Brick
Content
Presented by:
N.SUTHARSHAN
HNDE 2011
Introduction
objective
Characteristics of Brick
Manufacture of Brick
Terminology of bricks
Shape of Brick
Type of Bond
Field Test / Lab Test
Failure of Brick
protection of failure of Brick
Summary
Brick
work can be used in building construction for
two different applications. They are as infill panels in
reinforced concrete framed building and load bearing
brick.
There are several bond patterns available in Sri Lanka
such as stretcher bond, header bond, English bond,
Flemish bond and recently introduced Rat-trap bond.
1.To develop a teaching learning package for main
components of brick work.
2. To validate the developed package.
3. To maintain the uniform standard in main
components brick work system in COTs.
Color:- Good brick should possess a uniform colour
throughout.
Standard Size
( 215 X 102.5 X 65 )
Shape:- The spaces and beds should be true and not
twisted; they should possess sharp; keen arrises.
Burning:- Uniformly burn throughout, and show a
uniform texture internally when broken across
Absorption:-Brick should not absorb water more then
1/6 their own weight when immersed in the water for 24
hours
Preparation
Moulding
Draying
Burning
Cooling
of Clay
Selection of site for brick making.
Bricks are make from quality clay that is found sufficient
available in the ground. And also sufficient quality of water
is available.
Un-soiling:- This operation consists of scraping top layer
of soil, about 150 to 250mm in depth, to be rejected and
thrown away, since the top soil may contain a number of
impurities including waste disposal materials.
Digging:- After the un-soiling, the brick earth is then dug
out from the ground either manually or with the help of
machinery.
Cleaning and powering:- The brick earth is cleared of
stones, pebbles, lime, roots and other vegetable matter.
Clay cut using
a crook hold
Clay removed from mould
Clay rolled in sand to
prevent
it sticking to the mould
Placed in wooden mould (a
strike)
and smoothed down.
Hand made brick
Kiln
The process of preparing the bricks of required shape and size
from the tempered or plugged earth/clay is moulding which is
done in timber or steel moulds. There are two methods of
moulding.
01. Hand moulding:-
In this, bricks are moulded
manually. It is adopted where sufficient man power is available
cheaply. Hand moulding is done either on the ground or on the
table, respectively known as ground, table moulding
02. Machine moulding:-
when a large number of bricks
are to be manufactured at a given site in short duration, moulding
of bricks can be done with the help of machine. Machine moulded
bricks are heavy, strong and durable and have smooth extwrnal
surfaces.
To remove water content so that both the time of burning as
well as fuel consumption is reduced.
To increase the strength of bricks so that they can be
handled safely without breaking or deforming.
To minimize creaking and distortion of bricks during burning.
BURNING OF BRICKS
Burning of air dried bricks is a very important and essential
operation because it imparts,
Strength
Hardness
Durability
Denseness
Pleasing red colour and
Imperviousness.
Positions:
Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of the brick
exposed on the outer face of a wall.
Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed.
Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side exposed.
Brick Types. There are two main types of clay bricks: pressed and wire
cut. Pressed bricks usually have a deep frog in one bedding surface and a
shallow frog in the other. Wire cut bricks usually have 3 or 4 holes through
them constituting up to 25% of the total volume of the brick. Some
‘perforated’ bricks have many smaller holes.
Brick Usage. There are three main categories of use, and both pressed
bricks or wire cut brick types are used in all three categories.
Facing brickwork is the visible decorative work.
Engineering brickwork, often seen in bridges and large industrial
construction but may also be hidden in ground works where maximum
durability is required e.g. manhole construction.
Common brickwork is not usually seen and is used where engineering
qualities are not required; below ground in domestic buildings and internal
walls for instance.
5
21
102.5
mm
d
Be
e
si d
65
Arises
Standard
Brick
Beveller closer
King Closer
Queen Closer
Quarter brick
Three
Quarter
Bonding is the methods used in masonry work to
avoid continuous vertical joints. which can make a
wall unstable when loads are uneven. A complex
bond produces a stiffer wall. Bonding also spreads
the loads from joist ends and roof trusses through
the wall.
