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Corrosion Resistance of TiNi Alloys
TiNi alloys in natural atmospheres and waters are generally more corrosion resistant than 316
stainless steel but not as resistant as pure titanium. A passive oxide/nitride surface film is the
basis of the corrosion resistance of these three material. Specific environments can cause the
passive film on TiNi to break down , opening the alloy to attack. The accumulated
experience with TiNi will be presented as corrosion by atmospheres, by waters, by organic
chemicals, by inorganic chemicals or by biological environments.

Corrosion by Atmospheres
Polished TiNi remains shiny in air from ambient temperatures up to about 100ºC at which
temperature the oxide/nitride surface layer slowly thickens giving the interference colors. Up
to about 700ºC, a tight, thin, blue-black oxide/nitride film protects the TiNi. Above 700ºC,
the layer thickens into a more porous brown and yellow scale. No absorption of oxygen into
the alloy or internal oxidation occurs (933), thus TiNi behaves more like stainless steel at
elevated temperatures than like titanium alloys.
If TiNi at ambient temperature is impinged by pure oxygen gas at progressively higher
pressures, flashes and sustained burning begin above 150 psi absolute. By 500 psia, 16 out of
20 tests produced flashes and burning (2942).
When TiNi is heated to 700ºC in pure nitrogen at atmospheric pressure a beautiful goldcolored, somewhat brittle, surface layer forms.
The interaction between hydrogen and TiNi is sensitive to hydrogen concentration , pressure,
and temperature. TiNi remains ductile after having been heated to 750ºC in hydrogen gas at
atmospheric pressure , then returned to room temperature. However, TiNi exposed to
hydrogen gas at 360ºC becomes brittle and crumbly (2956)(2930). If nascent hydrogen is
charged into TiNi, a brittle surface layer forms and thickens with time (373). This will be
discussed in more detail in the "waters" section. Also, if TiNi tensile samples are elongated
while surrounded by hydrogen gas at 7,000 psi, brittle failure occurs; immediately upon
reducing the pressure to one atmosphere, the failure mode is again ductile.
The presence of gaseous hydrogen fluoride in damp air at ambient temperatures has caused
surface etching and stress corrosion cracking in bare TiNi couplings (3003). Condensation
was occurring on the couplings, however, so this should probably be considered as attack by
hydrofluoric acid.

Corrosion by Waters
TiNi is not attacked by fresh water. Even in pressurized boiling water (PBW) at 300ºC for
eleven months, TiNi gained only 15% as much weight as Zircaloy-2 (3011). The same sort
of PBW at 340ºC and 20 ml / kg H2 causes little damage. Water at 360ºC with 100 ml H2 /
kg causes TiNi to crumble to dust; the diffraction pattern of the dust shows only the presence
of TiH2 and Ti2Ni (2938).
TiNi resists attack while immersed in flowing sea water. However, in stagnant sea water as
in crevices, the protective film can break down resulting in pitting (2945). When TiNi is
exposed to a marine environment which cycles from salt mist in the cool of the day to
evaporation during the heat of the day, tunneling corrosion can occur (2953)(1130 ??).
Small, residue-free pits form on the weather surface while branching tunnels penetrate into
the bulk of the metal (tunneling corrosion has been reported in austenitic stainless steel under
similar conditions (2950)). This same type of corrosion occurs when the salinity exceeds
twice that of sea water and the pH drops below two. Addition of sodium hypochlorite to sea
water causes a similar phenomenon.
Salt spray tests are often used as an accelerated indication of longer term corrosion resistance.
TiNi passes these tests (83). In one case Cryofit couplings joining titanium tubes were
subjected to a six-day cyclic test in 5%-salt-plus-sulphur-dioxide spray. All assemblies
passed the test. A year later one of the unwashed assemblies was found to have cracked.
Sectioning revealed that tunneling occurred through the coupling, starting from the inside
where electrolyte had been trapped between the coupling and the tube (2944).
Special effects have resulted from electrical currents and saline solutions. A cycling plusminus 5 volt applied to TiNi in a l50-ohm saline solution caused grain boundary cracking
within 150 days (2948). Also, when TiNi was made the cathode in a cell with a saline
electrolyte and a voltage which caused hydrolysis of the water, the TiNi was charged with
nascent hydrogen. For several days after removal from the cell, chips of TiNi would forcibly
pop off the surface, especially at corners (2949).

Corrosion by Organic Chemicals
Acetic acid, CH3C00H, attacks TiNi at a modest rate of one to three mils per year (mpy) over
the temperature range from 30ºC to the boiling point and the concentration range 50% to
99.5% (2232)(589). The attack is fastest at the lowest concentration at the highest
temperature and at the highest concentration at the lower temperature. Seventy per cent
acetic acid with 0.1% formic acid, HCOOH, attacks at the same rate as 70% acetic acid: 0.3
mpy.
A study reported 5 mpy attack rate in O.5M oxalic acid, H2C2O4, at 50ºC (1063).

Methanol, CH3OH, has a mixed history. A steel pipeline on the bottom of the North Sea was
used to deliver methanol as an anti-freeze to gas wells. An undersea repair was made to the
line using a TiNi coupling which served without problems for several years. A similar
installation on a new drilling platform off Scotland leaked within hours after being filled with
methanol (2952). This occurred again with several methanol line couplings under Lake Erie
(2957). Tunneling of a type similar to that found with special marine exposure situations was
the cause. Low concentrations of water and halides in methanol cause attack on titanium
alloys whereas pure methanol or more contaminated methanol does not (2951). Perhaps this
is true for TiNi, too.
A 15% solution of iodine in polyvinyl pyridine at 37ºC and at 60ºC caused severe cracking of
TiNi couplings within one month (2946).
TiNi was not attacked after three months in a urea, CO(NH2)2, solution at 110ºC (589).
The hydraulic fluids, Skydrol 500 and Aerosafe 2300, at 125ºC and 135ºC, respectively, for
20 hours caused no attack on TiNi couplings. This preliminary observation has been
corroborated by many years of satisfactory TiNi service aboard aircraft.
Corrosion by Inorganic Chemicals
TiNi has been exposed to a number of different inorganic chemicals singly or in
combinations and mostly as aqueous solutions. The observations will be presented in
alphabetical order:
Liquid aluminium can attack solid TiNi (2941).
Aluminum nitrate at 6.2M concentration and 50ºC attacked TiNi at a fraction of a mil per
year. However, 0.3M Al(NO3)3 + 0.6 M HF + 12 M HNO3 attacked at 1300 mpy(1063).
At 50ºC, 6.2M ammonium thiocyanate, NH4SCN did not attack TiNi(1063).
Boron trifluoride plus hydrogen fluoride dissolved in water condensate on Cryofit couplings
attacked at 20 to 40 mpy in a pitting mode and led to stress corrosion cracking(3003).
Bromine dissolved in methanol can chemically polish TiNi.
TiNi has been exposed to liquid cadmium with no ill effects(3005).
Calcium hypochlorite at 70ºC attacked at 15 mpy(2232).
Chromic acid at 10% concentration and 70ºC attacked at l mpy; 50%, at 2 mpy. One per cent
chromic acid plus five per cent hydrochloric acid attacked at 18.5 mpy. Chromic acid at
6.8% plus l.5% ferric chloride plus 9% hydrochloric acid attacked at 2,200 mpy. Half a per
cent chromic acid plus 5% sulfuric acid attacked at 1 mpy(2232).

