Castle

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................... 1 FOREWORD............................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER I.................................................................................................................................. 4 CASTLES IN ENGLAND.......................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Warwick Cast !...............................................................................................................4 1.1.1 L"cati"#.................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2 S$"rt $ist"r%............................................................................................................. & 1.1.' La%"(t) *r"(#+s a#+ ,ark.........................................................................................1.2 B"+ia. Cast !................................................................................................................ / 1.2.1 Arc$it!ct(r!............................................................................................................ 10 1.2.' P",( ar c( t(r!.......................................................................................................11 1.' Wi#+s"r Cast !............................................................................................................. 12 1.'.1 La%"(t........................................................................................................................ 12 1.'.2 S$"rt Hist"r%.............................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER II .............................................................................................................................. 1& PALACES IN ENGLAND........................................................................................................1& 2.1 T"w!r "0 L"#+"#........................................................................................................... 1& 2.1.1 C"#str(cti"# $ist"r%................................................................................................11 2.1.1.1. W$it! T"w!r...................................................................................................11 2.1.1.2 I#."st War+...................................................................................................12 2.1.1.' I##!r War+......................................................................................................12 2.1.1.4 O(t!r War+.....................................................................................................12.1.1.& W!st!r# E#tra#c! a#+ 3"at...........................................................................1/ 2.2 Ha.,t"# C"(rt Pa ac!..................................................................................................1/ 2.2.1 S$"rt Hist"r%.......................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1.1 T(+"r P!ri"+....................................................................................................20 2.2.1.2 St(art ,!ri"+....................................................................................................2' 2.2.1.' Gr"(#+s........................................................................................................... 2& 2.' 4!#si#*t"# Pa ac!........................................................................................................21 2.'.1 S$"rt $ist"r%........................................................................................................... 21 BIBLIOGRAPH5........................................................................................................................ 2/ 1

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FOREWORD

What is a castle? A castle is a properly fortified military residence. Why were castles built? Initially, they were designed and built to hold down conquered territory. y also served to intimidate and strike fear into local peoples, were places of refuge, and places for lords to live. y were also impressive symbols of built? Norman castles were built from power and wealth of ir owners. When were castles th to !th centuries.

"astles were brought to #ritain by William "onqueror, when he invaded $ngland from his homeland in %rance. &nown as 'uke of Normandy, William invaded $ngland in ()) and, due to his victory in #attle of *astings, William was crowned &ing of $ngland, and became &ing William I. +ne of most powerful ways for William to take control of his new kingdom, which included $ngland, ,cotland and Wales, was to have castles built throughout land. At first, he ordered construction of very simple castles, called motte and bailey castles. y consisted of an earn mound, called a motte, topped by a tower -first built of wood, and soon rebuilt in stone to make towers more sturdy.. bailey was a large area of land enclosed by a shorter mound, placed ne/t to motte. Inside bailey were main activities of castle -workshops, stables and livestock, household activities, etc.., while tower on motte was used as lord0s residence and as an observation post. se earth and wood castles were not very sturdy, because wood would rot fairly quickly and was easy for an enemy to burn. ,o, William king ordered construction of stone castles. ,tone castles were much more sturdy, did not rot like wood, and also were much more able to withstand any attack by an invader. +ver centuries after William was king, or kings ordered elaborate castles to be built. "astles were not 1ust used by king. 2ost castles, in fact, were granted by a king to ir most loyal sub1ects, knights or barons who fought valiantly in battle and supported ir king. king, starting with William "onqueror, gave his loyal knights vast estates and permission to build castles. In return, he e/pected se men -most of whom were given titles of earl or lord. to control
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ir lands as king0s representative, to keep local population from rebelling, and to force m to work and pay rent to lord -who n passed it onto king.. 2any of people who lived in #ritain before it was conquered did not like being controlled by king0s barons, and wanted to keep control of ir own lands mselves. #ut that was not possible, because William and later kings -and queens. demanded y pay homage. refore, castles were built to establish power of king and his followers, and to keep people from regaining control of ir own lands. 3hese first knights and barons, followers of William hundreds of which still survive. ,tone castles were built for stability and to symboli4e power of lords of kingdom. $ven if king did not order a particular castle to be built for his use, he still retained ability to sei4e any of his lords0 castles if y displeased him or if king had a special reason to want to use it. "onqueror, were known as Normans, and were a very powerful lot. 3hey built castles almost everywhere in #ritain,

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CHAPTER I
CASTLES IN ENGLAND

1.1 Warwick Castle Warwick "astle is a medieval castle in Warwick, county town of Warwickshire,

$ngland. It sits on a cliff overlooking a bend in 5iver Avon. Warwick "astle was built by William "onqueror in ()6 within or ad1acent to Anglo7,a/on burgh of Warwick. It was used as a fortification until early 8th century, when ,ir %ulke 9reville converted it to a country house. It was owned by 9reville family, who became earls of Warwick in 8:;, until ;86. %rom (66, castle traditionally belonged to $arl of Warwick, and it served as a symbol of his power. castle was taken in :! by *enry of An1ou, later *enry II. It has been used to =th century. >nder ownership :th hold prisoners, including some from #attle of <oitiers in

of 5ichard Neville ? also known as @Warwick &ingmaker@ ? Warwick "astle was used in "astle in terms of scale, cost, and status. ,ince its construction in it was rebuilt in stone in In

century to imprison $nglish king, $dward IA. Warwick "astle has been compared with Windsor th century, castle has undergone structural changes with

additions of towers and redesigned residential buildings. +riginally a wooden motte7and7bailey, Bth century. 'uring *undred Cears War, facade opposite town was refortified, resulting in one of most recogni4able e/amples of =th century military architecture. 8th century grounds were turned into a garden. Warwick "astle was purchased by 3ussauds 9roup in ;86 and opened as a tourist attraction. It is protected as a ,cheduled Ancient 2onument and a 9rade I listed building.

