Blu Ray Disk

Blu-ray Disc From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Blue ray" redirects here. For the fish, see Neoraja caerulea. caerulea.

Blu-ray Disc

Media type

High-density optical disc

Encoding

MPEG-2,, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, MPEG-2 AVC, and VC-1

Capacity

25 GB (single-layer) 50 GB (dual-layer) 100/128 GB (BDXL (BDXL))

Block size

64 kb ECC

Read mechanism

405 nm laser: 1× @ 36 Mbit/s (4.5 MByte/s MByte/s))

Developed by

Blu-ray Disc Association[1]

Usage

Data storage 1080p High-definition videoHigh-definition videoHigh-definition audio stereoscopic 3D Future possibility: Quad HD 2160p Ultra HD

Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is an optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the standardDVD standard DVD format. Its main uses are for storing high-

definition video, video, PlayStation 3 video games, and other data other data,, with up to 25 GB per single-layered, and 50 GB per dual-layered disc. Although these numbers represent the standard storage for Blu-ray Disc drives, the specification is open-ended, with the upper theoretical storage limit left unclear. The discs have the same physical dimensions as standard DVDs and CDs CDs.. The name Blu-ray Disc derives from the "blue "blue laser " used to read the disc. While a standard DVD uses a 650 nanometer  nanometer red red laser, Blu-ray Disc uses a shorter wavelength shorter wavelength 405 nm laser, and allows for almost ten times more data storage than a DVD. The laser color is called "blue," but isviolet is violet (purple) to the eye, and is very close to ultraviolet ("blacklight"). During the high definition optical disc format war , Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba Toshiba,, the main company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008, and theformat the format war came war came to an end.[2] In late 2009, Toshiba released its own Blu-ray Disc player.[3] Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. As of June 2009, more than 1,500 Blu-ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom, with 2,500 in Japan, the United States and Canada. [4][5] [4][ 5]

Contents

[hide]

1 Histor y

•

o

1.1 Origin s

o

1.2 Blu-ray Disc format finalized

o

1.3 Launch and sales developments

o

1.4 Competi tion from HD DVD

o

1.5 End of the format war and future prospects 2 Technical specifications

•

o

2.1 Laser and optic s

o

2.2 Hard-coating technology

o

2.3 Recording speed 2.3.1 Comparison to other video formats



3 Softw are standa rds

•

3.1 Codec s

o



3.1.1 Video



3.1.2 Audio



3.1.3 Bit rate

o

3.2 Conta iner forma t

o

3.3 Applic ation format

o

3.4 Directory and file structure 3.4.1 BD-ROM



o

3.5 Filesy stem

o

3.6 Java softwa re support

o

3.7 Region codes

o

3.8 Digital rights management 

3.8.1 AACS



3.8.2 BD+



3.8.3 BD-ROM Mark 

4 Playe r profi les

•

4.1 BD-Liv e

o

•

5 Backward compatibility

•

6 Ongoing development 6.1 3D Blu-ray Disc

o

7 Varia nts

•

o

7.1 Mini Blu-ray Disc

o

7.2 Blu-ray Disc recordable

o

7.3 BD9 and BD5

o

7.4 BDXL

o

7.5 IH-BD

o

7.6 AVCH D

o

7.7 AVCR EC

•

8 See also

•

9 Refer ence s

•

10 Exter nal links

[edit]History Optical discs



Optical disc



Optical disc drive



Optical disc authoring



Authoring software



Recording technologies



Recording modes



Packet writing Optical media types



Blu-ray Disc (BD): BD-R, BD-RE



DVD: DVD-R , DVD+R , DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL, DVD-R 

DS, DVD+R DS, DVD-RW,DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, DVDD, HVD, EcoDisc 

Compact Disc (CD): Red Book , CD-ROM,CD-R , CD-RW, 5.1

Music Disc, SACD,PhotoCD, CD Video (CDV), Video CD (VCD),SVCD, CD+G, CD-Text, CD-ROM XA, CD-i 

Universal Media Disc (UMD)



Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)



Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)



Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)



China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)



HD DVD: HD DVD-R , HD DVD-RW, HD DVD-RAM



High definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)



VCDHD



GD-ROM



MiniDisc (MD) (Hi-MD)



Laserdisc (LD)



Video Single Disc (VSD)



Ultra Density Optical (UDO)



Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)



Five dimensional discs (5D DVD)



 Nintendo optical disc (NOD) Standards



Rainbow Books



File systems ISO 9660





Joliet



Rock Ridge / SUSP



El Torito



Apple ISO 9660 Extensions Universal Disk Format (UDF)





Mount Rainier  See also



History of optical storage media



High definition optical disc format war  This box: view • talk • edit

A blank rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE).

Commercial HDTV sets began to appear in the consumer market around 1998, but there was no commonly accepted, inexpensive way to record or play HD content. In fact, there was no medium with the storage required to accommodate HDcodecs, except for JVC's Digital VHS and Sony's HDCAM. [6]

Nevertheless, it was well known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths would enable optical storage with higher density.Shuji Nakamura invented the

practical blue laser diode; it was a sensation among the computer storage-medium community, although a lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction.[7] [edit]Origins

Sony/Philips started two projects applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical), and DVR Blue (together with Pioneer ), a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE).[8] The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar. The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000.[9] On February 19, 2002, the project was officially announced as Bluray Disc,[10][11] and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer device was in stores on April 10, 2003. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77, a BD-RE recorder that was made available only in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800;[12] however, there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this player. The Blu-ray Disc standard was still years away, as a newer, more secure Digital Rights Management (DRM) system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it— not wanting to repeat the failure of theContent Scramble System used on standard DVDs. On October 4, 2004, the Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), and 20th Century Fox joined the BDA's Board of Directors.[13] [edit]Blu-ray

Disc format finalized

The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004.[14] In January 2005, Sony announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for  Blu-ray Discs.[15] Cartridges, originally used for scratch protection, were no longer necessary and were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006.[16] AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,[17] had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,[18] and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group voiced concerns.[19] At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba, Pioneer, and Samsung, an interim standard was published that did not include some features, such as managed copy.[20] [edit]Launch

and sales developments

The first BD-ROM players were shipped in mid-June 2006, though HD DVD players beat them to market by a few months.[21][22] The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006: 50 First Dates, The Fifth Element , Hitch, House of Flying Daggers, Underworld: Evolution, xXx (all Sony), and MGM's The Terminator .[23] The earliest releases used MPEG-2 video compression, the same method used on standard DVDs.

The first releases using the newer VC-1 and AVC codecs were introduced in September 2006.[24] The first movies using 50 GB dual-layer discs were introduced in October 2006.[25] The first audio-only release was made in March 2008.[26] The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, released bySony on July 18, 2006.[27] It recorded both single and duallayer BD-Rs as well as BD-REs and had a suggested retail price of US $699. [edit]Competition

from HD DVD

Main article: High definition optical disc format war 

The DVD Forum, chaired by Toshiba, was deeply split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology or not. In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer standardDVD9 discs.[28][29] In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard, Advanced Optical Disc.[30] It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year,[31] after being voted down twice by DVD Forum members who were also Blu-ray Disc Association members—prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to make preliminary investigations into the situation.[32][33] HD DVD had a head start in the high definition video market, as Blu-ray Disc sales were slow to gain market share. The first Blu-ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and "buggy", and there were few titles available.[34] This changed when the PlayStation 3 was launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray Disc player. At CES 2007, Warner proposed Total Hi Def —a hybrid disc containing Blu-ray on one side and HD DVD on the other— but it was never released. By January 2007, Blu-ray Discs had outsold HD DVDs,[35] and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD outsold HD DVDs by about two to one. In a June 28, 2007 press release, Twentieth Century Fox cited Blu-ray Disc's adoption of the BD+ anticopying system as a key factor in their decision to support the Blu-ray Disc format.[36][37] In February 2008, Toshiba withdrew its support for the HD DVD format, leaving Blu-ray Disc as the victor .[38] Some analysts believe that Sony's PlayStation 3 video game console played an important role in the format war, believing that it acted as a catalyst for Bluray Disc, as the PlayStation 3 used a Blu-ray Disc drive as its primary information storage medium.[39] They also credited Sony's more thorough and influential marketing campaign.[40] It is also worth noting that AVCHD camcorders, first appeared in 2006, produce recordings that can be played back on many Blu-ray Disc players without re-encoding, but not on HD DVD players. [edit]End

of the format war and future prospects

On January 4, 2008, a day before CES 2008, Warner Bros. (the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc format) announced that it would release only in Blu-ray Disc after May 2008. This effectively included other studios that came under the Warner umbrella, such asNew Line