Copper chloride at 70ºC attacked at 215 mpy(2232).
Ferric chloride at 8% concentration and 70ºC attacked at 350 mpy. One and one half per cent
ferric chloride + 2.5% HCl attacked at 110 mpy; + 5% HCl, at 120 mpy; + l0% HCl,
dissolved the TiNi(2232)!
The attack of hydrochloric acid on TiNi has a strong dependance on temperature, acid
concentration, and the specific alloy composition. With 3% HCl at 100ºC and a range of
alloy compositions, the rate of attack was as low as 14 mpy and as high as 129; with 5% HCl
the rate was from 14 to l,667 mpy. At room temperature with 7 M HCl, TiNi "A" lost from
9,000 to 18,000 mpy(3004)(2232)(1063)(2233)(589). Preliminary results indicate that
gaseous HCl can cause stressed Cryofit couplings to fail within minutes(3010). Curiously,
equal parts of concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid, and water at room
temperature remove the heavy scale from hot worked TiNi without noticeable attack of the
alloy.
Hydrofluoric acid: no data available.
Combinations of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and water give some of the most useful
solutions for chemical surface treatment of TiNi. Descaling, metallographic etching, and
chemical polishing at various rates can be achieved by adjusting the ratios(1063)(3009). One
part of 40% HF, one part concentrated HNO3, and two and a half parts of concentrated
H2SO4 also brightens TiNi(3010).
Hydrazine did not attack TiNi "A" in a 49-day test at 85ºF. A 16-week test at 70ºF also
caused no attack.(3000)(3001)(2939).
Nitric acid is more aggressive toward TiNi than toward austenitic stainless steel. At 30ºC,
10% HNO3 attacked TiNi at 1 mpy; 60%, at 10 mpy; 5% HNO3 at its boiling point attacked
at 80 mpy. In another test at 50ºC, 3 M HNO3 attacked at 11.5 mpy, 7.5 M at 29 mpy; and
12 M, at 30.5 mpy. Red fuming nitric acid at room temperature caused extensive weight loss
and pitting of TiNi within 48 hours(3008)(587)(1063)(2232).
The combination of 7.5M nitric acid with 0.02M sulfuric acid caused just 9 mpy attack on a
TiNi coupon. However, a TiNi coupling on a 304 stainless steel tube lost 29 mpy whereas
the stainless steel lost none(1063).
Nitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, caused no attack of TiNi during a 49-day exposure at 85ºC.
Mercury did not attack TiNi(2941).
Attack by phosphoric acid is a strong function of concentration and temperature. At 30ºC, 5%
H3PO4 attacks TiNi at 0.5 mpy; for 50% H3PO4 at the boiling point the rate is 2,300 mpy.
A Cryofit coupling immersed in 105 weight per cent H3PO4 at 400ºF "completely dissolved
within 48 hours"(3007)(589)(2232).

Potassium hydroxide does not seem to attack TiNi. Seven hundred twenty hours exposure to
6M KOH at 50ºC caused no loss of TiNi(1063).
A Cryofit coupling joining two 304 stainless steel tubes was pressurized with helium. The
assembly was immersed in liquid sodium at 482ºC for 30 minutes, then returned to room
temperature. On the sixth cycle the assembly leaked. The failure was attributed to creep;
attack of the TiNi was not reported(3002).
Sodium hydroxide at 20% concentration and 30ºC attacks TiNi at 0.4 mpy; at the boiling
point, 1.6 mpy(389)(2232).
Binary TiNi is attacked by 5 wt. % sulfuric acid at l00ºC at 8,200 mpy; by 10 wt. %, at
14,300 mpy. For highly alloyed TiNi, l% sulfuric acid at 30ºC attacks at 0.4 mpy;
concentrated sulfuric, at 84 mpy. At its boiling point, 0.1 % sulfuric acid attacks highly
alloyed TiNi at 0.3 mpy; 5% sulfuric acid, at 460 mpy. At 50ºC, 0.3 M sulfuric acid attacks
TiNi at 3 mpy; 3.0 M, at 670 mpy(589)(1063)(2232).

Corrosion in Biological systems
In vivo studies of TiNi in rats and in dogs show no signs of incompatibility. Test Reports on
TiNi in diverse biological systems can be found in references (2958 to 2999).

References

1063
J.M.Macki, K.Terada, R.L.Kochen
A n Evaluation Of The Cryofit Tube Joining System In Selected Plutonium Chemical Processing
Solutions
Dow Chemical U.S.A.,Golden Colorada
1973
English
1130
K.N.Melton, O.Mercier
The Mechanical Properties Of Niti-Based Shape Memory Alloys
Acta Metallurgica,Vol.29,P.393
1981
English
Ni-Ti, Ni-Ti-Cu, And Ni-Ti-Cu-Fe Alloys Are Prepared, Tensile Tested And 6 Impact Tested. F
racture Energies Are Minimum Just Below Md. Martensite Plastic Yield Is Higher Than The
Austenitic Yield. Y ield Ratio Was The Greatest In A Nickel-Rich Binary (7:1). S tress Rates Are
Measured And The Latent Heats Calculated.
2232
Y.Suzuki, K.Takayanagi, Y.Fujii, T.Kuroyanagi, T.Tsutsui
Application Of Faedic-Nt (Improved Niti Alloy) To Nuclear Reactor Pump Components Titanium
'80,Sci. And Tech.,Vol.1,P.497
1980
English
Ni-Ti Is Alloyed With 1.6% Fe And 1.8% Mo To Improve High Temperature Strength, Abrasion, And
Corrosion Resistance. C orrosion Data Is Several Solutions Is Given. E rosion Is Second Only To
Stellite. T ensite Strength Is Constant Up To 300C.
2233
A.Negishi, K.Takayanagi, M.Ikeda
Corrosion And Wear Resistant Nickel Alloy
U.S.Patent 3,660,082
1972
English
2930
Guangming, L.; Jinxiu, Z.; And Laizhong, L.
Study Of Snap-Acting Two Way Shape Memory Effect In Niti Alloy
Xiyou Jinshu/Rare Metals V8 N3 July 1989 P39-41
1989
English
S nap-Acting Transformation And Snap-Acting Two Way Shape Memory Effect Have Been Obtained
In Ni ti Alloy Using The Constrained Effect Of Stress On The Driving Force Of Twsm Element. The
Twsm Strain Of The Snap-Acting Element Made Of Ni51 Ti 49 Alloy Finishes Abruptly At An Acertain
Temperature Without Any Additional Mechanism, Within An Interval Less Than 1 Ms. A
Thermodynamic Model Is Presented To Account For These Observations.
2938
Tony Thompson
H2 & Tini
Private Notes/Phone Conversation
1988
English
* Ni-Ti-Fe In Water Plus Hydrogen At 300 C* Tony Thompson* 1988* Ni-Ti-Fe* Hydrogen*
Embrittlement