1.1.1 Location Warwick "astle is situated on a sandstone bluff at a bend of 5iver Avon. river, which runs below castle on east side, has eroded rock castle stands on, forming a cliff. river and cliff
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form natural defenses. castle is in town of WarwickD when construction began in ()6 four houses belonging to Abbot of "oventry were demolished to provide room. castle0s position made it strategically important in safeguarding 2idlands against rebellion. 'uring Bth century, &ing *enry I was suspicious of 5oger de #eaumont, Bnd $arl of Warwick. 3o counter earl0s influence, *enry bestowed 9eoffrey de "linton with a position of power rivaling that of earl. lands he was given included &enilworth ? a castle of comparative si4e, cost, and importance, and rebuilt in stone by "linton ? which is about 6 kilometers -: mi. to north. Warwick "astle is about International Airport. .) kilometers - mi. from Warwick railway station and less than !.B kilometers -B.( mi. from 1unction : of 2=( motorwayD it is also close to #irmingham

1.1.2 Short history An Anglo7,a/on burh was established on site of future Warwick "astle in ; =D legend has it that construction of fortifications was instigated by $lfleda, daughter of Alfred 9reat. burh she established was one of ten which defended 2ercia against marauding 'anes. Its position allowed it to dominate %osse Way, as well as river valley and crossing over 5iver Avon. Although motte in south west of Warwick "astle is called @$lfleda0s 2ound@ it is in fact part of later Norman fortifications, rar than an Anglo7,a/on relic. After Norman conquest of $ngland, William "onqueror established a motte7and7 bailey castle at Warwick in ()6 to maintain control of 2idlands as he advanced northwards. A motte7and7bailey castle consists of a mound ? on which usually stands a keep or tower ? and a bailey, which is an enclosed courtyard. William appointed *enry de #eaumont, powerful Norman family, as constable of castle. In first $arl of Warwick. *e founded "hurch of All ,aints within castle walls by B8?B6. In son of a (66, *enry de #eaumont was made ;D #ishop of

Worcester, believing that a castle was an inappropriate location for a church, removed it in :!, wife of 5oger de #eaumont, Bnd $arl of Warwick, was tricked into believing that her husband was dead, and surrendered control of castle to invading army of *enry of An1ou, later &ing *enry II. According to Gesta Regis Stephani, a Bth7century historical te/t, 5oger de #eaumont died on hearing news that his wife had handed over castle. *enry later

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returned castle to $arls of Warwick as y had been supporters of his mor, $mpress 2atilda, in Anarchy of !:?:=. :=?6;., motte7and7bailey was replaced with a stone 'uring reign of &ing *enry II wall. 'uring barons0 rebellion of

castle. 3his new phase took form of a shell keep with all buildings constructed against curtain 8!?8=, $arl of Warwick remained loyal to &ing *enry II, and castle was used to store provisions. castle and lands associated with earldom passed down in #eaumont family until B=B. When 3homas de #eaumont, )th $arl of Warwick, died castle and lands passed to his sister, Eady 2argery, countess of Warwick in her own right. *er husband died soon after, and while she looked for a suitable husband, castle was in ownership of &ing *enry III. When she married Fohn du <lessis in 'ecember B=B, castle was returned to her. 'uring ,econd #arons0 War of B)=?)8, William 2audit, 6th $arl of Warwick, was an inactive supporter of &ing *enry III. castle was taken in a surprise attack by forces of ,imon de 2ontfort, )th $arl of Eeicester, from &enilworth "astle in B)=. walls along norastern side of castle were slighted so that it would be useless to king. 2audit and his countess were taken to &enilworth "astle and held until a ransom was paid. After death of William 2auduit in B)8, title and castle passed to his nephew William de #eauchamp, ;th $arl of Warwick. %ollowing William0s death, Warwick "astle passed through seven generations of #eauchamp family, who over ne/t 6( years were responsible for most of additions made to castle. In ! B,<iers 9aveston, st $arl of "ornwall, was captured by 9uy de #eauchamp, (th $arl of Warwick, and imprisoned in Warwick "astle until his e/ecution on ; Fune ! B. A group of magnates lead by $arl of Warwick and 3homas <lantagenet, Bnd $arl of Eancaster, accused 9aveston of stealing royal treasure. >nder 3homas de #eauchamp, th $arl, castle defences were significantly enhanced in !!(?)( on north eastern side by addition of a gatehouse, a barbican -a form of fortified gateway., and a tower on eir side of reconstructed wall, named "aesar0s 3ower and 9uy0s 3ower. Watergate 3ower also dates from this period. "aesar0s and 9uy0s 3owers are residential and may have been inspired by french models -for e/ample #ricquebec.. #oth towers
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are machicolated and "aesar0s 3ower features a unique double parapet. two towers are also vaulted in stone on every storey. "aesar0s 3ower contained a @grim@ basement dungeonD according to local legend dating back to at least )== it is also known as <oitiers 3ower eir because prisoners from #attle of <oitiers in !:) may have been imprisoned re or because ransoms raised from battle helped to pay for its construction. gatehouse features murder holes, two drawbridges, a gate, and portcullises ? gates made from wood or metal. gatehouse were machicolated. faGade overlooking river was designed as a symbol of power and wealth of #eauchamp earls and would have been @of minimal defensive value@D this followed a trend of =th7century castles being more statements of power than designed e/clusively for military use. line of #eauchamp earls ended in ==; when Anne de #eauchamp, :th "ountess of Warwick, died. 5ichard Neville became ne/t $arl of Warwick through his wife0s inheritance of title. 'uring summer of =);, Neville rebelled against &ing $dward IA and imprisoned him in Warwick "astle. Neville attempted to rule in king0s nameD however, constant protests by king0s supporters forced $arl to release king. Neville was subsequently killed in #attle of #arnet, fighting against &ing $dward IA in =8 during Wars of 5oses. Warwick "astle n passed from Neville to his son7in7law, 9eorge <lantagenet. 9eorge <lantagenet was e/ecuted in =86 and his lands passed onto $dward <lantagenet, 8th $arl of WarwickD however, $dward <lantagenet was only two when his far died so his lands were taken in custody of "rown. *e had a claim to throne and was imprisoned first by $dward IA, n 5ichard III, and finally by *enry AII. *e was held in 3ower of Eondon until he was e/ecuted for high treason by *enry AII in =;;D $dward was last $arl of Warwick of title0s first creation. In early =6(s &ing 5ichard III instigated building of two gun towers, #ear and "larence 3owers, which were left unfinished on his death in =6:D with ir own well and ovens, towers were an independent stronghold from rest of castle, possibly in case of mutiny by garrison. With advent of gunpowder position of &eeper of Artillery was created in =6). When antiquary Fohn Eeland visited castle some time between :!: and :=!, he noted thatH ... dungeon now in ruin standeth in west7north7west part of castle. re is also a tower west7north7 west, and through it a postern7gate of iron. All principal lodgings of castle with hall and chapel towers of

