf course exists.
7. PEST MANAGEMENT
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a method of combining proper plant selection, correct cultural practices, the monitoring of pest and environmental conditions, and the judicious use of biological controls and pesticides to manage pest problems.
7.1. Integrated Pest Management
An Integrated Pest Management Plan for the Remsen Golf Course has been developed. The Integrated Pest Management Plan is used as an operational reference for all pest management decisions at our golf course. Staff is educated on the contents and utility of the Integrated Pest Management Plan. We review and revise the Integrated Pest Management Plan over time so that it remains a contemporary document reflecting the state of golf course management.
7.2. Weeds
Action thresholds are defined for all areas of the golf course. -We monitor turfgrass regularly for presence of weeds. -Turfgrass vigor is optimized by mowing at the appropriate height and by proper application of fertilizer and water to prevent weed colonization and establishment. -When possible, we use mechanical means (i.e., hand pulling) to remove weeds, particularly in bunkers. -Selective herbicides are used when thresholds have been exceeded. -When appropriate, pesticide applications are limited to spot treatments.
7.3. Fungal Disease
Action thresholds are defined for all areas of the golf course. -Disease symptoms and disease life cycle are understood to the extent practical. -Cultural practices designed to minimize injury from fungal pathogens have been defined and implemented. -We monitor turfgrass regularly for disease symptoms. -We monitor conditions (temperature, humidity, moisture, etc.) that favor disease development. -Fungicides with optimal efficacy and specificity are used. -When possible, targeted, spot applications of fungicides are used. -We rotate chemical family of fungicides applied to prevent the development of fungal resistance.
-Problem areas, disease activity, and treatment applied are documented. -We use preventive application of fungicides only when environmental conditions that promote disease can be reasonably anticipated.
7.4. Insects
Action thresholds are defined for all areas of the golf course. -Relevant insect life cycles and symptoms of infestation are understood to the extent practical. -Habitat for native insect predators is provided. -Bat and bird boxes have been installed near areas where insect infestations could be food sources for these animals. -We encourage beneficial insects and consider impacts to beneficial insects prior to application of pesticides. -We monitor turfgrass regularly for symptoms of infestation. -We calculate growing degree days to estimate insect activity. -If infestation is detected; we strive to correctly identify the insect. -We use target specific insecticides. -Targeted spot applications of insecticides are used. -We calculate growing degree days to estimate insect activity.
7.5. Rodents
Action thresholds are defined for all areas of the golf course. -Mechanical traps are used when possible and if local laws allow. -We study the habits of the target rodent to enhance trap efficiency. -Habitat for native rodent predators is provided where possible. -Nesting or perching features (i.e., snags, nest boxes, etc.) are installed for raptors that use rodents as a food source. -We use rodenticides only as a last resort. -We strive to eliminate rodent food sources and habitat.
7.6. Buffer Zones
We follow appropriate buffer zone practices as described in Buffer Zones section of this BMP documentation. Separate action thresholds are defined for application of pesticides within buffer zones.
7.7. Aquatic
Action thresholds are defined for the aquatic areas of the golf course. -Pond function (habitat or irrigation) is considered when defining damage/action
thresholds. -Ponds/lakes are kept as deep as practical to minimize aquatic weed growth. -Mechanical means are used to remove undesirable aquatic plants. -We use beneficial aquatic plants to out-compete undesirable plants and/or to remove nitrate from the water. Prior to using aquatic herbicides or insecticides, appropriate permits are obtained.
7.8. Cultural and Physical Controls
-We use certified pest-free plant material, if available. -We use appropriate turfgrass species for areas being planted. -We increase mowing height to reduce plant stress associated with nematodes, root-feeding insects, disease outbreaks, or peak weed seed germination. -Root growth is stimulated or increased if root-feeding pests are detected. -Irrigation frequency is increased (with smaller quantities) until roots recover. -Irrigation is managed to avoid excess moisture or drought stress. -We wash mowers to avoid spreading pathogens and weeds. -We manage thatch by adjusting fertility levels, mechanical removal, top dressing, or other means. -Traffic is diverted away from areas that are stressed.
7.9. Natural Controls
We provide native flowering plants that can be nectar food sources for parasitic insects and pollinators. We encourage beneficial organisms in out-of-play areas.
7.10. Pesticide (Synthetic or Biological) Controls
The following is a brief list of important factors that we consider when using pesticides at the Remsen Golf Course. More detailed pesticide BMPs are listed in the Pesticide section of this BMP documentation and our approach to integrated pest management is documented in our IPM Plan. -We choose Reduced Risk products as defined by the EPA when available. -We choose products targeted at the pest of intent. -We read and understand the pesticide label. -We test new pesticides on a small area on the golf course before widely using them. -We manage pesticide resistance by rotating pesticides with different modes of action, as appropriate. -We consider the weather condition prior to the application of pesticides. -For insecticides aimed at soil insects, we irrigate turfgrass before and/or after an application, in accordance with the label.
-We avoid applying herbicides at times when they could contribute to plant stress and result in greater plant damage by a secondary pest problem. -We honor buffer zones when applying pesticides. -We maintain pesticide application records required by the state.
8. PESTICIDES
When using pesticides at the Remsen Golf Course, there are many important factors that come into play. These include minimizing potential hazards to human health and the environment, optimizing playing conditions of the golf course, utilizing effective monitoring to enable selective control of pest populations, minimizing pesticide use through targeted application while optimizing pesticide efficacy, sustaining high turfgrass quality, controlling operating costs, and maintaining the health of the landscape elements such as trees, shrubs, flower beds, and natural areas.
8.1. Selection
The identity of pest requiring pesticide treatment is confirmed. Pesticides are selected based on efficacy, target specificity, the potential effect on non-target species, cost, site characteristics, and environmental compatibility. The chemical "family" of pesticides used for a specific pest is rotated to limit the development of pesticide resistance. We use pesticides labeled by the EPA as Reduced Risk Pesticides.
8.2. Application
The appropriate state regulations are followed regarding licensing of personnel who handle pesticides. -We read and understand pesticide labeling before use. -We use pesticides for labeled use only. -We use the "first in - first out" principle with regard to our pesticides. The pesticides that have been stored at the golf course for the greatest length of time are used first. -Pesticides for target pests are mixed at rates specified on the label. -Pesticides are mixed in a dedicated area. -We have a properly designed and constructed area where the operator can perform all mixing operations. -Spills can be collected and managed. -Mixing operations are located away from groundwater wells and areas where runoff may carry spilled pesticides into surface water bodies. -Spills are cleaned up immediately. -Pesticide containers are properly rinsed and rinsate is put into a spray tank whenever possible. -Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn during pesticide mixing and application. -We properly calibrate sprayers and/or spreaders before use. -Pesticides are applied to target areas only. -Pesticides are not applied in buffer zones to the extent practical.
