Business Law Assignment (MBA)

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Niaz Ruhi ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY London college of accountancy

BUSINESS LAW !R "ANAGERS

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An#$e% to the &ue#tion no' (
The%e a%e )a%iou# ty*e# of +u#ine## entitie# fo% e,a-*le. the -o#t co--on *a%tne%#hi*. co%*o%ation#. Li-ited Lia+ility /o-*any and #ole *%o*%ieto%#hi*0

1a%tne%#hi*'
Acco%ding to *a%tne%#hi* Act 1890. *a%tne%#hi* i# defined a# 21a%tne%#hi* i# the %elation $hich #u+#i#t# +et$een *e%#on# ca%%ying on a +u#ine## in co--on $ith a )ie$ of *%ofit3 4"acinty%e0E. 56((70 Thi# definition of *a%tne%#hi* i# )e%y difficult to unde%#tand fo% *eo*le $ho a%e le## fa-ilia% $ith la$# and con#titution#0 8o$e)e%. if $e +%ea9 do$n the defecation into th%ee *a%t# and t%y to e,*lain and unde%#tand each *a%t indi)idually. thi# -a9e# clea% #en#e0 Partnership is a relation which subsists between persons: A co-*any. $hich en:oy# a legal *e%#onality. 21a%tne%#hi*3 doe# not ha)e that legal *e%#onality ; +y legal *e%#onality it -ean# a non<li)ing entity $hich i# con#ide%ed to ha)e a *e%#onhood +y :udicia%y. e,ce*t Scotland< 2$he%e *a%tne%#hi* i# con#ide%ed a# an o%ganization in it# o$n %ight $ith a #e*a%ate legal *e%#onality34"o%#e0G. 56(670 It i# +e#t to de#c%i+ed *a%tne%#hi* a# a %elation#hi* +et$een *e%#on# 4*a%tne%#7 $ho ha# a co--on inte%e#t in +u#ine## te%-#0 8o$e)e%. $hen -ulti*le o% #ingle indi)idual# co-e# in te%-# of a %elation#hi* thi# %elation#hi* ulti-ately gi)e# %i#e to legal %ight# and lia+ilitie#0 Thi# i# i-*o%tant to -ention a co-*any can +e *a%t of *a%tne%#hi* +ut not a *a%tne%#hi* it#elf0 o% e,a-*le. "%0 Ron=# co-*any cannot identify it#elf a# a *a%tne%#hi* +ecau#e. *a%tne%#hi* need# t$o o% -ulti*le entity ; "%0 Ron=# co-*any a# #ingle entity i# not enough0 8o$e)e%. if "%0 Ron=# co-*any can c%eate# a *a%tne%#hi* $ith "%0 And%e$ +e)e%=# co-*any fo% launching ne$ line of *%oduct0 It $ill +e a *a%tne%#hi* +et$een co-*anie# $ho $ill $o%9 togethe% to lunch a ne$ line of *%oduct0 Bu#ine##' 1a%tne%#hi* act al#o. defined a +u#ine## in section 45 a# 2e)e%y t%ade. occu*ation o% *%ofe##ion3 Ah-adu0".8ughe#0R4566>7 and "acinty%e0E4 56((7 ha# -entioned in thei% +oo9#0 Inte%e#ting enough +a%%i#te%# a# a *%ofe##ional# cannot fo%*a%tne%#hi* $ith othe% -e-+e%# until no$0 Ta%get :o+# u9 ha# *u+li#hed a ne$# #tating 2Ba%%i#te%# $ill +e allo$ed to fo%- *a%tne%#hi*# f%o- autu-n 56(? and alte%nati)e +u#ine## #t%uctu%e# 4ABS#7 in 56(@. a# %e*o%ted +y Legal Wee9 thi# $ee9034TARGET:o+#. 56(570 A -o%e clea% e,a-*le can +e #een in Mann v D’ Arcy 19!8" ca#e. $he%e )e%dict #tated 2e)en if the +u#ine## i# only to -a9e one deal 4in thi# ca#e to +uy and #ell ?A6 ton# of *otatoe#7 thi# can +e enough to c%eate a *a%tne%#hi*3 "acinty%e0E4 56((70 "ann -ade ag%ee-ent $ith B=A%cy to +uying and %e#ealing ?A6 ton# of *otatoe#. $hich i# an o%dina%y +u#ine## deal0 Afte% *otatoe# $e%e #old . "ann did not any #ha%e f%o- C5@(6 a**%o,i-ate *%ofit0 "ann #ued of the #lee*ing *a%tne% of B=A%cy D /o 4The%e $e%e ? *a%tne%#. B=A%cy $a# an acti)e *a%tne%70 The defende% a%gued that 28e had no 9no$ledge of anything to do $ith and that B=A%cy had no i-*lied autho%ity to -a9e hi- a *a%tne% $ith "ann in :oint )entu%e *a%tne%#hi*3 4"o%#e0G.56(67 In -y analy#i#. thi# ca#e ha# gi)en an in#ight )ie$ of the -ode%n :udicial a**%oach0 E)en though. the :udge-ent $ent in fe)e% of "ann. B=A%cy $a# al#o %ight in in#u%ing hi# good# t%an#action $hich. i# unde% hi# i-*lied autho%ity0 #n co$$on: In co--on -ean# . all the entitie# o% *e%#on# in)ol)ed in the +u#ine## -ay +e not all +e acti)e *a%tne%. ho$e)e% the +u#ine## i# ca%%ied on. #o that e)e%yone in)ol)ed in a +u#ine## $ould +e +enefited0 In a *a%tne%#hi*. acti)e -e-+e%# -o#tly do all the $o%9#. +ut they don=t do it fo% the-#el)e# ; in#tead fo% the +enefit of the +u#ine##0