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lie on south side of castle, and here king doth much cost in making foundations in rocks to sustain that side of castle, for great pieces fell out of rocks that sustain it. While in care of "rown, Warwick "astle underwent repairs and renovations using about :(( loads of stone. castle, as well as lands associated with earldom, was in "rown care from =86 until :=8, when y were granted to Fohn 'udley with second creation of title $arl of Warwick. When making his appeal for ownership of castle 'udley said of castle0s conditionH @... castle of its self is not able to lodge a good baron with his train, for all one side of said castle with also dungeon tower is clearly ruinated and down to ground@. Warwick "astle had fallen into decay due to its age and neglect, and despite his remarks 'udley did not initiate any repairs to castle. Iueen $li4abeth I visited castle in :)) during a tour of country, and again :8B for four nights. A timber building was erected in castle for her to stay in, and Ambrose 'udley, !rd $arl of Warwick, left castle to Iueen during her visits. When Ambrose 'udley died in :6; title of $arl of Warwick became e/tinct for second time. A survey from :;( recorded that castle was still in a state of disrepair, noting that lead had been stolen from roofs of some of castle0s buildings including chapel. In )( ,ir %ulke 9reville remarked that @ little stone building re was, mightily in decay ... so as in very short time re will be nothing left but a name of Warwick@.

1.1.3 Layout, grounds and park current castle, built in stone during reign of &ing *enry II, is on same site as earlier Norman motte7and7bailey castle. A keep used to stand on motte which is on south west of site, although most of structure now dates from post7medieval period. In by stone curtain walls. When Warwick "astle was rebuilt in reign of &ing *enry II it had a new layout with buildings against curtain walls. castle is surrounded by a dry moat on norrn side where re is no protection from river or old motteD perimeter of walls is !( meters - =( yd. long by 6B meters -;( yd. wide. two entrances to castle are in north and west walls. re was originally a drawbridge over moat in north east. In centre of north west wall is a gateway with "larence and #ears towers on eir sideD this is a :th century addition to fortifications of castle.
-

8th century motte was

landscaped with addition of a path. bailey was incorporated into new castle and is surrounded

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residential buildings line eastern side of castle, facing 5iver Avon. se buildings include great hall, library, bedrooms, and chapel. %ormal gardens belonging to Warwick "astle were first recorded in :!=. Eandscaping in 8th century added spiral paths to castle motte during %ulke 9reville0s program of restoration. %rancis 9reville commissioned Eancelot #rown to relandscape castle groundsD he began working on grounds and park in 8=; and had completed his work by 8:8, having spent about JB,B;! -JB:( thousand as of B((;.. on pro1ect. gardens cover B.6 square kilometers -);( acres.. 5obert 2arnock created formal gardens in castle0s grounds in 6)6?);. ,tarted in 8=! and originally known as 3emple <ark, "astle <ark is located to south of castle. Its original name derived from &nights 3emplar, who used to own a manor in Warwick. *ouses around perimeter of park were demolished and land y stood on incorporated into park. Attempts to make profits from park in late 6th century included leasing it for gra4ing, growing wheat, and keeping sheep. A water7powered mill in castle grounds was probably built under *enry de #eaumont, st $arl of Warwick. #y !;6 mill had been relocated to 1ust outside eastern castle walls, on west bank of 5iver Avon. #oth mills were sub1ect to flooding. #y )==, an engine house had been added to mill. mill was reused as an electricity generating plant after it had stopped being used to grind, but once Warwick "astle was fitted with mains electricity in ;=(, mill was no longer required and was dismantled in ;:=.

1.2 B !ia" Castle Bodiam Castle is a quadrangular castle located near 5obertsbridge in $ast

,usse/, $ngland -grid reference 3I86:B:).. It is said to be a perfect e/ample of a late medieval moated castle. While not large enough to garrison many soldiers, castle was ideally suited for defense against a militant rural populace after $nglish <easants0 5evolt and for entertainment of foreign merchants or dignitaries.
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It was built in #y

supposedly at request of 5ichard II in order to defend surrounding area from %rench invasion. =!= ,ir $dward 'alyngrigge0s nephew 5ichard was living in suggests that castle was built more for show than as an effective defence. re is evidence supporting that research, as walls of #odiam "astle are only a couple of feet thick.