-We follow application setbacks when specified on the label. -We minimize pesticide drift by applying when winds are 5 mph or less, or use hooded booms. -Appropriate nozzles are selected and drift reduction technologies are used. -Curative applications are used only when pest action threshold levels have been reached. -Preventative applications are used only when conditions favoring outbreaks occur or can be reasonably anticipated (e.g., summer stress favoring anthracnose, cool conditions favoring Microdochium patch (fusarium)). -We use check plots to determine pesticide effectiveness (i.e. 2 x 2 foot square of plywood laid on turfgrass to block application and serve as an untreated control area.) -Posting requirements are followed according to state law and the pesticide label.
8.3. Pesticide Spill Management
We use proper personal protective equipment (PPE). We follow the 4 steps: control, contain, collect, and store. We comply with all applicable federal, state, and local regulations on spill response training, spill reporting requirements, spill containment, and cleanup. Waste is disposed of in accordance with regulations. We have developed a Standard Operating Procedure for spill response.
8.4. Storage
Proper handling and storage is important to avoid serious injury or death, fires, environmental contamination, cleanup costs, civil lawsuits, destruction of turfgrass, and wasted pesticide product. The storage BMPs listed below are followed at the Remsen Golf Course: Specific storage requirements shown on the label are followed. -Pesticides are stored in a restricted access, lockable, dedicated room or cabinet. -Liquid products are stored below dry products. -Liquids are not placed above eye level. -All products; especially dry bags, are stored up off floor (i.e., on pallets). -The pesticide storage area meets OSHA requirements (i.e., dry, ventilated, temperature control, etc.). -Pesticides are stored in original containers with original labels. -The pesticides are organized: flammable/nonflammable, fungicides/herbicides/insecticides. -A map showing pesticide storage areas has been created.
8.5. Disposal
The BMPs for disposal listed below are followed at the Remsen Golf Course: -Specific disposal requirements described on the label are followed. -Pesticide containers are rinsed as soon as they are empty. -Containers are triple rinsed prior to disposal. -Rinsate is mixed into a batch for application according to label directions. -We confirm by inspection that all visible residues in the rinsed container have been removed prior to disposal. -After cleaning, pesticide containers are puncture to prevent reuse. -Our local pesticide distributor has been contacted for container recycling instructions. -If there is any question about the contents of a container, we set it aside for proper disposal. -We properly dispose of old or unusable pesticides.
8.6. Documentation
The following information is recorded as part of the documentation process: -We maintain current inventory of pesticides on hand. -We follow state regulations for proper documentation and reporting procedures. -The target of pesticide application. -The location, date, and type of pesticide applied. -The weather conditions. -The rate of application. -The method of application.
9. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Petroleum products can be harmful when introduced to the environment including surface waters. These products can float on the water surface, sink to the bottom, evaporate into the air, or remain suspended in the soil and groundwater. Petroleum products have a low solubility and can be toxic to plants, animals, and people.
9.1. Fuel Storage
Bulk fuel is stored in certified, double walled, self-contained steel tanks. Fuel storage containers are labeled clearly and accurately. A map of fuel and chemical storage areas has been created.
9.2. Disposal
Used fluids are stored in separate containers appropriate for specific fluid type. Used fluid containers are maintained in an easy access, safe area that is out of the weather. Used fluid containers are stored on a non-corrosive secondary containment deck. Used fluid containers are labeled clearly with fluid contents.
9.3. Fueling Areas
Fueling areas are covered to minimize contact with stormwater. Employees are educated on the importance of handling petroleum products properly. We comply with regulatory requirements for aboveground and underground storage tanks.
9.4. Spill Response
Refer to the Environmental section of this BMP documentation. A spill kit is located in the fueling area.
9.5. Fuel Usage
Fuel-efficient equipment is chosen when possible.
-The number of two-cycle engines that are used has been reduced. -Mowing, spraying, bunker raking, and other maintenance activity routes have been developed that optimize the activity and reduce fuel use. -Engine idling is limited. -Fuel, oil, and hydraulic leaks are repaired immediately.
10. WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling, or disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human activity. By managing wastes, we reduce our effect on human or ecological health or local aesthetics or amenities. Managing wastes allows us to reduce the effects of wastes on the environment.
10.1. Compost
We compost as much biomass as possible and reuse on the golf course or property. Compost areas are located away from surface waters or where groundwater may be impacted.
10.2. Wash Water
We do not wash equipment unnecessarily. Equipment is brushed or blown with compressed air before, or instead of, washing. We do not discharge wash water directly to natural surface water or groundwater. Instead of or in addition to equipment wash stations we: Use the "dog leash" system - wash over grass and move around to prevent discharge to groundwater or runoff to surface water. We minimize the use of detergents. We minimize the amount of water used to clean equipment. For example, we use a hose with a shutoff nozzle when washing equipment and machinery with water. We do not conduct equipment wash operations on a pesticide mixing and loading pad. We do not wash equipment used to apply pesticides on pads with oil/water separators. Pesticide residues will contaminate the oil that is salvaged. Equipment maintenance areas are protected from rainfall. Each piece of equipment is assigned a specific parking area. This allows oil or other fluid leaks to be easily spotted and attributed to a specific machine so that it can be repaired. Drains are protected from receiving inappropriate fluids. For example, we do not allow rinse water into a storm drain, and do not allow oil to enter sanitary or storm drains.
10.3. Hazardous Waste
All waste containers are sealed, secured, and properly labeled. We use only approved, licensed contractors for disposal. Pesticide mixtures that cannot legally be applied to a site are disposed of as hazardous waste. Antifreeze is recycled, or disposed of as hazardous waste. Lead-acid storage batteries are recycled, or disposed of as hazardous waste.
10.4. Recycling
We implement a recycling program (cardboard, plastic, aluminum cans, etc.). All cracked batteries are stored in a non-leaking secondary container to retain acid leaks and recycle them.mBatteries are stored inside a covered area. We recycle used materials in properly marked containers such as: We recycle the following used materials: -Degreasers -Used Oil -Oil Filters -Antifreeze -Cleaning Solutions -Automotive Batteries -Used Rags -Hydraulic Fluid
11. SAFETY AND EDUCATION PROGRAM
Effective management of worker safety and health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and the severity of work-related injuries and illnesses. Worker safety is important in ensuring protection from the potential hazards of working at the Remsen Golf Course.
