Brick

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Construction Technology
Stonework, brickwork, and block work

Stonework
The natural of stones or rocks is a very long process which commenced when the earth was composed only of gases. Building stones:
Igneous Sedimentary metamorphic

Igneous stone Igneous rock is formed as a result of the free ing of the magma. !agma is molten material inside the "arth, flare comes from the top or bottom of the sheath of the "arth#s crust, high$temperature %&'' ( )*'' + c, as well as having a high viscosity, easy to move and tends towards the surface of the "arth

Sedimentary Stone Sedimentary rocks are rocks that are formed by the consolidation of sediments, as freelance material, which terangkut to the site of deposition by water, wind, ice and gravity, the movement of soil avalanches or landslides. Sedimentary rocks can also be formed by the evaporation of a solution of calcium carbonate, silica, salt and other materials

!etamorphic Stone These are stone which have altered and may have been originally igneous or sedimentary rocks, but have since been changed by geological process such as pressure, movement, and heat and chemical reaction ddue the infiltration of fluids. Type of metamorphic stone are marble and slate.

-econstructed Stone

These types of cast stone are homogeneous throughout and therefore have the same te.ture and colour as the natural stones they are intended to substitute. They are free from flaws, stratification, and can be worked same as natural stone.
/rtificial Stone

These stone partly of facing material and partly of structural concrete. The facing is a mi.ture of fine aggregate of natural stone , cement, and pigmented to give the colour.

/shlar 0alling
This form of stone walling is composed of carefully worked stones, regularly coursed, bonded, and set with thin or rusticated 1oints and is used for the ma1ority of high class facing work in stone. -ulles for ashlar work
).

Back faces of ashlar stones should be painted with a bituminous or similar waterprooofing paint. ".ternal stonework must not be taken through the thickness of thhe wall since this could create a passage for moisture. 3edges of cornices and e.ternal pro1ections should be covered with lead, copper or ashpalt to prevent damage by rain or birds. !oulded cornices should be raked back at 4 to counteract the cantilever action 6ace of stones should be given a protective coat of slurry during construction, the slurry being washed off immediately prior to completion.

2.

*.

4. 5.

-ubble walling The walls are made of stone in the shape of a rough and uneven so it displays a form that is natural and it is widely used in various forms in rural areas.

!anufacture of Clay Bricks
The basic raw material is clay, shale or brickearth.
7ressed Bricks

). The semi$dry method This process is used for clay which have a low natural plasticity. 2. The stiff plastic method This process is used for the clay dust needs tempering before being pressed into the mould.

0ire cut bricks

The clay, which is usually fairly soft and of a fine te.ture.
Soft mud process bricks

The manufacture can be carried out by machine or by hand either with the natural clay or with a mi.ture of clay and lime or chalk.

Brick Classification
 8arieties

Common Suitable for general building work. Facing To have an attractive appearance. Engineering To defined limits for absorption and strength.  9ualities Internal Suitable for internal use only Ordinary :ormally durable in the e.ternal face of a building. Special 6or the structure may become saturated and fro en.

Types

Solid Small holes passing through the brick don;t e.ceed 25< of its volume. Perforated =oles passing through the brick e.ceed 25< of its volume. Hollow The holes are small as defined above. Cellular The holes are e.ceed 2'< of the volume. C>:C-"T" B-IC?S These are made from mi.ture of aggregate and cement in a similar fashion to calcium silicate bricks.

C/3CI@! SI3IC/T" B-IC?S These bricks are made from carefully selected clean sand or crushed flint mi.ed with controlled Auantities of lime and water. !>-T/-S 6>- B-IC?0>-?
). 2. *. 4. 5. B.

=ave adeAuate strength. =ave good workability. :eeds to retain plasticity long. Be durable over a long period. Bond well to the bricks. Be able to be produced at an aconomic cost.