%iew o& pro&it: )ie$ of *%ofit doe# not nece##a%ily -ean# +u#ine## $ill do $ell and -a9e a lot# of *%ofit0 Bu#ine## can +e #ucce##ful o% a failu%e. ho$e)e% the -ain o+:ecti)e of the *a%tne%#hi* i# to -a9e *%ofit# fo% all of the *a%tne%# in)ol)ed in the +u#ine##0 Characteristics o& partnerships' The%e a%e nu-+e% of cha%acte%i#tic# that #et# *a%tne%#hi* a*a%t f%o- othe% fo%-# of +u#ine## li9e co-*any0 (7 'nli$ite( liability' A# it ha# +een #aid +efo%e. *a%tne%#hi* doe# not en:oy legal *e%#onality< *a%tne%#hi* doe# not ha)e it# o$n identity0 E)e%y -e-+e% o% *a%tne% of a +u#ine## i# lia+le fo% +u#ine##=# 4fi%- o% in#titute7 de+t and thei% %e#*ecti)e *e%#onal $ealth0 Anothe% *o#iti)e #ide of ha)ing unli-ited lia+ilitie#. that< c%eation of the +u#ine## i# le## #t%ict and fo%-al al#o the di##olution of the +u#ine##0 )air(’s case 18*0" &uoted 2Each *a%tne% i# an agent of *a%tne%#hi* fi%- to -a9e cont%act# and incu% lia+ilitie# #o long a# he act# o%dina%y cou%#e of the fi%-=# +u#ine##3 4Tyagi0". Ku-a%0". 566?70 57 Contact: Acco%ding to *a%tne%#hi* act (EF6 i-*lie# that ; it i# ad)i#a+le to +ut not %e&ui%ed to #ign an ag%ee-ent +efo%e #ta%ting a *a%tne%#hi*0 Which indicate# ; *a%tne%#hi* i# le## fo%-al then othe% +u#ine## fo%-# $he%e a $%itten cont%act i# a+#olute0 ?7 A+ents: Agent i# defined a# the *e%#on. $ho ta9e# %e#*on#i+ility to cont%act thi%d *a%ty on +ehalf of the *%inci*al0 Thi# ha# a di#ad)antage ; if one *e%#on co--it a to%t. all -e-+e%# $ill +e lia+le acco%ding to #ection (6 *a%tne%#hi* act (EF60 Li-ited lia+ility *a%tne%#hi* act ,000 int%oduced the conce*t of LL14"acinty%e0E. 56((70 It=# a )e%y ne$ conce*t of *a%tne%#hi* $he%e . *a%tne%#hi* la$# and Engli#h la$# a%e +oth a**lied0