2939
P. Valembois
N2h4 And Mon-3
General Electric Private Publication
1991
English
* Raychem Cryofit Sleeves N2h4 And Mon-3 Compatibility* P. Valembois* 1991* Ti-Ni-Fe Corrosion

2941
Tom Borden, Jack Harrison
Liquid Metal Corrosion
Memo From Jack Harrison
1992
English
* Niti Corrosion By Liquid Metals* Tom Borden* 1992* Niti* Aluminum* Mercury* Corrosion

2942
Schweiso, Schwinghamer
Liquid And Gaseous Impingement Of Oxegen On Tini
Letter From National Aeronautics And Space Administration
1971
English
* Niti Sensitivity To Liquid And Gaseous Oxegen* R.J. Schwinghamer* 1971* Ni-Ti-Fe* Oxidation*
Oxygen

2944
Clyde Lofdahl
Cryofit Tunneling Corrosion
Raychem Memos
1970
English
* Grumman 5% Nacl Spray And So2 Test Of Cryofit Assembly* J. Combs; J.D. Harrison; Clyde
Lofdahl* 1971* Cryofit * Corrosion * Pitting * Crevice Corrosion * Ni-Ti-Fe

2945
John Guadas
Corrosion Of Tini
Department Of The Navy
1973
English
* Properties Of Modified Nitinol Alloys* J.P. Guadas, D.A. Davis & F.J. Gomba* 1973* Corrosion* NiTi-Cr* Ni-Ti-Mo* Ni-Ti-Fe

2946
Ralph Nelson
Medtronic Rings
Raychem Memo
1980
English
* Cryofit Cracking In Iodine Polyvinyl Pyridine* Ralph H. Nelson* 1980* Crack Growth* Corrosion*
Couplings* Ni-Ti

2948
Ralph Nelson
Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.
Raychem Memo
1977
English
* Test failure of cryocon contact* Ralph H. Nelson* 1977* crevice corrosion* Ni-Ti-Fe* Medical
2949
Barry Wallace & John Chen
Astm G42-75t Charging With Tini With H+
Personal Notes From J.D.Harrison
1978
English
* Hydrogen Charged Cryofit Couplings* J.D. Harrison* 1978* Embrittlement* Hyrdogen* Ni-Ti-Fe

2950
Pitting- Corrosion Failure Of Type 304 Stainless Steel Aircraft Hydraulic Tubes In A Marine
Atmosphere
Asm Metals Handbook 8th Ed. Vol. 10
1975
English
Stainless SteelCorrosionPittingTubes

2951
Ronald W. Schultz And David E. Thomas
Corrosion Of Titanium
Asm Metals Handbook 9th Ed. Vol. 13 P. 687
1987
English
* Titanium* Methanol* Corrosion* Pitting
2952
John D. Harrison
Shell/Aberdeen Methanol Tunneling
Personnal Notes
1980
English
* Corrosion* Couplings* Pitting
2953
John D. Harrison
Harbor Island Cryofit Failure
Personnal Notes
1979
English
* Corrosion* Couplings* Pitting
2956
John Simpson
Hydrogen Charged Tensile Samples
Memo

1983
English
* Embrittlement* Hydrogen* Mg Shift* Tensile Properties

2957
Mary Quin
Crofit In Hcl Solution
Raychem
Memo
1982English
* Corrosion* Couplings* Pitting
2959
Y. Arima, M. Ohata, K. Ohmori, K. Kitamura, S. Nakamura, H. Natori, Y. Sezai
Experimental Study On Rib-Fixation Pin Using Shape Memory Alloy - Histological Evaluation On
Implantation Study
Jpn. J. Artif. Organs, 18/1, Pp. 179-182
1989
English
T he In-Vivo Implantation Study Was Conducted To Evaluate The Histocompatibility Of Shape
Memory Alloy In A Living Body. K irschner's Wire Was Used As A Control, And Pins Were Implanted
Subcutaneously In The Dorsal Region Of Two Dogs. 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, 8 Weeks, 4 Months, And 6
Months After The Implantation, The Pins Were Removed With The Surrounding Tissues And
Evaluated Histologically. At 2 Weeks, The Inflamatory Reaction Was Strong In Both Groups, At 4
Weeks The Capsules Were Formed, And After 8 Weeks, Neither Inflamatory Nor Foreign Body
Reactions Were Observed In Either Group.

2960
C. Dunlap, S.K. Vincent, B. Barker
Allergic Reaction To Orthodontic Wire: Report Of Case
Jada, Vol. 118, April, Pp. 449-450
1989
English
"A Teen-Aged Female Patient Developed Painful, Red, Macular Lesions On The Oral Mucosa. T he
Onset Of Symptoms Coincided With The Placement Of An Orthodontic Wire In Maxillary Arch. B
iopsy Showed Changes Typical Of Allergic Contact Stomatitis And Removal Of The Wire Resulted In
Complete Clearing Of Lesions Within 4 Days"" Pat ient Had A History Of Allergy To Jewlery...""I n
This Case, The History And Clinial Lesions, When Coupled With The Histopathologic Changes And
Response To Treatment, Make A Convincing Argument For Allergic Contact Stomatitis Caused By
Nickel. Tit anium Cannot Be Completely Excluded As The Allergen In This Patient. Howev er, It Does
Not Seem Likely Because Most Jewelry Does Not Contain Titanium, And Titanium Allergy, To Our
Knowledge, Has Not Been Reported."

2961
M. Prince; E. Salzman; F. Schoen, A. Palestrant; M. Simon
Local Intravascular Effects Of The Nitinol Wire Blood Clot Filter
Investigative Radiology, Vol 23, No. 4, Pp 294-300
1988
English
In Two Filters, About 1 To 3 Mg Of Nickel And Titanium, Representing Less Than 1% Of The Filter,
Were Lost By Corrosion In Four Years. T he Normal Daily Dietary Intake Of Ni Is About 0.5 Mg. The
Reccommended Safe Level Of Exposure To Nickel From Intravenous Fluids Is Less Than 7% Of The
Total Body Burden Of Nickel Or 35 Micrograms Per Day For A 70 Kg Adult. D uring A Four-Year
Period This Amounts To 51 Mg Or About 30% Of All The Nickel In The Filter. T he Authors Conclude
That Exposure To Nickel From The Filter Is "Well Within Acceptable Limits"

2962
G. Rondelli; B. Vincentini; A. Cigada
Shape Memory Alloy As A Human Body Implant Material
Third World Biomaterials Congress, Kyoto, Japan, Aprill 21-25, Paper #2p-39, P.169
1988
English
"Pitting Potentials Obtained By Potentiodynamic Tests Are Noticeably Higher Than Those Obtained
For Stainless Steels. However, In The Potentiostatic Scratch Test The Stainless Steels Exhibit Better
Performances. Also In The Astm Test The Niti Alloys Showed A Localized Corrosion Resistance
Slightly Lower Than The Stainless Steels""On The Whole It Seems That The Niti Alloys Could Be
Utilized For The Orthopaedic Devices Only In Absence Of Metal-Metal, Metal-Ceramic, And MetalPlastic Couplings That Are Typical Sites For The Onset Of Crevice Corrosion"

