Canada History

CANADA HISTORY
Year Day Month 8 29 -75000000 -30000 600 1000 April November Event The separatist Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) sets off bombs in Montréal (Apr.-May). Liberals under Pearson win a minority government. A TCA flight crashes in Québec, killing 118. Dinosaurs live in steamy forests and warm seas that cover much of what we now call Canada The first human inhabitants of North America probably cross from Siberia by land bridge as the last Ice Age draws to a close. Five Iroquois nations form the powerful Confederacy of the Longhouse. Leif Ericsson's first voyage to Vinland. A Norse colony is established on Vinland, but lasts only a coupe of years. Native people of southern Ontario begin to plant and harvest corn. The Thule people - ancestors of the Inuit migrate east across Artic Canada Columbus sails to America John Cabot claims New World territory (either Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island) for England. John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) of Genoa makes two voyages for England to the fishing grounds of Newfoundland. Cabot makes his second voyage across the Atlantic to the Maritimes but is lost at sea Gaspar de Corte-Real sails around Newfoundland Thomas Aubert visits Newfoundland Fagundes sails into the Gulf of St. Lawrence area Verrazzano for France and Gomes for Spain, Scout the Atlantic seaboard John Rut in Labrador Jacques Cartier explores the coast of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick. He lands on the Gaspe Peninsula and claims the land for France. Jacques Cartier, on the Gasped Peninsula, claims the area for France. Jacques Cartier journeys up the St. Lawrence to the Native settlements of Stadacona and Hochelaga. He gives Canada its name (from Indian word kanata, meaning village). Cartier returns to North America with the Sieur de Roberval to found a settlement. They named it Charlesbourg-Royal and it became the first French settlement in North America. Roberval’s expedition
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1000 1492 1497 1497 1498 1500 1508 1520 1524 1527 1534 1534 24 July 24 June

1535

1541 1542

Year 1576 1583 1585 1595 1598 1600 1600 1602

Day

Month

1604

1605 1606 1608 1608 1609 1609 3 July

1609 1610 1610 1610 1611 1611 1611 1612 1613 1613 1615

30

July

24 22

June May

Event Martin Frobisher journeys as far as Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, on the first of three voyages in search of the Northwest Passage. Sir Humphrey Gilbert visits Newfoundland and claims it for England. Davis is dispatched to find the Northwest passage to Asia and Davis Strait is named after him Mercator’s Atlas is published La Roche’s colony is established on Sable Island Hakluyt’s Voyages is published King Henry IV of France awards a Fur trading Monopoly to a group of French merchants. Waymouth sails into Hudson Strait Pierre Du Gua de Monts and Samuel Champlain establish a colony in Nova Scotia. Marc Lescarbot starts the first library and first French school of Native people, and in 1606 produces the first play staged in Canada. After Lescarbot returns to France, he writes the first history of Canada. Port Royal is established in Nova Scotia by the French under Samuel de Champlain. First theatrical production in Canada Champlain founds Quebec City. Samuel de Champlain founds a permanent French colony at Quebec. Lippershey invents spectacles Champlain travels with the Algonquins to Lake Champlain where they attack the Iroquois and the French use firearms against the Iroquois. - Lippershey invents spectacles Champlain is the first European to use firearms against Indians (Iroquois). Etienne Brule goes to live among the Huron and eventually becomes the first European to see Lakes Ontario, Huron and Superior. Henry Hudson explores Hudson Bay and is set adrift by a mutinous crew and dies. Explorer Henry Hudson is set adrift by his mutinous crew in Hudson Bay. Etienne Brule reaches Lake Nipissing Henry Hudson cast adrift in James Bay by mutineers. First Jesuits arrive in New France (at Port Royal) Samuel de Champlain is named the Governor of New France Argall attacks St. Sauveur in Acadia Foundation of St. John’s Newfoundland The first Roman Catholic missionaries try to convert Native people to Christianity.
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Year 1615 1616 1617 1621 1623 1625 1627 1627

Day

Month

29

April

1629 1630 1631 1631 1632 1634 1634 1635 1635 1637 1638 1639 1639 1640 1642 1642 1643 1644 1645 1648 1649

20

July

29

March

25

December

17 9

May June

16

March

Event Champlain discovers the Great Lakes Champlain completes eight years pf exploring, traveling as far as west Georgia Bay. The French and Huron form an alliance. Louis and Marie Hebert and their children become the first French settlers of farm land in New France. William Alexander is awarded Nova Scotia by England Founding of Avalon, Newfoundland Jesuits arrive in Quebec to begin missionary work among the Indians War breaks out between England and France The Company of One Hundred Associates is founded, by Cardinal Richelieu, to establish a French Empire in North America - War breaks out between England and France Champlain surrenders Quebec to Kirk brothers from England. (Port La Tour, N.S., is the only part of New France to avoid capture by English.) The first French schools are founded in Quebec by religious orders. Foxe explores the Artic looking for the North West passage Thomas James sails into Hudson Bay and discovers James Bay which is named after him Treaty of Saint-Germainen-Laye returns New France to French The Huron Nation is reduced by half from European disease (smallpox epidemic, 1639) Nicolet discovers Lake Michigan Champlain dies in Quebec, aged about 65. Founding of the French Academy; the Jesuit college at Quebec Kirke is named the first governor of Newfoundland Placentia Newfoundland is founded Grant of Batiscan; Jesuits found Ste. Marie among the Hurons The first Ursulines reach Quebec Discovery of Lake Erie Ville-Marie (Montreal) is founded by Paul de Maisonneuve. De Maisonneuve founds Ville-Marie (Montreal) Three settlers killed in first of countless Iroquois attacks on Ville-Marie. The founding of the Hotel-Dieu in Montreal The Hotel-Dieu Hospital in Ville-Marie, founded by Jeanne Mance, is completed. The First Council of New France is held The Jesuit Father Jean de Brebeuf is martyred by the
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Year

Day

1649 1649 1651 1654 1657 1657 1658 1658 1659 1660 1661 1661 1662 1663 6 2

1665 1666 1666 1668 1669 1670 1670 1671 1672 1672 1672 1673 1673 1673 1673 1675

12 14

29

2

12

Event Iroquois at St-Ignace. The Iroquois disperse the Huron nation (1648-49) War between the Huron and Iroquois confederacies leads to the destruction of the Huron nation. The Iroquois begin raids on New France. The Iroquois disperse the Huron nation (1648-49) Jean de Lauzon is appoint Governor of New Sedgwick seizes Port Royal Arrival of the Sulpicians in Canada Pierre d’Argenson becomes Governor of New France First girls school in Montreal Francois de Laval made Apostolic Vicar of New France Francois de Laval arrives at Quebec as de facto bishop June of New France May Iroquois attack Dollard des Ormeaux near Carillon, Que. D’Avaugour becomes the Governor of New France Radisson & Des Groseilliers explore to Hudson Bay Thomas Temple is appointed Governor of Nova Scotia King Louis XIV decides to rebuild New France. He sends a governor and troops to protect the colony, and intendant (Jean Talon) to administer it, and settlers to increase its population. With New France under the personal control of Louis September XIV, Jean Talon arrives at Quebec as first intendant. Carignan-Salieres Regiment leaves Quebec on raids into September Iroquois territory that will end Iroquois harassment of New France for 23 years. Fort Temple is founded as an English stronghold in English Ketch Nonsuch reaches Rupert River in James September Bay, where crew will build first Hudson's Bay Company post. Lake Erie discovered. The English king grants a charter to the Hudson's Bay Company, giving it exclusive trading rights to vast territory drained by rivers the flow into Hudson Bay. Hudson's Bay Company receives royal charter in May London. Founding of Fort Albany on the Hudson Bay The Hudson Bay Company is charter by King James of England Albanel completes an overland trip to Hudson Bay Frontenac becomes the Governor of Quebec Jolliet and Marquette reach the Mississippi Foundation of Cataraqui (Kingston) Moose Factory and Fort Monsoni are founded July Frontenac awes restless Iroquois at Kingston, Ontario. Founding of Fort
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Month

Year 1679 1680 1682 1682 1682 1682 1685 1686 1686 1689 1689 1689 1689 1690 1692 1693 1694 1694 1696 1696 1697 1697 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1701 1701 1702 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707

Day

9

5 21 22

4

5

3

Event Sieur Du Lhut lands at present day Duluth. La Salle sails in Griffon. Griffon lost on return trip. Founding of the Comedie Francaise April La Salle claims Louisiana for France La Salle reaches the mouth of the Mississippi La Barre becomes the Governor of Quebec Rene-Robert Cavalier de La Salle reaches the mouth of the Mississippi, and claims for France all the land through which the river and its tributaries flow. Denonville becomes the Governor of Quebec John Abraham explores the Churchill River Moose Factory and Rupert fall into French hands Kelsey explores the North for the Hudson Bay Frontenac begins his second term as vieregal Abenaki Indians seize Pemaquid August Lachine Massacre starts new series of Iroquois raids. Frontenac victorious as Sir William Phips lifts four-day October siege of Quebec. Madeleine de Vercheres defends family fort against October Iroquois. The English retake Fort Albany from the French The Tartuffe affair at Quebec Iberville seizes York Iberville’s campaign in Newfoundland Frontenac and 2,000 men leave Montreal on raid that July will permanently end Iroquois harassment of New France. Callieres becomes the administrator of Canada September Iberville in Pelican wins control of Hudson Bay. First settlement at Moncton, New Brunswick Thomas Savery patents his “steam engine” End of the Iroquois. Horses come to the northern plains, and the region's Native people become nations on horseback. Cadillac at Detroit Treaty of peace with the Iroquois Confederacy is signed. August Iroquois sign lasting peace with New France Having begun in Europe in1701, The War of the Spanish Succession spreads to North America (Queen Anne's War) in Acadia and New England. Leake ravaged French Newfoundland Vaudreuil becomes Governor of Quebec and Beauharnois becomes Intendant New flood of card money in Canada. J Raudot becomes the Intendant of Canada Opening of Montreal’s public marketplace Denis Papin constructs his first steamboat
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Month

Year 1708 1710 1710 1710 1711 1713 1713

Day

Month

12

October

11

April

1713

1713 1715 1717 1718 1720 1721 1726 1729 1730

1731 1731 1736 1737 1737 1737 1738

1740

Event St. Johns falls into French hands Port Royal falls to the English. Montreal's public marketplace opens. Port Royal surrenders for the last time to the English Abortive invasion of New France. Acadia, Newfoundland and Hudson's Bay Company become English. Treaty of Utrecht cedes Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, New Brunswick and mainland Nova Scotia to England. The Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen Anne's War, confirming British possession of Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Acadia (except l'Ile- Royale [Cape Breton Island]). France starts building Fort Louisbourg near the eastern tip of l'Ile-Royale. A peace treaty forces France to turn over Newfoundland and Acadia to Britain. The French begin construction of Louisbourg, strongest fortress in North America, on Cape Breton Island. Beginning of the ginseng boom. Construction begins on Fortress Louisbourg. The foundation of New Orleans Fort Rouille founded on the site of Toronto. Scroggs looks for a North West passage, while Richard Norton explores by land 1726 Beauharnois becomes Governor of New The first English school in Newfoundland is established, known as "the school for poor people". Reorganization of Newfoundland by the English The Mississauga drive the Seneca Iroquois south of Lake Erie. The La Vérendrye family organize expeditions beyond Lake Winnipeg and direct fur trade toward the east. They are the first recorded Europeans to sight the Canadian Rockies from the East. Gilles Hocquart becomes the Intendant of New France The Beauce country opened for settlement Opening of the North shore road from Quebec to Montreal Opening of the north shore road from Quebec to Montreal. Grey Sisters founded in Canada Opening of the St. Maurice Ironworks; founding of Port La Reine (Portage La Prairie) and Fort Rouge (Winnipeg, Manitoba). The Mandan Indians west of the Great Lakes begin to trade in horses descended from those brought to Texas by the Spanish. Itinerant Assiniboine Indians bring them from Mandan settlements to their own territories
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Year 1743 1743 1743

Day

Month

1744 1744 1745 1745 1747 1748 1748 1749 1749 1749 1750 1750 1750 1752 1752 1753 1754 1754 1754 1754 1754 1754 1755 1755 1756 1756 1757 21 June 15 June

23 25

March March

28

July

Event southwest of Lake Winnipeg. Discovery of the Rocky Mountains Discovery of the Rocky Mountains. Louis-Joseph, son of Pierre de la Verendrye, explores westward in search of the "Western Sea", crossing the plains almost to Rocky Mountains. Having begun in Europe in 1770, The War of the Austrian Succession spreads to North America (King George's War). Duvivier seizes Canso but fails at Annapolis New England forces seize Louisbourg. Fortress Louisbourg surrenders to the English (but will be handed back three years later). La Galissoniere becomes Governor of New France Bigot becomes Intendant of New France Louisbourg and l'Ile-Royale are returned to France by the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle. Foundation of Halifax. Halifax founded by the English to offset Louisbourg. The British found Halifax as a naval and military post; about 3 000 people settle there in one year. Fort Beausejour is built by the French - Fort Lawrence is built by the English The Ojibwa begin to emerge as a distinct tribal amalgamation of smaller independent bands. German immigrants begin to arrive in numbers at Halifax. Building of Fort Lawrence. Canada's first newspaper, the Halifax Gazette, appears. First issue of the Halifax Gazette, Canada's first newspaper. Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, is founded. Wilkinson’s first steel mill at Bradley Beginning of the French and Indian War in America, though not officially declared for another two years Fort Duquesne is constructed Jumonville is killed on the Ohio Anthony Henday explores the west Fort Necessity capitulates Acadians ordered deported. The expulsion of the Acadians by the British begins; 6 000 to 10 000 Acadians were driven from their homes. The Seven Years War between Great Britain and France begins, fought partly in their North America colonies. The Marquis de Montcalm assumes a troubled command of French troops in North America and proceeds to capture Fort Oswego. Fort William Henry falls
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Year 1758 1758 1758 1759 1759 1760 1760 1760 1760 1763 1763