11.1. Safety Meetings
Environmental Stewardship principles used by the golf course are communicated with all staff.
11.2. Safety Training
A safety training program exists including the following topics: CPR and first aid -Eye protection -Noise exposure and protection -Personal protection equipment (PPE) -Fire safety training, including pesticides and other hazardous materials -Free safety training videos are periodically requested from OSHA We understand how to interpret a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). MSDS documents are placed in one location that is known and accessible by everyone employed at the golf course.
11.3. Hazard Communication Training
A hazard communication program has been established. Employees are alerted to the environmental and health hazards of the various chemicals used at the golf course. Safe handling, storage, waste management, and disposal practices for all chemicals used at the golf course are communicated. MSDS documents are placed in one location that is known and accessible by everyone employed at the golf course. Eyewash stations are located in the maintenance shop and at other locations where chemicals are stored.
11.4. Equipment Training
An equipment training program has been established and includes the following topics:
-Tool and accessory training. -Lightning safety and protection. -Emergency procedures. -Signage. -All fire extinguisher locations are highlighted. -Signage appropriate for location or situation is displayed.
11.5. Safety Audits
The insurance company was contacted to request they perform a safety audit.
12. ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
A formal environmental stewardship program is useful in managing the golf course to its fullest benefit to watershed health. Where possible and practical we achieve certifications for our management practices. Our BMPs and IPM Plan are the basic foundation of our environmental stewardship program. The following sections of the Remsen Golf Course’s overall Environmental Stewardship Plan have been completed: -Environmental Setting -IPM Plan -BMPs -Water Quality Monitoring Plan -Water Management and Conservation Plan -Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Plan -Community Outreach Plan We are planning on beginning the application process for both the Groundwater Guardian and Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary program's. These are too be completed within the next two years along with starting the GCSAA Enviromental Management Program. We are also looking into partnering with both the Iowa DNR and NRCS to assist on case studies and make our golf course more environmentally friendly to promote wildlife habitat.
Remsen Golf Course Remsen, IA United States
February 6, 2013
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
The Remsen Golf Course has adopted a set of Best Management Practices (BMPs) designed to allow us to achieve efficiencies, perform better environmentally, document our management practices, and improve turfgrass health. This document presents the BMPs used by the Remsen Golf Course. It presents an outline of BMPs that generally follow policies and practices that are applicable to the golf course management industry. The outline was developed from a variety of relevant industry sources including the Golf Course Superintendents' Association of America (GCSAA); the United States Golf Association (USGA) Greens Section; the BMPs for Enhancement of Environmental Quality on Florida Golf Courses; Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS); Oregon State University (OSU); Washington State University (WSU); King County, Washington; Northwest Turfgrass Association (NTA); and Best Management Practices for Golf Course Water Use by Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. The priorities for BMP implementation in the Environmental Stewardship Program at the Remsen Golf Course include the following: -To correct any identified existing water quality problems; -To minimize water quality/quantity problems resulting from land use, management practices, and exploitation; -To improve effectiveness of existing BMPs; and -To seek additional improvements based on new information. Our goals for adopting BMPs include the following: -Reduced environmental impacts; -Improved turfgrass quality; -Enhanced golf outing experiences; -Improved worker safety; -Efficient use of resources; -Reduced maintenance expenditures; -Reduced regulatory requirements; and -Self-regulate our practices. Record keeping is a very important component of the BMP program, and serves as the basis for self-auditing of implementation performance. At the Remsen Golf Course, the following types of forms are utilized: -Fertilizer Applications -Pesticide Applications -IPM Scouting -Staff Training -Modifications to the BMP Program A self-audit program is included as part of our Environmental Stewardship Program.
If questions arise regarding specifics of the following BMPs, we address them by cross-referencing appropriate guidance from relevant resources whenever possible. Examples of available resources include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the state environmental quality, ecology, or agriculture departments, state occupational safety and health divisions, the local fire marshal, the universal building code, or the universal fire code. The BMPs will be continually reviewed and revised over time to reflect changes in the level of knowledge and changes at the golf course. BMPs implemented at the golf course will be revisited when water quality data indicate a change may be in order or additional BMPs are adopted. BMPs are divided into the following sections: -Buffer Zones; -Turfgrass Culture; -Horticulture Management; -Fertilization; -Irrigation; -Environmental; -Pest Management; -Pesticides; -Petroleum Products; -Waste Management; -Safety and Education Program; and -Environmental Stewardship Program.
1. BUFFER ZONES
Buffer zones can provide important benefits, including temperature moderation, erosion control, sedimentation prevention, riparian habitat, biodiversity, and landscape connectivity for wildlife. At the Remsen Golf Course we recognize the importance of buffer zones in watershed function. Buffer zones are established near our waterways where appropriate. Our average buffer zone width is 30 ft. Our buffer widths are designed to vary in accordance with landscape and potential pollutants entering the buffer at a specific location. Minimum buffer widths will vary with the intended buffer function and the specific site conditions including hydrogeology, slope, vegetation types, soil type, presence of wetlands, the type of nutrient or pollutant to be removed, and golf course layout. Vegetated buffers are located between water bodies, wetlands, and wellheads and any potential pollution sources such as fertilized areas or runoff producing areas, such as impervious surfaces and seasonally saturated areas. Instructions on the pesticide label for required buffer zones are followed. -Fertilizer applications are limited or eliminated to the extent practical in defined buffer zones. -Separate action thresholds are defined for application of pesticides within buffer zones. We have investigated whether waterways on the golf course have additional restrictions for pesticide use in buffer zones.