2963
Y. Nakayama
The Biological Reactions Of Several Orthopaedic Implant Alloys In Rats
The Third World Biomaterials Congress, Kyoto, Japan, Paper #5c1-33, P.495
1988
English
Niti, 316l Stainless Steel, Co-Cr-Mo, Ti-6a1-4v, Ti-15 Mo-5zr-3a1 And Pure Nickel Implants (3mm
Dia. By 7mm Long) Were Placed In Quadriceps Muscle Belly And Femoral Condyle Of Male Rats.
Animals Were Sacrificed At 1,3,6 Months."There Were No Systemic Effect Or Statistically Meaningful
Difference Among Body Weight Gain Ratio In Alloys Except Nickel. Spontaneous Death Occurred In
Nickel Case Around 6 Month. Massive Tumor-Like Granulation Formulation And Cystic Change Were
Seen Around The Quadriceps Muscle Implantation Site. Body Weight Gain Ratio Of Nickel Was Low
Comparing To Other Alloys""Fibrous Layer Was Formed In All Alloys Except Nickel And The Order
Of Thicknesses Was Compatible With The Order Written In 1) No Constituent Metal Dissolution Was
Noticed In Niti Or Sus316l Or Two Titanium Alloys...The Order Of The Thickness Of Fibrous Layers
Formed Around Implant Allys In Bone And Muscle Is Compatible With The Order Of Corrosion
Resistance Of Them."

2964
J. Geis-Gerstorfer, Heiner Weber
Corrossion Resistance Of The Implant Materials Contimet 35, Memory, And Vitallium In Artificial
Physiological Fluids
Int. J. Oral Maxilliofacial Implants, 3: 135-140
1988
English
The Linear Polarization Method Has Been Used To Demonstrate The Influence Of Different
Electrolytes On The Corrosion Behavior Of Ti, Ni-Ti, And Co-Cr-Mo. Results Revealed Minimal
Corrosion Tendency To Ti; Co-Cr-Mo, And Especially Ni-Ti, Showed Rapid Breakdown Of Passivity
With Increasing Chloride Concentrations In Unbuffered Solutions And Little Differences In Buffered
Solutions. Niti Supplied By Krupp Medizuntechnik Gmbh.

2965
Yang Pei-Jun, Zhang Yan-Feng, Ge Mao-Zhi, Cai Ti-Dong, Tao Jin-Chun
Internal Fixation With Niti Shape Memory Metal Alloy Compressive Staples In Orthopedic Surgery
Chinese Medical Journal, 100 (9), 712-714
1987
English
In 8 Patients (Of 51 Cases) Where Staples Were Removed In 3 To 26 Months, No Obvious Foreign
Body Reactions Could Be Found. No Details Provided.

2966
H. Hamanaka, H. Dori, T. Yoneyyama, O. Kohno, I. Miura
No Title.
Reports Of Institute For Medical And Dental Engineering, 21, P. 1-7
1987
English
The Authors Have Been Studying Dental Uses Of These Alloys. In This Paper, Corrosion Resistance
Of Cast Ni-Ti Alloys Were Studied On Electrochemical And Immersion Test.Ni-Ti Alloys Showed
Higher Break Down Potential In Anodic Polarization Curves Than Those Of Ni-Cr And Co-Cr Alloys
On The Market. The Amount Of Ni Cations Dissolved From Ni-Ti Alloys In 0.9% Nacl Solution Is By
Far Lower Than Those From Dental Alloys Now In Clinical Uses. There Seemed To Be No Problem
For The Dental Application Of The Cast Ni-Ti Alloys.

2968
Tan Shusung, Qian Dongfan, Chu Youyi, T. Ko
Researches And Applications Of Shape Memory Alloys In China
Proc. Of Intl. Symp. On Shape Memory Alloys, Guilin, China, Pp. 1-11
1986
English
References Other Work In China On Simulated Corrosion Tests, Toxicity In Vitro, Histolgical
Observations, And Analysis Of Free Ni Content, No Test Longer Than 2 Years (4 Dogs)As To The
Question Of Carcinogenisis..., Only From Long Term Embedment Experiment Can A Judgement Be
Stemmed

2967
Hiroshi Kimura, Tajii Sohmura
Surface Coating On Tini Shape Memory Implant Alloys
J. Osaka Univ. Dent. Sch.,Vol.27, 211223, 1987
1987
English
Corrosion Resistance In Tini Shape Memory Alloys Which Is Utilized As A Dental Implant Was
Studied In 1% Nacl Solution By Means Of Anodic Polarization Measurement. In Most Of Specimens,
Current Dentistry Increased At About 1200mv, But In Some Specimens, An Abrupt Increase In
Current Dentistry Was Observed At Low Potential Such As 500-600 Mv, And This Was Found To
Originate From The Formation Of Pitting. In Such Case, Dissolution Of Ni In A Living Body Is
Doubtful.In Order To Prevent The Dissolution At Low Potential, Surface Coating By Ticn, Tin And
Oxide Film Were Attempted. By Coating, The Amount Of Current Dentistry Decreased And No
Abrupt Increase In Current Were Observed In Any Case. However, In Ticn Coating, The Coating
Layer Was Easily Peeled Off By Strain Upon Shape Memory Effect. In The Case Of Tin Coating,
Cracks Were Formed Especially In Compression Side And Abrupt Dissolution Was Observed. On
The Other Hand, By Oxide Film Coating, Abrupt Dissolution Was Suppressed Even After Plastic
Deformation Upon Shape Memory And Recovery Process. Oxide Film Coating Is Considered To
Improve Corrosion In Tini Shape Memory Alloy.

2969
Xue Miao, Jia Weitao
Applications Of A Niti Shape Memory Alloy To Medicine And Dentistry
Proc. Of Intl. Symp. On Shape Memory Alloys, Guilin, China, Pp. 411-415
1986
English
References Earlier Work By Xue Miao (1982). "Compared To 316l Stainless Steel, Niti Alloy Is A
Better Anti-Corrosion Biomedical Alloy." Regarding Toxicity Test In Vitro " Cells Grew Well On The
Surface Of Alloy."

2970
Zhang Xufeng, Liu Guolin, Yuen Jinrui, Zao Qi, Yi Lin, Hu Ziping, Zhou Shouli, Hue Jie
A Study Of Shape Memory Alloy For Medicine
Proc. Of Intl. Symp. On Shape Memory Alloys, Guilin, China, Pp. 416-420
1986
English
Results Of A Simulated Corrosion Study (Using Artificial Saliva, Artificial Sweat, Hank's Physiology
Solvent 1% Nacl, Lactate Solvent , .05% Hcl And 0.1% Nas) Are Reviewed. After 72 Hours No
Change In Weight Was Noted (+/- .001 G). Niti Was Rated With 316l Stainless Steel To Be In Grade
A For Anticorrosion (Soviet Union Standard)No Tumor-Like Hyperplasia Were Noted After Three
Months Using Four Rabbits Containing Niti And 316l Inserts Near Their Backbones.