Day 8 26 26 13 13 8 8

Month July July July September September September September

10

February

1764 1768 1769

1770

1772

1773 1774 1774 1775 1775 31 December 22 June

Event French troops, under the command of Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, win victory over the British at Carillon (Ticonderoga). The British capture Louisbourg from the French. Louisbourg surrenders to the English for second time. (Now it will be destroyed) Wolfe defeats Montcalm on Plains of Abraham. At the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Quebec falls to the British. Both commander, Wolfe and Montcalm, are killed. Montreal surrenders to the English New France surrenders to the British. The British Conquest is assured when Levis wins the battle of St Foy. General James Murray is appointed first British military governor of Québec. Nova Scotia townships of Chester, Dublin, Liverpool, Cornwallis, Campbelton and Kentville are formed Treaty of Paris seals the fall of New France New France becomes a British colony called Quebec. Alliance of Native nations under Pontiac, chief of the Ottawa, makes war on the British, seizing many forts and trading posts. Murray becomes civil governor of Québec, but his attempts to appease French Canadians are disliked by British merchants. Guy Carleton succeeds Murray as governor of Québec. Prince Edward Island, formerly part of Nova Scotia, becomes separate British colony. Samuel Hearne, guided by Chipewyan leader Matonabbee, explores in a two-years voyage the Coppermine and Slave rivers and Great Slave Lake. He is the first white man to reach the Artic Ocean overland. The Hudson's Bay Company opens Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan. 1774 Carleton's recommendations are instituted in the Québec Act, which introduces B British criminal law but retains French civil law and guarantees religious freedom for Roman Catholics. The Act's geographical claims were so great that it helped precipitate the American Revolution. Scottish settlers reach Pictou, Nova Scotia, aboard the Hector. Quebec Act, guaranteeing civil, language and religious rights to French Canadians, comes into force. Quebec Act is passed by British Parliament, recognizing the French Canadian's right to preserve their language, religion, and civil law. American rebels' invasion stemmed at Quebec. The American Revolution begins gaining independence
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Year

Day

Month

1775

31

December

1776

1776 1778 1783 1783 1783

6

May

1783

1783

1783 1784 1784 1785 1785 1789

18 16

May August

Event from Great Britain for the Thirteen Colonies. The people of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island decide against joining the revolution. American invaders under General Montgomery assault Quebec. The city is under siege until spring, when British reinforcements drive the Americans away. The fur traders of Montreal band together in the North West Company to compete with the traders of the Hudson's Bay Company. Under Carleton, Québec withstands an American siege until the appearance of a British fleet. Carleton is later knighted. Captain James Cook explores the Pacific Coast from Nootka, Vancouver Island, to the Bering Strait. The American revolutionary war ends. In Montréal and Grand Portage (in present-day Minnesota), the North West Company is formed by a group of trading partners. The border between Canada and the U.S. is accepted from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake of the Woods. In the area around the mouth of the Saint John River in Nova Scotia, thousands of United Empire Loyalists arrive to settle, with some heading on to Quebec. Loyalists are identified as those American colonists of British, Dutch, Irish, Scottish and other origins, and others who had remained loyal to their King during the American Revolution and were behind British lines by 1783. (Those who arrive after 1783 are called Late Loyalists.) Pennsylvania Germans begin moving into modern-day southwestern Ontario, then southwestern Québec Around 40 000 United Empire Loyalist from the Thirteen Colonies start immigrating to Canada. Most settle in Nova Scotia, Quebec, and New Brunswick (established as a colony separate from Nova Scotia in 1784). Three thousand Black Loyalists settle near Shelburne, Nova Scotia. First Loyalists land at Saint John, N.B. Province of New Brunswick formed. After helping the British during the American Revolution, the Iroquois are given two land grants. Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) settles his followers at the Six Nations Reserve, near Brantford. The city of Saint John, N.B. is incorporated. Fredericton opens a Provincial Academy of Arts and Sciences, the germ of the University of New Brunswick (1859). At the behest of the North West Company, Alexander
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Year

Day

1791

19

1791

1791 1792 1792 1793 1793 1793 28 27

1793

22

1794

19

1796

1797

1798

1800 1802 1803

Event Mackenzie journeys to the Beaufort Sea, following what would later be named the Mackenzie River. Province of Lower Canada (Quebec) and Upper Canada June (Ontario) formed. With western Québec filling with English-speaking Loyalists, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divides Québec into Upper and Lower Canada (modern-day Ontario and Quebec). Quebec is divided into two colonies, Upper and Lower Canada, each with its own Assembly. Captain George Vancouver starts summer voyages to explore the coast of mainland British Columbia and Vancouver Island. Captains Vancouver and Quadra meet at Nootka Sound August to settle British and Spanish claims to the Pacific coast. August York (Toronto) founded. York (now Toronto) is founded by John Graves Simcoe, lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada. By canoe and on foot, Alexander Mackenzie crosses the Rocky Mountains and the Coast Range, reaching the Pacific Ocean on July 22. Alexander Mackenzie, first man to cross North America July north of Mexico, records his arrival at the Pacific on a rock near Bella Coola, B.C. An American diplomat, John Jay, oversees the signing of Jay's Treaty (Nov. 19) between the U.S. and Britain. November It promises British evacuation of the Ohio Valley forts and marks the beginning of international arbitration to settle boundary disputes. York becomes the capital of Upper Canada. Having worked for the Hudson's Bay Company since 1784, David Thompson joins the North West Company as a surveyor and mapmaker, eventually surveying hundreds of thousands of square miles of western North America. Americans launch their first lake schooner, the Washington, on Lake Erie near Presque Isle. A new fur-trading company is formed to compete with the North West Company. Confusingly called the New North West Company, it is nicknamed the XY Company from the way it differentiates its bales from those of its competitor. Northwest Fur Company build lock at Sault Ste. Marie, Canada. Lock is 38 ft x 8 3/4 ft with 30 inch depth over sills. Lake trade expands until by 1817 there are some 20 merchant vessels on Lake Erie. Mackenzie is knighted and becomes a member of the XY Company. The XY Company is reorganized under Mackenzie's
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Month

Year 1803 1804 1804 1806 1807 1807 1808 1808 1811 1811 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1813

Day

2 15

13 12 18

12 13 25

1813 1813 1813

5 11

1813 1813 1813 1813

22 27 5 23

Event name. First paper mill established in Lower Canada, producing paper from cloth rags. The earliest Fraktur paintings appear in Lincoln county, Ontario. The XY Company is absorbed by the North West Company. Le Canadian, a Québec nationalist newspaper, is founded. Fulton sails Hudson River in first steamboat. Slavery is abolished in British colonies. Simon Fraser travels the Fraser River for 1360 km to reach the Pacific Ocean on July 2. Nor' Western Simon Fraser reaches the mouth of the July Fraser River Nor' Western David Thompson reaches the mouth of the July Columbia River. Lord Selkirk plans a settlement of Highland Scots in Red River area, near present site of Winnipeg. First settlers arrive at Hudson Bay in the fall of 1811. Americans defeated (but Sir Isaac Brock killed) in the October Battle of Queenstown Heights. September Selkirk settlers reach Winnipeg June United States declares war on Britain (the War of 1812) The War of 1812, between the United States and Britain begins. Detroit surrenders to British general Isaac Brock and August Tecumseh, leader of the Native nations allied to Britain. October Brock is killed during the Battle of Queenstown Heights. The Battles of Chateauguay with mostly FrenchOct Canadian soldiers is a Canadian Victory over larger Amercian forces Battle of Moraviantown which is an American victory Oct and is also known as the Battle of the Thames, British supporter and Shawnee Indian Chief Tecumseh is killed. Crysler's Farm with English-Canadian soldiers ia a Nov victory over larger American troops. Perry’s victory on Lake Erie gives US rights to all Great Lakes. Laura Second warns British troops of impending American attack. ( Seventeen days earlier, scout Billy June Green had revealed details of American troop positions. Both reports lead to British victories.) April Americans burn York Tecumseh dies during the British defeat of October Moraviantown. Beaver Dam is Canadian victory, the latter in part due to June Laura Secord's famous 32 km, walk to warn Lieutenant
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Month

Year

Day

Month

1813 1813 1813 1813 1813 1813 1814 1814 1816

5 11 26 10 27 22 24 24 19

June November October Sept April June December December June

1817

1818 1819 1821 1821 26 September

26

March

1822

1824

1824

1825 1826

7 6

October June

Event James FitzGibbon, who had already been warned by Indians. The Battles of Stoney Creek is Canadian Victory Americans defeated at the Battle of Chrysler's Farm, Near Morrisbourg, Ont. Americans defended at the Battle of Chateauguay, near Montreal The Battles of Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie is Amercian Victory Americans capture Fort York at present-day Toronto. Laura Secord overhears American troops planning an attack, and walks 30 km, crossing enemy lines, to warn Colonel James FitzGibbon. Two days later, the Americans are ambushed and surrender to FitzGibbon. The Treaty of Ghent officially ends the war. Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812, returns captured territory to the Americans. Métis and a few Indians Massacre Selkirk settlers at Seven Oaks (Winnipeg) First two lake steamers, Frontenac and Ontario, are launched on Lake Ontario. The Rush-Bagot agreement limits the number of battleships on the Great Lakes to a total of eight. Canada's border is defined as the 49th Parallel from Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. Edward Parry anchors for a 10 month stay off Melville Island, (He is the first searcher for the Northwest Passage to winter the artic by Choice.) The Lachine Canal is completed. Hudson's Bay Company absorbs North West Company. Louis-Joseph Papineau, a member of the legislative assembly since 1814, travels from Montréal to England to oppose an Act of Union identifying the French Canadians as a minority without language rights. The act is not passed in the British Parliament. Fort Gratiot Light, first on Lake Huron. The first Welland Canal is completed, partly in response to American initiatives in the Erie Canal. Erie Canal completed in 1825 by the State of New York providing waterway between Buffalo on Lake Erie and Albany on the Hudson River, the greatest single transportation factor in early settlement of the like region and growth of lake navigation Work on Welland Canal starts. Miramichi Fire kills more than 160 persons and consumes 6,000 square miles of forest in New Brunswick. Reform editor William Lyon Mackenzie's printing shop in York is wrecked by Family Compact members
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Year 1826 1829

Day 6

Month June

1830

1832 1832 1832 1834 1834 1835 1836 1836 1837 1837

21

May June

3

March

12 7 5

July December December

1837

1837 1837 1837 1837

23 25 14

November November December

1838

1839

Event Royal engineer Col. John By builds the Rideau Canal. Shawnandithit, the last of the Beothuks, dies at about age twenty-eight in St. John's, Newfoundland. Escaped slaves Josiah and Charlotte Henson and their children journey north from Maryland to Canada. The Henson's later help found a community of ex-slaves called Dawn, near Dresden, Ontario. British troops kill three French Canadians in street riot following Patriot by-election victory Immigrants with Cholera land at Quebec. By September the disease will kill 3,800 there 4,000 in Montreal The Rideau Canal, built by Colonel John By, opens; the community of Bytown (later Ottawa), grows out of the camp for the canal workers. York is renamed Toronto. William Lyon Mackenzie becomes the first mayor of Toronto. Reform newspaper publisher Joseph Howe's oratory wins him acquittal on a libel charge and establishes freedom of the press. The first railway in Canada opens, running from La Prairie to St. John's, Quebec. Canada's first railway, the Champlain and St. Lawrence, starts service between Laprairie and Saint-Jean, Que. Upper Canada rebels scatter after militiamen attack and burn Montgomery's Tavern (rebel headquarters) Mackenzie and Upper Canada rebels marching on Toronto are stopped by a militia ambush. Along with a general feeling that the government was not democratic, the failure of the executive committee to maintain the confidence of the elected officials leads to violent but unsuccessful rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada. The leaders, W.L. Mackenzie (Reformers) and Louis-Joseph Papineau (Patriotes), both escape to the U.S. Patriot rebels defeat British troop at Saint-Denis, Que. British troops defeat Patriots at Saint-Charles, Que. Patriots crushed by British troops at Saint-Eustache, Que Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada are put down by government troops. The rebel leaders, Louis-Joseph Papineau of Lower Canada and William Lyon Mackenzie of Upper Canada, are forced to flee. Lord Durham comes to Canada as governor. He recommends that the governments of the colonies should be chosen by the people's elected representatives. Lord Durham's report recommends the establishment of responsible government and the union of Upper and Lower Canada to speed the assimilation of FrenchPágina 13 de 53