/o-*any'
/o-*any i# defined a# 2a# an a%tificial *e%#on c%eated +y la$ ha)ing #e*a%ated entity $ith a *e%*etual #ucce##ion and co--on #eal34 Singla0R0K. 566>70 Thi# definition identifie# #o-e -ain fo%-ation *%oce## of a co-*any0 (7 /o-*any i# -ade u* $ith a nu-+e% of *eo*le 57 It %ai#e# -oney o% #-all ca*ital f%o- the#e *eo*le ?7 Thi# ca*ital i# then u#ed fo% a collecti)e ai-0 A+o)e definition of co-*any doe# not *oint# out all the cha%acte%i#tic# of the co-*any +ut the#e cha%acte%i#tic# *ointed out a%e a-ong -any othe%#0 /o-*any act 566> *%o)ide# a +ette% fle,i+le f%a-e$o%9 of la$# fo% the co-*anie#. $hich ha# fou% -ain o+:ecti)e#' (7 -nhancin+ sharehol(ers en+a+e$ent' In a co-*any f%a-e$o%9 in gene%al #ha%eholde%# o% -e-+e%# $ho +uy# #ha%e of the co-*any and in)e#ted thei% ca*ital. e)entually #elect# di%ecto%# to %un the co-*any0 Co$pany act ,00! defined the %ole# each #hould 4di%ecto% and #ha%eholde%#7 *lay. #o that each can co--unicate $ith othe% +ette%0 Thi# -a9e# the di%ecto%# -o%e accounta+le to the co-*any +y int%oducing de%i)ati)e clai- fo% the #ha%eholde%#. #o that they can #ue the di%ecto%# if they feel# di%ecto%# ha# +%each f%o- thei% dutie#0 57 .hin/ s$all &irst' The%e a%e 50A -illion %egi#te%ed co-*anie# in UK. a-ong theF6G ha)e fe$e% than A o% le## #ha%eholde%# 4"acinty%e0E. 56((70 Ea%lie% /o-*any