1.2.1 Architecture castle is completely surrounded by a moat with approaches from north and south. castle itself is rectangular in shape, being longer in north7south, and has large round towers at all of four corners, and a square tower defending centre of each side. castle well is located in one of corner towers, chapel in anor. main gatehouse is on centre of North wall of quadrangle for protection, while sourn square tower has a postern gate too. #oth gateways had long bridges leading over moat, of which norrn one turns at right angles on an octagonal bastion before reaching shore. 3his provided furr defence to main gate by e/posing any attackers approaching along bridge to arrow fire -and, by this time, gunfire. from defenders in north7west tower. re were also machicolations in gatehouse and in postern to drop scalding water and tar on invaders. Within bailey is a ruined range of domestic buildings which were probably once very grand. 3o right of postern tower is castle0s great hall. 2ost of castle interior was destroyed by parliamentary forces during $nglish "ivil War, following ir policy of slighting potentially threatening fortifications. castle is typical of later7medieval castles in that much attention was placed on comfortable living quarters, and as such its value as a military fortification has been doubted. 3hough moat is a good barrier, walls of castle are not very thick, and re is only one line of defence -unlike a concentric castle.. When it was built, early cannons were already in use, but castles were still valuable as bases for troops even if y were becoming more vulnerable to direct attack.
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At time of building, $ngland and %rance were fighting *undred Cears0 War, which had been going on since !!8. south coast of $ngland, where #odiam was to be built, was in constant threat of %rench invasion. castle defends upper reaches of a river that was navigable to #odiam in medieval times. #ut no invasion from %rance ever came and #odiam was never involved in an official siege. Indeed, castle was well positioned for shipment of unta/ed wool directly to norrn Italy where contemporaries of ,ir $dward like Fohn *awkwood were successful mercenaries. With collapse of %lorence7based <eru44i #ank -bankers to $dward III., traditional finance for e/port of wool was limited. And as "anterbury had lost of Iueenborough in enhanced given a hefty e/port ta/ of fifty shillings a sack. ,ir $dward died childless around !;: and castle passed to his bror0s children, including William 'allingridge, before passing to ,ir 3homas Eewknor and family in late fifteenth century. 'uring centuries since its building, castle was owned by a succession of powerful ,usse/ families, including #osvilles and Eevett family, for whom lane in front of castle today is named. After slighting in ))= it fell into decay until B(th "entury, at one point its stones even looted by local builders. castle was acquired and restored by Eord "ur4on and bequead by him to National 3rust in ,eptember ;B). 1.2.3 Popular culture <icturesque, castle has been seen in several films and videos. se include Monty Python and Holy Grail , in an establishing shot identifying it as @,wamp "astle@ in @3ale of ,ir Eancelot@ sequence, music video for ,a/on0s ;6! single @<ower and 9lory@, and music video for $nya0s song @ "elts@. It also appeared in Doctor Who episode, King's Demons . #odiam "astle was also used for e/teriors of *untington "astle in third season of 5obin of ,herwood in two7part episode @*erne0s ,on@, and as an unnamed rural castle in Joe's Palace. castle was also featured in several episodes of cult I3A series &nightmare, being used as both a background setting and a A5 background in which dungeoneers walked in. castle was also featured in an aerial shot in 2annheim ,teamrollers @9od 5est Ce 2erry 9entlemen@ video, often being shown on huge screens when on tour.
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wool staple to

north &ent port

!)6, opportunities for e/porters of wool from $ast ,usse/ had been

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1.# Wi$!s r Castle Windsor "astle, in Windsor in $nglish county of #erkshire, is largest inhabited castle in world and, dating back to time of William "onqueror, is oldest in continuous occupation. castle0s floor area is appro/imately =6=,((( square feet -==,;): square metres.. 3oger with #uckingham <alace in Eondon and *olyrood <alace in $dinburgh, it is one of principal official residences of #ritish monarch. Iueen $li4abeth II spends many weekends of year at castle, using it for both state and private entertaining. *er or two residences, ,andringham *ouse and #almoral "astle, are 5oyal %amily0s private homes. 2ost of &ings and Iueens of $ngland, later &ings and Iueens of 9reat #ritain, and later still kings and queens of "ommonwealth realms, have had a direct influence on construction and evolution of castle, which has been ir garrison fortress, home, official palace, and sometimes ir prison. castle0s history and that of #ritish monarchy are ine/tricably linked. "hronologically history of castle can be traced through reigns of monarchs who have occupied it. When country has been at peace, castle has been e/panded by additions of large and grand apartmentsD when country has been at war, castle has been more heavily fortified. 3his pattern has continued to present day.

1.3.1 Layout

Key to plan   

AH round tower #H >pper Ward, Iuadrangle -as this courtyard is known. "H ,tate Apartments

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'H <rivate Apartments, overlooking $ast terrace



$H ,outh Wing, overlooking Eong Walk

   

%H Eower Ward 9H ,t 9eorge0s "hapel *H *orseshoe "loister &H &ing *enry AIII 9ate -principal entrance.

    

EH Eong Walk 2H Norman 9ate NH North 3errace +H $dward III 3ower 3H "urfew 3ower

3hroughout its ;((7year history, design of Windsor "astle has changed and evolved according to times, tastes, requirements and finances of successive 2onarchs. Neverless, positions of main features have remained largely fi/ed and modern plan below is a useful guide to locations. castle today, for e/ample, remains centred on motte or artificial hill -@A@ on plan. on which William "onqueror built first wooden castle between (8( to (6) A'. "astle was later rebuilt in stone, and grew in importance over years. *enry II constructed 5ound 3ower and original stone outer wall. highly visible landmark of castle, 5ound 3ower -@A@., is in reality far from cylindrical, its shape being dictated by irregular, but seemingly
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round, man7made hill on which it sits. castle0s layout dates back to medieval fortifications. 5ound 3ower divides castle into two distinct sections known as wards. Eower Ward -@%@. is home to ,t 9eorge0s "hapel -@9@., while upper ward -@#@. contains private 5oyal Apartments -@'@. and more formal state rooms -@"@., which include ,t 9eorge0s *all, a vast room which has a ceiling decorated with coats of arms of past and present members of +rder of 9arter.

1.#.2 S% rt Hist r& &ing $dward III was born in castle on ! November ! B, and was often referred to as @$dward of Windsor@. #eginning in !:(, he initiated a B=7year rebuilding program by demolishing e/isting castle, with e/ception of "urfew 3ower -@3@. and some or minor outworks. *e placed William of Wickham in overall charge of rebuilding and design of new castle. *enry II0s keep - 5ound 3ower. was replaced by present keep, although it was not raised to its present height until ;th century. fortifications too were furr increased. castle0s chapel was substantially enlarged, but plans to build a new church were not e/ecuted, probably due to scarcity of manpower and resources following #lack 'eath. Also dating from this time is Norman 9ate -@2@.. 3his large and imposing gate at foot of 5ound 3ower is last bastion of defense before >pper Ward -@#@. where 5oyal Apartments are situated. In !=6 &ing $dward III established +rder of 9arter, whose annual ceremony still takes place in ,t 9eorge0s "hapel, principal chapel of castle. In !:!? !:=, he had Aerary <orch built. In !;(, during and a reign of 5ichard II, it was restoration process was

found that ,t 9eorge0s chapel was close to collapse, undertaken. clerk of works was one of &ing 5ichard0s favorites, 9eoffrey "haucer, who served as a diplomat and "lerk of &ing0s Works. Whatever his skills as a surveyor and builder were, within :( years of his restoration chapel was again ruinous.
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ANTET first Corkist &ing, who was said to be addicted to "

&ing $dward IA - =) ? =6!.,

advauncement o vaine pompe" !sic", began construction of present ,t. 9eorge0s "hapel. In reality chapel, begun in =8:, is more a miniature cadral and royal mausoleum than a chapel. Its architecture is an e/ercise in <erpendicular 9othic style. 'uring reign of *enry AII, some of original chapel of ,t. 9eorge was demolished to make way for Eady "hapel, which &ing n abandoned. building was one of first truly grand pieces of architecture within castle precincts. construction of chapel marked a turning point in architecture of castle. more stable political climate following end of Wars of 5oses meant that future building tended to be more considerate of comfort and style than of fortification. In this way castle0s role changed from that of royal bastion to that of a royal palace. +ne e/ample of this is @*orseshoe "loister@ -@*@. from =6(, built near chapel to house its clergy. 3his curved brick building is said to be in shape of a fetlockH one of badges used by $dward IA. 5estoration work in 68 was heavy, and little of original building remains.