Year

Day

Month

1839

31

January

1840

1841

10

February

1841

1842

Aug

1842

1843 1843 1844 1845 1846 1846 1847 15 24 June May 15 March

1848

1848

11

March

Event speaking Canadians. Territorial disputes between lumbermen from Maine and New Brunswick lead to armed conflict in the Aroostook River valley (the Aroostook War). Durham Report urges responsible government and political union for Lower and Upper Canada, and assimilation for French Canadians. Britannia - the first ship of the Cunrad Line, founded by Samuel Cunrad of Halifax - arrives in Halifax harbor with transatlantic mail. Upper Canada becomes Canada West, and Lower Canada becomes Canada East: they are united into Province of Canada The Act of Union unites Upper and Lower Canada (which became Canada West and East) into the Province of Canada, under one government, with Kingston as capital. The Independent Order of Odd Fellows breaks from the Manchester Unity, soon opening lodges in Montréal and Halifax. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty ends the Aroostook War, settling once and for all the Maine-New Brunswick border dispute. Charles Fenetry of Sackville, New Brunswick, discovers a practical way to make paper from wood pulp. Today the pulp and paper industry is Canada's largest manufacturing industry, and Canada exports more pulp and paper than any other country in the world. James Douglas of the Hudson's Bay Company founds Victoria and Vancouver Island. Work starts on the Vancouver Island HBC post that will become Victoria. Amnesty in Montréal provides for Papineau's return. Sir John Franklin and his crew disappear in the Arctic while searching the Northwest Passage. Geologist and chemist Abraham Gesner of Nova Scotia invents kerosene oil and becomes the founder of the modern petroleum industry. Oregon Treaty sets the 49th parallel as the western Canada/U.S. boundary. Lieut. Graham Gore's sledge party leaves the icebound ships of the Franklin Expedition to seek the last link in the Northwest passage. The so-called Great Ministry of Robert Baldwin and Louis-H. Lafontaine outlines the principles of responsible government in the Canadas. The Maritimes are brought into the plan by Howe, then a reformminded member of the House of Assembly. The Province of Canada's first responsible government
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Year

Day

Month

1848 1849 1849 1849 1850 1850 1851 1851 1851 1851 1852 1852 1854 1855 1856 1856 1857 1858 1858 1858

22 25

April April

23 23

May May

6

June

19

November

1858 1859

Event by party - the Great Reform ministry led by LouisHippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin - takes office. Reform Ministry led by Louis-Hopolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin-takes office. Franklin expedition ships Erbus and Terror abandoned. All 130 expeditions members will perish. English Tory mob burns the parliament buildings in Montreal after Governor General Lord Elgin signs the rebellion Losses Bill. An Act of Amnesty provides for W.L. Mackenzie's return from exile in the U.S. The boundary of the 49th Parallel is extended to the Pacific Ocean. Plains Indian culture is at its height, sustained by the use of horses and the exploitation of large game. The site of By's headquarters during the construction of the Rideau Canal is incorporated as Bytown. Britain transfers control of the colonial postal system to Canada. Marco Polo, to be the fastest ship in the world, launched at Saint John, New Brunswick. Province of Canada issues British North America's first postage stamp. Canada's first postage stamp is issued, a three-penny stamp with a beaver on it. Laval's Séminaire du Québec founds Université Laval, North America's oldest French Language university. The Grand Trunk Railway receives its charter. Canada and the U.S. sign a Reciprocity Treaty, ensuring reduction of customs duties. Bytown is renamed Ottawa. Timothy Eaton opens his first general store, in Kirkton, Ontario. Thirteen years later he opens a store at the corner of Queen and Yonge in Toronto. The Grand Trunk Railway opens its Toronto-Montréal line. Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as the new capital of the United Province of Canada. The Halifax-Truro line begins rail service. James Douglas, already governor of Vancouver Island, sworn in as governor of British Columbia Chinese immigrants from California arrive in British Columbia, attracted by the Fraser River Gold Rush. Gold is discovered in the sandbars of the Fraser River. Some twenty thousand miners rush to the area, and it comes under British rule as the colony of British Columbia. French acrobat Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a
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Year

Day

1860 1861 1862 1862

1

21

1864

1864 1864 1866

1 10 4

1866

2

1866 1866 1866 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1867 1868

19 9 2 1 1 8 29 1

7

Event tightrope. On later tightrope walks, he crosses the falls on stilts, blindfolded, and with his feet in a sack. Sept The cornerstone of the Parliament buildings is laid. Howe becomes Premier of Nova Scotia. Mount Allison University accepts the first woman student in Sackville, N.B. Billy Barker strikes gold on Williams Creek in the August Caribou country of British Columbia Confederation conferences in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, September 1-9, and in Quebec, October 10-29. Delegates hammer out the conditions for the union of British North American colonies. Charlottetown Conference opens to discuss the September confederation of British North America colonies. Quebec Conference opens to continue confederation October talks. ( It will settle the fundamentals upon which the British North American Act will be based.) The London Conference passes resolutions which are Dec redrafted as the British North America Act. The Fenians, a group of radical Irish-Americans organized in New York in 1859 to oppose British presence in Ireland, begin a series of raids on Canadian June territory in the hopes of diverting British troops from the homeland. The most serious of these was the Battle of Ridgeway, which lent a special urgency to the Confederation movement. Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia are November combined into one colony named British Columbia. Private Timothy O'Hara extinguishes a fire in a boxcar June of ammunition at Danville. Que., and wins the only Victoria Cross ever rewarded for an act in Canada. Battle of Ridgeway climaxes biggest Fenian raid into June Canada. Province and territories joined Confederation, or were July created from existing parts of Canada: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec. Dominion of Canada comes into being: Sir John A. July Macdonald sworn in as prime minister. March British parliament passes the British North America Act. The British North America Act is passed by Britain's March Parliament, providing for Canada's Confederation. Confederation: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, July and Ontario form the Dominion of Canada. John A. Macdonald becomes the first prime minister. Emily Stowe, the first woman doctor in Canada, begins to practice medicine in Toronto. Thomas D'Arcy McGee, one of the fathers of April Confederation and an outspoken enemy of the Fenians,
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Month

Year

Day

1869 1869 1869 1869 1870 1870 1870

22 8

2 15 15

1870 1870 1870

15 4

1871 1871 1871 1873

20 20 20 2

1873

1873 1873 1874 1874 1 8 26

Event becomes Canada's first assassination victim at the hands of a Fenian. Canadian Parliament agrees to buy Rupert's Land - All June the Hudson's Bay Company territory. Riel establishes a legal provisional government in December Rupert's Land. The Métis of Red River rebel, under Louis Riel, after their region is purchased by Canada from Hudson's Bay Company. Louis Riel and Métis occupy Lower Fort Garry. The red November River Rebellion has begun. Métis rights recognized, as Manitoba becomes a July province. (But Riel will have to flee Canada because of Scott's execution.) Manitoba joins Confederation. The new province was July much smaller than today's Manitoba. As buffalo become scarce, the last tribal war is fought on the Prairies between the Cree and the Blackfoot over hunting territories. Province and territories joined Confederation, or were July created from existing parts of Canada: Manitoba, Northwest Territories March Thomas Scott executed on orders of Riel. Demand for leather goods leads to the destruction of northern bison herds, which in turn leads to the collapse of the western native economy. Province and territories joined Confederation, or were July created from existing parts of Canada: Prince Edward Island Province and territories joined Confederation, or were July created from existing parts of Canada: British Columbia July British Columbia joins Confederation. The Pacific Scandal erupts: Prime Minister Macdonald accused of corruption in negotiations over a April transcontinental railway. ( His government will be forced to resign.) Prime Minister Sir John Macdonald resigns as a result of scandal over the partial financing of the Conservative election campaign by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. American whisky traders kill fifty-six Assiniboine in the Cypress Hills of the southern Prairies. The North-West May Mounted Police (later the RCMP) is formed to keep order in the new Canadian territories. July Prince Edward Island joins Confederation. The Mounties leave Fort Dufferin on their march west to July wipe out the whisky trade. July Alexander Graham Bell discloses the invention of the
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Month

Year

Day

1874 1874 1874 1875 1875 1875 1875 1875 1876 1876 1876 10 1 27

1876

1876 1877 1877 1878 1878 1878

3

22

17

1879 1879 1879

12 8

Event telephone to his father at the family home on the outskirts of Brantford, Ontario. Anabaptists (Russian Mennonites) start to arrive in Manitoba from various Russian colonies. Riel is elected to the House of Commons but cannot take Feb the seat. William D. Lawrence, the biggest wooden ship ever October built in the Maritimes, launched at Maitland, N.S. Grace Lockhart receives from Mount Allison University the first Bachelor of Arts degree awarded to a woman. Jennie Trout becomes the first woman licensed to practice medicine in Canada, although Emily Stowe has been doing so without a license in Toronto since 1867. Bell's first functioning telephone is demonstrated in June Boston. The Supreme Court of Canada is established. Riel is granted amnesty with the condition that he be banished for five years. The Toronto Women's Literary Club is founded as a front for the suffrage movement. The world's first long-distance phone call connects the August Bell residence with a shoe and boot store in nearby Paris, Ontario (Aug. 10). The Intercolonial Railway, growing out of the HalifaxJuly Truro line, links central Canada and the Maritimes. Scottish-born Alexander Graham Bell, who has been working on the invention of the telephone since 1874, August makes the world's first long-distance call, from Brantford to Paris, Ontario. The first intelligible telephone call between two August buildings is made groom Brantford, Ont,. To Mount Pleasant, two miles away. The provincial legislature creates the University of Manitoba, the oldest University in western Canada. Treaty No.7 cedes the last big section of Prairie land to September the government of Canada. The Conservatives under Macdonald win federal election. Secret ballot used for the first time in a federal general September election. Anti- Chinese sentiment in British Columbia reaches a high point as the government bans Chinese workers from public works. Macdonald introduces protective tariffs, a March transcontinental railway, and immigration to the west in his National Policy. February Sandford Fleming proposes the idea of standard time. The first organized games of hockey, using a flat puck,
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Month

Year

Day

1880 1880 1880

1883

1884 1885 1885 1885 1885 1885 1885 16 16 12 28 16

1885 1885 1885 1885 1885 1885 1887 1887 1890 1890

7 3

2 7 18

Event are played by McGill University students in Montreal. Before this, hockey-like games have been played on ice with a ball. Britain transfer the Arctic, which it claims to own, to Canada, completing Canada's modern boundaries except for Newfoundland and Labrador. Emily Stowe is finally granted a license to practice medicine in Toronto. The Canadian Pacific Railway recruits thousands of underpaid Chinese Labourers. Augusta Stowe, daughter of Emily, is the first woman to graduate from the Toronto Medical School. The Toronto Women's Suffrage Association replaces the Literary Club of 1876. A system of international standard time and official time zones, advocated by Canadian engineer Sir Sandford Fleming, is adopted. Nov Riel is hanged in Regina. The Métis North-West Rebellion is led by Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont. After early victories for the rebels, the rebellion is crushed by troops who arrive on the newly built railway. November Riel hanged at Regina. Last spike of the CPR driven at Craigellachie, British November Columbia. May Batoche falls, Riel taken prisoner More than 300 voyageurs, the first Canadians to serve in January an overseas ways, reach Khartoum after guiding a British a British expedition up the Nile River. The last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway main line November is driven at Craigellachie, BC. The next year, Vancouver is founded as the railway's western terminus. Crees, and whites led by Mounties, fight the last military June engagement on Canadian soil (near Loon Lake, Sask.) Riel, who had become an American citizen in Montana in 1883 only to return to Canada in 1884, leads the North West Rebellion. May The Métis are defeated at Batoche. The last spike of the transcontinental railway is put in Nov place in the Eagle Pass, B.C. . Louis Riel proclaims an illegal provisional government March at Batoche, Sask. The Northwest Rebellion has begun. The Liberals choose Wilfred Laurier as leader. The first provincial Premiers' conference takes place in Québec City. Isaac Shupe invents a curious sheet-metal clothing scrubber that automatically releases soap. March Manitoba Liberals under Thomas Greenway halt public
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Month

Year 1891 1891 1893 1893 1895 1896 1896 1896 1896 1896 1896 1897 1898 1898 1898 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899 1899 1900 1900