act $a# $%itten. $hich $a# focu#ed on la%ge co-*anie# due to that #-all co-*anie# $e%e faced #e)e%al legal *%o+le-# +ecau#e of #o-e technical %ule#0 The ne$ a%ticle of a##ociation $e%e $%itten +y a+oli#hing #o-e of the#e technical %ule# to *a)e the $ay fo% #-all co-*anie# to *e%fo%- +ette%0 The ne$ a%ticle -a9e# it *o##i+le fo% #ha%eholde%# to $%ite a %e#olution and )ote the- +y #igning the- %athe% than :oining a co-*any -eeting and )ote the- at the -eeting0 ?7 0le1ibility in &or$ation' /o-*any Act ,00! . -a9e# it ea#y to %egi#te% and fo%- a ne$ co-*any0 Belo$ a%e #o-e of the -ain cha%acte%i#tic# of a co-*any that #et# the- a*a%t f%o- othe% +u#ine## fo%-#0 (7 2eparate le+al entity' A co-*any ha# legal *e%#onhood0 Thi# -ean# a co-*any ha# it# o$n identity and %egi#te%ed a# a legal *e%#on in it# o$n %ight0 If the co-*any i# t%eated unfai%ly then. the co-*any $ill u#e it# %ight and a#9 fo% :u#tification $ithin the legal f%a-e$o%9. ho$e)e%. the :udicia%y $ill %egi#te%ed co-*lain# $ith the na-e of the co-*any not it# o$ne% of the co-*any0 2al$on % 2al$on 3 co 4t( 189*": "% Sal-on #old hi# +oot %e*ai% and -anufactu%ing +u#ine## to a li-ited co-*any fo% C?F6660 Which i# *%o-i#ed to +e *aid to "%0 Sal-on in th%ee $ay# a7 C56666 to "%0 Sal-on fo% C( #ha%e# +7 /o-*any a##et# a# #ecu%ity loan and *aid C(6666 c7 ca#h *aid CF6660The co-*any $ent into financial difficulty and $ound u* #ho%tly afte% the co-*any=# c%eation0 8o$e)e%. +efo%e the co-*any $ound u*. the co-*any too9 CE666 on loan0 The co-*any $a# di##ol)ed $ith all it# a##et $hich gi)e# "%0 Sal-on C>6660 The c%edito%# a%e no$ #uing "%0 Sal-on fo% thei% -oney to +e %etu%ned a# "%0 Sal-on $a# the *e%#on a# the co-*any0 8eld' The )e%dict of the ca#e $a# in fa)ou% "%0 Sal-on and #tated 2Sal-on the%efo%e had no -o%e o+ligation to *ay the co-*any=# de+t# then he had to *ay hi# ne,t<doo% neigh+ou%=# de+t3 4"acinty%e0E. 56((70 In -y o*inion. "%0 Sal-on ha# #uffe% financial lo## due to #udden colla*#e of the co-*any a# $ell a# othe% c%edito%#0 The :u%y $a# in fa)ou% of "%0 Sal-on e)en though o$n# the co-*any and all the #ha%e# +ut #o-e a%e on hi# na-e . he $a# not lia+le to *ay the de+t +ecau#e the co-*any i# con#ide%ed a diffe%ent *e%#on0 8e%e. La$ i# fa)ou%ing the co-*any and *eo*le %elated to it <not tho#e *e%#on $ho $e%e in t%ade $ith the co-*any0 /%edito%# $e%e al#o #uffe%ed due to that e)ent ho$e)e%. the :u%y did not con#ide%ed the #ituation %athe% gi)ing )e%dict +a#ed on #t%ict la$#0 57 4i$ite( liabilities' /o-*any ha# a li-ited lia+ility. $hen #ha%eholde%# +uy #ha%e of the co-*any the only co--it-ent the do i# to *ay the -oney of the #ha%e0 The ca#e 2al$on v 2al$on 3 co 189*" "%0 Sol-on $a# not lia+le to *ay0 the c%edito%# $hen the co-*any Sal-on D co di##ol)e0 ?7 Perpetual success' A co-*any li&uidation i# )e%y ea#y. if the -e-+e%# o% #ha%eholde%# of the co-*any i##ue a #*ecial %e#olution that #tate# the li&uidation of the co-*any0 Afte% the li&uidation co-*any #till e,i#t e,ce*t it# o*e%ation i# #to**ed< thi# #ituation i# defined a# *e%*etual #ucce##0 In the end. afte% all the di#cu##ion a+out the co-*any and *a%tne%#hi* . I $ould %eco--end li-ited co-*any o)e% the *a%tne%#hi* if the co-*any #ize i# -ediu- to

la%ge0 8o$e)e%. *a%tne%#hi* i# al#o fit# in +oth #-all +u#ine## to -ediu- #ized +u#ine##0 It all de*end# on ho$ the *e%#on decide to fo%- the co-*any and it# )i#ion0 "y %eco--endation in thi# *a%ticula% ca#e $ould +e li-ited co-*any act 566> ha# -ade it #-all co-*anie# to g%o$ $ith #ecu%e legal f%a-e$o%90