CHAPTER II
PALACES IN ENGLAND

2.1 T wer ' L $! $ *er 2a1esty0s 5oyal <alace and %ortress, more commonly known as 3ower of Eondon -and historically as 3ower., is a historic monument in central Eondon, $ngland, on north bank of 5iver 3hames. It is located within Eondon #orough of 3ower *amlets and is separated from eastern edge of "ity of Eondon by open space known as 3ower *ill.

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3ower of Eondon is often identified with White 3ower, original stark square fortress built by William "onqueror in (86. *owever, tower as a whole is a comple/ of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. tower0s primary function was a fortress, a royal palace, and a prison -particularly for high status and royal prisoners, such as <rinces in 3ower and future Iueen $li4abeth I.. 3his last use has led to phrase @sent to 3ower@ -meaning @imprisoned@.. It has also served as a place of e/ecution and torture, an armoury, a treasury, a 4oo, 5oyal 2int, a public records office, an observatory, and since !(!, home of "rown Fewels of >nited &ingdom.

2.1.1 Construction history

#$%$%$%$ White &o'er

At centre of 3ower of Eondon stands Norman White 3ower built in (86 by William "onqueror -reigned ())768. inside souast angle of city walls, ad1acent to 3hames. 3his was as much to protect Normans from people of "ity of Eondon as to protect Eondon from outside invaders. William appointed 9undulf, #ishop of 5ochester, as architect. %ine "aen stone, imported from %rance, was used for corners of building and as door and window dressings, though &entish ragstone was used for bulk of edifice. According to legend mortar used in its construction was tempered by blood of beasts. Anor legend ascribed 3ower not to William but to 5omans. William ,hakespeare in his play 5ichard III stated that it was built by Fulius "aesar. White 3ower is ;( feet -B8 m. high and walls vary from : feet -=.: m. thick at base to almost feet -!.! m. in upper parts. Above battlements rise four turretsD three of m are square, but one on norast is circular, in order to accommodate a spiral staircase. 3his turret was briefly used as first royal observatory in reign of "harles II. "ompleting defences to south of 3ower was bailey. In ;(s, &ing 5ichard Eionheart -reigned 6;7;;. enclosed White 3ower with a curtain wall, and had a moat dug around it filled with water from 3hames. 5ichard utilised
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pre7e/isting 5oman city wall, to east, as part of circuit. <art of wall he built was incorporated into later circuit wall of *enry III and is still e/tant, running between #loody 3ower and #ell 3ower, latter of which also dates to his reign. In B=( *enry III had e/terior of building whitewashed, which is how it got its name.

#$%$%$# (nmost Ward In early thirteenth century *enry III -reigned B )78B. transformed 3ower into a ma1or royal residence and had palatial buildings constructed within Inner #ailey to south of White 3ower. 3his Inmost Ward was entered by now ruined "oldharbour 9ate to NW and bounded by a wall, fortified by Wakefield 3ower to ,W, Eanthorn 3ower to ,$, and now ruined Wardrobe 3ower to N$. well appointed Wakefield 3ower and Eanthorn 3ower were integral parts of this new royal palace, and ad1oined now demolished 9reat *all situated between m. 3ower remained a royal residence until time of +liver "romwell, who demolished some of old palatial buildings.

#$%$%$) (nner Ward

White 3ower and Inmost Ward are situated in

Inner Ward,

defended by a massive curtain wall, built by *enry III from B!6 onwards. In order to e/tend circuit city wall to east was broken down, despite protests of citi4ens of Eondon and even supernatural warnings, according to chronicler 2atw <aris. wall has thirteen towersH Wakefield 3ower 7 largest of towers in curtain wall. According to tradition this was where imprisoned &ing *enry AI was murdered as he knelt at prayer. •


Eanthorn 3ower ,alt 3ower #road Arrow 3ower
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"onstable 3ower 2artin 3ower. "rown Fewels were kept here from )); until 6=B. 3his was scene of attempted ft of 1ewels by "olonel #lood in )8 . #rick 3ower #owyer 3ower %lint 3ower 'evereu/ 3ower #eauchamp 3ower -pronounced 0#eecham0. #ell 3ower 7 oldest tower in circuit, built in rung from this tower for over :(( years. ;(s as part of fortification of 5ichard I

• • • • • •

and later incorporated into that of *enry III. Named after curfew bell which has been


#loody 3ower -or 9arden 3ower., so named after a legend that <rinces in 3ower were murdered re.

#$%$%$* +uter Ward #etween B8: and B6: by $dward I -reigned B8B7 !(8. built an outer curtain wall, completely enclosing inner wall and thus creating a concentric double defence. *e filled in moat and built a new moat around new outer wall. space between walls is called +uter Ward. wall has five towers facing riverH • • • • #yward 3ower

,t 3homas0s 3ower, built between B8:7 B8; by $dward I to provide additional royal accommodation for &ing. "radle 3ower Well 3ower
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'evelin 3ower

+n north face of outer wall are three semicircular bastions, #rass 2ount, North #astion and Eegge0s 2ount. water entrance to 3ower is often referred to as 3raitor0s 9ate because prisoners accused of treason such as Iueen Anne #oleyn and ,ir 3homas 2ore are said to have passed through it. 3raitor0s 9ate cuts through ,t 3homas0s 3ower and replaced *enry III0s watergate in #loody 3ower behind it. #ehind 3raitors 9ate in pool was an engine used to raise water to a cistern located on roof of White 3ower. engine was originally powered by force of tide or by horsepower and eventually by steampowerD this was adapted around 8B= to drive machinery for boring gun barrels. It was removed in 6)(s. 3udor 3imber %raming seen above great arch of ;th century. 3raitor0s 9ate dates from :!B and was restored in

#$%$%$, Western -ntrance and Moat A ditch or moat, now dry, encircles whole, crossed at southwestern angle by a stone bridge, leading to #yward 3ower from 2iddle 3ower 7 a gateway which had formerly an outwork, called Eion 3ower. 3ower today is principally a tourist attraction. #esides buildings mselves, #ritish "rown Fewels, a fine armour collection from 5oyal Armouries, and a remnant of wall of 5oman fortress are on display. tower is manned by Ceomen Warders -known as .ee eaters., who act as tour guides, provide security, and are a tourist attraction in ir own right. $very evening, warders participate in "eremony of &eys as 3ower is secured for night.