A brick should be twice as long as it is wide. This
allows for different methods for bonding the bricks,
which can produce variations in appearance and
strength.
Comparison between bonded and non-bonded brick work
load
Non-bonded
load
Bonded
Stretcher course
Toothing
Header course
Queen closer
Bed joint
Stretchers
Vertical joint
Queen
closer
Motor Bed
Second
course
Walls build in English
bonds are very strong
as no straight joints
occur in any part of the
wall. Alternative
courses of headers
and stretchers it is
used where strength is
preferably to
appearance.
First courser
( Stretcher side
Brick )
All bricks are laid as
headers towards the
face of the wall. It may
be used for footings in
foundation s for better
transverse load
distribution and
construction of curve
walls.
Type of Bond
Flemish bond, always
been considered the most
decorative bond, It is
created by alternately
laying headers and
stretchers in a single
course.
Stretcher bond is the
simplest repeating pattern
but it is only suitable for a
wall half a brick thick, the
thinnest possible wall.
bond, also
Type of Bond Rat-trap
known as Chinese bond,
is a type of garden wall
bond similar to Flemish,
but consisting of rowlocks
and shiners instead of
headers and stretchers.
This gives a wall with an
internal cavity bridged by
the headers, hence the
name. The main
advantage of this bond is
economy in use of bricks,
giving a wall of one brick
thickness with fewer
bricks than a solid bond
Field / Lab Test
2T10
Tie beam
Brick
work
R.R.
Cost Comparisons
No
Item
Unit
Rate
Total 9”
Bond (Rs)
1
Cement
Bag
800.00
19,600.00
2
Brick
Nos
5.00
4,475.00
3
Sand
Cubes
3,500.00
700.00
4
Masons
Days
1000.00
5
Helpers
Days
6
Scaffoldings
Unit
-
140.00
160.00
7
Wastage
Hire
-
300.00
250.00
Total
Rs.
29,815.00
22,070.00
2,500.00
Total 9”
Rattrap
Bond (RS)
11,800.00
4,000.00
560.00
3,500.00
2,100.00
600.00
1,800.00
Radon Seal
Ion-Bond Armor
LastiSeal
(plain)
LastiSeal
Color
Dry
CONCRETE BLOCKS
Concrete blocks, cinder blocks
YY
Y
Y
Y
Mortar, parging on concrete
YY
Y
Y
Y
Light-weight CMUs
-
Y
Y
Y
Y
Split face blocks
-
Y
Y
Y
Y
BRICKS, STONE, TILE
Clay bricks
-
Y
YY
YY
Pavers
-
Y
YY
YY
Mexican tile
-
y
YY
YY
Man-made stone
-
Y
Y
Y
Limestone
YY
Y
Y
Masonry, facades, statues
-
Y
Y
Y
Y
OTHER
Stucco on concrete
YY
Y
Y
Y
Stucco on bricks
-
Y
YY
Y
YY … the best choice, Y … good choice, - …
The formula for brick making has not changed for hundreds of years. The primary
ingredients are clays and shale. It is these ingredients that give natural brick its colors
and hue.
The natural color of concrete is gray. Inorder to give concrete bricks color, additives
are necessary to create the variety of colors. Weather and the ultraviolet rays of the
sun can cause concrete bricks to fade over time.
Concrete bricks have a tendency to shrink. During the concrete curing process, if the
bricks are not properly cured prior to being delivered to the jobsite, shrinking and
cracking will appear at the mortar joints and can allow water to enter the wall cavity.
1. What is the standard size of brick?
a. 210x102.5x70 b. 215x102.5x65 c. 215x112.5x65
2. What are the more strength bond in masonry work?
a. Stretcher bond b. Flemish bond
c. English bond
Aggarwal
J.C. Essentials of Educational
Technology: Teaching and Learning Innovations in
Education, Vikas Publishing House, India, 1995.
http://www.math.mrt.ac.lk/TMJAC/Papers/Paper
%209.pdf.
http://www.sab.ac.lk/journal/1999/1999A13.pdf
wrong
correct
wrong
N.SUTHARSHAN
HNDE 2011
Introduction
objective
Characteristics of Brick
Manufacture of Brick
Terminology of bricks
Shape of Brick
Type of Bond
Field Test / Lab Test
Failure of Brick
protection of failure of Brick
Summary
Brick
work can be used in building construction for
two different applications. They are as infill panels in
reinforced concrete framed building and load bearing
brick.