2. TURFGRASS CULTURE
Cultural practices employed at the Remsen Golf Course can have a significant impact on turfgrass health, growth, and playability. Healthy turfgrass is more tolerant of pest pressures. It is important to develop location specific cultural practices (i.e., greens, approaches, tees, fairways, rough, out of play surface waters, and naturalized areas). These cultural practices are modified based upon microclimates (i.e., shade, slope, or exposure to sun and wind). We maintain a total of 80 acres. Area Greens Tees Fairways Rough Ornamentals Natural Areas Ponds Acres 1.5 1 16 40 0.5 20 1 Mowing Frequency High Medium Medium Medium N/A N/A N/A Turf Height (inches) 0.120” 0.500” 0.500” 2” N/A N/A N/A Cultural Practice Freq. High Medium Medium Low Medium Low Medium
2.1. Mowing
Mowing is an important and necessary cultural practice used to archive healthy and playable turfgrass. Many factors influence and are influenced by mowing. The following mowing BMPs are followed at Cherokee Golf & Country Club. -Mowing height is set appropriately for location. -Mowing height is adjusted to relieve turfgrass stress when necessary. -Sharp blades are maintained for a clean cut to reduce turfgrass stress. -Clippings are left on tees, fairways, and rough, where feasible. -Clippings are removed from greens. -Collected clippings are disposed in a controlled composting program. -Collected clippings are disposed in a stockpile that is beyond 25 feet of surface waters.
2.2. Surface and Soil Profile Management
Golf course playing surfaces perform best when a firm, sandy soil profile is developed for turfgrass growth. 2.2.1. Aerification Aerification type and frequency is adjusted to be appropriate for turfgrass location,
conditions, and weather. Routine verticutting is performed to promote an upright growth habit and smoother putting surface. 2.2.2. Topdressing Light topdressing is applied for preventing excess thatch accumulation at the soil surface and maintaining a uniform soil profile. For greens, we use topdressing sand that meets USGA specifications when available to maintain consistent rootzone content. We attempt to use the same source of sand over time in order to maintain soil profile consistency. Topdressing is applied following aerification. Light topdressing is applied following verticutting. 2.2.3. Seeding and Overseeding Turfgrass species and varieties best suited for the growing environment and the expected use of the area are selected. When available, disease or insect resistant cultivars are used. 2.2.4. Rolling Greens are rolled to provide a smoother, faster playing surface. Greens are rolled to provide a consistent green speed at a higher cutting height. 2.2.5. Wear and Tear Cup locations are routinely moved on the greens. When possible, we vary the points where golf carts enter turfgrass from cart paths to reduce localized wear.
2.3. Poa Annua Discouragement
Poa annua often invades turfgrass and may be considered a weed. The following BMPs are used to discourage the growth of Poa annua.
Growing Medium Chemistry -Maintain a low soil pH by using high levels of ferrous sulfate with high rates of water frequently. -Apply minimal phosphorous to limit seed head production. -Apply low rates of nitrogen. -Apply low rates of paclobutrazol. -Minimize Soil Disturbance -Perform regular deep needle tine aerification (monthly). -Use smooth rollers on greens mowers. -Aerify only at the start of the growing season unless needed to improve drainage locally.
3. HORTICULTURE MANAGEMENT
In addition to turfgrass, the Remsen Golf Course also has other types of vegetation, including trees and shrubs, ornamental plantings, and flower beds. Effective management of these features can be complementary and supportive of turfgrass growth and environmental initiatives we undertake.
3.1. Tree Management
The following BMPs related to tree management are followed at the Remsen Golf Course. Where appropriate we select native trees. Locations are carefully evaluated prior to planting. The Remsen Golf Course makes sure to: -Consider water requirements and influence on shading and air circulation for the surrounding turfgrass. -Consider wildlife habitat. -Consider aesthetics. -Add tree canopy over surface water to help reduce water temperatures and increase dissolved oxygen. -A tree inventory on the entire property including the natural areas has been competed and is updated as needed. -Trees are routinely monitored. -We monitor overall health. -We prune when appropriate to maintain tree health. -The influence on playing characteristics is always considered. -We monitor for the presence of insects and diseases. -We consider the hazard potential posed by unpruned trees. -Tree removal -Trees may be removed because of disease, age, wind, lightening damage, or hazard potential. -Trees may be removed to increase sunlight and air circulation to specific turfgrass areas. -A professional tree service is consulted regarding tree removal that is beyond the scope of routine golf course maintenance practices. -When possible, shade is retained over waterways to preserve habitat and help control temperature. -We consider retaining snags for wildlife habitat. -Air circulation is optimized through tree management. -Shade for turfgrass areas is minimized. -Traffic in shaded areas is minimized. -We remove leaves, fallen limbs, and other debris from turfgrass areas. These are taken to the controlled composting area and/or an area to be staged for disposal.
3.2. Ornamental Landscape Management
Ornamental plants are properly selected, planted, and maintained for increased survival, water conservation, and performance in the landscape. Woody ornamentals and herbaceous perennials are planted in the fall and winter. The planting bed is prepared by: -Deep tilling to a depth of 8 to 12 inches. -When planting individual plants, we create a wide enough excavation to provide a favorable rooting environment. -When necessary, appropriate amendments are added to the planting bed to improve the physical properties of the soil - water retention, water infiltration, and drainage or to enhance its mineral and microbial content. -We irrigate at night or early in the morning to conserve moisture and avoid evaporative loss of water. -We practice deep watering in order to encourage strong healthy root systems that are water efficient. -Light, frequent irrigation of ornamentals that would encourage shallow rooting is avoided as much as possible. -Over-fertilization is avoided. -Fertilizing during periods of limited rainfall or high temperatures is avoided.
4. FERTILIZATION
Proper fertilization is essential for turfgrass to sustain desirable color, growth, density, and vigor; to better resist diseases, weeds, and insects; and to provide optimum playability.
Area Greens Tees Fairways Rough Ornamentals Natural Areas Ponds Acres 1.5 1 16 40 0.5 20 1 Fertilizer Fert. Total Requirement Treatments/Yr. Nitrogen Med-High 7 2.7 lbs./M Low-Med 4 3 lbs./M Low-Med 2 2 lbs./M Low N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cultural Prac. Freq. High Medium Medium Low Medium Low Medium
4.1. Nutrient Testing
Nutrient testing is a good indicator of the fertilization requirement. Soil nutrient testing is performed at regular intervals (typically every 1 - 3 years with shorter intervals for sand-based soil profiles). Samples are collected at the same time of year (i.e. Spring) and same depth (i.e. 3 inches) to provide a consistent evaluation of soil nutrient levels from year to year. Samples are collected at the end of the fertilization application interval before the next application interval. Accurate records of soil sample locations, date of sampling, soil conditions, and test results are maintained. The same laboratory is used for analyses over time so that results are more comparable. Plant tissue testing is used to evaluate fertility. This is most valuable for micronutrients.
4.2. Nitrogen
Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients applied to turfgrass. Nitrogen has a strong effect on elements such as growth rate, thatch accumulation, and turfgrass color.