2.2 Ha"(t $ C )rt Palace *ampton "ourt <alace is a royal palace in Eondon #orough of 5ichmond upon 3hames in south west EondonD it has not been lived in by #ritish royal family since century. palace is located 6th .8 miles - 6.6 km. south west of "haring "ross and upstream
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of "entral Eondon on

a favourite of &ing *enry AIII, circa : =D in :B;, as Wolsey fell from favour, palace was passed to &ing, who enlarged it. following century, William III0s massive rebuilding and e/pansion pro1ect intended to rival Aersailles was begun. Work halted in );=, leaving palace in two distinct contrasting architectural styles, domestic 3udor and #aroque. While palace0s styles are an accident of fate, a unity e/ists due to use of pink bricks and an, albeit vague, symmetrical balancing of successive low wings. 3oday, palace is open to public, and is a ma1or tourist attraction. palace0s *ome <ark is site of annual *ampton "ourt <alace %estival and *ampton "ourt <alace %lower ,how. Along with ,t. Fames0s <alace, it is one of only two surviving palaces out of many owned by *enry AIII.

2.2.1 Short History #$#$%$% &udor Period 3homas Wolsey, Archbishop of Cork, "hief 2inister and favourite of &ing *enry AIII, took over site of *ampton "ourt <alace in : =. It had previously been a property of +rder of ,t Fohn of Ferusalem. +ver following seven years, Wolsey spent lavishly to build finest palace in $ngland at *ampton "ourt, a figure of B((,((( gold crowns. Wolsey rebuilt e/isting manor house to form nucleus of present palace. 3oday, little of Wolsey0s building works remains unchanged . first courtyard, #ase "ourt, - . on plan., was his creation, as was second, inner gatehouse -/. which leads to "lock "ourt - D. -Wolsey0s seal remains visible over entrance arch of clock tower. which contained his private rooms -+ on plan.. #ase "ourt contained forty7four lodgings reserved for guests, while second court -today, "lock "ourt. contained very best roomsK state apartmentsKreserved for &ing and his family. *enry AIII stayed in state apartments as Wolsey0s guest immediately after ir completion in :B:. At this time, *ampton "ourt was more magnificent than &ing0s own palace, Cork <lace, as <alace of Whitehall was n known. fact did not escape &ing0s notice.

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In building his palace, Wolsey was attempting to create a 5enaissance cardinal0s palace featuring rectilinear symmetrical planning with grand apartments on a raised piano noble, all rendered with classical detailing. Fonathan %oyle has suggested that it is likely that Wolsey had been inspired by <aolo "ortese0s De /ardinalatu, a manual for cardinals that included advice on palatial architecture, published in : (. architectural historian ,ir Fohn ,ummerson asserts that palace shows @ essence of WolseyK plain $nglish churchman who neverless made his sovereign arbiter of $urope and who built and furnished *ampton "ourt to show foreign embassies that *enry AIII0s chief minister knew how to live as graciously as any cardinal in 5ome.@ Whatever concepts were, architecture is an e/cellent and rare e/ample of a thirty7year era when $nglish architecture was in a harmonious transition from domestic 3udor, strongly influenced by perpendicular 9othic, to Italian 5enaissance classical style. <erpendicular 9othic owed nothing historically to 5enaissance style, yet harmoni4ed well with it. 3his blending of styles was reali4ed by a small group of Italian craftsmen working at $nglish court in second and third decades of si/teenth century. y speciali4ed in adding of 5enaissance ornament to orwise straightforward 3udor buildings. It was one of se, 9iovanni da 2aiano who was responsible for set of eight relief busts of 5oman emperors which were set in 3udor brickwork. In :B6, knowing that his enemies and &ing were engineering his downfall, he passed palace to &ing as a gift. Wolsey died following year. Within si/ months of coming into ownership, &ing began his own rebuilding and e/pansion. *enry AIII0s court consisted of over one thousand people, while &ing owned over si/ty houses and palaces. %ew of se were large enough to hold assembled court, and thus one of first of &ing0s building works -in order to transform *ampton "ourt to a principal residence. was to build vast kitchens. se were quadrupled in si4e in :B;. architecture of &ing *enry0s new palace followed design precedent set by WolseyH perpendicular 9othic7inspired 3udor with restrained 5enaissance ornament. 3his hybrid architecture was to remain almost unchanged for nearly a century, until Inigo Fones introduced strong classical influences from Italy to Eondon palaces of first ,tuart kings.

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#etween :!B and :!: *enry added 9reat *all - last medieval great hall built for $nglish monarchy. and 5oyal 3ennis "ourt. 9reat *all features a carved hammer7beam roof. 'uring 3udor times, this was most important room of palaceD here, &ing would dine in state seated at a table upon a raised dais. hall took five years to complete, so impatient was &ing for completion that masons were compelled to work throughout night by candlelight. gatehouse to second, inner court was adorned in :=( with an early e/ample of a post7 "opernican astronomical clock. ,till functioning, clock shows time of day, phases of moon, month, quarter of year, date, sun and star sign, and high water at Eondon #ridge. latter information was of great importance to those visiting this 3hames7side palace from Eondon, as preferred method of transport at time was by barge, and at low water Eondon #ridge created dangerous rapids. 3his gatehouse is also known today as Anne #oleyn0s gate, after *enry0s second wife. Work was still underway on Anne #oleyn0s apartments above gate when &ing, having tired of her, had her e/ecuted. 'uring 3udor period, palace was :!8, scene of many historic events. In &ing0s much