Cinema and HBO HBO—though —though in Europe, HBO distribution partner the BBC announced it would, while keeping an eye on market forces, continue to release product on both formats. This led to a chain reaction in the industry, with major U.S. retailers such asBest as Best Buy, Buy, Wal-Mart Wal-Mart,, and Circuit City and Canadian chains such as Future Shop dropping HD DVD in their stores. A former major European retailer, Woolworths Woolworths,, dropped HD DVD from its inventory.[citation needed ]

Netflix and Blockbuster —major DVD —major DVD rental companies—said they would no longer carry HD DVDs. Following these new developments, on February 19,

2008, Toshiba announced it would end production of HD DVD devices, devices,[41] allowing Blu-ray Disc to become the industry standard for high-density optical discs. Universal Studios, Studios, the sole major movie studio to back HD DVD since its inception, said shortly after Toshiba's announcement, "While Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba, it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu-ray Disc."[42] Paramount Studios, which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007, also said it would start releasing in Blu-ray Disc. Both studios announced initial Bluray lineups in May 2008. With this, all major Hollywood studios now support Blu-ray.[43] According to Adams Media Research, high-definition software sales were slower in the first two years than standard DVD software sales.[44] 16.3 million [44][45] 45] standard DVD software units were sold in the first two years (1997–98) compared to 8.3 million high-definition software units (2006–07).[44][ One reason [44][45] 45] given for this difference was the smaller marketplace (26.5 million HDTVs in 2007 compared to 100 million SDTVs in 1998).[44][ Former HD DVD

supporter Microsoft supporter Microsoft has stated that they are not planning to make a Blu-ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360. 360.[46] Blu-ray Disc began making serious strides as soon as the format war ended. Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that with some titles, such as 20th Century Fox's Hitman, up to 14% of total disc sales were from Blu-ray, although the average for the first half of the year was around 5%. Shortly after the format war ended, a study by The NPD Group found that awareness of Blu-ray Disc had reached 60% of U.S. households. In December 2008, the Blu-ray Disc of The Dark Knight sold 600,000 copies on the first day of its launch in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.[47] A week after launch, The Dark Knight BD had sold over 1.7 million copies worldwide, making it the first Blu-ray Disc title to sell over a million copies in the first week of release.[48]

According to Singulus Technologies AG, Blu-ray is being adopted faster than the DVD format was at a similar period in its development. This conclusion was based on the fact that Singulus Technologies has received orders for 21 Blu-ray dual-layer machines during the first quarter of 2008, while 17 DVD machines of this type were made in the same period in 1997.[49] And the other key equipment supplier for optical disc Anwell Technologies Limited had shipped its Bluray Disc production equipment to Frankfurt for the largest trade show in the world — MEDIA-TECH Expo in May 2008 and they received new order for the Blu-ray production line also.[50] According to GfK Retail and Technology, in the first week of November 2008, sales of Blu-ray recorders surpassed DVD recorders in Japan. Japan.[51] According to the Digital Entertainment Group, the total number of Blu-ray Disc playback devices (both set-top box and game console) had reached 17.3 millions by the end of 2009.[52] According to Swicker & Associates, Blu-ray Disc software sales in the United States and Canada were 1.2 millions in 2006, 19.2 millions in 2007, 82.4 millions in 2008, and 177.2 millions in 2009.[52] Some commentators have suggested that renting Blu-ray will play a vital part in keeping the technology affordable while allowing it to move forward.[53] In an effort to increase sales, studios are releasing movies in combo packs with Blu-ray Discs and DVDs as well as "digital copies" which can be played on computers andiPods and iPods.. Some are released on "flipper" discs with Blu-ray on one side and DVD on the other. Other strategies are to release movies with the special features only on Blu-ray Discs and none on DVDs. Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand[54] and from new technologies that allow access to movies on any format or device, such asDigital as Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem or Disney'sKeychest Disney'sKeychest..[55] [edit edit]]Technical

Type

specifications

Physical size

Single layer capacity

Dual layer capacity

Standard disc size 12 cm

25 GB / 23866 MiB / 25025314816 B 50 GB / 47732 MiB / 50050629632 B

M in in i d is isc si si ze ze

7. 8 G B / 74 30 30 M iB iB / 77 77 91 91 18 18 18 18 24 24 B

8 cm

1 5. 5. 6 GB / 1 48 48 60 60 Mi Mi B / 1 55 558 23 23 63 63 64 64 8 B

High-definition video may be stored on BD-ROMs with up to 1920×1080 pixel resolution at up to 59.94fields 59.94 fields per second, if interlaced. Alternatively, progressive scan can go up to 1920×1080 pixel resolution at 24 frames per second, or up to 1280x720 at up to 59.94 frames per second:[56] Resolution Resolution Frame Frame rate rate1

Aspect ra ratio

Video fo format re restrictions

1920×1080 59 59.94-i

16:9

2D encodes only

1920×1080 50 50-i

16:9

2D encodes only

1920×1080 24 2 4-p

16:9

1920×1080 23. 97 976-p

16:9

1440×1080 59.94-i

16:9 (anamorphic anamorphic))

MPEG-4 AVC / SMPTE VC-1 only

1440×1080 50- i

16:9 (anamorphic)

MPEG-4 AVC / SMPTE VC-1 only

1440×1080 24- p

16:9 (anamorphic)

MPEG-4 AVC / SMPTE VC-1 only

1440×1080 23.976-p

16:9 (anamorphic)

MPEG-4 AVC / SMPTE VC-1 only

1280×720 59.94-p

16:9

1280×720 50-p

16:9

1280×720 24-p

16:9

1280×720 23.976-p

16:9

720×480

59. 94- i

4:3/16:9 (anamorphic)

720×576

50-i

4:3/16:9 (anamorphic)

Notes: 1 The interlaced (i) frame rates are marked as fields per second while progressive (p) frame rates are in frames per second. [edit]Laser

and optics

Blu-ray Disc uses a "blue" laser , operating at a wavelength of 405 nm, to read and write data. The diodes areGaN (gallium nitride) lasers that produce 405 nm photons directly, that is, withoutfrequency doubling or other nonlinear optical mechanisms.[57] Conventional DVDs and CDs use red and near-infrared lasers, at 650 nm and 780 nm, respectively.