Day

6

17 17

16

13

30 30 10 26

28 18

Event finding of Catholic schools. The City of Toronto establishes the first Children's Aid Society in Canada. June John A. Macdonald dies age 76. Lord Stanley, the governor general, donates the Stanley Cup as a hockey trophy. The National Council of Women of Canada is founded. The Yukon is made into a provisional district separate from the Northwest territories. George Carmack stakes a claim after striking gold on August Rabbit Creek in the Klondike. Clifford Sifton named minister of the interior with the November task of filling the Prairies with settlers. The economic depression ends. Gold is discover in the Klondike. By the next year, 100 000 people are rushing to the Yukon in hope of getting rich. August Gold is discovered in the Klondike. Liberals under Laurier (the first French Canadian prime minister) win federal election partly on the Manitoba Schools Question, though his compromises are not instituted until 1897. L.T. Snow patents a simple mechanical meat grinder. Province and territories joined Confederation, or were July created from existing parts of Canada: Yukon Territory The Klondike Gold Rush is fully under way. The Yukon provisional district is identified as a Territory separate from the Northwest Territories. Doukhobours begin to settle in Saskatchewan. The Boer War in South Africa stars, fought between Dutch Afrikaners (Boers) and the British. Seven thousand Canadian volunteers fight on the British side. October First Canadian troops embark for the South African war. The first Canadian troops sent overseas participate in the October Boer War in South Africa. Boer War-Battle of Stormberg; engagement at Vaalkop December (Surprise Hill), Ladysmith; attack fort near Mafeking Boer War-Skirmish, Game Tree Fort (Platboomfort), December Mafeking Canada's first woman lawyer is Clara Brett Martin. Boer War-Battle of Modder River (Tweeriviere); November engagement at Carter's Ridge, (Lazarets Hill), Kimberley, Cape Colony February Boer War-The Battle of Monte Cristo, Natal Reginald Fessenden transmits the world's first wireless spoken message via radio, and six years later the twoway voice transmission. His credited with the discovery of the super-heterodyne principle, the basis of all
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Month

Year

Day

Month

1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 25 10 23 18 June May February February

1900

23

Dec

1900 1900 1902 1902

20 23

January January

19

January

1902

1903

1903

1903 1903

20

Oct

1904

1904

Event modern broadcasting. Jack Caffery of Hamilton, Ontario, wins the Boston Marathon in 2:39:44. Two other Canadian, Bill Sherring and Fred Hughson, finished second and third. Caffery won again in 1901. Boer War-Skirmish, Leliefontein, Senekal, OFS Boer War-Attack on Mafeking Boer War-Battle of Hart's Hill (Terrace Hill), Natal Boer War-The Battle of Paardeberg Canadian-born Reginald Fessenden makes the first wireless radio broadcast near Washington, D.C., narrowly beating Marconi, who receives the first transatlantic radio message at St. John's, Newfoundland, in the following year. Boer War-Battle of Tabanyama, Natal Boer War-Battle of Spioenkop, Natal The first symphony orchestra in Canada is created in Quebec City. Boer War-Attack, concentration camp/ blockhouseline, Pietersburg, Tvl Le Roy, the first true Canadian "production car", is built by the Good brothers, Milton and Nelson, in their company in Berlin, Ontario, (now Kitchener) that they founded in 1899. Its name came from the French "le roi", meaning the king, and its currently on display at the Doon Heritage Crossroads museum in Kitchener. Silver is discovered in Cobalt, Ontario, along with cobalt and nickel. Ontario rapidly became one of the world's leading silver producing districts, yielding more than 18,000 metric tonnes of silver between 1903 and 1989, when the last mine closed. The first nude demonstrations of the Doukhobours take place near Yorkton, Saskatchewan, to protest governmental policy regarding individual ownership. Canada loses the Alaska boundary dispute when British tribunal representative Lord Alverstone sides with the U.S.. Silver is discovered in Northern Ontario. The Ivanhoe, a popular electric car, is made by Canada Cycle and Motor Co. of Toronto Canada wins an Olympic gold medal in soccer. Though known more as a country that specialized in hockey, a team from Galt, Ontario, defeated the Americans for gold at the Olympics in St. Louis. Charles Saunders, a native of London, Ontario, developed the Marquis wheat at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa. Maturing early than other varieties, this strain of wheat produced larger crops and resisted the cold and strong winds. The Marquis is given
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Year

Day

1905 1906 1906

1 31 1

1906

1906 1907 1907

7

1908 1908

1908

1908

1909

1909 1909 1909 1 23

1909

Event credit for bringing prosperity to Canada's prairies. Saskatchewan and Alberta join Confederation. September Immigrants rush to settle in the plains, mainly as wheat farmers. Roald Amundsen's Gjoa reaches Nome, Alaska, after August becoming the first ship to sail the Northwest Passage. Province and territories joined Confederation, or were September created from existing parts of Canada: Alberta, Saskatchewan Norwegian Roald Amundsen, in the schooner Gjoa, finds his way through the Northwest Passage to the Pacific. Sir Adam Beck creates the Hydro-Electric Power May Commission of Ontario, the largest such company in Canada. December Canada Dry Ginger Ale is first bottled. Tom Longboat, an Onondaga from the Six Nations Reserve and world runner, wins the Boston Marathon in record time. In 1906 he won a 20 km race against a horse. The Parliament passed the Tobacco Restraint Act prohibiting the sale of tobacco to person under 16, and prohibiting them from purchasing or possessing tobacco. A branch of the Royal Mint is established in Ottawa, making for the first time coins in Canada. Anne of Green Gables, by Lucy Maud Montgomery, is published. In the next ninety years the book sells more than a million copies, is made into a television movie, and becomes a popular musical. Peter Verigin, leader of the Doukhobours since his arrival in Canada in 1902, leads the extremist Sons of Freedom to British Columbia. The first powered, heavier-than-air flight in Canada is made by J.A.D.McCurdy in the Silver Dart. The biplane flew almost a kilometer. The first Grey Cup game; the University of Toronto football team defeats Toronto Parkdale. A trophy has been donated by the governor general, Earl Grey. Joseph-Elzear Bernier affirms Canadian sovereignty in July the High Artic by erecting a plaque on Melville Island. J. A. D. McCurdy makes the first manned flight in the February British Empire, at Baddect, N.S. The Boundary Waters Treaty between Canada and United States creates the International Joint Commission, which first mission was to investigate the pollution of the Great Lakes in 1912. Its research and advocacy led to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972.
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Month

Year 1909 1909 1909 1910 1910 1910

Day

4

1911

1911

1911 1912 1913 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 29 25 21 15 23 4 8 5 4 3 1 14

Event Canada's first powered air flight takes place at Baddeck, N.S. The first Grey Cup is played. The Department of External Affairs is formed. May Royal Canadian Navy formed. William Gibson built the first aircraft engine in Canada in Victoria, BC. It produced fifty-five horsepower and was installed in the Gibson twin plane, the first one in North America to use contra rotating propellers. Laurier creates a Canadian navy the Naval Service Bill. A proposal for free trade between the United States and Canada is rejected in a fiercely contested general election. The Liberal government, under Wilfrid Laurier, is replaced by a Conservative government led by Sir William Borden. The last Dominion of Canada four-dollar notes were issued, being replaced by the five-dollar notes in 1912. Legislation was passed authorizing the striking of the silver dollar, Canada's first dollar coin, and two patterns for 1911 dollars were struck in silver. Robert Borden and the Conservatives win federal election, defeating Laurier on the issue of Reciprocity. A botanist, Carrie Derrick, is Canada's first woman professor, at McGill University. Vilhjalmur Stefansson leads a Canadian expedition to the Arctic, and explores the North by deliberately drifting on ice floes. Troops share an unofficial Christmas Truce in the December Western Front trenches. Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry is assigned to October the British 80th Brigade and become the first Canadians in France. September Trenches first dug on the Western Front Germans and British troops engage for the first time at August Mons. British slow the German advance Britain declares war on Germany, automatically drawing August Canada into the conflict. August US declares itself neutral August Canada commits 25,000 troops to support England. Germany invades Belgium, establishing the Western August Front war, Britain declares war August Germany declares war on France August Germany declares war on Russia October First Canadian Troops arrive in Britain The Komagata Maru drops anchor in Burrard Inlet, sparking political maneuvers intended to exclude unwanted Sikh immigrants (May-July). May Empress of Ireland sinks in the St. Lawrence; 1, 015
Página 23 de 53

Month

Year 1914 1914

Day 4

Month August

1914

29

May

1914

19

June

1914

1914 1914

August

1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915

29 3 29 28 4 14 3 19 6 5 2 21 13

May Oct July June September October October August August August August December October

14 9 25

March May September

Event perish. Britain declares war on Germany. Canada is automatically at war too. The First World War begins. Britain declares war on Germany on behalf of the British Empire, including Canada. One thousand and twelve people died when Canadian Pacific steamer Empress of Ireland collided with Norwegian ship Storstad in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It’s the worst maritime disaster in Canadian history. A dust explosion at a coal mine in Hillcrest, Alberta, kills 189 miners. Annie Langstaff was the first woman to graduate with a law degree in Quebec. She was not able to practice, though, because Quebec Bar refused to admit her, who end up working as a legal clerk. Canada goes off the gold standard, breaking forever the link between national gold reserves and the money supply. Parliament passes the War Measures Act, allowing suspension of civil rights during periods of emergency. The C.P. ship Empress of Ireland sinks in the St. Lawrence within fifteen minutes of a collision in dense fog. Over one thousand lives are lost. With nearly four hundred passengers on board, The first Canadian troops leave for England. Britain warns Canada of deteriorating situation in Europe. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary assassinated in Sarajevo Aproximately 32,000 men have assembled at Valcartier. 1st contingent C.E.F. arrives in England. 1st contingent Canadian Expeditionary Force sails for England. The first volunteers begin to arrive at Valcartier camp. Britain accepts Canada's offer of troops. Britain declares war. Canada is automatically at war. Canada offers Britain troops for overseas service. Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry arrives in France. The first Canadian unit committed to battle in the Great War. Actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt Elizabeth Smellie is appointed colonel in the Canadian Army nursing corps. She was the first Canadian women to hold this position. Action of St. Eloi Battle of Aubers Ridge Action of Bois Grenier (part of the Battle of Loos)
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Year 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915 1915

Day 25 15 24 17 8 7 24 22 10 16 31 19 22 22 24 18 20

Month SeptemberOctober June May May May May April April March February January January April April April-May May December

Event The Battle of Loos Second Action of Givenchy Bellewaerde Ridge. Part of 2nd Ypres. Battle of Festubert Frezenberg Ridge. Part of 2nd Ypres. Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine; casualties include 124 Americans passengers. Battle of St.Julien. First use of poison gas against Canadian troops. Gravenstafel Ridge - Poison Gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on French and Canadian troops on the Ypres Salient. Part of 2nd Ypres. Battle of Neuve Chapelle the 1st Canadian Division arrives in France First use of poison gas in WW1, by Germany at Bolimow in Poland on the Eastern Front First German Zeppelin raid on British mainland. Battle of Ypres starts in Belgium. It’s the first major battle fought by Canadian troops. They stand their ground against poison-gas attack. Canadian troops in the Second Battle of Ypres hold against history's first major gas attack. St. Julien. Part of 2nd Ypres. Battle of Festubert. Newfoundland Regiment evacuated from Suvla Bay National Transcontinental, the eastern division of the Grand Trunk Railway, consolidates a line from Moncton to Winnipeg. Canadian's launched their first trench raid at Riviere Douve. Newfoundland Regiment lands at Suvla Bay in Gallipoli. 3rd Canadian Division formed. Second Canadian Division formed in Canada. Battle of Ypres. First use of poison gas against French. 1st Canadian Division is moved north to the Ypres Salient. 1st Canadian Division is made responsible for 6000m of front near Fleurbaix. 1st Canadian Division begins moving to France. In their first battle, the 1st Canadian Division face one of the first recorded chlorine gas attacks at Ypres, Belgium. Lt-Col John McCrae of the Canadian Expeditionary Force composed the well-known poem In Flanders Fields. John McCrae writes "In Flanders' Fields." Battle of Givenchy.
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16 19 25 25 22 1 3 7 22 5

November September December May April April March February April May

15

June

Year 1916

Day 20

Month July

1916

29

July

1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916

3 2 1 27 19 3 15 26 1 1 15 1 14 3

February June July March-April July September September September October OctoberNovember November September July Feb

Event Attacks on High Wood A devastating forest fire broke out in northwest of North Bay, Ontario, killing between 200 and 250 men, women, and children and destroying six towns, including Matheson and Cochrane. Property damage was estimated at more than $2 million. The Centre Block of Parliament Hill burned to ground. MPs and Senators had to conducted the nation's business in a museum not far from the Hill doing their work in the former hall of invertebrate fossils. Battle of Mount Sorrel Albert (Capture of Montauban, Mametz, Fricourt, Contalmaison and la Boisselle) Action of St Eloi Craters Attack at Fromelles Guillemont Flers-Courcelette Thiepval Ridge Le Transloy Ridges (Capture of Eaucourt l'Abbaye) Ancre Heights (Capture of Regina Trench) The Ancre (Capture of Beaumont Hamel) Pozieres Ridge (Fighting for Mouquet Farm) Bazentin Ridge The Parliament buildings are destroyed by fire. The 1st Canadian Division discovers that the Canadianmade Ross rifle (controversial since 1905) is unreliable in combat conditions. It is withdrawn from service and replaced by the British-made Lee- Enfield (Aug.). The National Research Council is established to promote scientific and industrial research. Female suffrage is first granted in Canada in Manitoba. Sir Samuel Hughes Minister of Militia and Defense is sacked by Prime Minister Borden. Battle of Thiepval Ridge. Battle of Courcelette. First use of the tank and the rolling barrage. Ginchy The Battle of St.Eloi Craters. Battle of Mount Sorrel. Major General Mercer killed. Second Passenchdaele The Battle of Vimy Ridge. Russia and Germany sign an armistice at Brest-Litovsk, effectively ending the two-front war and allowing Germany to concentrate troops on the Western Front Battle of Cambrai - Tank attacks Conscription became law in Canada.
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1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1916 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 26 15 9 6 2 26 9 15 20 29 November September September September April June OctoberNovember April December November August