An#$e% to the &ue#tion 5'
/o--on la$ ha# hel*ed c%eate +a#ic #t%uctu%e of -ode%n day cou%t# #y#te-0 It i# the %eco%ded :udge-ent# +y the :udge# in a cou%t en)i%on-ent0 2E,clu#ion clau#e# o% e,e-*tion clau#e# a# they a%e #o-eti-e# 9no$n. a%e clau#e# $hich t%y to e,clude o% li-it one *a%ty=# lia+ility3 4"acinty%e0E. 56((.*<FH70 o% e,a-*le' The%e a%e ca#e# $hen one *a%ty $i#he# to li-it thei% lia+ilitie# to$a%d# the othe% *a%ty in a cont%act ; in thi# ca#e *a%ty $ho $i#he# to li-it the lia+ilitie# tend to *ut e,clu#ion clau#e#0 Thi# i# o+#e%)ed that. La$ -a9e%# fo%*a%lia-ent o% :udge ha# tendency to di#fa)ou% e,clu#ion clau#e#. -ainly +ecau#e' (7 Ba%gaining *o$e% 57 To -a9e the cont%act #t%ong and -aintain it0 45-stran+e v 6raucob 1974" ' A o$ne% of a cafI #ho* +ought a )ending -achine fo% ciga%ette0 While +uying the )ending -achine #he #igned an ag%ee-ent $ithout %eading it all0 The ag%ee-ent $a# in a )e%y #-all *%int +ut legi+le0 The%e $a# an e,clu#ion clau#e in that ag%ee-ent. #tated 2the -achine did not need to $o%9 and all #tatuto%y i-*lied te%-# $e%e not to a**ly30 Afte% #o-eti-e. the -achine did not $o%90 The o$ne% of the #ho* #ued the )ending -achine *%o)ide% #tating #0 (@457 Sale of good# Act had +een +%eached0 8eld' 2The clai-ant had #igned the ag%ee-ent and #o #he $a# +ound +y it30 4"acinty%e0E. 56((. *<FH70 The a+o)e ca#e i# :u#t an e,a-*le of ho$ unfai% it $a# +efo%e the *a%lia-ent inte%)ened and *a##ed the 'n&air Contract .er$s Act 'C.A 19**"8 E,clu#ion clau#e# u#e# ? *a%t te#t' (7 -1clusion clause incorporation in the contract: It i# clea%ly #tated in the co--on la$ that ; the e,clu#ion clau#e# -u#t +e added +efo%e the contact i# -ade. not afte% the cont%act i# -ade and #igned0 If one *a%ty $i#he# to int%oduce an e,clu#ion clau#e thi# -ay +e done $ith a *%io% notice to the othe% *a%ty0 Chapelton v )arry 'DC 1940": A dec9 chai% $a# hi%ed +y a clai-ant fo% 5nd 4(*70 8e $a# in:u%ed $hen the chai% colla*#ed0 The%e $a# an e,clu#ion clau#e %aid +y the 8i%e#. $hich #tated 2they a%e not lia+le fo% any accident o% da-age %e#ulting f%o- the hi%e of the dec9 chai%3 4"acinty%e0E. 56((. *<FE70 The hi%e# of the chai% i##ued thi# clau#e to the *%inted #li* +y the attendant0 "oney $e%e ta9en and i##ued the #li* $hile it $a# *o##i+le to #it on the chai% fo% hou% o% t$o0 9el(: The %ecei*t $hich $a# *%inted $ith the clau#e $a# not *a%t of the cont%act0 A %e#*on#i+le *e%#on $ould not ha)e e,*ected thi# ty*e of te%-# of the cont%act to +e *%inted on the #c%i*t0

A+o)e ca#e. #ho$# that the ca#e $a# in fa)ou% of the clai-ant0 Thi# i# a li)e ca#e. $hich +eco-e an e,a-*le0 The te%-# and condition# #hould ha)e +een