2971
J. Haasters, G. Bensmann, A. Pon
Applications Of The Memory Alloy Niti As Implant Material
Materials Sciences And Implant Orthopedic Surgery. 117-124
1986
English
40 Rats Tested (6, 12, 18, And 24 Weeks) With Cylinders And Rings (Internal Tissue Is Inactive And
At Rest) No Corrosion Found. Observed Typical Foreign Body Reaction (Fibrocytes, Lymphoytes)
Looked Same Compared To Conventional Material Specimens Also Tested.

2972
P.J. Yang, Y.F. Chang, M.Z. Ge, T.D. Cai, J.C. Tao
Internal Fixation With Niti Shape Memory Alloy Compressive Staples In Orthopedic Surgery
Proc. Of Shape Memory Alloys, China Academic Publications, 438-437
1986
English
51 Cases Reviewed Follow-Up Exams After 2 Years Showed No Sign Of Inflammation. Eight
Patients (>20 Months With Niti Staples) Showed No Foreign Body Reaction Based On Histological
Studies

2973
Zhao Dinglin, Zhang Weiming, Xu Yinkan, Tu Kaiyuan
Study And Clinical Application Of The Cervical Intervertebral Artificial Joint
Proc. Of Shape Memory Alloys, China Academic Publications, 433-437
1986
English
In 32 Cases, 30 Were Followed Up For 14 To 48 Months. No Sign Of Localized Tissue Death.

2974
K.R. Dai, R.S. Wu, J.X. Yuan, Y.H. Sun, H.B. Yang, W.Q. Hong, S.C. Shen, L.Y. Liu
Orthopedic Applications Of Niti Shape Memory Alloy
Proc. Of Shape Memory Alloys, Pp. 430-432
1986
English
16 Cases With 6 To 48 Month Follow Up. No Tissue Reaction.

2975
Bruno Vincentini, Gianni Rondelli, Alberto Cigada, Giovanni Turisini
Corrosion Behavior Of A Nickel Titanium Alloy
Proc. Of Sma '86, China Academic Publs., Pp.447-454
1986
English
In This Paper 3 Alloys Have Been Examined: Ti 6al 4v, Niti (50% At Ni) And Aisi 316l. In Acid
Enviornments (0.5 M Sulphuric Acid) The Niti Alloy Behaves Like The Ti 6al 4v (Only Passive
Currents Are Higher For The Former), While Aisi 316l Has The Lowest Passivation Current
Densities.The Ti 6al 4v Alloy Shows The Best Resistance To Localized Corrosion (Pitting And
Crevice). Niti Exhibits A Very High Pitting Potential In The Potentiodynamic Tests Performed In
Chloride Containing Solution. However, The Aisi 316l Has A Higher Capacity To Repair The Passive
Film Broken Down Lo

2976
B. Vincentini, G. Rondelli, A. Cigada, G. Turisini
Corrosion Behavior Of A Nickel Titanium Alloy
China Academic Publs. Pp.447-454
1986
English
The Resistance To Pitting Corrosion As Determined By The Potentiodynamic Tests In 3.5% Nacl,
Decreased In Th Eorder: Ti 6a1 4v ..Niti.Aisi 316l. The Ti 6a1 4v Alloy Shows The Best Resistance
To Localized Corrosion (Pitting And Crevice). Niti Exhibits Very High Pitting Potential In The
Potentiodynamic Tests Performed In Chloride Containing Solution. However, The Aisi 316l Has A
Higher Capacity To Repair The Passive Film Broken Down Locally And As A Consequence It Gives
Better Performances Than The Niti Alloy In The Potentiostatic Measurements (Scrat Test; Astm F 4681 Test) Lastly, Our Results Pointed Out, For Our Niti Alloy, A Pitting And Crevice Corrosion
Resistance Better Than Those Reported In The Literature.As A Whole The Niti Alloy Offers A
Promising Corrosion Behavior View Of Potential Applications As Implant Material, Even Though
Further Corrosion Studies Are Envisaged.

2977
J. Takahshi, M. Ozazaki, H. Kimura, N. Horasawa, M. Ito, S. Takahashi
Superelasticity And Released Metal Concentration Of Ni-Ti And Ni-Ti-Cu Alloys Castings
Journal Of The Japanese Society For Dental Materials And Devices. Vol.5 No.5
1986
English
Released Ni Concentrations Of Both Ni-Ti And Ni-Ti-Cu Alloys Were Lower Than Those Of Dental NiCr Alloys. These Alloys Were Exposed At 37c For One Week In Three Solutions: Ringers Solution,
1.0 Lactic Acid And 0.055 Hcl. Niti Exhibited A Release Of 0.17, 0.95 And 2.90 Mg/Cm2 While Ni Cr
(L) Exhibited 18.5, 11.1, And 398 Mg/Cm2 And Ni Cr (Ll) Exhibited 4.90, 0.70 And 47.4 Mg/Cm2 Nicr
(L) Is 75.5 Weight % Ni, 19.5% Cr And 2.4% Mo And Nicr (Ll) Is 67.7 Weight % Ni, 16.3% Cr, 3.6%
Mo, 5.6% Mn, 2.6% Cu, 2.0% Co And 2.6% Al.

2978
Paul Pang-Fu Kuo, Bei-Chun Yang, Yan-Feng Zhang, Ke-Rong Dai, Yue-Fei Yu
Clinical Use Of Niti Shape Memory Alloy In Orthopedic Surgery-A Preliminary Report
Progress In Artificial Organs, 1105-1107
1985
English
"No Obvious Local Reactions Nor Corrosion Of The Staples And Screws" Removed Postoperatively.
Also Ti-Ni Cubes Of 1mm3 Embedded In Thigh Muscles Of 60 Dogs For 10 Months Showed No
Obvious Evidence Of Reaction.
2979
2980
A. Edwards
Application Of Electrochemical Techniques To The Prediction Of Enviornmental Effects On The
Corrosion Behaviour Of A Niti Alloy
Marine Corrosion % Fouling Vol.1 Sixth Intem Congress
1984
English
Potentiostatic Techniques Have Been Used To Study The Effects Of Changes In Ph And Chloride
Concentration To Seasalt Solutions On The Corrosion Behavior And, In Particular, Pitting Corrosion
Resistance Of A 52 Ni, 45 Ti And 3 Fe Alloy. The Alloy, Known To Be Susceptible To Crevice
Corrosion In Seawater, Was Also Found To Be Susceptible To Pitting Corrosion In Acidified
Concentrated Seasalt Solutions And Subject To Rapid Uniform Corrosion In Hydrochloric Acid
Solutions.

2981
Yang Pei-Jun, Y.F. Zhang, M.Z.Kuh
The Use Of Niti Shape-Memory Alloy Staples For Internal Fixation Of Fractures
Chinese Journal Of Ortho., 3, Pp. 137-140
1983
Chinese
No English Abstract Available. Translation Indicates 18 Case Studies On Limbs, Joints, Palms, And
Ankle Bones In 18 Patients. Alloy Took Less External Fixation Time With No Sign Of Loose Fixation
Or Swollen Soft Tissue.