desired male heir, future $dward AI, was born at palace and child0s mor, Fane ,eymour, died re two weeks later. %our years afterwards, while attending mass in palace0s chapel, &ing was informed of his ne/t wife0s adultery. Iueen, "arine *oward, was dragged away, screaming, from a gallery leading to chapel. *er ghost is said to haunt it. double height chapel was begun by Wolsey and completed under *enry AIII. Its timber and plaster ceiling, a 9othic vault with 5enaissance pendants completed by trumpeting boys, is considered @most important and magnificent in #ritain.@ altar is framed by a massive oak reredos in #aroque style carved by 9rinling 9ibbons during reign of Iueen Anne. +pposite altar, at first floor level, is royal pew where royal family would attend services apart from general congregation seated below. &ing *enry died in Fanuary :=8 and was succeeded first by his son $dward AI, and n by both his daughters in turn. It was to *ampton "ourt that Iueen 2ary I -*enry0s eldest daughter. retreated with &ing <hilip II of ,pain to spend her honeymoon, after ir wedding at Winchester.
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marriage, politically e/pedient rar than a love match, proved childless, and 2ary was succeeded by her half7sister, $li4abeth I. It was $li4abeth who had $astern kitchen builtD today, this is palace0s public tea room.

#$#$%$# Stuart period

+n death of $li4abeth I in )(!, 3udor period came to an end. Iueen was succeeded by her cousin7once7removed, ,cottish &ing, Fames AI, who became known in $ngland as Fames I of *ouse of ,tewart. In )(=, palace was site of &ing Fames0 meeting with representatives of $nglish <uritans, known as *ampton "ourt "onferenceD while agreement with <uritans was not reached, meeting led to Fames0s commissioning of &ing Fames Aersion of #ible. &ing Fames was succeeded in )B) by his son, ill7fated "harles I. %or this king, *ampton "ourt was to become both his palace and his prison. It was also setting for his honeymoon with his fifteen year old bride, *enrietta 2aria in )B:. %ollowing &ing "harles0 e/ecution in )=8, palace became property of "ommonwealth presided over by +liver "romwell. >nlike some or former royal properties, palace escaped relatively unscad. While government auctioned much of contents, building was ignored. After 5estoration, &ing "harles II and his successor Fames II, visited *ampton "ourt, but largely preferred to reside elsewhere. #y this time, by current %rench court standards
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*ampton "ourt appeared old7fashioned. It was in )6;, shortly after Eouis LIA0s court had moved permanently to Aersailles, that palace0s antiquated state was addressed. $ngland had two new 1oint monarchs, William of +range and his wife, daughter of Fames II, Iueen 2ary II. Within months of ir accession y embarked on a massive rebuilding pro1ect at *ampton "ourt. intention was to demolish 3udor palace a section at a time, while replacing it with a huge modern palace in #aroque style retaining only *enry AIII0s 9reat *all. country0s most eminent architect, ,ir "hristopher Wren, was called upon to draw plans, while master of works was to be William 3alman. plan was for a vast palace constructed around two courtyards at right angles to each or. Wren0s design for a domed palace bore resemblances to work of Fules *ardouin 2ansart and Eouis Ee Aau, both architects employed by Eouis LIA at Aersailles. It has been suggested, though, that plans were abandoned because resemblance to Aersailles was too subtle and not strong enoughD at this time, it was impossible for any sovereign to visuali4e a palace that did not emulate Aersailles0 repetitive #aroque form. *owever, resemblances are reH while facades are not so long as those of Aersailles, y have similar seemingly unstoppable repetitive rhythms beneath a long flat skyline. monotony is even repeated as facade turns corner from east to south fronts. *owever, *ampton "ourt, unlike Aersailles, is given an e/tra dimension by contrast between pink brick and pale <ortland stone quoins, frames and banding. %urr diversion is added by circular and decorated windows of second floor me44anine. 3his me is repeated in inner %ountain "ourt, but rhythm is faster and windows, unregimented on outer facades, are given pointed pediments in courtyardD this has led courtyard to be described as @,tartling, as of simultaneous e/posure to a great many eyes with raised eyebrows.@ 'uring this work, half 3udor palace was replaced and *enry AIII0s state rooms were lostD new wings around %ountain "ourt contained new state apartments and private rooms, one set for &ing and one for Iueen. $ach suite of state rooms was accessed by a state staircase. royal suites were of completely equal value in order to reflect William and 2ary0s unique status as 1oint sovereigns. &ing0s Apartments face south over %ountain 9arden. running length of <rivy 9arden, Iueen0s east over suites are linked by a gallery east facade, anor reference to
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Aersailles, where &ing and Iueen0s apartments are linked by 9alerie des 9laces. *owever, at *ampton "ourt linking gallery is of more modest proportions and decoration. &ing0s staircase was decorated with frescos by Antonio Aerrio and delicate ironwork by Fean 3i1ou. +r artists commissioned to decorate rooms included 9rinling 9ibbons, ,ir Fames 3hornhill and Facques 5ousseauD furnishings were designed by 'aniel 2arot. After death of Iueen 2ary, &ing William lost interest in renovations, and work ceased. *owever, it was in *ampton "ourt <ark in 8(B that he fell from his horse, later dying from his in1uries at &ensington <alace. *e was succeeded by his sister7in7law Iueen Anne who continued decoration and completion of state apartments. +n Iueen Anne0s death in 8 = ,tuart dynasty came to an end. Iueen AnneMs successor was 9eorge ID he and his son 9eorge II were last monarchs to reside at *ampton "ourt. >nder 9eorge I si/ rooms were completed in 8 8 to design of Fohn Aanbrugh. >nder 9eorge II and his Iueen, "aroline, furr refurbishment took place, with architect William &ent employed to design new furnishings and decor including <rivate Apartments are open to public and include her bathroom and bedroom. Iueen0s ,taircase, - 8!!. and "umberland ,uite - 8!8. for 'uke of "umberland. 3oday, Iueen0s