Panasonic Internal Blu-ray ROM notebook drive

The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12 cm CD/DVD-size disc. The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and thenumerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85, and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser beam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same area. For Blu-ray Disc, the spot size is 580nm. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the capacity[citation needed ]. (See Compact Disc for  information on optical discs' physical structure.) [edit]Hard-coating technology

Since the Blu-ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc compared to theDVD standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches.[58] The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection, resembling Professional Discs introduced by Sony in 2003. Using a cartridge would increase the price of an already expensive medium, so hard-coating of the pickup surface was chosen instead.TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch-protection coating for Blu-ray Discs. It was namedDurabis. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are spin-coated, using a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim's recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology, called ScratchGuard. Blu-ray Disc specification allows the use of such a layer to meet the required scratch resistance.[59] DVD media are not required to be scratch-resistant, but since development of the technology, some companies, such as Verbatim, implemented hard-coating for more expensive lineups of recordable DVDs. [edit]Recording speed Data rate

Theoretical Write time for Blu-ray Disc (minutes)

Drive speed Mbit/s MB/s

Single-Layer

Dual-Layer  

1×

36

4.5

90

180

2×

72

9

45

90

4×

144

18

22.5

45

6×

216

27

15

30

8×

288

36

11.25

22.5

10×

360

45

9

18

12×[60]

432

54

7.5

15

[edit]Comparison to other video formats

Below is a list of modern, digital-style resolutions (and traditional analog "TV lines per picture height" measurements) for various media. The list only includes popular formats. Analog formats: 

352×576/480 (250 lines): Umatic, Betamax, VHS, Video8 (PAL/NTSC)



420×576/480 (300 lines): Super Betamax, Betacam (professional) (PAL/NTSC)



480×640/480 (480 lines): Analog Broadcast (PAL/NTSC)



590×576/480 (420 lines): LaserDisc, Super VHS, Hi8 (PAL/NTSC)



700×576/480 (500 lines): Extended Definition Beta (PAL/NTSC)

Digital formats: 

352×288/240 (250 lines at low-definition): Video CD (PAL/NTSC)



720×576/480 (500 lines): DVD, miniDV, Digital8 (PAL/NTSC)



720×576/480 (480 lines): Widescreen DVD (PAL/NTSC)



1280×720 (720 lines): Blu-ray Disc, D-VHS



1440×1080 (760 lines): miniHDV, D-VHS



1920×1080 (1080 lines): Blu-ray Disc

[edit]Software

standards

[edit]Codecs

The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and movie software (content).[61][62] [edit]Video

For video, all players are required to support MPEG-2 Part 2, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and SMPTE VC-1.[63] MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular DVDs, which allows backwards compatibility. MPEG-4 AVC was developed by MPEG, Sony, and VCEG. VC-1 is a codec that was mainly developed by Microsoft. BDROM titles with video must store video using one of the three mandatory codecs; multiple codecs on a single title are allowed. The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs as well as the title's maximum run time, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 video typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25 GB) BD-ROM. The moreadvanced video codecs (VC-1 and MPEG-4 AVC) typically achieve a video run time twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality. MPEG-2 was used by many studios (including Paramount Pictures, which initially used the VC-1 codec for HD DVD releases) for the first series of Blu-ray Discs, which were launched throughout 2006.[64] Modern releases are now often encoded in either MPEG-4 AVC or VC-1, allowing film studios to place all content on one disc, reducing costs and improving ease of use. Using these codecs also frees a lot of space for storage of bonus content in HD (1080i/p), as opposed to the SD (480i/p) typically used for most titles. Some studios, such as Warner Bros., have released bonus content on discs encoded in a different codec than the main feature title. For example, the Blu-ray Disc release of Superman Returns uses VC-1 for the feature film and MPEG-2 for bonus content. [citation needed ]

Today, Warner and other studios typically provide bonus content in the video codec that matches the feature.

[edit]Audio

For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support Dolby Digital (AC-3), DTS, and linear PCM. Players may optionally support Dolby Digital Plus and DTSHD High Resolution Audio as well aslossless formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio.[65] BD-ROM titles must use one of the mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs. Specification of BD-ROM Primary audio streams: [66]

LPCM

Dolby Digital

Dolby Digital Dolby TrueHD (Lossless) Plus

DTS digital surround

DTS-HD (Lossless)

DRA

DRA Extension

Max. Bitrate

27.648Mbps

640kbps

4.736Mbps

18.64Mbps

1.524Mbps

24.5Mbps

1.5Mbps 3.0Mbps

Max. Channel

8(48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6(192 kHz)

5.1

7.1

8(48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6(192 kHz)

5.1

8(48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6(192 kHz)

5.1

7.1

Bits/sample

16, 20, 24

16-24

16-24

16-24

16, 20, 24

16-24

16

16

Sample frequency

48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz

48 kHz

48 kHz

48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz 48 kHz

48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz

48 kHz

48 kHz, 96 kHz

[edit]Bit rate

For users recording digital television programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's initial data rate of 36 Mbit/s is more than adequate to record highdefinition broadcasts from any source (IPTV, cable/satellite, or terrestrial). BD Video movies have a maximum data transfer rate of 54 Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit/s (for both audio and video data), and a maximum video bit rate of 40 Mbit/s. This compares to HD DVD movies, which have a maximum data transfer rate of 36 Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 30.24 Mbit/s, and a maximum video bitrate of 29.4 Mbit/s.[67] [edit]Container

format

Audio, video and other streams are multiplexed and stored on Blu-ray Discs in a container format based on the MPEG transport stream. It is also known as BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream and can use filename extension .m2ts.[61][68] Blu-ray Disc titles authored with menu support are in the BDMV (Blu-ray Disc Movie) format and contain audio, video, and other streams in BDAV container .[69][70]There is also the BDAV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual) format, the consumer  oriented alternative to the BDMV format used for movie releases. The BDAV format is used on BD-REs and BD-Rs for audio/video recording.[70] BDMV format was later defined also for BD-RE and BD-R (in September 2006, in the third revision of BD-RE specification and second revision of BD-R specification).[71] [72]

Blu-ray Disc employs the MPEG transport stream recording method. That enables transport streams of digital broadcasts to be recorded as they are

without altering the format.[73] It also enables flexible editing of a digital broadcast that is recorded as is and where the data can be edited just by rewriting the playback stream. Although it is quite natural, a function for high-speed and easy-to use retrieval is built in.[73][74] Blu-ray Disc Video use MPEG transport streams, compared to DVD's MPEG program streams. This allows multiple video programs to be stored in the same file so they can be played back simultaneously (e.g., with "Picture in picture" effect). [edit]Application format



BDAV or BD-AV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual)[75][76][77][78] - a consumer-oriented Blu-ray video format used for audio/video recording (defined in 2002)



BDMV or BD-MV (Blu-ray Disc Movie) [71][72][76][77][78][79] - a Blu-ray video format with menu support commonly used for movie releases BDMV Recording specification - (defined in September 2006 for BD-RE and BD-R).[72][80]



RREF - (Realtime Recording and Editing Format) - a subset of BDMV designed for realtime recording and editing applications[80]



[edit]Directory

and file structure

[edit]BD-ROM

All BD-ROM application files are stored under a “BDMV” directory.[68][81][82][83] 

BDMV directory: contains the PLAYLIST, CLIPINF, STREAM, AUXDATA and BACKUP directories. PLAYLIST directory: contains the Database files for Movie PlayLists.





xxxxx.mpls files: store information corresponding to Movie PlayLists. One file is created for each Movie PlayList. The filenames of 

these files are in the form “xxxxx.mpls”, where “xxxxx” is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Movie PlayList. CLIPINF directory: contains the Database files for Clips.





zzzzz.clpi files: store Clip information associated with a Clip AV stream file. The filenames of these files are in the form “zzzzz.clpi”,

where “zzzzz” is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Clip. STREAM directory: contains AV stream files.





zzzzz.m2ts file: contains a BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream. The names of the se files are in the form “zzzzz.m2ts”, where “zzzzz” is

a 5-digit number corresponding to the Clip. The same 5-digit number “zzzzz” is used for an AV stream file and its associated Clip information file.