2982
N.K. Sarkar, W. Redmond, B. Schwaninger, A..J. Goldberg
The Chloride Corrosion Behavior Of Four Orthodontic Wires
Journal Of Oral Rehab., Vol. 10, Pp.121-128
1983
English
"Potentiodynamic Cyclic Polarization Of Four Orthodontic Alloys (Wires), Namely Permachrome,
Elgiloy, A 8-Titanium Alloy, And Nitinol In A 1% Nacl Solution Within -500 Mv And +300 Mv (Sce)
Indicated The First Three Alloys To Be Passive Whereas Breakdown Of Passivity Was Observed On
Nitinol. The Sem Examination Of The Pre-And Post Polarized Alloy Surfaces Provided Evidence
Which Was Consistant With The Elctrochemical Measurements, In That The First Three Alloys
Exhibited No Appreciable Corrosion Damage Whereas Pitting Corrosion Was Observed On
Nitinol"This Work Contradicts Work Of J.W. Edie, 1981. See Abstract

2983
K.R. Dai
The Use Of Compression Staples On Niti Shape Memory Alloy In Orthopedic Surgery
Chinese Journal Of Orthopedics Vol. 21, Pp. 343-345
1983
English
References Work By Castleman Et. Al And Xue Et Al. Xue Experiments (1980) "Proved" That Niti Had
Good Corrrrosion Resistance To Man-Made Sweat, "Hank" Solution, Nacl, And Nas. Also After 10
Months Implantation In Bone And Skin, There Was No Sign Of Corrosion Or Tissue Color Change.
Tissue Restoraion Was Short And Tissue Reaction Was Light.
2984
Xue Miao
Fundamental Medical Research Of Nickel-Titanium Memory Alloys
Chinese Journal Of Biomedical Engineering Vol. 2, No. 1, Pp.28-33
1983
English
Describes An Experiment On 60 Female Rats; 30 Rats Had Subcutaneous Implantations (4mm
Diameter By 1mm Thick) And 30 Rats Had Bone Interior Implantations (2mm Diameter Balls). Niti
(49-51) Was Compared To 316l Stainless Steel And Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon (Cfrc). Rats
Were Sacrificed At 1 And 2 Weeks; 1,2,3,4,5 And 10 Months. "Nickel-Titanium Memory Alloys
Discolor Slightly When Placed In A Simulated Body Fluid Medium; However, This Phenomenon Is Not
Detected When Implanted Inside An Animal. Experimental Results Show That After 10 Months Of
Implantation In The Tissues And Inside The Bones Of Rats, There Is No Damage To The Local
Tissue. Inflammation Is Slight, Tissue Recovery Time Is Short, There Is No Indicaton Of
Discoloration, Corrosion, Or Cellukar Toxicity, The Biotolerance Is High, And Biodegeneration Is Low.
During The Observation Period Equivilant To 2/5 Of The Life Span Of The Specimen, There Is No
Indication Of Localized Neoplasm. Compared To Stainless Steel And Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Carbons, Nickel-Titanium Memory Alloys Have A Better Biocompatibility"

2985
U.E. Pazzaglia, C. Minoia, L. Ceciliani, C. Riccardi
Metal Determination In Organic Fluids Of Patients With Stainless Steel Hip Arthroplasty
Acta. Orthop. Scand. 54, 574-579
1983
English
Ni Levels In Blood, Plasma And Urine, Manganese Levels In Blood And Urine, And Chromium Levels
In Plasma Were Significantly Higher In Hip (10-13 Year Old) Prosthese Population Thaaa In A Control
Group."The Increased Level Of Metal Ion Is Well Below The Threshold Of Metal Toxicity For Each Of
The Various Metals. The Release Of Metal Ions By Stainless Steel Metal-Plastic Prothesis Does Not
Seem To Cause Sensitization Even After A Prolonged Period Of Time"

2986
Frederick J. Krummer, Robert M. Rose
Corrosion Of Titanium/Conbalt Chromium Alloy Couples
Journal Of Bone And Joint Surgery, Vol. 65-A, No.8, October 1983
1983
English
The Stability And Gradual Reduction Of The Current For The Titanium Couples Are Indicitave Of The
Formation Of A Stable Passive Film. The Behavior Of The Stainless Steel Cobalt-Chromium Alloy
Couple Indicates That It Was Not Stable And Would Continue To Corrode; Thus That The Use Of
Disimilar Metals In Orthopedic Implants Should Be Approached With Great Caution.

2987
Gunter Bensman, Frank Baumgart, Jorg Haasters
Nickel-Titanium Osteosynthesis Clips
Medical Focus, March, 1983
1983
English
Tissue Covering The Implant Which Was Obtained On Removal Of The Clips Was Subjected To
Histological Examination. Inflammatory Rejections, Increased Blood Supply Or Other Rejection
Mechanisms Were Not Observed. Contamination Of The Examined Tissue With Memory Metal
Amounted To Between 6 And 10 Months. Compared With The Preceding Histological Investigations
On Animals, This Permits The Conclusion That The Memory Implants Did Not Produce Any
Pathological Response In The Patients Observed And Examined.Several Memory Clips Which Had
Been Implanted For Up To 1.6 Years Were Examined Following Removal By Surgery. Macroscopic
Study Showed All The Clips To Have A Uniform Appearance With Bright Metallic Surface. Slight
Scratches Are Attributable To Mechanical Damage During Implantation And Extraction. No Corrosion
Was Observed On Visual Inspection. Results Of Microprobe Spectrometery Established Moreover
That No Change Had Occured In The Chemical Composition On The Surface Of The Implants
Compared With The Core Material. Accordingly, The Material Used For The Clips May Be As
Adequately Resistant To Corrosion.

2988
G. Bensmann, F. Baumgart, J. Haasters
Osteosynthesis Clamps Made From Niti : Manufacture; Preliminary Tests, And Clinical Use
Tech. Mitt. Krupp, Forsch-Ber. 40, Pp. 123-134
1982
English
Breif Includes Review Of Histologic Examinations Performed On Tissue After Removal Of Memory
Clamps From Human Feet After 6 To 16 Months. No Inclusions Of Inflammatory Reactions Or Oreign
Body Reactions Seen. Comparison Of Connective Tissue Membranes Associated With Memory
Implants And With Other Metal Implants Appear Basically The Same. They Conclude That The
Memory Implants Showed No Pathological Reactions In The Patients Which Were Studied.

2989
K. Kuehn, F.W. Sunderman, Jr.
Dissolution Half-Times Of Nickel Compounds In Water, Rat Serum, And Renal Cytosol
Journal Of Inorganic Biochemistry, 17, 29-39
1982
English
17 Nickel Compounds Were Incubated In Water , Rat Serum, And Rat Renal Cytosol For 72 Hours At
37 Deg. C. Concentrations Of Dissolved Nickel Were Analyzed By Electrothermal Atomic Absorption
Spectophotometry, And Dissolution Half-Times (T50) Were Computed By The Weibul Equation. 11
Of The Nickel Compounds (Ni, Bnis, Amorphous Nis, Ani3s2, Nise, Ni3se2, Nite, Nias, Ni11as8,
Ni5as2, And Nifes4) Dissolved More Rapidly In Serum Or Cytosol Than In Water. 4 Of The
Comppounds (Nio, Nisb, Nife Alloy, And Nitio3 (Often Seen On Niti Surfaces)) Had No Detectable
Dissolution In Any Of The Media ( I.E. T50> 11 Yrs.) These Findings Suggest That In Vitro Dissolution
Half-Times Of Nickel Compounds May Be Used To Predict Their In Vivo Excretion Half-Times, Since
The Dissolution Process Is Rate-Limiting To Their Metabolism And Excretion.