We regulate nitrogen application to optimize turfgrass health and prevent disease development with the goal of using the least amount of nitrogen needed for healthy functional turf. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizers are used when appropriate. Low rates of quick-release nitrogen fertilizers are used to minimize inputs to the environment. Nitrogen applications are adjusted in consideration of groundwater and surface water vulnerability. Clipping yield, thatch levels, need for growth, color, growth rate, and tissue testing determine the need for nitrogen applications.
4.3. Phosphorus
Phosphorous is very important in turfgrass health, especially during turfgrass establishment. We apply the least amount of phosphorus needed for healthy functional turf. We use soil test information to determine phosphorus need. Phosphorus applications are minimized in areas where phosphorus levels are medium to high based on soil test results, except in the case of establishment operations. Local restrictions on phosphorus use are followed. We adjust phosphorus in consideration of groundwater and surface water vulnerability. We adjust phosphorus to limit seed head developemetn in Poa annua.
4.4. Potassium
Potassium is a very important element in turfgrass health. It is an essential component needed in plant growth. Soil test information is used to develop target potassium levels. We limit potassium inputs to the amount needed to reach target levels.
4.5. Calcium, Magnesium, and Micronutrients
Calcium, magnesium, and multiple micronutrients such as iron each play an active role in turfgrass health. Their functions include encouraging plant growth, producing chlorophyll, reducing disease, as well as, many other functions. We apply calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients as required to maintain plant health. We regularly test soil and plant tissue to avoid calcium, magnesium, and micronutrient deficiency problems.
4.6. pH
The availability of nutrients to turfgrass is influenced by the pH of the soil. We maintain soil pH appropriate for turfgrass type. We adjust soil pH when possible to optimize soil nutrient availability using results from soil tests.
4.7. Fertilizer Application Practices
Nutrient management has a significant impact on plant health, soils, and the environment. We use appropriate application equipment for the area being fertilized. Fertilizer spreaders are properly calibrated to ensure accurate application rates. We review the weather forecast prior to fertilizer applications. We avoid fertilizer applications prior to forecasts for heavy rainfall to minimize potential for runoff. We avoid fertilizer application to impervious surfaces (cart paths, parking lots, etc). We avoid applying fertilizer to sand bunkers and water features. We closely monitor the nutrient application rate, form, application method, and application timing.
4.8. Buffer Zones
We follow appropriate buffer zone practices as described in the Buffer Zones section of this BMP document. Fertilizer applications are limited in defined buffer zones.
4.9. Documentation
Location, date, weather conditions, and type of fertilizer applied are recorded. Rate of nutrient application is recorded. Method of nutrient application is recorded. Post-application irrigation practices are recorded. The current inventory of fertilizer on hand is maintained.
4.10. Storage
We avoid long-term storage of fertilizers and order as needed. Fertilizer inventory is maintained in a dedicated, dry, well-ventilated, enclosed environment. Fertilizer is stored separately from solvents, fuels, and pesticides. We sweep up any spilled fertilizer immediately.
5. IRRIGATION
A well-designed irrigation system can maintain the desired level of turfgrass health and playability while using water more efficiently. Area Greens Tees Fairways Rough Ornamentals Natural Areas Ponds Acres 1.5 1 16 40 0.5 20 1 Irrigation Requirement High Medium Medium Low N/A N/A N/A Cultural Practices Frequency High Medium Medium Low Medium Low Medium
5.1. Irrigation System Design
Irrigation of greens and green surrounds is designed to provide inward and outward sprinkler coverage for maximum efficiency and optimal turfgrass health. We have operational control of each head to increase irrigation flexibility. We have separate irrigation zones for slopes, roughs, and areas surrounding greens. Rain shutoff switches are installed or are a part of the automated/computerized system/weather station installed to avoid over-watering following significant rainfall. Irrigation systems were designed and installed by qualified specialists.
5.2. Soil Moisture
Soil moisture levels that promote healthy turfgrass are maintained. Over-application of water to turfgrass is avoided. Adequate drainage is provided to promote healthy root development and help prevent compaction. Moisture sensors are used to determine effectiveness of irrigation in wetting soil. We monitor soil wettability with the Water Drop Penetration Time (WDPT) test. If soil resists wetting, soil surfactants are used to restore wettability and avoid
development of soil water repellency.
5.3. Conservation
The following BMPs are practiced at Cherokee Golf & Country Club in order to reduce the amount of water withdrawn from water supply sources, reduce consumptive use, reduce the loss or waste of water, improve the efficiency of water use, and increase the recycling and reuse of water when possible. Irrigation program is optimized to conserve water. Irrigation application rates do not exceed the maximum ability of the soil to absorb and hold the water applied at any one time, with the exception of salt affected soils. We irrigate according to the needs of each area of the golf course specifically. To assist in irrigation scheduling we use data from: -Weather station. -Evapotranspiration (ET). -Soil surfactants are used to ensure uniform delivery of water and solutes to rootzone. -Irrigation in secondary rough areas is reduced. -Where possible, irrigation of non-play areas has been eliminated We plan to conduct an irrigation audit to find out where improvements can be made in irrigation system efficiency. We use turfgrass species that require less water. Water conservation measures are applied even if using reclaimed water.
5.4. Water Quality
Irrigation water quality has been tested and the irrigation source water is suitable for application to turfgrass. Long-term implications of irrigation source water quality have been identified.
5.5. Reclaimed Water
Irrigating with recycled or reclaimed water provides an opportunity to conserve water and develop partnerships with the community.
5.6. Management
Irrigation systems are operated based on moisture needs of turfgrass or to water in a fertilizer or chemical application as directed by the label. The following are at least annually: -Irrigation System -Flow Meters -Annual maintenance on pump stations is performed. -The irrigation system is monitored for breaks and malfunctions. -We perform leak detection on a regular basis, including in the spring prior to the start of the irrigation season and again at the end of the season. -Isolation valves are used before all main lines and major laterals to be able to quickly shut off leaking areas before turfgrass is damaged and water is lost. -We trim vegetation around and level sprinkler heads and valve boxes as needed. -Leak monitoring devices are installed that will automatically disable the pump in the event of a substantial leak. The irrigation schedule coincides with other cultural practices such as the application of nutrients. A drought emergency plan has been developed to address the most critical golf course water demands during times of water use restrictions. Irrigation is limited to seasons defined in appurtenant water rights. Irrigation is limited to quantities defined in appurtenant water rights. Backflow prevention devices are used to limit the possibility of irrigationwater entering municipal water supply systems. We measure water use monthly and annually. We coordinate fertilization and irrigation rates to prevent runoff to surface waters or groundwater leaching.