SSIF directory: If used, Stereoscopic Interleaved files shall be placed under this directory.



zzzzz.ssif file: is a Stereoscopic Interleaved file that is composed from two BDAV MPEG-2 transport streams. Both of the



streams include an MPEG-4 MVC view video stream for left eye or right eye respectively. This file is used only when 3D video is played back. The 5-digit number “zzzzz” is the same as the number used for the AV stream file “zzzzz.m2ts” that includes the MPEG-4 MVC Base view video stream. AUXDATA directory: contains Sound data files and Font files.



sound.bdmv file: stores data relating to one or more sounds associated with HDMV Interactive Graphic streams applications. This



file may or may not exist under the AUXDATA directory. If it exists, there shall be only one sound.bdmv file. aaaaa.otf file: stores the font information associated with Text subtitle applications. The names of these files are in the form



“aaaaa.otf”, where “aaaaa” is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Font. BACKUP directory: contains copies of the "index.bdmv” file, the “MovieObject.bdmv” file, all the files in the PLAYLIST directory and all files



in the CLIPINF directory. index.bdmv file: stores information describing the contents of the BDMV directory. There is only one index.bdmv file under the BDMV



directory. MovieObject.bdmv file: stores information for one or more Movie Objects. There is only one MovieObject.bdmv under the BDMV directory.



[edit]Filesystem

Blu-ray Disc specifies the use of Universal Disk Format (UDF) 2.5 as a convergent friendly format for both PC and consumer electronics environments.[76] It is used in latest specifications of BD-ROM, BD-RE and BD-R.[71][72][77] In the first BD-RE specification (defined in 2002), the BDFS (Blu-ray Disc File System) was used. The BD-RE 1.0 specification was defined mainly for  broadcast recording of High Definition TV. The BDFS was replaced by UDF 2.5 in the second BD-RE specification in 2005, in order to enable interoperability among consumer electronics Blu-ray recorders and personal computer systems. This enabled PC recording and playback of BD-RE.[77][84][85] BD-R can use UDF 2.5/2.6.[86] The Blu-ray Disc application (BDAV application) for recording of digital broadcasting has been developed asSystem Description Blu-ray Rewritable Disc  Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications. The requirements related with file system have been specified in System Description Blu-ray Rewritable Disc  Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 (BDFS).[76]

Initially, the BD-RE version 1.0 (BDFS) was specifically developed for recording of digital broadcasting using the Blu-ray Disc application (BDAV application). To support UDF, these requirements are superseded by the Blu-ray Rewritable Disc File System Specifications version 2.0 (UDF) (a.k.a. RE 2.0 ) and Blu-ray  Recordable Disc File System Specifications version 1.0 (UDF) (a.k.a. R 1.0 ). Additionally, a new application format, BDMV (System Description Blu-ray Disc  Prerecorded Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications) for High Definition Content Distribution was developed for BD-ROM. The only file system

developed for BDMV is the System Description Blu-ray Read-Only Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 (UDF) which defines the requirements for UDF 2.5.[76][77] [edit]Java

software support

Main article: BD-J 

At the 2005 JavaOne trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard.[citation needed ] Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on DVD video discs. DVDs use pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which are considerably more primitive and rarely seamless. At the conference, Java creator James Gosling suggested that the inclusion of a Java Virtual Machine, as well as network connectivity in some BD devices, will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features not included on the disc at pressing time.[citation needed ] This Java Version is called BD-J and is a subset of the Globally Executable MHP (GEM) standard; GEM is the worldwide version of  the Multimedia Home Platform standard. Most Blu-ray Discs that have BD-J menus do not allow a Blu-ray Disc player to automatically resume a movie from the point at which it was stopped.[citation needed ] [edit]Region

codes

Regions for the Blu-ray standard:[87]

A/1: The Americas, and their dependencies, East Asia (except China andMongolia), and Southeast Asia. (except Belarus, Russia andUkraine), Australia, New Zealand, and their dependencies.

B/2: Africa, Middle East, Southwest Asia, Europe

C/3: Central Asia, East Asia (China and Mongolia only), South Asia, Eastern Europe,

and their dependencies.

As with the implementation of region codes for DVDs, Blu-ray Disc players sold in a specific geographical region are designed to play only discs authorized by the content provider for that region. This is intended to permit content providers (motion picture studios, etc.) the ability to support product differences in content, price, release date, etc., by region. According to the Blu-ray Disc Association, "all Blu-ray Disc players...(and) Blu-ray Disc-equipped computer  systems are required to support regional coding." However, "Use of region playback codes is optional for content providers..."[88] Some current estimates suggest 70% of available [movie] Blu-ray Discs from the major studios are region-code-free and can therefore be played on any Blu-ray Disc player, in any region.[89] Movie studios have different region coding policies. Among major U.S. studios,Paramount Pictures and Universal Studios have released all of their titles region-free.[90][91] Sony Pictures and Warner Bros. have released most of their titles region-free.[92][93][94] Lionsgate and Walt Disney Pictures have released a mix of region-free and region-coded titles.[95][96] 20th Century Fox and MGM have released most of their titles region-coded.[97][98] The Blu-ray Disc region coding scheme divides the world into 3 regions, labeled A, B, and C. 

Region A includes most North, Central and South American and Southeast Asian countries plus Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea.



Region B includes most European, African and southwest Asian countries plus Australia and New Zealand.



Region C contains the remaining central and south Asian countries, as well as China and Russia.

In circumvention of region coding restrictions, stand-alone Blu-ray Disc players are sometimes modified by third parties to allow for playback of Blu-ray Discs (and DVDs) with any region code.[99]Instructions ('hacks') describing how to reset the Blu-ray region counter of computer player applications to make them multi-region indefinitely are also regularly posted to video enthusiast websites and forums. Unlike DVD region codes, Blu-ray region codes are verified only by the player software, not by the optical drive's firmware. [edit]Digital rights management

The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of digital rights management.[100][101]

The AACS decryption process. [edit]AACS

The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management. It was developed by AS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a consortium that includes Disney, Intel, Microsoft, Panasonic, Warner Bros., IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. Since appearing in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on thetrusted client problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player (WinDVD). Since keys can be revoked in newer releases,[102] this is only a temporary attack, and new keys must continually be discovered in order to decrypt the latest discs. Thiscat-and-mouse game has gone through several cycles. [edit]BD+

BD+ was developed by Cryptography Research Inc. and is based on their concept of Self-Protecting Digital Content.[103] BD+, effectively a small virtual machine embedded in authorized players, allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:[100] 

examine the host environment to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+

licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices. 

verify that the player's keys have not been changed.



execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system.



transform the audio and video output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+ program unscramble it.

If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially release BD+ code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content releases.[104] The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are available only to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed commercial adopters is available from the BD+ website.

The first titles using BD+ were released in October 2007. Since November 2007, versions of BD+ protection have been circumvented by various versions of  the AnyDVD HD program[105][106]. Other programs known to be capable of circumventing BD+ protection are DumpHD (versions 0.6 and above, along with some supporting software)[107], MakeMKV[108], and two applications from DVDFab (Passkey and HD Decrypter [109]). [edit]BD-ROM Mark

BD-ROM Mark is a small amount of cryptographic data that is stored separately from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BDROM Mark are impossible to decode.[citation needed ] A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization. [citation needed ]

[edit]Player

profiles

The BD-ROM specification defines four Blu-ray Disc player profiles, including an audio-only player profile (BD-Audio) that does not require video decoding or BD-J. All three of the video-based player profiles (BD-Video) are required to have a full implementation of BD-J, with varying levels of hardware support. BD-Video BD-Audio [d]

Grace Period 

Feature

Bonus View

BD-Live

[e]

Profile 3.0 [c]

Profile 1.0

Profile 1.1

Profile 2.0

No

64 KB

64 KB

64 KB

Built-in persistent memory

Local storage capability [a]

No

Optional

256 MB

1 GB

Secondary video decoder  (PiP)

No

Optional

Mandatory

Mandatory

Secondary audio decoder [b]

No

Optional

Mandatory

Mandatory

Virtual file system

No

Optional

Mandatory

Mandatory

Internet connection capability

No

No

No

Mandatory

^ a This is used for storing audio/video and title updates. It can either be built-in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or USB flash memory. ^ b A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary. [110][111] ^ c Profile 3.0 is a separate audio-only player profile. The first Blu-ray Disc album to be released wasDivertimenti , by record label Lindberg Lyd, and it has been confirmed to work on the PS3.