2990
G. Bensmann, F. Baumgart, J. Haasters
Application Of Memory Alloy Niti As Implant Material
Trans. Of 8th Annual Meeting Of Soc. Of Biomaterials, Vol. V, P.90
1982
English
Han Vistar Rats Implanted With Niti On Both Sides For 6, 12, 18, And 24 Weeks For Tissue Reaction
Tests. "No Signs Of Corrosion Were Found On Metal Specimens On Their Removal"Histologically,
Inflammatory Reactions Were Apparent Around The Foreign Body, But No Giant Cells Induced By Its
Presence Were Found. For Comparison, Specimens Of The Same Shape And Of Conventional
Prosthesis Material Were Implanted In The Same Animal. Here The Same Reaction Was Visible In
The Connective Tissue Around The Foreign Body. Capular Thickness Measurements Showed A
Clear Diminution As The Implantation Period Increased.To Investigate The Behavior And Function Of
Niti Implants, Niti Jaw Plates, For The Osteosynthesis Of A Simulated Fracture Of The Lower Jaw,
And Clamps Were Implanted In Minipigs, And Spacers For Stiffening The Spinal Column In Sheep.
The Operations Were Successfully Carried Out And In No Case Were Harmful Tissue Reactions
Found.
2991
L.S. Castleman, S.M. Motzkin
The Biocompatibility Of Nitinol
Biocompatibility Of Clinical Implant Materials, Ed. D. Williams, 129-154
1981
English
References 92 Articles. Discusses The Biocompatibility Of Nickel, Titanium, And Niti

2992
J.W. Edie, G.F. Andreasen, M.P. Zaytown
Surface Corrosion Of Nitinol And Stainless Steel Under Clinical Conditions
The Angle Orthodontist, Vol. 51, No. 4, October, Pp. 319-324
1981
English
Recent Papers Raise Concern That Nitinol Wire Had Been Reported To Have Greater Corrosive
Tendency That Stainkess Steel Wire (Ss) During Anodic Dissolution. This Paper Questions Whether
These Lab Experiments Relate To Potential Corrosive Experience In Clinical Service. The Study
Assesses Surface Characteristics By Topographical Appearance With Sem, Qualitative Chemical
Content With Eds, And Relative Quantitation Of Oxygen Content With Wds. "Eleven Nitinol And
Eleven Stainless Steel Wires Were Retrieved After Clinic Services For Periods Ranging From One To
Eight Months." Comparisons Were Made To Unused Nitinol And Ss Wires And To Nitinol Subjected
To Anodic Dissolution For Two Minutes. Unused Nitinol Wires Show Large Variatons In Surface
Textures When Compared To Ss Wires" Because Of These Variations Of Unused Nitinol Surfaces, It
Is Difficult To Assess The Degree Of Corrosion Existing On The Surfaces By Visual Inspection.
However, No Pits Or Surfaces Typical Of Anodically Dissolved Wires Were Observed On Either
Nitinol Or Stainless Teel Wires. Because Of Wire Surface Variability, It Is Difficult To Make Absolute
Assessments Of Corrosive Action Without Direct Comparison Of Before And After Service
Photographs. The Nitinol Wires For Which That Was Done Had Practically Identical Surface Features
And No Obvious Corrosion Products. In Ccnclusion, The Results Reported Here Suggest That There
Is No Reason To Believe That Nitinol Wires Are Any More Subject To Corrosion Than Stainless Steel
Wires In An Enviornment That Is Typical Of Clinical.

2993
K. Speck, A. Fraker
Anodic Polarization Behavior Of Niti And Ti-6a1-4v In Simulated Physiological Solutions
J. Of Dental Research, Oct. 59, No. 10, 1590-1595
1980
English
"This Study Has Confirmed Results Of Other Investigations Which Show That Titanium And Its Alloys
Are More Corrosion Resistant To Simulated Body Fluids Than Are 316l Stainless Steel, The Co-CrMo Alloy, And The Co-Ni-Mo Alloy. Other Conclusions Of This Study Are Summarized. Although The
Breakdown Potential The Amino Acid Is Lowered By The Presence Of The Cysteine, This Breakdown
Still Is Comparable With Or Higher Than That Of The Other Non-Titanium Metals Used In This Study"

2994
M. Simon, R. Kaplow, E. Salzman, D. Freiman
A Vena Cava Filter Using Thermal Shape Memory Alloy
Radiology, Vol. 125, No. 1, Pp. 89-94
1977
English
The Study On 16 Dogs Primarily Focused On Effectiveness Rather Than Biocompatibiliy. "No
Thrombus Was Observed On The Exposed Surface Of The Filter Wire In These Cases."

2995
A. Gaechter, J. Alroy, G.B.J. Andersson, J. Galante, W. Rostoker, F. Schajowicz
Metal Carcinogenisis: A Study Of The Carcinogenic Activity Of Solid Metal Alloy In Rats
J. Bone Joint Surgery., A59, 622-624
1977
English
The Carcinogenic Activity Of Seven Metallic Alloys Was Studied By Implanting Solid Rods Of Each
Alloy In The Gluteal Muscles Of Sprague-Dawley Rats Which Were Killed After 24 Months. When
The Number Of Tumors In These Rats Was Compared With The Numbers In Rats Not Operated On,
In Rats Which Had A Sham Operation, And In Rats Implanted With Silastic Rods, No Statistically
Significant Differences In These Incidences Of The Tumors In The Several Groups Were Found.This
Is Not Directly A Niti Study: However, Mp35n, An Alloy Which Contains A Large Percentage Of Ni (33
To 37%) With 20% Cr, 10% Mo, And 35% Co, Was Included In This Test.Article Concluded That The
Results Of This Study Show That Solid Implants Of 7 Different Metallic Alloys Commonly Used In
Orthopedic Surgery Do Not Constitute A Major Carcinogenic Hazard When Implanted In The Muscle
Of Rats; However, The Authors Point Out That Physical Characteristics Of The Implants (Rods Vs.
Disc Vs. Powder) Tissue Type ( Bone Vs. Muscle) Patient ( Rat Vs. Human) Can Play A Role In
Carcinogenic Activity.

2996
S.M. Motzkin, L.S. Castleman, W. Szablowski, V.J. Bonawit, F.P. Alicandri, A.A. Johnson
Evaluation Of Nitinol Compatibility By Cell CultureProc. Fourth New Engl. Bioengr. Conf., 301-304
1976
English
Niti And Titanium Significantly Reduce Cell Growth After Four-Day Culture Tests. Niti Has A Less
Deleterious Effect Than Does Titanium.Tissue Culture Studies Of Human Kung Fibroblasts Showed
Nitinol Somewhat More Reactive Than 316l Ss And Co-Cr Alloy, But Nitinol Is Comparable Or Less
Active Than Titanium. No Evidence Of Corrosion.The Authors Conclude That Niti Is Worthy Of
Further Investigation.