Year

Day

Month

1917

1917 1917 1917 1917 1917

9 26 23 9

October SeptemberOctober November April

Event The Migratory Birds Convention Act is enacted, implementing the Treaty for International Protection of Migratory Birds which was signed by Canada and U.S.A. in 1916. It was the first international treaty for the conservation wildlife. Poelcappelle Polygon Wood Battle of Cambrai - Capture of Bourlon Wood Battle of Vimy Ridge A Union Government (a coalition of Liberals and Tories) under Borden wins in a federal election, in which all women of British origin are allowed to vote for the first time. The Halifax Explosion. French munitions vessel Mont Blanc explodes in Halifax Harbour killing almost 1600 people. Third Scarpe (Capture of Fresnoy) Arleux Attack on la Coulotte Battle for Hill 70. First use of mustard gas against Canadians. First Scarpe Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden introduced a Military Service Bill. The US declares war on Germany. German retreat to the Hindenburg Line The Battle of Cambrai. Prime Minister Borden's Unionists win a majority in the federal election. Broodseinde The Battle of Passchendaele Second Scarpe Battle of Messines (Capture of Wytschaete) Canadians capture Vimy Ridge, France (Apr. 9-12) and Passchendaele, Belgium, in one of the war's worst battles. The explosion of a munitions ship in Halifax harbour wipes out two square miles of Halifax, killing almost 2000 and injuring 9000. In Alberta, Louise McKinney becomes the first woman elected to a legislature in the British Commonwealth. Heavy Canadian lost and a sharp decline in voluntary enlistment during the World War led Ottawa to introduce compulsory military service, French-Canadian opposition and English-Canadian support sparked a bitter linguistic and national unity crisis. Louise McKinney is the first woman in Canada to be
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1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917

6 3 28 23 15 1 11 6 24 20

December May April April August April June April March November November

4 26 23 7 9 6 6

October October April June April Nov Dec

1917

1917

Year

Day

Month

1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917

3 12 26 23 31 26 11 9 9

June October June Feb July-August November June April April

1917

1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917

6 26 15

December May August

16 20 6 26

August September December October

1917

8

June

Event elected to a provincial legislature when she won a seat in Alberta. Affairs south of the Souchez River First Passchendaele Capture of Avoin Borden sits as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, giving Canada a voice in international war policy. Pilckem Ridge The National Hockey League is established in Montreal. The original teams are: Montreal Canadiens, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators, and Toronto Arenas. The military service bill is introduced, leading to a conscription crisis dividing French and English Canada. Battle of Vimy Ridge begins in France. A Canadian victory at the cost of more than 10 000 killed or wounded. Canadians capture Vimy Ridge. Sir William Borden leads a unionist coalition, which combines support by Conservatives and western Liberals, into a wartime election against the Laurier Liberals. Borden wins. The first Federal Income Tax is introduced. The Income Tax Act was presented as a "temporary" measure to help finance World War I, but, unsurprisingly, proved too good for the government to give up, even though the war ended in November 11, 1918. A French munitions ship explodes in Halifax harbor, flattening the city, killing 1 600, and injuring 9 000. First US troops arrive in France. Battle of Hill 70 Income tax is introduced as a temporary wartime measure. Flying ace Billy Bishop of Owen Sound, Ontario, wins the Victoria Cross for attacking a German airfield single-handed. Langemarck Menin Road Ridge Halifax explosion kills nearly 2,000 persons. Battle of Passchendaele starts also in Belgium. A Canadian victory at the cost of more than 15 000 casualties. Nine Victoria Crosses are awarded to Canadians. General Sir Arthur Currie appointed Commander-inChief of the Canadian Corps. Currie became the first Canadian to hold overall command of Canadian troops. He was appointed over other British Generals who had higher rank/more seniority. Currie had his detractors but was the greatest Canadian General and to some the
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Year 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918

Day 24 26 30 30 28 24 21 28 8 11

18 3 8

1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918

11 21 26 31 26 26 2 12 18 4 29 15 8 28 9 14 17

Event greatest military leader of all time. March First Bapaume March Rosieres March Moreuil Wood March Canadian Cavalry attack at Moreuil Wood. March First Arras March Actions at the Somme Crossings March St. Quentin May US forces make their first offensive Canadians break through the German trenches at August Amiens, France, beginning "Canada's Hundred Days." November Armistice ends the war. Imprisoned in South Dakota for pacificism, Hutterites flee northward into the Prairie provinces. Women win the right to vote in federal elections. Between 1918 and 1925 the Spanish Influenza affected all regions, killing more than 50 000 Canadians. March Daylight Saving Time is first used in Canada. October Beaurevoir Line Battle of Amiens (code named "Llandovery Castle"). On 8 August, 'the Black Day of the German Army' August Canadian and Australian troops, plus 600 tanks, shatter German forces and reach Hindenburg line. At 10:58am Private George Price of the 28th Battalion is November killed by a sniper. Two minutes later at 11:00am the armistice came into effect. The war was over. August Albert (1st Pioneer Battalion on detached duty) August The Battle of the Scarpe. AugustSecond Bapaume September August2nd Battle of Arras September Scarpe (Capture of Monchy-le-Preux). Part of the 2nd August Battle of Arras. September Drocourt-Queant Canal September Havrincourt September Epehy July Capture of Hamel SeptemberSt. Quentin Canal October August Actions around Damery October Cambrai (Capture of Cambrai) SeptemberBattle of Ypres October October Pursuit to the Selle October Battle of Courtrai October Battle of the Selle
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Month

Year 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918

Day 1 4 5 9 11 27 12 10 2 27 2 8 21 4 10 28 13 17

Month November November November November November SeptemberOctober April November November September September August March January April April June April April

Event Battle of Valenciennes (Capture of Mont Houy) Battle of the Sambre Passage of the Grande Honnelle Capture of Mons Armistice Canal du Nord (Capture of Bourlon Wood) Hazebrouck. Part of the battle of the Lys. The Canadian Corps Reached the outskirts of Mons. The Canadian Corps capture the town of Valenciennes in its last major battle of the war. The Battle of the Canal Du Nord and Cambrai. The Battle of the Drocourt-Queant Line. The Battle of Amiens. The beginning of what is known as Canada's Hundred Days. German Offensive begins. Conscription now in force. Avre Messines (Loss of Hill 63). Part of the battle of the Lys. Action of La Becque Bailleul (Defence of Neuve Eglise). Part of the battle of the Lys. First Kemmel Ridge . Part of the battle of the Lys. Canadian Hospital ship Llandovery Castle sunk by German U-Boat. Life boats were pursued and sunk. 234 were killed, including 14 nursing sisters. 24 survived. This attack proved a rallying cry for the Canadian troops for the rest of the war. Anti-conscription riots break out in Quebec City. Armistice declared, one day after the capture of Mons has climaxed " Canada's Hundred Days" of unbroken advanced. Estaires (First Defence of Givenchy, 1918). Part of the battle of the Lys. US forces make their first offensive End of the war/Treaty of Versailles Kinmel Park Mutiny. Canadian troops mutiny because of delays in returning to Canada. The Winnipeg General Strike. A strike in the building and metal trades spreads to other unions, and 30 000 workers stop, crippling the city until June, 25, of the same year. Mounties smash 37 day old Winnipeg General Strike. The federal government passes a Technical Education act. Grand Trunk Pacific, the western division of the Grand Trunk Railway, consolidates a line from Winnipeg to Prince Rupert.
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1918

27

June

1918 1918 1918 1918 1919 1919

29 11 9 8 28 4

March November April May June March

1919 1919 1919 1919

15 21

May June

Year 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919

Day

Month

14 1

June June

August 21 June

1920 1920 1920 1920 1920 1921 1921 1921 1921 1921 26 March

1921

1921

1922

August

Event The Canadian National Railways is created as a crown corporation to acquire and further consolidate these smaller lines. The first successful transatlantic flight leaves St. John's, Nfld. This day is called Bloody Saturday when policy charged a demonstration of strikers during the Winnipeg General Strike, killing two and wounding twenty seven others. James Shaver Woodsworth and others were charged with seditious conspiracy. Following the death of Laurier, William Lyon Mackenzie is chosen to be leader of the Liberal Party. An armed charge by the RCMP on Bloody Saturday kills one and injures thirty. Beginning in the metals and buildings trades as a call for union recognition, a general strike expands until it paralyzes Winnipeg (May 19-June 26). Canada's director of military operations drafted a plan for the Canadian army to invade certain cities in the U.S. Fortunately, no one took the plan seriously. The Progressive Party is formed by T. A. Crerar to obtain law tariffs for western farmers. Canada joins the League of Nations at its inception. The Group of Seven artists hold their first exhibition in Toronto. The size of the cent is reduced from 25.4 mm to 19.05 mm. Woodsworth becomes the first socialist elected to the House of Commons. Mackenzie King and the Liberals win federal election. Agnes Macphail of Owen Sound, Ontario, becomes the first woman elected to the House of Commons, in the first election since women gained the vote. The Bluenose is launched at Lunenburg, N.S.. Agnes Macphail becomes the first woman elected to Parliament, then representing the Progressive Party (which came in second and held the balance of power despite refusals to form an official opposition). Agnes Campbell Macphail is the first woman in Canada to be elected to the House of Commons winning the Ontario riding of Grey South East. It was also the first election in which women had the right to vote. Colonial Motors of Walkerville, Ontario manufactures an automobile called the Canadian. Omar Roberts poured gasoline on Elora Gray and set fire to her and his house in Kemptville, Nova Scotia, because she had turned down his marriage proposal and was in love with another man. Police found Gray before
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Year

Day

1922

1922

1922

1922 1922 1922 1922 1922

1923

1923

1923

1923 1923 1923 1925 1926 1926 18

Event she died, however, and she was able the tell them what Roberts had done. He was found guilty of murder and hanged in November of the same year. Andrew Bonar Law of New Brunswick became leader of the Conservatives in England and then prime minister, post that he held for 209 days before resigning because of bad health. He moved to England in 1900 and became a MP. Banting, Best, MacLeod, and Collip share the Nobel Prize for the discovery of insulin. The mint replaces the small, inconvenient silver fivecent piece with one made out of nickel, quickly becoming known as "nickles", expression used even today. Of the other provinces, only Newfoundland has not yet given women the vote. A Provincial Franchise Committee is organized in Québec to work towards female suffrage in the province. Foster Hewitt makes the first hockey broadcast. Canada's reveals a growing independence by not going to Britain's aid in the Chanak crisis in Turkey. The Canadian Northern and Canadian Transcontinental Railways merge to form the Canadian National Railways. A feeling of independence continues to grow. Canada signs the Halibut Treaty with the U.S. without the traditional British signature. The Nobel Prize for Medicine is awarded to doctors Frederick Banting and J.J.R. Macleod. Along with Dr. Charles and others, Banting discovered the insulin as a treatment for diabetes. The Home Bank goes bankrupted with losses to depositors as well as shareholders. The failure led to the August creation of the federal office of the Inspector General of Banks. Always heavily subsidized, the Grand Trunk Railway is finally taken over by the government. The federal government more or less forbids Chinese immigration on Dominion Day, soon to be called "Humiliation Day" by Chinese-Canadians. Mackenzie King leads the opposition to a common imperial policy at the Imperial Conference in London. Newfoundland women receive the right to vote. Armand Bombardier, of Valcourt, Quebec, developed the snowmobile, vehicles were in difficult terrain. In 1950 he pioneered the development of small, light snow vehicles for winter sports. November The Balfour Report defines British dominions as
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Month

Year 1927 1927 1927 1927 1928

Day 1 1

Month March July

1928

1929

1929 1929 1929

29 18

October October

1929

1929 1930

1930

1930 1930 1930 1930 1931 11 December

Event autonomous and equal in status. Britain's Privy Council awards Labrador to Newfoundland instead of Québec. To celebrate Canada's Diamond jubilee (sixtieth birthday) the first coast-to-coast radio broadcast is made. The first coast-to-coast radio network broadcast celebrates the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation. The first government old-age pension pays up to $20 per month. At the first Olympics in which women may compete, a Canadian women's six-member track team wins bronze, two silver, and two gold medals. The Supreme Court of Canada rules that the BNA Act does not define women as "persons" and are therefore not eligible to hold public office. England's Privy Council rules that women are indeed "person", and therefore can be appointed to the Canadian Senate. The next year, Cairine Wilson becomes Canada's first woman senator. North American stock markets crash and the Great Depression begins. The British Privy Council reverses the Supreme Court decision of 1928, and women are legally declared "persons". The Great Depression begins. The bush pilots Vic Horner and Wop May battled snowstorm and minus 40 degrees weather to fly antitoxins to Fort Vermillion to stop a diphtheria epidemic that threatened to wipe out Métis and Native in the fort. They were apparently so frozen when they return that was necessary to lifted them form the cockpit. The Workers' Unity League is formed. R.B. Bennett leads the Conservative Party to victory over William Lyon Mackenzie King's Liberal as the country plunged into the Great Depression. Dr. Wilbur Franks, of Weston, Ontario, developed the G-suit, which allowed fighter pilots to carry out highspeed maneuvers without blacking out. Used by Allied pilots from 1942 onwards, it led to the development of modern day astronauts' suits. Cairine Reay Wilson is the first woman in Canada appointed to the Senate. The Conservatives under R.B. Bennett win federal election. Jean de Brébeuf and other Jesuit martyrs are officially canonized. Canada's first woman senator is Cairine Wilson. The Statute of Westminster authorizes the Balfour
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Year