^ d Also known as Initial Standard profile. ^ e Also known as Final Standard profile.

On November 1, 2007, the Grace Period Profile was superseded by Bonus View as the minimum profile for new BD-Video players released to the market. [112]

When Blu-ray Disc software not authored with interactive features dependent on Bonus View or BD-Live hardware capabilities is played on Profile 1.0

players, it is able to play the main feature of the disc, but some extra features may not be available or will have limited capability.[113] [edit]BD-Live

The biggest difference between Bonus View and BD-Live is that BD-Live requires the Blu-ray Disc player to have an Internet connection to access Internetbased content. BD-Live features have included automatic firmware updates, transmission of all usage data to the manufacturers (including all Blu-ray Discs played), checking each time the device is switched on to see if it has been tampered with and report the same, Internet chats, scheduled chats with the director, Internet games, downloadable featurettes, downloadable quizzes, and downloadable movie trailers.[114][115][116] Note that while some Bonus View players may have an Ethernet port, these are used for firmware updates and are not used for Internet-based content.[citation needed ] In addition, Profile 2.0 also requires more local storage in order to handle this content. With the exception of the latest players and the PlayStation 3, Profile 1.0 players cannot be upgraded to be Bonus View or BD-Live compliant.[117][118][119] [edit]Backward

compatibility

Though not compulsory, the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray Disc drives be capable of reading standard DVDs and CDs, for backward compatibility.[120] A few early Blu-ray Disc players released in 2006 could play standard DVDs but not CDs.[121][122][123] [edit]Ongoing

development

Front of an experimental 200GB rewritable Blu-ray Disc.

Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue to work on advancing the technology. Quad-layer (100 GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics[124] and standard unaltered optics.[125] Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s video (HDTV) or 3 hours and 30 minutes of 64 Mbit/s video (Cinema 4K). In August 2006, TDK announced that they have created a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side, using six 33 GB data layers.[126] Also, behind closed doors at CES 2007, Ritek revealed that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity to ten layers, which increases the capacity of the discs to 250 GB. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current read/write technology does not support the additional layers.[127] JVC has developed a three-layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/(standard) DVD combination. If  successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc that can be played on current DVD players and can also reveal its HD version when played on a BD player .[128] Japanese optical disc manufacturer Infinity announced the first "hybrid" Blu-ray Disc/(standard) DVD combo, to be released February 18, 2009. "Code Blue" will feature four hybrid discs containing a single Blu-ray Disc layer (25 GB) and two standard DVD layers (9 GB) on the same side of the disc.[129] In January 2007, Hitachi showcased a 100 GB Blu-ray Disc, consisting of four layers containing 25 GB each.[130] Unlike TDK and Panasonic's 100 GB discs, they claim this disc is readable on standard Blu-ray Disc drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to make it readable to current players and drives.[131] In December 2008, Pioneer Corporation unveiled a 400 GB Blu-ray Disc (containing 16 data layers, 25 GB each) that will be compatible with current players after a firmware update. Its planned launch is in the 2009–10 time frame for ROM and 2010–13 for rewritable discs. Ongoing development is under way to create a 1 TB Blu-ray Disc as soon as 2013.[132] At CES 2009, Panasonic unveiled the DMP-B15, the first portable Blu-ray Disc player, and Sharp introduced the LC-BD60U and LC-BD80U series, the first LCD HDTVs with integrated Blu-ray Disc players. Sharp has also announced that they will sell HDTVs with integrated Blu-ray Disc recorders in the United States by the end of 2009. As of April 2008[dated info], a joint licensing agreement for Blu-ray Disc has not yet been finalized.[133] A joint licensing agreement would make it easier for  companies to get a license for Blu-ray Disc without having to go to each individual company that owns a Blu-ray Disc patent. For this reason, a joint licensing agreement was eventually made for DVD by the DVD6C Licensing Agency.[134] On Jan. 1, 2010, Sony, in association with Panasonic, announced plans to increase the storage capacity on their Blu-ray Discs from 25GB to 33.4GB via a technology called i-MLSE (Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation). The higher-capacity discs, according to Sony, will be readable on current Blu-ray Disc players with a firmware upgrade. No date has been set to include the increased space, but according to Blu-ray.com "it will likely happen sometime later this year."[135] [edit]3D

Blu-ray Disc

Blu-ray 3D logo.

The Blu-ray Disc Association created a task force made up of executives from the film industry and the consumer electronics and IT sectors to help define standards for putting 3D film and 3D television content on a Blu-ray Disc.[136] On Dec. 17, 2009 the BDA officially announced 3D specs for Blu-ray Disc, allowing backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray players.[137] "The Blu-ray 3D specification calls for encoding 3D video using the "Stereo High" profile defined by Multiview Video Coding (MVC), an extension to the ITU-T H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) codec currently supported by all Blu-ray Disc players. MPEG4-MVC compresses both left and right eye views with a typical 50% overhead compared to equivalent 2D content, and can provide full 1080p resolution backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray Disc players."[138]This means the MVC (3D) stream is backward compatible with H.264/AVC (2D) stream, allowing older 2D devices and software to decode stereoscopic video streams, ignoring additional information for the second view.

Also, according to Sony, PlayStation 3 consoles will receive a firmware upgrade to display 3D content, in particular Games on 10 June 2010,[139] but have said that they will release an update to enable 3D Blu-ray Disc playback before the end of the year [140] [edit]Variants [edit]Mini

Blu-ray Disc

The "Mini Blu-ray Disc" (also, "Mini-BD" and "Mini Blu-ray") is a compact 8 cm (~3 in)-diameter variant of the Blu-ray Disc that can store approximately 7.5 GB of data. It is similar in concept to theMiniDVD and MiniCD. Recordable (BD-R) and rewritable (BD-RE) versions of Mini Blu-ray Disc have been developed specifically for compact camcorders and other compact recording devices.[141] [edit]Blu-ray Disc recordable Main article: Blu-ray Disc recordable

"Blu-ray Disc recordable" refers to two optical disc formats that can be recorded with an optical disc recorder . BD-Rs can be written to once, whereas BD-REs can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. The current practical maximum speed for Blu-ray Discs is about 12×. Higher speeds of rotation (10,000+ rpm) cause too much wobble for the discs to be read properly, as with the 20× and 52× maximum speeds, respectively, of standardDVDs and CDs. Since September 2007, BD-RE is also available in the smaller 8 cm Mini Blu-ray Disc size.[141][142] On September 18, 2007, Pioneer and Mitsubishi codeveloped BD-R LTH ("Low to High" in groove recording), which features an organic dye recording layer  that can be manufactured by modifying existing CD-R and DVD-R production equipment, significantly reducing manufacturing costs.[143] In February 2008, Taiyo Yuden, Mitsubishi, and Maxell released the first BD-R LTH Discs,[144] and in March 2008, Sony's PlayStation 3 gained official support for BD-R LTH Discs with the 2.20 firmware update.[145] In May 2009 Verbatim/Mitsubishi announced the industry's first 6X BD-R LTH media, which allows recording a 25 GB disc in about 16 minutes.[146] Unlike the previous releases of 120 mm optical discs (i.e., CDs and standard DVDs), Blu-ray recorders hit the market almost simultaneously with Blu-ray's debut. [edit]BD9