2997
L.S. Castleman, S.M. Motzkin, F.P. Alicandri, V.L. Bonawit, A.A. Johnson
Biocompatibility Of Nitinol Alloy As An Implant Material
J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 10, Pp. 695-731
1976
English
Details Outlined In 1981 Castleman ReferenceIn Dogs Containing Nitinol And Co-Cr Alloy Implants
For Periods Of 3, 6, 12, And 17 Months, There Were No Signs Either Of Generalized Or Of Localized
Corrosion That Could Be Attributed To A Reaction Between The Metallic Surfaces And The
Immediately Adjacent Tissue.Gross Clinical And Radiological Observations Indicated That There Was
No Discernible Difference Between Sham-Operated Dogs And Dogs Containing Nitinol And Co-Cr
Alloy Implants For The Aforementioned Time Periods.There Was No Significant Difference In The
Histological Observation Of Bone And Tissue Adjacent To The Implants, Whether Made Of Nitinol Or
Of Co-Cr Alloy, And Those Made On Corresponding Bone And Tissue Removed From Sham
Operated Dogs.

2998
D. Cutright, S.N. Bhaskar, B. Periz, R. Johnson, G. Cowan
Tissue Reaction To Nitinol Wire Alloy
Oral Surgery Vol. 35, No.4, Pp. 578-584
1973
English
55-Nitinol Wire Suture Was Placed Subcutaneously In 45 Rats. The Reaction Of The Tissue To The
Nitinol Was Followed For 9 Weeks. The Tissue Reaction Was Minimal At All Time Periods. The
Reparative Process Was Initiated Within 1 To 2 Weeks And Formed A Dense, Relatively Avascualr
Fibrous Connective Tissue Capsule By 5 To 6 Weeks, With Little Change Beyond This Time.When
Compared To Stainless Steel In Previous Experiments, The Nitinol Was Indistinguishable From The
Stainless Steel At Similar Time Periods.Therefore, On The Basis Of The Results In This Experiment,
It Appears That 55-Nitinol Histologically Compares Favorably With Stainless Steel And Could Be
Used In The Deep Tissues.

2999
J.L. Wallace
Evaluation Of The Intermetallic Compound Tini As An Implant Material
Bs Thesis, Polytechnic Institute Of Brooklyn
1970
English
1. Tini Implants Result In An Increase Of Ti And Ni In Surrounding Muscles And Distant Organs
Including The Kidney, Spleen, And Liver.2. Histology Results Indicate That Tini Causes A Mild
Reaction In The Tissue Surrounding The Implant And A Necrotic Condition At The Metal-Membrane
Interface.3. Tini Performance In Vivi Was Satisfactory Enough To Warrant Further Investigation In
Higher Order Animals.

3000
E.A. Calvelli
Titanium Test Pieces
Grumman Aircraft Qc Data
1969
English
N2o4 Nitrogen TetroxideN2h4 HydrazineCryofit CouplingsTiniCorrosion TestStress Corrosion C
racking Of Titanium In Red Versus Green Nitrogen Tetroxide

3001
B.H. Carson
The Use Of Cryofit Fittings For Space Vehicle Plumbing Systems
Lockheed Manufacturing Research Investigation
1974
English
LockheedN2H4 HydrazineTiniTitaniumStainless SteelAluminumCorrosion Test

3002
Chas. R.F. Smith I.W.E. RutherN/A
Argonne National Laboratory Correspondence
1972
English
Argonne/IdahoNa. Liquid SodiumCryofitTiniCorrosion Test

3003
Jack Harrison
Composit Cryofit Union In Chem Plant Service
Personal Notes
1976
English
Hf, Bf3 Hydrogen Flouride, Boron TriflourideTiniStress Corrosion

3004
Les Hill
Cryofit Corrosion
Raychem Memo
1980
English
Hydrogen Chloride GasMarine Cryofit CouplingHms RepulseTiniCorrosionAnne Edwards

3005
David J. Larson, Jr.
1969
English
GrummanCadmiumTitaniumTiniLiquid Metal Corrosion

3007
Paul Hauptly
Test Report - Cryofit In Chromic Acid
Raychem Memo
1979
English
Chromic Acid & SulphuricccacidCro3 + H2so4TiniCorrosion Test

3008
John Land
"Nitinol" Cryofit Assembly
Lockheed Lab Report
1971
English
LockheedRed Fuming Nitric AcidTiniCorrosion Test

3009
Hf-Hno3-H2o RecipiesChemical Polish For TiniDescaling Solution
3010
William Buehler
Pickle
Notes
1967
English
Cleaning TiniBright Etch

3011
SchulsonTinel In Pressurized Water
Memo
1978
English
Atomic Energy Of CanadaPressurized WaterCorrosion Test
373
C.M.Jackson, H.J.Wagner, R.J.Wasilewski
55-Nitinol--The Alloy With A Memory: Its Physical Metallurgy, Properties, And Applications--A Report
Nasa,Washington D.C.,Sp-5110
1972
English

389
P.P.Ewald
The Poststift--A Model For The Theory Of Pole Figures
J.Of The Less Common Metals,Vol.28,No.1,P.1
1972
English

587
B.A.Apaev, B.I.Voronenko
The Memory Effect In Alloys
Metal Science And Heat Treatment,Vol.15,No.1-2,P.24
1973
English
Go od General Overview Of Applications And The Memory Mechanism. A lso Shows Yield Stress
Versus Temperature, And Hardness Versus Ni Content. Mechanical Preconditioning Is Shown, With
Recovery Stress Experiments.

589
A.Negishi, K.Takayanagi, Y.Fujii
Development And Prospect Of Intermetallic Compound Faedic-Nt
Chemical Economy And Engineering Review,Vol.3,No.5,P.34
1971
English
T he Memory Effect Of Ni-Ti Was Suppressed By Adding Mo And Fe. Th e Alloy (Faedic-Nt) Had
Excellent Corrosion, Erosion And Wear Resistance.

83
W.J.Buehler, F.E.Wang
A Summary Of Recent Research On The Nitinol Alloys And Their Potential Application In Ocean
Engineering
Ocean Engineering,Vol.1,P.105
1968
English
55-Nitinol and 60-Nit inol Are Compared, Including Fatigue. No n-Magnetic Tools Are Shown; Shape
Memory Is Called By That Name. The Funny 9 Angstr om Structure Is Discribed. M s Is Plotted
Against Ni; Resistivity Showing The R-Phase Is Shown But Not Recognized. S ome Corrosion
Properties Are Shown. B razing With Silver And Welding Are Discussed.
933
T.Satow, T.Isano, T.Honma
The High Temperature Oxidation Of Intermetallic Compound Tini Nippon Kinzaku
Gakkaishi,Vol.38,No.3,P.242
1974
English
The High Temperature Oxide On Ti-Ni Is Ti02.

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