There are several bond patterns available in Sri Lanka
such as stretcher bond, header bond, English bond,
Flemish bond and recently introduced Rat-trap bond.
1.To develop a teaching learning package for main
components of brick work.
2. To validate the developed package.
3. To maintain the uniform standard in main
components brick work system in COTs.
Color:- Good brick should possess a uniform colour
throughout.
Standard Size
( 215 X 102.5 X 65 )
Shape:- The spaces and beds should be true and not
twisted; they should possess sharp; keen arrises.
Burning:- Uniformly burn throughout, and show a
uniform texture internally when broken across
Absorption:-Brick should not absorb water more then
1/6 their own weight when immersed in the water for 24
hours
Preparation
Moulding
Draying
Burning
Cooling
of Clay
Selection of site for brick making.
Bricks are make from quality clay that is found sufficient
available in the ground. And also sufficient quality of water
is available.
Un-soiling:- This operation consists of scraping top layer
of soil, about 150 to 250mm in depth, to be rejected and
thrown away, since the top soil may contain a number of
impurities including waste disposal materials.
Digging:- After the un-soiling, the brick earth is then dug
out from the ground either manually or with the help of
machinery.
Cleaning and powering:- The brick earth is cleared of
stones, pebbles, lime, roots and other vegetable matter.
Clay cut using
a crook hold
Clay removed from mould
Clay rolled in sand to
prevent
it sticking to the mould
Placed in wooden mould (a
strike)
and smoothed down.
Hand made brick
Kiln
The process of preparing the bricks of required shape and size
from the tempered or plugged earth/clay is moulding which is
done in timber or steel moulds. There are two methods of
moulding.
01. Hand moulding:-
In this, bricks are moulded
manually. It is adopted where sufficient man power is available
cheaply. Hand moulding is done either on the ground or on the
table, respectively known as ground, table moulding
02. Machine moulding:-
when a large number of bricks
are to be manufactured at a given site in short duration, moulding
of bricks can be done with the help of machine. Machine moulded
bricks are heavy, strong and durable and have smooth extwrnal
surfaces.
To remove water content so that both the time of burning as
well as fuel consumption is reduced.
To increase the strength of bricks so that they can be
handled safely without breaking or deforming.
To minimize creaking and distortion of bricks during burning.
BURNING OF BRICKS
Burning of air dried bricks is a very important and essential
operation because it imparts,
Strength
Hardness
Durability
Denseness
Pleasing red colour and
Imperviousness.
Positions:
Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of the brick
exposed on the outer face of a wall.
Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed.
Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side exposed.
Brick Types. There are two main types of clay bricks: pressed and wire
cut. Pressed bricks usually have a deep frog in one bedding surface and a
shallow frog in the other. Wire cut bricks usually have 3 or 4 holes through
them constituting up to 25% of the total volume of the brick. Some
‘perforated’ bricks have many smaller holes.
Brick Usage. There are three main categories of use, and both pressed
bricks or wire cut brick types are used in all three categories.
Facing brickwork is the visible decorative work.
Engineering brickwork, often seen in bridges and large industrial
construction but may also be hidden in ground works where maximum
durability is required e.g. manhole construction.
Common brickwork is not usually seen and is used where engineering
qualities are not required; below ground in domestic buildings and internal
walls for instance.
5
21
102.5
mm
d
Be
e
si d
65
Arises
Standard
Brick
Beveller closer
King Closer
Queen Closer
Quarter brick
Three
Quarter
Bonding is the methods used in masonry work to
avoid continuous vertical joints. which can make a
wall unstable when loads are uneven. A complex
bond produces a stiffer wall. Bonding also spreads
the loads from joist ends and roof trusses through
the wall.