and BD5

The BD9 format was proposed to the Blu-ray Disc Association by Warner Home Video as a cost-effective alternative to the 25/50 GB BD-ROM discs. The format was supposed to use the same codecs and program structure as Blu-ray Disc video, but recorded onto less expensive 9 GB dual-layer DVD. This redlaser media could be manufactured on existing DVD production lines with lower costs of production than the 25/50 GB Blu-ray media.[147] Usage of BD9 for releasing content on "pressed" discs has never caught on. After the end of the format war, major producers ramped up the production of  Blu-ray Discs and lowered their prices to the level of DVDs. On the other hand, the idea of using inexpensive DVD media became popular among individual users. A lower-capacity version of this format that uses single-layer 4.5 GB DVDs has been unofficially called BD5. Both formats are being used by individual users for recording high definition content in Blu-ray format onto recordable DVD media.[148][149] Despite the fact that the BD9 format has been adopted as part of the BD-ROM basic format, none of existing Blu-ray player models supports it explicitly. As such, the discs recorded in BD9 and BD5 formats are not guaranteed to play on standard Blu-ray Disc players. AVCHD and AVCREC also use inexpensive media like DVDs, but unlike BD9 and BD5 these formats have limited interactivity, codec types, and data rates. [edit]BDXL

The BDXL format supports 100GB and 128GB write-once discs[150][151] and 100GB rewritable discs for commercial applications. It was defined in June 2010. BD-R 3.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered recordable in BDAV format with the speed of 2X and 4X, capable of 100/128GB and usage of  UDF2.5/2.6.[152] BD-RE 4.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered rewritable in BDAV with the speed of 2X and 4X, capable of 100GB and usage of UDF2.5 as file system.[153] [edit]IH-BD

The IH-BD (Intra-Hybrid Blu-Ray) format includes a 25GB write-once layer (BD-RE) and a 25GB read-only layer (BD-ROM), designed to work with existing Blu-Ray Discs.[150][151] [edit]AVCHD Main article: AVCHD

AVCHD was originally developed as a high definition format for consumer tapeless camcorders. Derived from the Blu-ray Disc specification, AVCHD uses lower data rate, simpler interactivity and cheaper media. AVCHD specification allows recording AVC-encoded video onto DVDs, as well as onto other types of random access media like SD/SDHC memory cards, "Memory Stick" cards andhard disk drives.[154] Being primarily an acquisition format, AVCHD can also be used for distribution of high definition video using inexpensive media like conventional DVDs and flash memory cards. Many Blu-Ray Disc players support AVCHD playback from DVDs. Many Panasonic and JVC HD television sets and Blu-Ray Disc players support AVCHD playback from SDHC memory cards. [edit]AVCREC Main article: AVCREC 

AVCREC uses BDAV container to record high definition content on conventional DVDs.[155] Presently AVCREC is tightly integrated with Japanese ISDB broadcast standard and is not marketed outside of Japan. AVCREC is used primarily in set-top digital video recorders and in this regard is comparable to HD REC. [edit]See

also

 Blu-ray portal 



Blu-ray Disc authoring



Blu-ray Disc recordable



Comparison of high definition optical disc formats



HD DVD



HDTV



Digital 3D and 3D television



List of Blu-ray 3D releases



List of Blu-ray manufacturers

[edit]References

1.

^ http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_developers

2.

^ Toshiba (February 19, 2008). "Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses". Press release. Retrieved 2008-02-26.

3.

^ Yomiuri Shimbun page 1, 19 July 2009 Ver. 13S

4.

^ "Now Available". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 2008-10-22.

5.

^ "Blu-ray/HD DVD releases in Japan". AVWatch. Retrieved 2008-06-21.

6.

^ Evan Ramstad (1998-04-08). "In HDTV Age, Successor to VCR Still Seems to Be a Long Way Off". online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

7.

^ Martyn Williams (2002-08-12). "Opening the Door for New Storage Options". pcworld.com. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

8.

^ S.B. Luitjens (2001-06-15). "Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features". planetanalog.com. Retrieved 2007-10-19.

9.

^ "Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype". cdrinfo.com. 2000-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-17.

10.

^ Barry Fox (2002-02-19). "Replacement for DVD unveiled". newscientist.com. Retrieved 2007-10-17.

11.

^ "Disclosure of Specifications for Large Capacity Optical Disc Recording Format Utilizing Blue-Violet Laser " Blu-ray Disc" Begins". Sony. 2002-05-

20. Retrieved 2009-03-16.

12.

^ Maxim Liadov. "SONY BDZ-S77 Recorder Review". digit-life.com. Retrieved 2007-10-19.

13.

^ "Fox trots towards Blu-ray". ITWorld. 2002-10-04. Retrieved 2009-03-16.

14.

^ Martyn Williams (2004-08-05). "New Blu-ray Details Emerge". pcworld.com. Retrieved 2007-10-17.

15.

^ "Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartr idge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-ray Discs a Reality". physorg.com. 2005-01-09. Retrieved

2007-10-18.

16.

^ Tony Smith (2006-01-06). "Blu-ray Disc developers complete specification". theregister.co.uk . Retrieved 2007-10-17.

17.

^ Katie Dean (2004-07-15). "Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates?". wired.com. Retrieved 2007-10-19.

18.

^ Martyn Williams (2005-12-14). "Toshiba Hints at HD DVD Delay". pcworld.com. Retrieved 2007-10-19.

19.

^ Craig Morris (2006-02-14). "AACS copy protection for Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD delayed again". heise.de. Retrieved 2007-10-19.

20.

^ Melissa J. Perenson (2006-03-21). "Burning Questions: No Copying From First High-Def Players". pcworld.com. Retrieved 2007-10-19.

21.

^ "Toshiba Starts Selling HD DVD Players in Japan". foxnews.com. 2006-03-31. Retrieved 2007-10-17.

22.

^ Dan Costa (2006-06-15). "Samsung Ships the First Blu-ray Player". pcmag.com. Retrieved 2007-10-17.

23.

^ Sony Rearranges Blu-ray Release Schedule. High-Def Digest, June 15, 2006

24.

^ Full Specs in for Warner's September 26 Lineup; Studio to Go VC-1 for Blu-ray?, BLU-RAY NEWS, High-Def Digest, August 30, 2006

25.

^ Bracke, Peter M. (2006-10-10). "Click: Blu-ray Disc review". HighDefDigest.com. Retrieved 2007-09-15.

26.

^ First Blu-ray Music album released, Pocket Lint, May 30, 2008

27.

^ "Sony Unveils First Blu-Ray Disc Drive Burner". July 18, 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2010.

28.

^ Junko Yoshida (2002-03-01). "Picture's fuzzy for DVD". eetimes.com. Retrieved 2007-10-19.

29.

^ Junko Yoshida (2001-12-12). "Forum to weigh Microsoft's Corona as DVD encoder". eetimes.com. Retrieved 2007-10-19.

30.

^ "Toshiba, NEC Share Details of Blue-Laser Storage". pcworld.com. 2002-08-29. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

31.

^ "DVD Forum backs Toshiba-NEC format". theinquirer.net . 2003-11-28. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

32.

^ "Opinion: Trust's worth".

33.

^ "Lieberfarb lobs charges at Blu-ray".

34.

^ David Katzmaier (2006-06-30). "Samsung BD-P1000 Review". cnet.com. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

35.

^ Stephanie Prange (2007-02-23). "Blu-ray Tips Scales". homemediamagazine.com. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

36.

^ "BD+ Technologies Launches Content Protection Licensing Program". BD+ Technologies, LLC. 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2009-03-23.

37.

^ Ryan Singel (February 26, 2008). "How Crypto Won the DVD War". Wired. Retrieved 2008-02-27.