6. ENVIRONMENTAL
Environmental issues are recognized by the golf course superintendent at the Remsen Golf Course. The following BMPs were developed to highlight the key environmental issues.
6.1. Regulations
There are numerous rules and regulations that are pertinent to our golf course and golf course maintenance practices. We are familiar with federal, state, and local regulations that apply to golf course operations including those related to habitat, surface water, groundwater, and stormwater runoff. We implement policies and procedures to achieve compliance with relevant regulations.
6.2. Habitat
The Remsen Golf Course is able to provide significant habitat to a diverse population of birds, mammals, plants, insects, and other wildlife. -The golf course is maintained to optimize preservation and enhancement of wildlife habitat. -We obtain advice from organizations and agencies such as Audubon International, local Audubon Society Chapters, state wildlife agencies, local watershed councils, environmental professionals, etc. to assist in habitat enhancement and applicable regulations. -We consider the presence of amphibian and other species when selecting pesticide delivery systems.
6.3. Stormwater
Stormwater management is important at the Remsen Golf Course for many reasons. Stormwater runoff can carry pollution to receiving waters, cause erosion, and cause flooding if not managed properly. -We strive to understand both the quantity and quality of stormwater that passes through the golf course. -The natural drainage pathways that existed prior to development were preserved where possible. -Stormwater management slows water velocities and reduces peak discharges. -Discharges from pipes that go directly to surface water are avoided.
-We institute buffers and special management zones. -We minimize the use of impervious surfaces. -We maximize opportunities for infiltration in permeable areas. -We minimize use of curbing or create breaks in curbs where water can flow into appropriate landscaped or natural areas to serve as alternative "irrigation" and be naturally filtered. -We control surface runoff quantity and quality in parking lots and from roofs with appropriate infiltration and/or treatment practices such as bioretention facilities (rain gardens), infiltration planters, grassy swales, filter strips, or constructed wetlands. -We channel water from rain gutters into planted areas or water reservoirs.
6.4. Monitoring
We have inventoried property features with respect to habitat, water quality, and stormwater management to define a baseline for measuring improvement and enhancements. -We monitor and document habitat improvements and related wildlife response (e.g., installation of bird boxes leading to increased bird population). -We measure pH, temperature, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen in our water quality samples. -We include nutrients in our analytical plan for water quality samples. -We include pesticides in our analytical plan for water quality samples. -We monitor and document water quality of relevant surface and groundwater to assess impact of golf course management practices. -Our sampling program includes testing for nutrient concentration in water. -Our sampling program includes testing for pesticide concentrations in water. -A certified analytical lab is used. -Sampling techniques recognized as the standard of practice are used. -The water quality is evaluated by review of documentation related to the sampling event. -The daily weather forecast or the local air quality index is checked to find out if an air quality advisory is in effect. If it is, activities that add to air pollution are reduced. For example, we limit the amount of motorized equipment use that day.
6.5. Corrective Action
In the event that monitoring information identifies a potential problem, we design and implement action to correct the situation. -We document the corrective action plan. -We document the corrective action taken.
6.6. Spill Response
A specific Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) based on these BMPs has been developed. -Appropriate spill response equipment is maintained. -Staff is trained on proper use of spill response equipment. -Staff is trained on procedures for containing spills and avoiding injury. -When appropriate, a spill response report is filed. -Information for appropriate responders based on the nature of the spill is maintained and posted. The conditions that define whether a spill must be reported are determined (i.e. what quantity of chemical spilled requires reporting). If required, spills are reported to the National Spill Response Center () or to the local state regulatory agency. Information for other public or private agencies in the area that deal with spill response, is stored in a location visible for all staff. We are ready to answer questions such as: Where is the spill? What spilled? How much spilled? How concentrated is the spilled material? Who spilled the material? Is anyone cleaning up the spill? Are there resource damages? Who is reporting the spill? How can they get back to us about the spill?
6.7. Wellhead Protection
The objective of wellhead protection is to protect groundwater resources for our use and for the communities in which our golf course exists.
7. PEST MANAGEMENT
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a method of combining proper plant selection, correct cultural practices, the monitoring of pest and environmental conditions, and the judicious use of biological controls and pesticides to manage pest problems.
7.1. Integrated Pest Management
An Integrated Pest Management Plan for the Remsen Golf Course has been developed. The Integrated Pest Management Plan is used as an operational reference for all pest management decisions at our golf course. Staff is educated on the contents and utility of the Integrated Pest Management Plan. We review and revise the Integrated Pest Management Plan over time so that it remains a contemporary document reflecting the state of golf course management.
7.2. Weeds
Action thresholds are defined for all areas of the golf course. -We monitor turfgrass regularly for presence of weeds. -Turfgrass vigor is optimized by mowing at the appropriate height and by proper application of fertilizer and water to prevent weed colonization and establishment. -When possible, we use mechanical means (i.e., hand pulling) to remove weeds, particularly in bunkers. -Selective herbicides are used when thresholds have been exceeded. -When appropriate, pesticide applications are limited to spot treatments.
7.3. Fungal Disease
Action thresholds are defined for all areas of the golf course. -Disease symptoms and disease life cycle are understood to the extent practical. -Cultural practices designed to minimize injury from fungal pathogens have been defined and implemented. -We monitor turfgrass regularly for disease symptoms. -We monitor conditions (temperature, humidity, moisture, etc.) that favor disease development. -Fungicides with optimal efficacy and specificity are used. -When possible, targeted, spot applications of fungicides are used. -We rotate chemical family of fungicides applied to prevent the development of fungal resistance.
-Problem areas, disease activity, and treatment applied are documented. -We use preventive application of fungicides only when environmental conditions that promote disease can be reasonably anticipated.
7.4. Insects
Action thresholds are defined for all areas of the golf course. -Relevant insect life cycles and symptoms of infestation are understood to the extent practical. -Habitat for native insect predators is provided. -Bat and bird boxes have been installed near areas where insect infestations could be food sources for these animals. -We encourage beneficial insects and consider impacts to beneficial insects prior to application of pesticides. -We monitor turfgrass regularly for symptoms of infestation. -We calculate growing degree days to estimate insect activity. -If infestation is detected; we strive to correctly identify the insect. -We use target specific insecticides. -Targeted spot applications of insecticides are used. -We calculate growing degree days to estimate insect activity.