Day

1931 1931 1932 1932 11

1932 1932 1934 1934

1934

1935

11

1935

1935

1935

1935

1936

Event Report (1926), granting Canada full legislative authority in both internal and external affairs. The Governor General becomes a representative of the Crown. British parliament passes the Statute of Westminster, December giving Canada final independence. Doukhobours add the burning of farm buildings to their protest techniques. Bennett's government establishes militaristic and repressive Relief Camps to cope with the problem of unemployed single men. Woodsworth plays a role in forming a democratic socialist political party, the Co-Operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Calgary. The Ottawa Agreements provide for preferential trade between Canada and other Commonwealth nations. The birth of the Dionne quintuplets attracts international media attention. The Bank of Canada is formed. Bob Noorduyn built in Montreal the Norseman, the world's first bush plane which became the universal workhorse of the north. Nearly one thousand were produced and most are still in use today around the world. The Bank of Canada is created with a mandate to be the sole issuer of Canadian bank notes. The first issue of March bank notes was unilingual English or French, becoming bilingual in 1937. Inspired in part by the Workers' Unity League, about one thousand unemployed and disillusioned men from all over the western provinces begin a mass march, usually called the On-to-Ottawa trek, to confront Bennett over the Relief Camps (June 3-July 1). In an attempt to remove a corrupt Liberal administration, Maurice Duplessis, a Québec Conservative, allies with a splinter group of Liberals under Paul Gouin to form the Union nationale. The Bank of Canada, as the country central bank, is March founded. William Aberhart is elected premier of Alberta on a Social Credit platform and begins issuing his own in the form of prosperity certificates which could be used as August currency. The Supreme Court of Canada, however, disallowed the practice, ruling that banking and money fell under the control of federal government. Joan Miller of Nelson, British Columbia, was the November world's first woman professional television performer. She was the star of the first TV show, "Picture Page
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Month

Year

Day

Month

1936 1936 1936 1936 1937 1937 1938 1 September 5-17 2 July November

1938

19

June

1938

1939 1939 1939 1939 1940 1940

1

April

10 10

September September

1940

Event Girl", produced by the BBC. She was paid 12.10 pounds per week. Mary Teresa Sullivan becomes Canada's first female municipal councilor when she was sworn in as a member of Halifax city. Driven by the reformist Union nationale, Duplessis manages to oust Gouin and becomes Premier of Québec. Seven hundred and eighty Canadians died when temperatures exceeded 42 degrees Celsius from Alberta to Ontario, in Canada's longest and deadliest heat wave. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation is established. The Rowell-Sirois Commission is appointed to investigate the financial relationship between the federal government and the provinces. Trans Canada Air Lines begins regular flights. Meeting Mackenzie King in Kingston, Franklin D. Roosevelt is the first U.S. president to make an official visit to Canada. The Workers' Unity League helps to organize the Vancouver Sit-ins in which Relief Camp workers and others occupied the Vancouver Post Office and some other public buildings. The protest was peaceful until the police extracted the men by force on Bloody Sunday, when 35 people were wounded. Thomas Carroll built the first experimental model of the self-propelled farm combine in a Massey-Harris factory in Toronto. The machine revolutionized wheat farming in Canada by saving time, money, and backbreaking work. Trans-Canada Airlines (later Air Canada) makes the first scheduled passenger flight from Vancouver to Montreal. The Second World War starts. After Germany invades Poland and Britain declares war, Canada declares war as well. Canada declares war on Germany after approval by the Canadian parliament. Canada declares war on Germany after remaining neutral for a week following the British declaration. Premier Duplessis opposes war. Idola Saint-Jean and other early feminists finally succeed in obtaining the vote for Québecois women. The Unemployment Insurance Commission is introduced. Canada and the U.S. form a Permanent Joint Defense Board. Despite provincial disagreement, some of the financial recommendations of the Rowell-Sirois commission -especially those relating to a minimum national standard of services -- are implicitly and unilaterally adopted by
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Year

Day

Month

1940 1941 July

1941

1941 1941

7

December December

1942

1942

26

February

1942

27

April

1942 1942 1942 1942

19 11 19 19

August October August August

1942

1942

1943 1943 1943 10 20

July July December

Event Ottawa. Parliament passes the controversial National Resources Mobilization Act (June), which allows conscription for military service only within Canada. The first national unemployment-insurance program comes into operation. Hong Kong falls to the Japanese and Canadians are taken as POW's. The U.S. enters the war due to Japanese aggression. Together, the incidents lead to racial intolerance in Canada. The Japanese attack the U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii, and Canada declares war on Japan. The Fall of Hong Kong. More than 500 Canadians die in battle or of starvation and ill-treatment in Japanese prison camps. From May to October, German submarines in the Gulf of St. Lawrence sink twenty-three Allied ships, with a loss of 258 lives. The gulf is then closed to ocean shipping until 1944. About 22000 Canadians of Japanese descent are stripped of non- portable possessions, interned and evacuated as security risks. A national plebiscite approves amendment of the National Resources Mobilization Act to permit sending conscripts overseas, once again revealing deep divisions between Québec and English Canada. The Dieppe raid, Canada's first participation in the European theatre, is a disaster. RCMP ship St. Roch reaches Halifax after becoming the second ship ever (and the first going west to east) to sail the Northwest Passage. Dieppe raid leaves 907 Canadians dead. 1, 946 capture. In a disastrous raid on Dieppe, France, 900 out of 5 000 Canadians are killed and almost 2 000 are taken prisoner. Polymer Corporation Limited is formed because western nations were cut off from all sources of natural rubber during the World War II. It took fourteen month to build a $50 million plant which became the forerunner of many large-scale petrochemical plants and refineries. Twenty two thousand Japanese Canadians are rounded up by RCMP and placed in work camps until after the war. Canadian troops invade Sicily and, with other Allied troops, fight their way north through Italy. They reach Rome on June 4, 1944. Canadians participate in the invasion of Sicily Canadians win the Battle of Ortona, a German
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Year

Day

Month

1944

6

June

1944 1944 1944 1944 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 5 September 6 23 5 20 26 2 5 August June July May June June September September

1946

1947

3

February

1947

February

1948

1948 1948

15 30

November June

Event stronghold on the Adriatic. Canadians troops, along with British and Americans, land successfully on the coast of France and begin to drive the Germans back. The CCF under Tommy Douglas wins the provincial election in Saskatchewan, forming the first socialist government in North America. The Family Allowance Act is passed. Canadian troops push further than other allied units on D-Day. Canadian forces fight as a separate army. European hostilities end. The first family allowance ("baby-bonus") payments are made. Canada joins the United Nations. Hostilities in the Pacific basin end. Igor Gouzenko defects from the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa and reveals the existence in Canada of a Soviet spy network. Canada's first nuclear reactor goes on line in Chalk River, Ontario. The first Canadian nuclear reactor goes into operation. Family-allowance payment begin. All families receive a monthly sum for each child under sixteen who is in school. Canada's largest on-land earthquake shakes Central Vancouver Island measuring 7.3 on the Richter Scale and causing extensive property damage. Seventy percent of the chimneys were knocked down in Courtenay, Cumberland, and Union Bay. One person was drowned and one died of heart attack. The quake was felt from Oregon to Alaska and east to the Rocky Mountains. Canada's record cold temperature is set in Snag, Yukon Territory, when the mercury plunged to -63 degrees Celcius, solidifying Canadian reputation as one of the coldest country in the world. Prospectors strike oil in Leduc, Alberta, beginning Alberta's oil boom. Canadians Suzanne Morrow and Wally Distelmeyer perform for the first time the Death Spiral in an international skating competition. It’s a circular move in which the man lowers his partner to the ice and swings her in circle while she is arched backward gliding on one foot with the head almost touching the ice. Louis St. Laurent succeeds Mackenzie as prime minister. The Income Tax Act is enacted, taking effect for the 1949 and subsequent taxation years. After numerous
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Year

Day

Month

1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949

31

March

31 31

March March

1949

1950

1950

1950 1950 1950 1950

1950

1951

Event amendments to the Income War Tax Act introduced in 1917, the new act largely reworded and codified the former law with little change in actual policy. Newfoundland and Labrador join Confederation as the tenth province. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Canada's longestserving prime minister, retires at the age if 74. Canada's Supreme Court replaces Britain's judicial committee as the final court of appeal. Province and territories joined Confederation, or were created from existing parts of Canada: Newfoundland Joey Smallwood brings Newfoundland into Confederation. Canada joins NATO. Canada's biggest earthquake in the 20 century hits Queen Charlotte Island, in British Columbia, with a magnitude of 8.1 on the Richter Scale. The shaking was so severe that cows were knocked off their feet and people could not stand. The value of the damage, however, was not high because of the sparse population on the island. It was also felt over a wide area in western North America. Harold Adams Innes publishes Empire and Communications, a book that deals with the role of communications in various societies throughout history. Innes shows the connection between communications technology and the ability of different empires to survive and prosper. The construction of Trans-Canada Highway starts, to be completed in 1970. The 7 821 kilometer road cost more than one billion, linked the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and its ranked as one of Canada's most important transportation projects Heart pacemaker was invented in a National Research Council laboratory in Ottawa by Winnipeg native John Hops to keep weak of heart alive and kicking. Volunteers in the Canadian Army Special Force join the United Nations forces in the Korean war. Inuit win the right to vote in federal elections. The Korean War starts. Twenty-seven thousand Canadians serve and more than 1 600 are killed or wounded. Park Royal Shopping Centre opens in West Vancouver, British Columbia, as the first suburban shopping mall in Canada. Today the mall has both a north side, the original, and the south side, which construction started in 1960s. Census shows population as just over 14 million.
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Year

Day

Month

1951

1951

1952

1952 1952 1952 1952 1952 1953 27 6

September

September

July

1953

1953 1953 1954 1954

13 1 30 9

July January March September

1954

15

October

1954 1954

15

October

1954 1954 9 September

Event The Massey Royal Commission reports that Canadian cultural life is dominated by American influences. Recommendations include improving grants to universities and the eventual establishment of the Canada Council (1957). Charlotte Whitton becomes mayor of Ottawa, the first woman in Canada elected for this post. The outbreak of the Foot and Mouth Disease in Saskatchewan results in the slaughter of thousands of animals but also sets the stage for very rigorous regulations regarding the health of domestic livestock. Today Canada's herd health programs are recognized around the world as being the most stringent anywhere. Canada's first television stations begin part-time broadcasts in Montréal and Toronto. Vincent Massey becomes the first native-born Governor General. The first Canadian scheduled TV broadcast. Former prime minister Lester B. Pearson is elected president of the United Nations General Assembly. Vincent Massey becomes the first Canadian-born governor general since Pierre Regaud de Vaudreuil governed New France. The Korean War ends. Paule-Emile Leger, archbishop of Montreal, is appointed cardinal by the Vatican. Leger served as a missionary among lepers and handicapped children in Cameroon, Africa. He also was involved in many humanitarian activities and was recipient of the Pearson Peace Medal. The Stratford Festival opens. The National Library is established in Ottawa. The first Canadian subway opens in Toronto. Marilyn Bell, age sixteen, is the first person to swim Lake Ontario. Hurricane Hazel touches down in Toronto with 178 millimeters of rain. Eighty-three people died, entire streets in west Toronto ware destroyed and many bridges were washed away in the worst inland storm in Canada. Hurricane Hazel kills almost seven dozen people in Toronto. The Yonge Street subway opens in Toronto, the first underground public transit system in Canada. Banks in Canada are authorized to make residential mortgage loans for the first time and also take "chattel mortgages", which led banks to offer automobile financing. Marilyn Bell is the first person to swim across Lake
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Year 1954 1954 1955 1955 1956

Day

17

1

1956

1957

1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 12 10

1957

1957

1958

10

1958

31

Event Ontario. Viewers of the British Empire games in Vancouver see two runners break the four minute mile in the same race. The post-war boom is briefly interrupted by an economic slump. Riots in Montréal are caused by the suspension of March hockey star Rocket Richard. The Canadian Labour Congress is formed. United Nations General Assembly adopts Lester B. November Pearson's Suez peace-keeping plan. The Liberals use closure to limit the Pipeline Debate -which begins with concern over the funding of the natural gas industry and ends in contoversy over proper parliamentary procedure (May 8- June 6). The action contributes directly to their electoral defeat (after twenty two years in power) the following year. John George Diefenbaker leads the Conservative Party to decisive victory over Louis St. Laurent's Liberals in a federal election, winning more seats in the House of Commons than any party has before. Ellen Fairclough becomes the first female federal cabinet minister. Lester Pearson wins the Nobel Prize for proposing a United Nations peacekeeping force to prevent war over control of the Suez Canal. John Diefenbaker and the Conservatives win a minority June government. The Canada Council is formed to foster Canadian cultural uniqueness. Lester B. Pearson wins the Nobel Peace Prize for October helping resolve the Suez Crisis. Registered Retirement Saving Plan is introduced allowing Canadians who were either self-employed or did not belong to a benefit plan could put aside money for their retirement on a tax-deferred basis. Today, the RRSP is a multi-billion dollar industry and considered one of the few tax breaks available for ordinary Canadians. The newspaper Montreal Herald stopped publication October after 146 years of circulation. The last weld is completed on the TransCanada Pipeline, a 2 290 kilometer, $375 million gas line that took twenty-eight months to build and ran from Burstall, October Saskatchewan, to Kapuskasing, Ontario. Capable of delivering more than nine billion cubic feet of natural gas per day, the project is compared to the building of the transcontinental railway in the 19th century. March Diefenbaker's minority becomes the largest majority
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Month