A brick should be twice as long as it is wide. This
allows for different methods for bonding the bricks,
which can produce variations in appearance and
strength.
Comparison between bonded and non-bonded brick work
load
Non-bonded
load
Bonded
Stretcher course
Toothing
Header course
Queen closer
Bed joint
Stretchers
Vertical joint
Queen
closer
Motor Bed
Second
course
Walls build in English
bonds are very strong
as no straight joints
occur in any part of the
wall. Alternative
courses of headers
and stretchers it is
used where strength is
preferably to
appearance.
First courser
( Stretcher side
Brick )
All bricks are laid as
headers towards the
face of the wall. It may
be used for footings in
foundation s for better
transverse load
distribution and
construction of curve
walls.
Type of Bond
Flemish bond, always
been considered the most
decorative bond, It is
created by alternately
laying headers and
stretchers in a single
course.
Stretcher bond is the
simplest repeating pattern
but it is only suitable for a
wall half a brick thick, the
thinnest possible wall.
bond, also
Type of Bond Rat-trap
known as Chinese bond,
is a type of garden wall
bond similar to Flemish,
but consisting of rowlocks
and shiners instead of
headers and stretchers.
This gives a wall with an
internal cavity bridged by
the headers, hence the
name. The main
advantage of this bond is
economy in use of bricks,
giving a wall of one brick
thickness with fewer
bricks than a solid bond
Field / Lab Test
2T10
Tie beam
Brick
work
R.R.
Cost Comparisons
No
Item
Unit
Rate
Total 9”
Bond (Rs)
1
Cement
Bag
800.00
19,600.00
2
Brick
Nos
5.00
4,475.00
3
Sand
Cubes
3,500.00
700.00
4
Masons
Days
1000.00
5
Helpers
Days
6
Scaffoldings
Unit
-
140.00
160.00
7
Wastage
Hire
-
300.00
250.00
Total
Rs.
29,815.00
22,070.00
2,500.00
Total 9”
Rattrap
Bond (RS)
11,800.00
4,000.00
560.00
3,500.00
2,100.00
600.00
1,800.00
Radon Seal
Ion-Bond Armor
LastiSeal
(plain)
LastiSeal
Color
Dry
CONCRETE BLOCKS
Concrete blocks, cinder blocks
YY
Y
Y
Y
Mortar, parging on concrete
YY
Y
Y
Y
Light-weight CMUs
-
Y
Y
Y
Y
Split face blocks
-
Y
Y
Y
Y
BRICKS, STONE, TILE
Clay bricks
-
Y
YY
YY
Pavers
-
Y
YY
YY
Mexican tile
-
y
YY
YY
Man-made stone
-
Y
Y
Y
Limestone
YY
Y
Y
Masonry, facades, statues
-
Y
Y
Y
Y
OTHER
Stucco on concrete
YY
Y
Y
Y
Stucco on bricks
-
Y
YY
Y
YY … the best choice, Y … good choice, - …
The formula for brick making has not changed for hundreds of years. The primary
ingredients are clays and shale. It is these ingredients that give natural brick its colors
and hue.
The natural color of concrete is gray. Inorder to give concrete bricks color, additives
are necessary to create the variety of colors. Weather and the ultraviolet rays of the
sun can cause concrete bricks to fade over time.
Concrete bricks have a tendency to shrink. During the concrete curing process, if the
bricks are not properly cured prior to being delivered to the jobsite, shrinking and
cracking will appear at the mortar joints and can allow water to enter the wall cavity.
1. What is the standard size of brick?
a. 210x102.5x70 b. 215x102.5x65 c. 215x112.5x65
2. What are the more strength bond in masonry work?
a. Stretcher bond b. Flemish bond
c. English bond
Aggarwal
J.C. Essentials of Educational
Technology: Teaching and Learning Innovations in
Education, Vikas Publishing House, India, 1995.
http://www.math.mrt.ac.lk/TMJAC/Papers/Paper
%209.pdf.
http://www.sab.ac.lk/journal/1999/1999A13.pdf
wrong
correct
wrong