7.5. Rodents
Action thresholds are defined for all areas of the golf course. -Mechanical traps are used when possible and if local laws allow. -We study the habits of the target rodent to enhance trap efficiency. -Habitat for native rodent predators is provided where possible. -Nesting or perching features (i.e., snags, nest boxes, etc.) are installed for raptors that use rodents as a food source. -We use rodenticides only as a last resort. -We strive to eliminate rodent food sources and habitat.
7.6. Buffer Zones
We follow appropriate buffer zone practices as described in Buffer Zones section of this BMP documentation. Separate action thresholds are defined for application of pesticides within buffer zones.
7.7. Aquatic
Action thresholds are defined for the aquatic areas of the golf course. -Pond function (habitat or irrigation) is considered when defining damage/action
thresholds. -Ponds/lakes are kept as deep as practical to minimize aquatic weed growth. -Mechanical means are used to remove undesirable aquatic plants. -We use beneficial aquatic plants to out-compete undesirable plants and/or to remove nitrate from the water. Prior to using aquatic herbicides or insecticides, appropriate permits are obtained.
7.8. Cultural and Physical Controls
-We use certified pest-free plant material, if available. -We use appropriate turfgrass species for areas being planted. -We increase mowing height to reduce plant stress associated with nematodes, root-feeding insects, disease outbreaks, or peak weed seed germination. -Root growth is stimulated or increased if root-feeding pests are detected. -Irrigation frequency is increased (with smaller quantities) until roots recover. -Irrigation is managed to avoid excess moisture or drought stress. -We wash mowers to avoid spreading pathogens and weeds. -We manage thatch by adjusting fertility levels, mechanical removal, top dressing, or other means. -Traffic is diverted away from areas that are stressed.
7.9. Natural Controls
We provide native flowering plants that can be nectar food sources for parasitic insects and pollinators. We encourage beneficial organisms in out-of-play areas.
7.10. Pesticide (Synthetic or Biological) Controls
The following is a brief list of important factors that we consider when using pesticides at the Remsen Golf Course. More detailed pesticide BMPs are listed in the Pesticide section of this BMP documentation and our approach to integrated pest management is documented in our IPM Plan. -We choose Reduced Risk products as defined by the EPA when available. -We choose products targeted at the pest of intent. -We read and understand the pesticide label. -We test new pesticides on a small area on the golf course before widely using them. -We manage pesticide resistance by rotating pesticides with different modes of action, as appropriate. -We consider the weather condition prior to the application of pesticides. -For insecticides aimed at soil insects, we irrigate turfgrass before and/or after an application, in accordance with the label.
-We avoid applying herbicides at times when they could contribute to plant stress and result in greater plant damage by a secondary pest problem. -We honor buffer zones when applying pesticides. -We maintain pesticide application records required by the state.
8. PESTICIDES
When using pesticides at the Remsen Golf Course, there are many important factors that come into play. These include minimizing potential hazards to human health and the environment, optimizing playing conditions of the golf course, utilizing effective monitoring to enable selective control of pest populations, minimizing pesticide use through targeted application while optimizing pesticide efficacy, sustaining high turfgrass quality, controlling operating costs, and maintaining the health of the landscape elements such as trees, shrubs, flower beds, and natural areas.
8.1. Selection
The identity of pest requiring pesticide treatment is confirmed. Pesticides are selected based on efficacy, target specificity, the potential effect on non-target species, cost, site characteristics, and environmental compatibility. The chemical "family" of pesticides used for a specific pest is rotated to limit the development of pesticide resistance. We use pesticides labeled by the EPA as Reduced Risk Pesticides.
8.2. Application
The appropriate state regulations are followed regarding licensing of personnel who handle pesticides. -We read and understand pesticide labeling before use. -We use pesticides for labeled use only. -We use the "first in - first out" principle with regard to our pesticides. The pesticides that have been stored at the golf course for the greatest length of time are used first. -Pesticides for target pests are mixed at rates specified on the label. -Pesticides are mixed in a dedicated area. -We have a properly designed and constructed area where the operator can perform all mixing operations. -Spills can be collected and managed. -Mixing operations are located away from groundwater wells and areas where runoff may carry spilled pesticides into surface water bodies. -Spills are cleaned up immediately. -Pesticide containers are properly rinsed and rinsate is put into a spray tank whenever possible. -Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn during pesticide mixing and application. -We properly calibrate sprayers and/or spreaders before use. -Pesticides are applied to target areas only. -Pesticides are not applied in buffer zones to the extent practical.
-We follow application setbacks when specified on the label. -We minimize pesticide drift by applying when winds are 5 mph or less, or use hooded booms. -Appropriate nozzles are selected and drift reduction technologies are used. -Curative applications are used only when pest action threshold levels have been reached. -Preventative applications are used only when conditions favoring outbreaks occur or can be reasonably anticipated (e.g., summer stress favoring anthracnose, cool conditions favoring Microdochium patch (fusarium)). -We use check plots to determine pesticide effectiveness (i.e. 2 x 2 foot square of plywood laid on turfgrass to block application and serve as an untreated control area.) -Posting requirements are followed according to state law and the pesticide label.
8.3. Pesticide Spill Management
We use proper personal protective equipment (PPE). We follow the 4 steps: control, contain, collect, and store. We comply with all applicable federal, state, and local regulations on spill response training, spill reporting requirements, spill containment, and cleanup. Waste is disposed of in accordance with regulations. We have developed a Standard Operating Procedure for spill response.
8.4. Storage
Proper handling and storage is important to avoid serious injury or death, fires, environmental contamination, cleanup costs, civil lawsuits, destruction of turfgrass, and wasted pesticide product. The storage BMPs listed below are followed at the Remsen Golf Course: Specific storage requirements shown on the label are followed. -Pesticides are stored in a restricted access, lockable, dedicated room or cabinet. -Liquid products are stored below dry products. -Liquids are not placed above eye level. -All products; especially dry bags, are stored up off floor (i.e., on pallets). -The pesticide storage area meets OSHA requirements (i.e., dry, ventilated, temperature control, etc.). -Pesticides are stored in original containers with original labels. -The pesticides are organized: flammable/nonflammable, fungicides/herbicides/insecticides. -A map showing pesticide storage areas has been created.