#$#$%$) Grounds grounds as y appear today were laid out in grand style in late 8th century. re are no auntic remains of *enry AIII0s gardens, merely a small knot, planted in ;B= which hints at gardens0 )th century appearance. 3oday, dominating feature of grounds is great landscaping scheme constructed for ,ir "hristopher Wren0s intended new palace. %rom a water7bounded semicircular parterre, length of east front, three avenues radiate in crow0s foot pattern. central avenue containing not a walk or a drive, but great canal, known as Eong Water, e/cavated during reign of "harles II, in ))B. design, radical at time, is anor immediately recogni4able influence from Aersailles, and was indeed laid out by pupils of Andre Ee NNtre, Eouis LIA0s landscape gardener. +n south side of palace is <rivy 9arden bounded by semi7circular wrought iron gates by Fean 3i1ou. 3his garden, originally William III0s private garden, was replanted in manicured hollies and yews along a geometric system of paths.
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+n a raised site overlooking 3hames, is a small pavilion, #anqueting *ouse. 3his was built circa 8((, for pleasurable and informal picnics and entertainments in gardens rar than for larger state dinners which would have taken place inside palace itself. A nearby conservatory houses @9reat Aine@, planted in 8);D by ;)6 it had a trunk 6 inches thick and has a length of (( feet. It still produces an annual crop of grapes. A well known curiosity of palace0s grounds is *ampton "ourt 2a4eD planted sometime during );(s by 9eorge Eondon and *enry Wise for William III of +range. ma4e covers a third of an acre and contains half a mile of paths. It is possible that current design replaced an earlier ma4e planted for 3homas "ardinal Wolsey. It was originally planted with hornbeamD it has been repaired latterly using many different types of hedge.

2.# *e$si$+t $ Palace &ensington <alace is a royal residence set in &ensington 9ardens in 5oyal #orough of &ensington and "helsea in Eondon, $ngland. It has been a residence of #ritish 5oyal %amily since 8th century. 3oday it is official residence of 'uke and 'uchess of 9loucesterD 'uke and 'uchess of &entD and <rince and <rincess 2ichael of &ent. &ensington <alace is also used on an unofficial basis by <rince *enry, as well as his cousin Oara <hillips. It is 9rade I listed. It was official residence of 'iana, <rincess of Wales -until ;;8., of <rincess 2argaret -until B((B. and of <rincess Alice -until B((=..

2.3.1 Short history original early 8th7century building was constructed in village of &ensington as

Nottingham *ouse for $arl of Nottingham. It was acquired from his heir, who was ,ecretary of ,tate to William III, in )6;, because &ing wanted a residence near Eondon but away from smoky air of capital, because he was asthmatic. At that time &ensington was a suburban village location outside Eondon, but more accessible than *ampton "ourt, a water 1ourney on 3hames.
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A private road was laid out from

carriages to travel abreast, part of which survives today as 5otten 5ow. <alace was improved and e/tended by ,ir "hristopher Wren with pavilions attached to each corner of central block, for it now needed paired 5oyal Apartments approached by 9reat ,tairs, a council chamber, and "hapel 5oyal. n, when Wren re7oriented house to face west, he built north and south wings to flank approach, made into a proper cour d'honneur that was entered through an archway surmounted by a clock tower. Neverless, as a private domestic retreat, it was referred to as &ensington *ouse, rar than 0<alace0. walled kitchen gardens at &ensington *ouse supplied fruits and vegetables for "ourt of ,t. Fames0s. %or seventy years, &ensington <alace was favored residence of #ritish monarchs, although official seat of "ourt was and remains at ,t. Fames0s which has not been actual royal residence in Eondon since 8th century. Iueen 2ary died of smallpo/ in &ensington );=. In 8(B William suffered a fall from a horse <alace in

at *ampton "ourt and was brought to &ensington <alace, where he shortly died. After William III0s death, palace became residence of Iueen Anne. ,ir Fohn Aanbrugh designed +rangery for her in 8(=, and a magnificent baroque parterre !( acre - B ,((( mP. garden was laid out by *enry Wise, whose nursery was nearby at #rampton 9eorge I spent lavishly on new royal apartments from 8 6. William &ent painted a staircase and some ceilings. In 8BB he designed "upola 5oom, principal state room, with feigned coffering in its high coved ceilingD in 6 ; "upola 5oom was site of christening of <rincess Ale/andrina Aictoria, who had been born at &ensington, in apartments of 'uke and 'uchess of &ent - actual room being what is now North 'rawing 5oom.. last reigning monarch to use &ensington <alace was 9eorge II. %or his consort, "harles #ridgeman swept away outmoded parterres and redesigned &ensington 9ardens in a form that is still recogni4able todayH his remaining features are ,erpentine, basin called 5ound <ond, and #road Walk. After 9eorge II0s death in palace in 8)(, &ensington <alace was only used for more minor 5oyalty, including young daughter of 'uke of &ent who was living in <alace with her widowed mor when she was told of her accession to throne as Iueen Aictoria. Iueen 2ary -grandmor of present Iueen. was born at &ensington <alace in 6)8. *er parents, 'uke and 'uchess of 3eck, were living at palace.
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In

;6

apartments 6 and ; were combined to create newly married <rince and <rincess of

Eondon residence of

Wales, "harles and 'iana, and it remained official residence of 'iana, <rincess of Wales after her divorce until her death. *er sons, <rince William and <rince *arry, went to local nursery and pre7preparatory schools in Notting *ill, which is a short drive away. nearest tubes are in Iueensway, #ayswater, *igh ,treet &ensington, or -slightly furr. 9loucester 5oad. ,tate 5ooms are managed by charity *istoric 5oyal <alaces. offices and private accommodation areas of <alace remain responsibility of 5oyal *ousehold and are maintained by 5oyal *ousehold <roperty ,ection. It is a notable feature that since senior members of 5oyal family no longer reside at palace, both state of art security systems and cameras and presence of armed or unarmed metropolitan police officers are no longer utili4ed at palace. 3his was a decision to reinforce reality that palace is open to public. main gate of palace is also now a ma1or thoroughfare into palace and its e/hibitions and displays.

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BIBLIOGRAPH,

• • • •

#ailety #rian, Romantic Ruins o -ngland and Wales0 <eerage #ooks, ;6= #ely Eucien, -nglish castles, Iuest, ;6: "hokebore, <etrel, /astles around 'orld, New Cork, +limpia ;; "ornmack <atrick0 /astles o .ritain, Eondon, Artus <ublishing, ;;:

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