38.

^ Sarah McBride (2007-09-30). "DVD formats Blu-ray, HD square off". charleston.net . Retrieved 2007-10-18.

39.

^ Beaumont, Claudine (2008-02-23). "Blu-ray Wins — Telegraph". London: Telegraph (UK). Retrieved 2008-02-23.

40.

^ Will Smale (February 19, 2008). "How the PS3 led Blu-ray's triumph". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-02-26.

41.

^ "Toshiba drops out of the HD DVD war". BBC News. February 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-19.

42.

^ Chmielewski, Dawn C.; Wallace, Bruce (2008-02-20). "Blu-ray winner by KO in high-definition war". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-02-22.

43.

^ "All Hollywood studios now lined up behind Blu-Ray". Reuters (The Hollywood Reporter). February 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-21.

44.

^

a b c 

45.

^

a b

46.

^ "Report: Microsoft says no Blu-ray for Xbox 360". CNet. 2008-03-18. Retrieved 2008-03-31.

47.

^ "Disc Sales: 'Dark Knight' Tops 600K On Release Day". highdefdigest.com. 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2009-02-17.

48.

^ "Disc Sales: 'Dark Knight' Blu-ray Breaks 1M First-Week Barrier". highdefdigest.com. 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2009-02-17.

49.

^ "Blu-ray is Being Adopted Much Faster Than DVD 11 Years Ago". InfoNIAC.com. June 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-09.

50.

^ "Taking flight with Blu-ray and solar energy". NextInsight. 2008-05-16.

51.

^ "Sales of Blu-ray Disc Recorders Leave Behind Sales of DVD Recorders in Japan". xbitlabs.com. 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2009-01-16.

52.

^

53.

^ "U.S. Which UK DVD Rental Sites Offer Blu-Ray Rental?". choosedvdrental.co.uk. 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2009-10-28.

54.

^ Matt Richtel and Brad Stone Blu-ray’s Fuzzy Future NYTimes.com January 5, 2009

55.

^ Ryan Nakashima. Hollywood hopes an ensemble cast boosts Blu-ray. Associated Press. December 14, 2009. Accessed 2009-12-14.

56.

^ Blu-ray Disc Association (2005-05). "White paper, Blu-ray Disc Format, 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM"(PDF).

a b

"High-def discs lag standard, but gaining momentum". videobusiness.com. 2008-02-15. Retrieved 2008-12-28.

"High-Definition Sales Far Behind Standard DVD's First Two Years". MovieWeb.com. February 20, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-28.

"DEG Year-end 2009 Home Entertainement Report". The Digital Entertainment Group. 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-03-17.

Retrieved 2008-11-30.

57.

^ [1] Sony says Blu-ray Disc 405 nm laser diodes use GaN]

58.

^ Blu-ray Disc Founders (2004-08). "White paper, Blu-ray Disc Format, General" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-04-16.

59.

^ Blu-ray Disc Association (2007-03). "White paper, Blu-ray Disc, 1.C Physical Format Specifications for BD-ROM, 5th Edition" (PDF). Retrieved

2009-11-15.

60.

^ Pioneer launches 12x Blu-ray burner 

61.

^

a b

Blu-ray Disc Association (2005-03) (PDF), White paper Blu-ray Disc Format - 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM ,

p. 15, retrieved 2009-07-26

62.

^ Blu-ray Disc Association. "Technical White Papers - BD ROM". Retrieved 2010-01-19.

63.

^ "Blu-ray Disc To Support MPEG-4, VC-1". PCWorld. Retrieved 2009-01-29.

64.

^ [2]

65.

^ "1st HD DVD Players To Decode All Mandatory, Optional Audio Codecs". TWICE. Retrieved 2009-01-29.

66.

^ "2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM Version 2.4 (April 2010)", White paper Blu-ray Disc Format, Blu-ray Disc

Association, April 2010

67.

^ "What is Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD?". Retrieved 2008-02-16.

68.

^

69.

^ AfterDawn.com Glossary - BD-MV (Blu-ray Movie) and BDAV container , Retrieved on 2009-07-26

70.

^

a b

71.

^

a b c 

72.

^

a b c  d 

73.

^

a b

a b

Videohelp.com What is Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD?, Retrieved on 2009-07-26

AfterDawn.com Glossary - BDAV container , Retrieved on 2009-07-26 Blu-ray Disc Association. "R2 Format Specification". Retrieved 2010-06-10. Blu-ray Disc Association. "RE3 Format Specification". Retrieved 2010-06-10.

Blu-ray Disc Association (March 2008) BD-RE - Audiovisual Application Format Specification for BD-RE 2.1 (PDF), Technical White Papers -

BD RE, Retrieved on 2009-07-28

74.

^ Blu-ray Disc Association (August 2004) Blu-ray Disc Format, White paper (PDF) Page 22, Retrieved on 2009-07-28

75.

^ Blu-ray Disc Association. "R1 Format Specification". Retrieved 2010-06-10.

76.

^

a b c  d  e

White paper - Blu-ray Disc Format, 3. File System Specifications for BD-RE, R, ROM, August 2004, retrieved 2010-06-10

77.

^

a b c  d  e

(PDF) Blu-ray - All Books, As of December 2009 , retrieved 2010-06-10

78.

^

a b

79.

^ Jim Taylor, Mark R. Johnson, Charles G. Crawford. DVD Demystified - BD-MV . Retrieved 2010-06-10.

80.

^

a b

(PDF) Blu-ray - All Books, As of June 2010 , retrieved 2010-06-18

White Paper Blu-ray Disc Rewritable Format Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-RE Version 3.0, March 2008 , retrieved

2010-06-10

81.

^ (PDF) White paper, Blu-ray Disc Format, 2.B Audio Visual Application, Format Specifications, for BD-ROM Version 2.4, May 2010 , retrieved 2010-

06-10

82.

^ (PDF) Application Definition, Blu-ray Disc Format, BD-J Baseline Application and Logical Model Definition for BD-ROM, March 2005 , retrieved

2010-06-10

83.

^ (PDF) Advanced Access Content System (AACS) Blu-ray Disc Recordable Book, Revision 0.951, 2009-09-28, retrieved 2010-06-10

84.

^ Blu-ray Disc Association. "RE1 Format Specification". Retrieved 2010-06-11.

85.

^ Blu-ray Disc Association. "RE2 Format Specification". Retrieved 2010-06-11.

86.

^ Blu-ray Disc Association. "R3 Format Specification (BDXL™)". Retrieved 2010-06-10.

87.

^ "Blu-ray Disc for Video". Retrieved 2009-09-14.

88.

^ "How does regional coding work in t he computer space?" us.blu-raydisc.com FAQ retrieved 2009-Oct-24

89.

^ "Latest Confirmed Region Free Blu-Rays" accessed 2009-10-24

90.

^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Paramount". Retrieved 2008-08-13.

91.

^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Universal". Retrieved 2008-08-13.

92.

^ although titles released by Warner's New Line division were initially region-coded, but subsequently have been released without region-coding.

Titles released by other labels on behalf of New Line are still subject to region-coding.

93.

^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Sony". Retrieved 2008-08-13.

94.

^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Warner". Retrieved 2008-08-13.

95.

^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Lionsgate". Retrieved 2008-08-13.

96.

^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Disney". Retrieved 2008-08-13.

97.

^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics 20th Century Fox". Retrieved 2008-08-13.

98.

^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics MGM". Retrieved 2010-01-26.

99.

^ "First Region Free Blu-ray Players Available" www.engadgethd.com, Accessed 2009-10-24

100.

^

101.

^ AJIMA, Kosuke (2006-03-29). "Overview of BD-ROM security" (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association Content Protection Group. Retrieved 2007-05-03.

102.