!ortar !i.es
Typical Mixes (by volume)
Cement mortar ):* for brickwork in e.posed condition

and for brickwork in foundations.
3ime mortar ):* for internal use only Cauged mortar

):):B for most conditions of severe e.posure ):2:& e.cept those of severe e.posure ):*:)2 internal use only

Dampness 7enetration
By the rain penetrating the head of the wall. By the rain beating against the e.ternal wall. By ground moisture entering the wall at or near to the base.

D/!7$7->>6 C>@-S"
). 2. *.

Those below ground level to prevent moisture from the soil. Those placed 1ust above ground level to prevent moisture creeping up the wall by capillary action. Those placed at openings, parapets and similar locations.

Materials for damp-proof courses
Be completely impervious Be durable Be strong enough to support the loads Be fle.ibel Be in comparatively thin sheets

Lead It is a fle.ibel material supplied in thin sheet Copper This should have a minimum thickness of '.25 mm. Bitumen This is supplied in the form of felt usually to brick widths.

Mastic asphalt /pplied in two layers giving a total thickness of 25mm. Polythene The thickness not less than '.5mm. Slates These should not be less than 2*'mm long nor less than 4mm thick. Bric s They are laid in two course in cement mortar.
B-IC?0>-? B>:DI:C To lay the bricks to some recogni ed pattern or bond in order to ensure stability of the structure and to produce a pleasing appearance.

Common bonds Stretcher bond @sed for half$brick walls and the half$ brick skins of hollow or cavity walls.

"nglish bond / very strong bond consisting of alternate courses of headers and stretchers.

6lemish bond This bond is sometimes reffered to as double 6lemish bond.

Single flemish bond The thinnest wall that can be built using this bond is a one$and$a$half brick wall. "nglish garden wall bond Consists of three courses of stretchers to one course of headers. 6lemish garden wall bond This bond is fairly economical in facing bricks and has a pleasing appearance.

Special Bonds
-at$trap bonds is a type of wall brick masonry bond in

which bricks are laid on edge for gives saving materials and loadings.

9uetta bonds used one and a half brick walls for added

strength,suitable for retaining walls.

!etric !odular Brickwork have been designed and produced with four differents format , provides only for a single format of 2''.)''.E5mm.

The bond arrangement are usually, but are based on third bonding that is overlap is one third of a brick and not one Auarter as with the standard format brick.

6ootings This is wide bricks palced at the base of a wall to spread the load over greater area of the foundations

Boundary 0alls these wall such as reatining wall the conditions will be even more e.treme. To severe weather conditions. "fflorescence appearing white on the face of brickwork cause deposit of salts which forms on the surface of bricks and mortar. Dry brushing or with clean water may be used to remove the salt.

Blockwork
!ore than the BS dimensions specified for bricks and its

high shall not e.ceed either its length or si. times its thickness Clay Blocks they are manufactured hollow by an e.trusion process and are fired as for clay bricks. 6ormat si e of *'' . 225 . B2.5, E5, )'', or )5'mm width

7recast Concrete Blocks The density of a precast concrete block gives an indication of its compressive strength$the greater the density the stronger is the block. Concrete blocks are laid and 1oined to other walls by block bonding or leaving metal ties or strips. 6ormat si e being 4'' . 2'' mm and 45' . 225 mm with thickness of E5, &', )'', )4', )&', and 2)5mm

concrete block not be laid until drting shrinkage ha staken place % usually )4days, and should be protected on site to prevent them becoming wet, e.panding and causing subseAuent shrinkage possibly resulting in cracking. These compromise a stainless steel or galvani ed steel former incorporating hori ontal bed 1oint ties at 45'mm spacing.

Installation with bonded profiled or perforated ties to one side and plastic sleeved ties to the other to maintain continuity ad facilitate movement.

The advantages of blockwork over brickwork
3abour saving : easy to cut, large units "asier fi.ings : with screws and nails =igher termal insulation 3ower density 7rovide a suitable for plaster

The disadvantages
3ower strength 3ess resistance to rain penetration 3oadbearing properties less 3ower sound insulation properties

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