8.5. Disposal
The BMPs for disposal listed below are followed at the Remsen Golf Course: -Specific disposal requirements described on the label are followed. -Pesticide containers are rinsed as soon as they are empty. -Containers are triple rinsed prior to disposal. -Rinsate is mixed into a batch for application according to label directions. -We confirm by inspection that all visible residues in the rinsed container have been removed prior to disposal. -After cleaning, pesticide containers are puncture to prevent reuse. -Our local pesticide distributor has been contacted for container recycling instructions. -If there is any question about the contents of a container, we set it aside for proper disposal. -We properly dispose of old or unusable pesticides.
8.6. Documentation
The following information is recorded as part of the documentation process: -We maintain current inventory of pesticides on hand. -We follow state regulations for proper documentation and reporting procedures. -The target of pesticide application. -The location, date, and type of pesticide applied. -The weather conditions. -The rate of application. -The method of application.
9. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Petroleum products can be harmful when introduced to the environment including surface waters. These products can float on the water surface, sink to the bottom, evaporate into the air, or remain suspended in the soil and groundwater. Petroleum products have a low solubility and can be toxic to plants, animals, and people.
9.1. Fuel Storage
Bulk fuel is stored in certified, double walled, self-contained steel tanks. Fuel storage containers are labeled clearly and accurately. A map of fuel and chemical storage areas has been created.
9.2. Disposal
Used fluids are stored in separate containers appropriate for specific fluid type. Used fluid containers are maintained in an easy access, safe area that is out of the weather. Used fluid containers are stored on a non-corrosive secondary containment deck. Used fluid containers are labeled clearly with fluid contents.
9.3. Fueling Areas
Fueling areas are covered to minimize contact with stormwater. Employees are educated on the importance of handling petroleum products properly. We comply with regulatory requirements for aboveground and underground storage tanks.
9.4. Spill Response
Refer to the Environmental section of this BMP documentation. A spill kit is located in the fueling area.
9.5. Fuel Usage
Fuel-efficient equipment is chosen when possible.
-The number of two-cycle engines that are used has been reduced. -Mowing, spraying, bunker raking, and other maintenance activity routes have been developed that optimize the activity and reduce fuel use. -Engine idling is limited. -Fuel, oil, and hydraulic leaks are repaired immediately.
10. WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling, or disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human activity. By managing wastes, we reduce our effect on human or ecological health or local aesthetics or amenities. Managing wastes allows us to reduce the effects of wastes on the environment.
10.1. Compost
We compost as much biomass as possible and reuse on the golf course or property. Compost areas are located away from surface waters or where groundwater may be impacted.
10.2. Wash Water
We do not wash equipment unnecessarily. Equipment is brushed or blown with compressed air before, or instead of, washing. We do not discharge wash water directly to natural surface water or groundwater. Instead of or in addition to equipment wash stations we: Use the "dog leash" system - wash over grass and move around to prevent discharge to groundwater or runoff to surface water. We minimize the use of detergents. We minimize the amount of water used to clean equipment. For example, we use a hose with a shutoff nozzle when washing equipment and machinery with water. We do not conduct equipment wash operations on a pesticide mixing and loading pad. We do not wash equipment used to apply pesticides on pads with oil/water separators. Pesticide residues will contaminate the oil that is salvaged. Equipment maintenance areas are protected from rainfall. Each piece of equipment is assigned a specific parking area. This allows oil or other fluid leaks to be easily spotted and attributed to a specific machine so that it can be repaired. Drains are protected from receiving inappropriate fluids. For example, we do not allow rinse water into a storm drain, and do not allow oil to enter sanitary or storm drains.
10.3. Hazardous Waste
All waste containers are sealed, secured, and properly labeled. We use only approved, licensed contractors for disposal. Pesticide mixtures that cannot legally be applied to a site are disposed of as hazardous waste. Antifreeze is recycled, or disposed of as hazardous waste. Lead-acid storage batteries are recycled, or disposed of as hazardous waste.
10.4. Recycling
We implement a recycling program (cardboard, plastic, aluminum cans, etc.). All cracked batteries are stored in a non-leaking secondary container to retain acid leaks and recycle them.mBatteries are stored inside a covered area. We recycle used materials in properly marked containers such as: We recycle the following used materials: -Degreasers -Used Oil -Oil Filters -Antifreeze -Cleaning Solutions -Automotive Batteries -Used Rags -Hydraulic Fluid
11. SAFETY AND EDUCATION PROGRAM
Effective management of worker safety and health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and the severity of work-related injuries and illnesses. Worker safety is important in ensuring protection from the potential hazards of working at the Remsen Golf Course.
11.1. Safety Meetings
Environmental Stewardship principles used by the golf course are communicated with all staff.
11.2. Safety Training
A safety training program exists including the following topics: CPR and first aid -Eye protection -Noise exposure and protection -Personal protection equipment (PPE) -Fire safety training, including pesticides and other hazardous materials -Free safety training videos are periodically requested from OSHA We understand how to interpret a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). MSDS documents are placed in one location that is known and accessible by everyone employed at the golf course.
11.3. Hazard Communication Training
A hazard communication program has been established. Employees are alerted to the environmental and health hazards of the various chemicals used at the golf course. Safe handling, storage, waste management, and disposal practices for all chemicals used at the golf course are communicated. MSDS documents are placed in one location that is known and accessible by everyone employed at the golf course. Eyewash stations are located in the maintenance shop and at other locations where chemicals are stored.
11.4. Equipment Training
An equipment training program has been established and includes the following topics:
-Tool and accessory training. -Lightning safety and protection. -Emergency procedures. -Signage. -All fire extinguisher locations are highlighted. -Signage appropriate for location or situation is displayed.
11.5. Safety Audits
The insurance company was contacted to request they perform a safety audit.
12. ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
A formal environmental stewardship program is useful in managing the golf course to its fullest benefit to watershed health. Where possible and practical we achieve certifications for our management practices. Our BMPs and IPM Plan are the basic foundation of our environmental stewardship program. The following sections of the Remsen Golf Course’s overall Environmental Stewardship Plan have been completed: -Environmental Setting -IPM Plan -BMPs -Water Quality Monitoring Plan -Water Management and Conservation Plan -Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Plan -Community Outreach Plan We are planning on beginning the application process for both the Groundwater Guardian and Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary program's. These are too be completed within the next two years along with starting the GCSAA Enviromental Management Program. We are also looking into partnering with both the Iowa DNR and NRCS to assist on case studies and make our golf course more environmentally friendly to promote wildlife habitat.