^ "Response to Reports of Attacks on AACS Technology". AACS. April 16, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.

103.

^ Content Protection - BD+ and Blu-ray from cryptography.com

104.

^ "Systems and Methods for Detecting Authorized Players" US patent application 2010169663, published 2010-07-01, assigned to CYBERLINK

a b

"Blu-ray Disc Next-Generation Optical Storage: Protecting Content on the BD-ROM"(PDF). DELL. Retrieved 2007-05-03.

CORPORATION

105.

^ Darren Murph (2007-11-07). "SlySoft's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD+". engadget. Retrieved 2010-07-21.

106.

^ Adrian Kingsley-Hughes (2008-03-19). "SlySoft cracks Blu-ray BD+ encryption". ZDNet. Retrieved 2010-07-21.

107.

^ Doom9.org

108.

^ Jonathan Seff (2010-01-20). "Blu-ray ripping on the Mac". Macworld. Retrieved 2010-07-21.

109.

^ Whitson Gordon (2010-06-09). "The Hassle-Free Guide to Ripping Your Blu-Ray Collection". Lifehacker. Retrieved 2010-07-21.

110.

^ Christian Lysvåg (2008-05-29). "Music on Blu-ray". Music Information Centre Norway. Retrieved 2008-06-26.

111.

^ Joshua Fruhlinger (2008-05-28). "First Blu-ray record, Divertimenti, released". engadget. Retrieved 2008-07-05.

112.

^ "Blu-ray Disc Assn. promotes new Bonus View".

113.

^ Zyber, Joshua (2007-11-23). "High-Def FAQ: Blu-ray Profiles Explained". highdefdigest.com. Retrieved 2007-12-18.

114.

^ Bracke, Peter (2008-10-28). "Tinker Bell (Blu-ray)". highdefdigest.com. Retrieved 2009-02-14.

115.

^ Zyber, Joshua (2008-11-11). "Hellboy II: The Golden Army (Blu-ray)". highdefdigest.com. Retrieved 2009-02-14.

116.

^ Brown, Kenneth (2008-11-09). "Kung Fu Panda (Blu-ray)". highdefdigest.com. Retrieved 2009-02-14.

117.

^ Does Blu-ray Profile 1.1 make past players obsolete? from cnet.com

118.

^ Samsung's Already Awesome HD Disc Hybrid BD-UP5000 Upgraded to Profile 1.1 from gizmodo.com

119.

^ http://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/terms/profile_1_1.cfm Afterdawn.com

120.

^ "Can Blu-ray Disc products play DVD and CD?". Retrieved 2009-01-25.

121.

^ "LG BH100 Blu-Ray/HD DVD player". Retrieved 2008-08-30.

122.

^ "Pioneer BDP-HD1". Retrieved 2007-02-23.

123.

^ "Sony BDP-S1 Blu-ray Disc Player — Product Profile". Retrieved 2008-09-17.

124.

^ "TDK Announces 100GB Blue Laser Disc Technology". TDK. 2005. Retrieved 2007-09-27.

125.

^ "Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-ray Disc Playback". cdrinfo.xom.

126.

^ "TDK Announces Blue Laser Disc Technology to Support 200 GB Capacity". TDK. August 31, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-27.

127.

^ Yam, Marcus (2007-01-10). "Three HD Layers Today, Ten Tomorrow". DailyTech. Retrieved 2007-04-24.

128.

^ "Blu-ray/ DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology". 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-30.

129.

^ "World’s first hybrid Blu-ray / DVD disk title released in Japan". 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-18.

130.

^ "Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using 'Standard Drive'". Retrieved 2008-01-06.

131.

^ Hitachi unveils 100 GB Blu-ray Disc

132.

^ "Pioneer showcases 16-layer 400GB optical disc". Retrieved 2008-12-02.

133.

^ "Philips introduces patent licenses for Blu-ray Disc (Press Release)". 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2008-04-20.

134.

^ "DVD Patent Licensing Program Announced by Six Companies". 1999-06-11. Retrieved 2008-06-21.

135.

^ "FSony, Panasonic Propose Blu-ray Capacity Increase". Blu-ray.com. 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2010-01-08.

136.

^ "Blu-ray brains create 3D taskforce". reghardware.co.uk. 2009-05-20. Retrieved 2009-05-23.

137.

^ "3D specs finalized for Blu-ray, to hit market next year". HD Report. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2009-12-17.

138.

^ "Blu-ray Disc Association Announces Final 3D Specification". Business Wire. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2009-12-18.

139.

^ "PS3 goes 3D on 10 June". News24 Games.

140.

^ "Blu-ray 3D for PS3 by Year's End?". The HD Room.

141.

^

142.

^ Hitachi First in Industry to Release Blu-ray Disc Camcorder Naoki Asakawa, Nikkei Electronics, Nikkei Business Publications, 2007-08-03.

143.

^ "Pioneer and Mitsubishi Develop Low cost BD-R Discs Using Organic Recording Layers". CDRInfo.com.

144.

^ Taiyo Yuden, Mitsubishi and Maxell Release First LTH BD-R Discs cdrinfo.com

145.

^ PS3 firmware update v2.20 available – added support for LTH BD-R afterdawn.com

146.

^ Verbatim/MKM certified BD-R LTH type media makes performance leap to 6X reuters.com

147.

^ "BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners". cdrinfo.com. 2006-04-11. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

148.

^ "Quick Blu-ray content (BD, BD-5 and BD-9) authoring guide (PS3+PowerDVD)".

149.

^ "Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring". Retrieved 2007-08-19.

150.

^

a b

"BDXL Spec Upgrades Blu-ray Storage to 128GB". 2010-04-06. Retrieved 2010-04-06.

151.

^

a b

"Blu-ray Disc Association Unveils 128GB Specification". 2010-04-06. Retrieved 2010-04-06.

152.

^ Blu-ray Disc Association. "R3 Format Specification (BDXL™)". Retrieved 2010-06-18.

153.

^ Blu-ray Disc Association. "RE4 Format Specification (BDXL™)". Retrieved 2010-06-18.

154.

^ "AVCHD Information Web Site press releases".

155.

^ "AVREC Format Specifications".

a b

[edit]External

"Verbatim to Launch World’s First Mini BD Media".

links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Blu-ray Disc



Blu-ray Disc Association



Blu-ray Disc Association's Technical White Papers



Blu-ray Disc License Office



AACS LA [show]

v•d•e

Audio recording formats [show] v•d•e

Video storage formats [show] v•d•e

High definition media [show] v•d•e

High-definition (HD)

Categories: Optical disc authoring | Blu-ray Disc | Computer storage media | Video storage | Audio storage | Consumer electronics | DVD | High-definition television | High-end audio | 2006 introductions | Java platform •

New features

•

Log in / create account • • • • •

Article Discussion Read Edit View history

þÿ

Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia • • • • •

• • • •

• •

Donate to Wikipedia Help

Toolbox Print/export Languages Afrikaans ‫العربية‬ বাংলা  Bosanski Български Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara ‫سی‬‫ف‬ Français Galego • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

한국어

•

Հայերեն

•

िहनदी  Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ‫עברית‬ Kapampangan Latviešu Lietuvių  Magyar  Македонски

•

മലയാളം

• • • • • • • • •

•

Bahasa Melayu Nederlands

•

日本語

•

•

Nnapulitano Norsk (bokmål) Norsk (nynorsk) ‫بی‬‫پنج‬ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமழ்

•

ไทย

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

•

Türkçe Українська ‫دو‬‫ا‬ Tiếng Việt

•

吴语

•

Yorùbá

•

中文

•

This page was last modified on 25 July 2010 at 12:13.

•

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.

• • •

Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. •

Contact us

•

Privacy policy

•

About Wikipedia

•

Disclaimers •

•