*%inted on the contact. if it $ould ha)e done +y the hi%e co-*any. thi# $ould ha)e +een con#ide%ed a%gua+le0 57 Clauses $ust be clearly state(' It i# al#o. i-*le-ented in co--on la$ that the cont%act=# te%-# and condition# e#*ecially e,clu#ion clau#e# -u#t +e *%inted clea%ly0

:lley v Marlborou+h Court 9otel 4t( 1949": A hotel $a# +oo9ed +y a -a%%ied cou*le fo% one $ee90 The +ill# $e%e *aid in ad)ance0 Bu%ing the #tay the $ife=# fu% coat i# *%e#u-ed to +e #tolen fo%- the hotel %oo-0 The hotel denied to ta9e any %e#*on#i+ility and #ho$ed a notice in the hotel %oo- <that the hotel $ill +e not %e#*on#i+le fo% any lo#t o% #tolen *%o*e%ty. unle## it i# handed at the %ece*tion fo% #afe cu#tody0 9el(: the notice $a# too late to +e effecti)e0 The cont%act $a# -ade $hen the cou*le +oo9ed the %oo-0 4"acinty%e0E. 56((. *<FF70

The notice #hould ha)e +een #ho$ed at the %ece*tion +efo%e any cont%act $a# -ade0 Becau#e. $hen #o-eone co-e# to the hotel he o% #he #hould ha)e notice the #ign and if they ha)e any co-*lain they could ha)e %ai#e &ue#tion# +efo%e -a9ing a cont%act0 But. $hat ha**ened in the a+o)e ca#e. i# the fault of hotel o$ne%# o% *e%#on# $ho $e%e %e#*on#i+le fo% the hotel and decide to *ut the #ign in the %oo- and t%ied to a)oid lia+ilitie#0

?7 2tatutory test: a7 .he 'n&air contract ter$s Act 19**' Unfai% contact te%-# act i# fo% tho#e *eo*le $ho a%e in +u#ine##. othe%$i#e thi# act $ill not +e a**lica+le fo% the- e,ce*t #0(54(708o$e)e% *e%#on# $ho a%e not in +u#ine## $ith . they $ill +e #u+:ect to Unfai% te%-# in con#u-e% cont%act# %egulation#0 ;2$ith v -ric 2 )ush 1989": The clai-ant a**lied to a +uilding a**lied to a +uilding #ociety e-*loyed the defendant# to -a9e a #u%)ey of the hou#e0 The clai-ant *aid C@6 to the +uilding #ociety. $ho ag%eed to #u**ly he% the co*y of the %e*o%t0 A di#clai-e% #aid that the hou#e $a# $o%th C(>666 and that no -a:o% +uilding $o%9 $a# nece##a%y0 Eighteen -onth# late% the chi-ney# fell th%ough the %oof +ecau#e a chi-ney +%ea#t had +een %e-o)ed $ithout *%o*e% #u**o%t# +eing fitted0 9el(: The defendant $e%e lia+le to the clai-ant in the to%t of negligence0 The di#clai-e% $hich e,cluded lia+ility had to +e %ea#ona+le unde% U/TA #054570 It $a# not %ea#ona+le and #o it did not a**ly3 4"acinty%e0E. 56((. *<FF70 A# the clai-ant did not %ecei)ed any in:u%y o% $o%#t ca#e death. #o it $a# not unde% U/TA #05457. ho$e)e%. if the clai-ant $e%e to %ecei)e any in:u%y o% death thi# ca#e $ould ha)e +een unde% U/TA #054(70

+7 .he 'n&air .er$s in Consu$er contracts re+ulations 1999 ' Thi# %e#olution %un# along#ide Unfai% cont%act# te%-# Act (FHH