Year 1958 1958 1959 1959 1959 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960

Day

Month

23 26 26 20

October June June February

22

June

1960

4

March

1961 1961

1962

1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962 1962

3 29 11 1 29 18

September September December July September June

Event ever obtained in a federal election. A coal mine disaster at Springhill, N.S. kills 74 miners. The Springhill Mining Disaster. Shifting rock kills seventy-four coal miner. Some of the survivors are trapped for eight days before being rescued. The St. Lawrence Seaway opens. Queen Elizabeth II and U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower officially open the St. Lawrence Seaway, which lets ocean vessels reach the Great Lakes. Diefenbaker cancels the Avro Arrow project (CF-105 aircraft) to public outcry. Almost 14000 jobs are lost. A Canadian Bill of Rights is approved. Social changes and a new government in Quebec lead to the beginning of Quebec's "Quiet Revolution". Stirring of interest in independence for Quebec soon follow. Native people living on reserves get the right to vote in federal elections. Native people win the right to vote in federal elections. Liberals under Jean Lesage win provincial election in Québec, inaugurating the Quiet Revolution which pressed for special status within Confederation. A shower of more than five hundred stony mereorites, some as small as as peas, fells from the sky in Bruderheim, Alberta. It was the biggest Canadian mereorite fall, with more than three hundred kilograms recovered from the field. The Canadian Medical Association concluded that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer. The New Democratic Party replaces the CCF. Saskatchewan is the first province to have medical insurance covering doctor's bills. In 1966, Parliament passes a legislation to establish a national Medicare program. By 1972, all provinces and territories have joined the program. The Trans- Canada Highway opens. Canada becomes the third nation in space with the launch of the satellite Alouette I. Canada's last executions take place in Toronto. Socialized medicine is introduced in Saskatchewan, leading to a doctors' strike. Canada launches the Alouette I satellite to study the ionosphere, becoming the third country in space after Russia and United States. The Conservatives are returned to minority status in a federal election. Blanche Margaret Meagher is appointed ambassador to Austria, being the first in Canada to hold this position. While in Vienna she also became Canada's
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Year

Day

1963

1964 1964 1964 1965 1965 1965 1965 1965 9 7 15 15

1966

1966 1966 1966 1967 1967 1967 1967 1967

4

1 1 24 27 25

1967

1967 1968

Event representative at the International Atomic Energy Agency. The FLQ, a terrorist group dedicated to revolution to establish an independent Quebec, explodes bombs in Montreal. Marshall McLuhan publishes the book Understanding the Media which helped Canada and the world to understand the changes technology and communications were bringing to society. April Canadians get social insurance cards Northern Dancer is the first Canadian horse to win the Kentucky Derby. The Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario November inadvertently causes a major power blackout in North America. Roman Catholic churches begin to celebrate masses in March English. January Canada and the U.S. sign the Auto Pact February Canada gets a new red-and-white, maple leaf flag. February The new flag is inaugurated Canada Pension Plan (or CPP) is created, requiring contributions from both employers and employees for a publicly financed retirement saving plan. Lately the CPP has been mired in controversy about its solvency, resulting in steep increase inn the premiums paid by employers and employees. The Munsinger affair (in which the Associate Minister of National Defence, Pierre Sévigny, had a liaison with a March German divorcée suspected by the RCMP) becomes Canada's first political sex scandal. The Canada Pension Plan is established. October The CBC introduces some colour broadcasts. July Centennial celebrations officially begin. French president Charles de Gaulle says "Vive le July Québec libre" in Montréal. April World attention is turned to Expo '67 in Montréal. The air force, army, and navy are unified as the April Canadian Armed Forces. Expo 67, the Montreal world's fair, attracts more than 55 April million visitors from April to October. Canada celebrates a hundred years of Confederation. Across the country, communities sponsor centennial projects. In Ottawa, on July 1, Queen Elizabeth II cuts a giant birthday cake. Federal legislation abolishes the death penalty for December murder, except when police officers or prison guards are the victims. A Royal Commission on the Status of Women is
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Month

Year

Day

1968 1968 1968

25

1968

1968 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1969 1970 1970

1 9 20 4 1 5 10

1970

17

1970

1970

1970

Event appointed. Pierre Trudeau succeeds Pearson as leader of the June Liberals and wins a majority in a federal election in an atmosphere like a media circus. Canadian divorce laws are reformed. Pierre Elliott Trudeau succeeds Lester Pearson as prime minister and leader of the Liberal Party. "Trudeaumania" sweeps the country in the subsequent federal election. Rene Levesque founds the Parti Quebecois, with the goal of making Quebec a "sovereign" (independent) state "associated" with Canada. The rising price of silver forces the mint to replace the 10, 25, and 50 cent pieces and the dollar coin with one made of nickel. May Abortion laws are liberalized. February Postal reforms end Saturday deliveries. English and French are both recognized as offical July languages by the federal government. U.S spacecraft Apollo II lands on the moon with July Canadian-built landing gear. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police replaced the dog March teams by snowmobiles to patrol and search. The breathalizer is put into use to test for drunken December drivers. British trade commissioner James Cross is kidnapped by October the FLQ, precipitating the October Crisis. Québec's labour and immigration minister Pierre October Laporte is kidnapped and later found murdered. The strangled body of Pierre Laporte, a Quebec cabinet minister, was found in the trunk of a car in St. Hubert, Quebec, during the FLQ crisis. Paul and Jacques Rose, October Francis Simard, and Bernard Lortie were charged in 1971 with kidnapping and non-capital murder, and later all were convicted and sentenced to prison terms ranging from eight years to double life. Greame Ferguson, Robert Kerr, Roman Kroitor, Bill Shaw, and Bill Breukelman developed the IMAX System, a giant-screen, large-format film medium, which uses the largest film frame in movie history and multi-track sound system. The first permanent Imax Theatre was built at Toronto's Ontario Place in 1971. Today there are Imax theatres all over the world. The October Crisis. After the FLQ kidnaps a Quebec government minister and a British trade commissioner, Prime Minister Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act, which allows Canadians to be arrested and held without being charged. Voting age lowered from twenty-one to eighteen.
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Month

Year

Day

1970

1970 1971 1971

16

1971

5

1971

1971

1972

1972

28

1972 1972 1972 1973 1973 1973 1974 1974 13 5 8 4

Event The greatest change ever in crop planting came with the introduction of canola, a plant able to produce a more desirable oil for the food trade. Canola became a dominant crop on the Canadian prairies, causing the greatest change ever in crop planting. The War Measures Act is invoked, banning the FLQ and October leading eventually to nearly 500 arrests. Gerhard Herzberg of the National Research Council wins the Nobel Prize in chemistry for studies of smog. The federal government officially adopts a policy of multiculturalism. Fifty-two-year-old bachelor prime minister Pierre Trudeau married twenty-two-year-old Margaret Sinclair, the daughter of a former Liberal cabinet minister. From March then, though the birth of their three sons, to the couple's divorce in 1984, the world watched as the antics of Pierre and Margaret charmed and same times embarrassed Canadians. Gerhard Hertzberg of Ottawa wins the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. The Tobacco companies announced that effective in 1972 they would voluntarily place a warning on cigarette packages and would no advertise cigarettes on radio or television. Canada wins the first hockey challenge against the Soviets. Few Canadian have been credited with deeds as momentous as the goal Paul Henderson scored for Team Canada The converted rebound, with thirty-four seconds September remaining in the final game of the first ever CanadaRussia series, turned back a relentless Soviet Union advance in the climactic eight mach and gave Canada a victory that may never be forgotten. Rosemary Brown is the first black woman elected to the provincial legislature in British Columbia. Anik 1 Geo-stationary Commercial Satellite is launched by Telesat, making Canada the first country in the world to use satellites for domestic communications. Trudeau's Liberals win a minority government by only two seats. The separatist Parti Québecois becomes the official opposition in a provincial election. Henry Morgentaler is acquitted of illegal abortion November charges in Montréal. The House of Commons criticizes U.S. bombing of January North Vietnam. July Trudeau's Liberals win a majority government. March The Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario
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Month

Year

Day

Month

1974 1975 1975 1975 1975 1976 1976 1976 1976 1976 1976 1976 1976

29 2 14

June April October

18

July

15 15 17 14 4 14

November September July July June October

1976 1977 1977 1978 1978 6 26 24 September August January

1978 1979 10 November

1979 1979

10 13

November December

Event changes its name to Ontario Hydro and begins to update its image. Mikhail Baryshnikov defects in Montréal. Toronto's CN Tower becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure. Trudeau institutes wage and price controls to fight inflation. TV cameras are allowed in the House of Commons for the first time. The Foreign Investment Review Agency intends to screen foreign investment in Canada. Rene Levesque and Parti Quebecois are elected in Quebec. The Eaton Company discontinues catalogue sales after 92 continuous years. René Lévesque and the Parti Québecois win a provincial election. Team Canada wins the first Canada Cup. The Olympic games are held in Montréal under tight security. The death penalty is abolished. Canada announces a 200-mile coastal fishing zone. Organized by the Canadian Labor Congress to oppose wage controls, the Day of Protest was the Canada's first national general strike and saw more than one million workers leaving their jobs for a day. Wayne Gretzky, age seventeen, plays hockey for the Oilers; he is the youngest person in North America playing a major-league sport. Highway signs are changed to the metric system. Québec passes Bill 101, restricting English schooling to children of parents who had been educated in English schools. The remains of a Soviet nuclear-powered satellite crash in Canada's north. Sun Life Assurance acknowledges that it moved its head office to Toronto because of Montréal's language laws and political instability. Manufacturers of birth control pills are required to provide labels of health risks for smokers and women over forty. Most of Mississauga, Ontario is evacuated to avoid derailed train cars containing chemicals. The blue box recycling program is launched in Kitchener, Ontario. Since then, the program has spread to all the provinces and has played a key role in making Canada's environment better. Clark's Conservatives lose a non-confidence vote on the
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Year

Day

Month

1979 1979 1979 1980 1980

13 5 22 27 12

December September May June April

1980

1980 1980 15 May

1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 28 January 22 May

1981

28

June

1981

5

November

Event budget, forcing their resignation. The Supreme Court of Canada declares unconstitutional the creation of officially unlilingual legislatures in Manitoba and Québec. The first uniquely Canadian gold bullion coin, stamped with a Maple Leaf, goes on sale. Conservatives under Joe Clark win a federal election. O Canada is officially adopted as Canada's national anthem. Terry Fox begins his cross-country run, the "Marathon of Hope". On September 1, he is forced to stop the run when his cancer returns. At least 1 200 Canadians of all ages were infected with the deadly AIDS virus and thousands more contracted hepatitis C after receiving blood transfusion between 1980 and 1990. Blame for the suffering has been lain with the Red Cross, public health officials, bureaucrats, and politicians in what has been called "the greatest preventable medical scandal" in Canada's history. The Supreme Court recognizes the equal distribution of assets in failed common-law relationships. Quebec voters reject "sovereignty-association" in favor of renewed Confederation. Ken Taylor, former Canadian ambassador to Iran, hid six American diplomats and spirited them out of Tehran after Iranian militants stormed the U.S. embassy and took sixty-six hostages. A Québec referendum rejects sovereignty-association. Canada boycotts Moscow's Olympic games due to the invasion of Afghanistan. Ken Taylor, Canadian ambassador to Iran, becomes an international celebrity for helping six Americans escape Tehran. Federal legislation allows 100 percent owned foreign banks to be established in Canada. Terry Fox dies. Minus one leg already lost to cancer, Fox attempted to run across Canada in 1980 in his Marathon of Hope to raise money for cancer research. But in September, near Thunder Bay, Ontario, cancer struck again and the run was called off. By the time of his death $24 million was raised for his cancer research fund. Every September, runs are held in Canada and around the world to keep Fox's memory alive and also raising fund for the cancer research. Terry Fox in one of the most beloved Canadian heroes. The federal government and every province except Quebec reach agreement for patriating the Canadian constitution (bringing it to Canada from Great Britain).
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Year 1981 1981 1981 1981