2E)an# ) /he%%y T%ee inance Ltd 4566E7' The cou%t a**eal held that a loan $a# ta9en *a%tly +ecau#e +u#ine## *u%*o#e and *a%tly fo% a non<+u#ine## *u%*o#e $a# co)e%ed +y the %egulation#0 The defendant finance co-*any . $hich $a# a%gued that the %egulation# #hould not a**ly. had conceded that if any if the *u%*o#e fo% $hich the loan $a# ta9en out $a# out#ide the clai-ant=# t%ade o% +u#ine## he $a# a con#u-e% fo% the *u%*o#e of the %egulation#0 The cou%t a**eal #aid that it $ould not di#ag%ee $ith thi# +ut al#o indicate# that the t%ue -eaning of con#u-e% $ithin the %egulation# $ould need to +e decided in a futu%e ca#e3 4"acinty%e0E. 56((. *<(6A7

An#$e% to Jue#tion' ?
A to%t i# defined in #ho%t a# a $%ong at ci)il la$0 To%t i# u#ed and focu#e# on the #ituation# $he%e the%e i# no nece##a%y connection +et$een *a%tie# +ut. they o$e a duty of ca%e to each othe%0 A clai-ant o% *laintiff -u#t *%o)e +elo$ clai-# if he o% #he $ant# to con)ict othe% $ith a to%t of negligence' (7 The defendant o$e a legal duty of ca%e to the *laintiff0 57 The defendant +%eached that duty of ca%e and can +e *%o)en guilty0 ?7 The *laintiff ha)e %ecei)ed a da-aged +y the +%each0 1%ofe##ional negligence' In a )e%y *%ofe##ional en)i%on-ent a negligent #tate-ent -ay cau#e *hy#ical in:u%y. if it doe# cau#e #o-eone *hy#ical in:u%y then no%-al o% u#ual %ule# of lia+ility $ould +e a**lied0 8o$e)e%. if the negligent #tate-ent cau#e# #o-e one# financial lo##. then thi# ca#e need# to go unde% #*ecial %elation#hi* te#t. in o%de% to )e%ify it# legi+ility to $hethe% it can +e *%e#ented in f%ont of :u%y o% not0 A #*ecial fiducia%y %elation#hi* i# *%oduced $hile a *e%#on -a9e a *%ofe##ional o% e,*e%t ca*acity co--ent o% deli)e% a #tate-ent. $he%e it i# li9ely that othe%# %ely on it0

9e(ley )ryne v 9eller 19!7": In thi# ca#e $e ha)e #een that *laintiff ha# *%o)en a #*ecial %elation#hi* +y %elying on the #*ecial #9ill and :udge-ent of the defendant0 And the defendant $a# $ell a$a%e of hi# %e#*on#i+ility fo% -a9ing co--ent o% #tate-ent# ca%efully0 Caparo v Dic/$an 1990": In thi# ca#e it $a# con#ide%ed that duty of ca%e o$ed to *e%#on# $ho -ay %ely on the account to +uy #ha%e# fo%- a co-*any0 Thi# ca#e gi)en the :u%y to #et c%ite%ia# fo% duty of ca%e' (7 o%#eea+ility if da-age

57 1%o,i-ity of the %elation#hi* ?7 Rea#ona+lene## of i-*o#ing duty

Refe%ence and Bi+liog%a*hy'
(0 "aclnty%e0E.56((.E##ential# of +u#ine## la$. UK'1ea%#on. *<FE.FH.(6A0 50 "o%#e0G. 56(6.1a%tne%#hi* la$. !,fo%d'!,fo%d Uni)e%#ity 1%e##.*<(.(6> ?0 Ah-adu0".8ughe#0R.566>./o--e%cial la$ and *%actice in South 1acific. UK' /a)endi#h 1u+lication Li-ited. 1<5(0 @0 Ku-a%0A.Tyagi0".566?. /o-*any la$. Ne$ Belhi' Atlantic 1u+lication# and Bi#t%i+ution.*< @6 A0 Singla0R0K. 566>. Bu#ine## #tudie#. Ne$ Belhi' V0K 4india7 Ente%*%i#e0 1<>H0

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