Day 29 23 5

1981

1981

1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1983

4 17 7 17 15

1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1984

23 1

5 5 14

1984

Event Terry Fox dies of cancer in the middle of his crossJune Canada Marathon of Hope. His example eventually raises about 25 million dollars. September Québec bans public signs in English. The federal and provincial governments (except November Québec) agree on a method to repatriate Canada's constitution. The University of Waterloo, Ontario, develops the first local area networks, or LAN, for microcomputers. The networks were created as soon the first Macintosh computers and IBM personal computers were available. LANs allow all computers in an office communicate with one another. First flight of the Canadian Remote Manipulator System (Canadarm) on the space shuttle. The highly November computerized 15m arm can be operated from inside the shuttle to release, rescue, and repair satellites. Bertha Wilson is the first woman appointed as a Justice March of the Supreme Court. Canada gets a new Constitution Act, including a Charter April of Rights and Freedoms. The Québec government demand for a veto over April constitutional change is rejected. Canada gains a new Constitution and Charter of Rights April and Freedoms. The worst recession since the Great Depression begins. February The offshore oil rig Ocean Ranger sinks, killing 84. Jeanne Sauve is named Canada's first female governor general. She was also the first woman Speaker of the House of Commons and the first female MP from Quebec to be a cabinet minister. Jeanne Sauvé is appointed the first female Governor December General. February Pay TV begins operation. Public outcry opposes the government's approval of U.S. cruise missile testing in the west. Hitching a ride on the U.S. shuttle Challenger, Marc October Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space. Astronaut Marc Garneau, aboard the U.S. space shuttle October Challenger, becomes the first Canadian in space. May Jeanne Sauve is Canada first woman governor general. John Turner succeeds Trudeau as Liberal prime minister (June 30) but is soon defeated by Brian Mulroney's Conservatives with an even larger majority than that achieved by Diefenbaker in 1958 (Sept. 4). At the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Canada wins its greatest-ever number of gold medals: ten, including two for swimmer Alex Baumann.
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Month

Year 1984 1985 1985 1985 1985

Day 9

Month September

5

March

1985

2

December

1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1987 1987 1987

11 5 22

August August May May

31

January

6 30 3 19

October August October October

1987

30

April

1987 1987

30 20

April July

Event The Pope visits Canada. U.S. ice-breaker Polar Sea challenges Canada's Arctic sovereignty by traveling through the Northwest Passage. Ontario Liberals under David Peterson end forty years of Conservative Premiership. Wheelchair athlete Rick Hansen leaves Vancouver on a round-the-world "Man in Motion" tour to raise money for spinal-cord research and wheelchair sports. Lincoln Alexander becomes Ontario's first black lieutenant-governor. Mulroney and U.S. president Ronald Reagan declare mutual support for orbital Strategic Defense Initiatives (Star Wars) and Free Trade at the Shamrock Summit (so-named for their ethnic backgrounds) in Québec City. Tamil refugees are found drifting off the coast of Newfoundland. Canada adopts sanctions against South Africa for its apartheid policies. The U.S. imposes tariffs on some imported Canadian wood products. Expo '86 opens in Vancouver (May 2-Oct. 13). The Canadian dollar hits an all-time low of 70.2 U.S. cents on international money markets. Air Canada became the first North America carrier to ban smoking from its flights following the 1971 introduction of no-smoking sections on its aircraft. Canadian John Polanyi shares the Nobel prize for chemistry. John Polany of Toronto is co-winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Canada receives a United Nations award for sheltering world refugees. Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson sets a new world record for the 100-metre dash. The Canada- U.S. Free Trade agreement is reached, but still requires ratification. Stock prices tumble throughout the world. Ten provincial premiers and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney agree to the Meech Lake Accord, which would make large changes to Canada's Constitution and address Quebec's concerns. Parliament and the legislatures of all provinces have three years to accept the Accord. It dies in June 1991, when both Newfoundland and Manitoba refuse to endorse it. Mulroney and the provincial Premiers agree in principle to the Meech Lake Accord designed to bring Québec into the new Constitution. A tornado rips through Edmonton, killing 26 and
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Year 1988 1988 1988

Day 13

1988

1988

9

1988

24

1988 1988 1988 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989

21

28 2 6 2 5

1

1989

1

1989

6

Event injuring hundreds. February The Winter Olympics open in Calgary. Free Trade legislation passes the House of Commons December and the Senate. The Calgary Winter Olympics. Canada wins two silver February medals (Brian Orser and Elizabeth Manley, for figure skating) and three bronze medals. Ben Johnson wins the 100 meters in the Olympics dilating Canadians. But the cheers faded quickly after drugs screening sowed the Toronto athlete had tested positive for steroids. He was stripped of the gold medal and his actions led to an inquiry into drugs and sport not only in Canada but also around the world. David See-Chai Lam, born in Hong Kong, becomes September British Columbia's lieutenant-governor. Ben Johnson sets a world record and wins the gold medal at the Seoul Olympics in Korea (Sept. 24). September Testing positive for steroids, he is stripped of his medal two days later. The Supreme Court strikes down Québec's French-only sign law. Finding a loophole (the "notwithstanding" clause) in the December Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the province reinstates the law. Manitoba Premier Gary Filmon slows the ratification of the Meech Lake Accord in reaction to Québec's move. The Supreme Court strikes down existing legislation January against abortion as unconstitutional. The first woman to lead a federal political party, Audrey December McLaughlin replaces Ed Broadbent as head of the NDP. Fourteen female engineering students are separated from December their male colleagues and murdered by a gunman at the University of Montréal. Audrey McLaughlin becomes the first woman leader of December a federal party - the New Democratic Party. The government announces cuts in the funding of VIA June Rail, to much public outcry. One-dollar bills are replaced by the one-dollar coin, popularly called the "loonie." Heather Erxleben becomes Canada's first acknowledged female combat soldier. January Free Trade goes into effect. After a federal election fought over the issue of free trade, the free-trade agreement between Canada and the January United States comes into effect, gradually ending controls on trade and investment between the two countries. Marc Lepine kills fourteen female engineering students December at Ecole Polytechnique at the University of Montreal
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Month

Year

Day

Month

1989

1989 1990 1990

1

March

1990

1

December

1990

25

July

1990 1990

September December

1990

April

1991

January

1991

1991

November

1991

8

September

Event and than shoots himself. The "Montreal Massacre" has since become a symbol of violence against women and is commemorated each December across the country. Audrey McLaughlin is elected leader of the federal New Democratic Party, becoming the first women to lead a national party in Canada and North America. The Canadian Space Agency is created to promote the peaceful use and development of the space and ensure space science and technology provide social and economic benefits to Canadians. A recession is officially announced. A land dispute causes a 78-day armed confrontation between Mohawks and the army on a reserve near Oka, Quebec. The federal government banned the use of leaded gas in motor vehicles after years of debate. Research had linked lead to health problems, mainly in children. Newfoundland Premier Clyde Wells further slows down the signing of the Meech Lake Accord, but a native member of the Manitoba legislative, Elijah Harper, deals it the fatal blow with his absolute refusal to accept Québec as Canada's principal, if not only, "distinct society" (June 22). One of the many responses is the formation of the Bloc Québecois by a handful of disenchanted politicians. Bob Rae upsets David Peterson and, with a surprising majority, becomes Ontario's first NDP Premier. Despite the Liberals' sometimes peculiar stalling tactics, the Senate passes the unpopular Goods and Services Tax. The federal government settles a land claim with the Inuit that will give them 350 000 square km of territory in the North, to be called Nunavut. The war in the Persian Gulf starts. Canada sends three warships, twenty-six fighter jets, and 2 400 people to the Persian Gulf as part of a United Nations effort to force Iraqi troops to withdraw from Kuwait. The Tungavik sign an agreement with Ottawa to create a new, quasi-independent Inuit territory in the eastern Arctic. In a Brantford, Ontario courtroom, a Six Nations man is the first to be allowed to make a traditional native oath instead of swearing on the Bible. Canada's Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) is launched aboard NASA's Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) to provide new measurements of the physical and chemical processes taking place at altitudes ten to three hundred kilometers above the earth's surface.
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Year 1991

Day 15

Month January

1991

May

1991 1991 1991

1991

1

January

1991

1

January

1992

26

October

1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 1992 28 August 24 October June 22 January

1993 1993 1993 23

July October June

Event Canadian forces join the multinational forces in the battle to drive Saddam Hussein's Iraqi troops from Kuwait. George Erasmus, leader of the Assembly of First Nations, resigns at the end of his second term (May); he is succeeded by Ovide Mercredi, whose popularity earns him the nickname of "eleventh premier." Yet another committee crosses the country soliciting citizens' opinions on proposed constitutional reforms. David Schindler of the University of Alberta wins the first international Stockholm Water Prize for environmental research. British Columbia premier Bill Van Der Zalm resigns in the midst of a real estate scandal. GST (Good and Services Tax) is introduced by Brian Mulroney's Conservative government. The 7 percent tax paid at the cash register replaced the 13.5 percent federal manufacturer's tax. The unpopular Goods and Services Tax comes into effect. Canadians vote "no" in a referendum seeking popular support for the Charlottetown Agreement, intended as a corrective to the Canadian Constitution in the wake of the failed Meech Lake Accord. Although the players are all American, the Toronto Blue Jays become the first nominally Canadian team to win baseball's World Series. Dr. Roberta Bondar becomes the first Canadian woman in space, aboard the U.S. space shuttle Discovery. The Miss Canada pageant is scrapped. Ontario lawyers vote no longer to swear an oath to the Queen. Toronto's Blue Jays became the first Canadian team to win baseball's World Series. Canada is the first country to sign the international biodiversity convention at the Earth Summit in Brazil. Roberta Bondar is Canada's first female astronaut in orbit. Canadian leaders adopt the Charlottetown Accord to reform Canada's constitution, but in a national referendum in October, Canadians reject it. Part of northwest B.C. is set aside as a world heritage conservation site. Protesters block loggers' access to ancient forests near Clayoquot Sound. The Toronto Blue Jays win the World Series for the second year in a row. im Campbell replaces Brian Mulroney as the head of the Progressive Conservatives, becoming Canada's first
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Year

Day

1993

1993

25

1993

1993

22

1993

1993

25

1993

1993 1994 1994 1994 1995 4 15

Event woman Prime Minister. Catherine Callbeck becomes the first woman Premier, in Prince Edward Island. Environmental activists cause March minor damage to government buildings in Victoria, B.C., during a demonstration. Liberal leader Jean Chrétien is elected in a landslide victory, with Lucien Bouchard's Bloc Québecois and Preston Manning's Reform Party only one seat apart in October distant second and third places. The Progressive Conservatives, in power for nine years, are reduced to a mere two seats -- less than is required to be considered an official party. Common-Law Union is recognized. Effective for the 1993 and subsequent tax years, common-law unions began to be considered the equivalent of a legal marriages for tax purposes. The measure was a response to court challenges that had argued that the tax system discriminated against legally married couples in favor of common-law ones. Paul Martin abolishes the $100.000 Lifetime Capital Gains Exemption in his first budget as finance minister, February except for qualified farm property and qualified small business corporation shares. Four members of the elite Canadian Airborne Regiment who were in Somalia for a peacekeeping mission were charged with the torture and beating death of Samali civilian. In 1994 Private Elvin Kyle Brown was convicted of manslaughter and torture and sentenced to five years in prison. The government disbanded the regiment later in 1995. Kim Campbell, the new Conservative party leader, becomes Canada's first female prime minister, but in June October Jean Chrétien's Liberals win the general election. Kim Campbell becomes the first female prime minister of Canada. She was also the first woman to lead the federal Progressive Conservative Party. Canada, with Kurt Browning (gold), Elvis Stojko (silver), and Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Eisler (gold), has its best skating World Championship since 1962. Separatist Jacques Parizeau becomes the premier of September Quebec. The Canadian pilot of a Korean airliner that crashed is arrested for endangering the lives of his passengers. The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) comes into effect, linking Canada, the United States, and Mexico in a new economic partnership. November RADARSAT is launched as the first Canadian earth
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Month

Year

Day

Month

1995 1995

1995

1995 1995 1996 1996

30

October

19 29

May January

1997

31

May

1998

December

1998

4-9

January

1999

15

April

Event observation satellite and first non-communications satellite since 1971. It can provide images of the earth's surface day and night, in any climate conditions, to clients around the world. A thirteen kilometer bridge connecting Prince Edward Island to the mainland is opened. "Turbot war" erupts when Canada arrests a Spanish ship in a bid to prevent European fleets from over-harvesting Newfoundland fish stocks. Canadian James Gosling, working for American company Sun Microsystems, develops Java, an objectoriented programming language that allows many different kinds of computers, consumer gadgets, and other devices communicate with one another more easily. Quebec votes in a referendum on sovereignty and the federalists win a razor-thin victory. Donovan Bailey becomes "the world's fastest man" when he breaks the record for the 100-metre race. Astronaut Marc Garneau makes his second trip into space. Lucien Bouchard is sworn in as the new premier of Quebec. Confederation Bridge opens for business, linking Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick. The 12.9 kilometer bridge cost $1 billion. The federal government rejects proposed bank merges that would have united the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce with the Toronto-Dominion Bank and the Royal Bank with the Bank of Montreal. The most desctructive and disruptive ice storm in Canadian history dropps close to one hundred millimetres of freezing rain in some areas of central and eastern Canada, affecting nearly 20 percent of Canada's population, mainly in Montreal and Ottawa. Wayne Gretzky plays the last game in a Canadian arena at the Corel Centre, in Nakata, Ontario. After twenty years in the National Hockey League with Edmonton Oilers, Los Angeles Kings, St. Louis Blues, and New York Rangers, the Great One announced his retirement. His final game in the NHL was three days later at Madison Square Garden in New York.

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