Chapter 1

 

1  Chapter 1  1  THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKROUND

Introduction   Time management is a specialised area of organisation. It is personal management of tasks and resources. It requires planning and prioritising. When we are under pressure, juggling with many things to do, we need to sort our actions. However, some people have difficulty with managing their time effectively. We are all guilty of wanting to ‗put things off until tomorrow‘ or saying, ―I‘ll just  just  have a cup of coffee before‖. before‖ . If time is not managed effectively, individuals become inefficient and stressed. People with hidden disabilities often leave things to the last moment and this can accelerate a creative surge and some brilliant work may be achieved. However, from the point of view of  day-to-day management in the workplace this may not be satisfactory. Increased stress can have a very debilitating effect on some people‘s performance. For some, the need to maintain organisation of self, drives towards an obsession with time and routine. In this case, lack of flexibility may be a problem. Time and routine. In this case, lack of flexibility may be a problem. Allowance is often made for late delivery or additional time is allowed; these adjustments are rarely practical at work.

 

2  Academic performance is deal among a students on how they cope and accomplish a task that given by their teacher. In this research we pursue to show

how

the

working

students

effects

in

comes

in

their

academic

performance, and the responsibilities of the working students in comes on their work as well as their studies. Another factor is associated with the ability to test the competence of a working student. This reflects how the students cope with an amount of study materials for their examination. Test competency is operationally defined as student's ability to manage their time in comes from their work as well as their studies.

  The primary focus in this study is to explore the effects on their academic performance, time management, test the competence, and the strategy study techniques. Strategic studying technique that might help the working students to have a high grades. Strategy study technique is defined as a knowledge and application that affects the studying skill of a student. Working students has many obstacles to overcome in order to achieve their optimal academic performance.

 

3  Statement of the Problem   The researchers aim to know the Difficulties on Time Management Encountered by Selected BSN Working Students Specifically, the study aim to answer the following questions: 1.  What is the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of: a.  Age b.  Gender c.  Occupation/Work 2.  What are the difficulties in Time Management encountered by BSN working students? 3.  What

are

the

difficulties

on

time

management

in

school-related

activities? 4.  What is the relationship between the difficulties you encountered in time management on school-related activities?

Hypothesis Ho:

there is no significant relationship between the effects on

students who are working and studying at the same time

 

4  Background Study  This study is mainly focused on the level of difficulty among the working students and the effects on their academic performance, as a students as well as the respondents we‘ve interviewed we also tend to question ourselves about the problem encountered by the working students related to their work, and the stressful effect in comes on their academic performance. How are they  supposed to cope up with all the stress and responsibilities? You also might question that to yourself, so now we‘ve conducted this study on how it is to have a job and study at the same time, and how stressful they encountered?   That must be difficult but we can never know unless we ask people who are working students.

Significance of the Problem  This study aimed to give information about the chain reaction of being a working student. The researcher believes that this study will be much beneficial to the following. Readers: This Readers:  This study intends to understand the level of difficulties encountered by BSN working students in time management and its effect in their academic performance. This could somehow broaden the view of the readers about proper time management skill for working students as well as different strategies that can improve them in handling stress at work and school.

 

5  Working Students:   This study also help the respondent in identifying their level of difficulty that they encountered in managing time. The researchers believe that these working student are striving hard to get a salary that they  deserve as well as achieving a good grade in all subject that they‘re enrolled this semester. Respondents:: for them to be knowledge with reference to the fruit of having a Respondents  job while studying at the same time To the researchers: researchers: For them to work and research more regarding the effect ofbeing a working student and to serve as a reference and background of their study and expand their studies. Further, so that they can also help educate other students the way the researcher of this study had done.

Scope and Limitations   This study is intended to determine the level of difficulties in time management encountered by selected BSN working students and its effect to their academic performance. It is focused on why these working students encountered.   The research limit the respondents to a total of twenty (20) working student who are taking the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing and currently enrolled at Our Lady of Fatima University Quezon City Campus, the study was conducted for one (1) day within the limitation of school premises of 

 

6  Our Lady of Fatima specifically at the college of nursing building located at Regalado Avenue, Lagro Quezon City. The ages of the respondents range from 18 years old above.

 

7  Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES   This chapter presents the related literature and studies that had been gathered by the researchers. It consist of foreign and local literatures and studies that were mostly found in the internet, various written and thesis that were

conducted

by

previous

researchers.

The

conceptual

framework,

theoretical framework, research paradigm and some definition of terms were also included in this chapter for further clarification and verification of difficult terms.

Foreign Literature Poor time management skills are one of the main factors of stress. If you are able to find a way to improve your use of time then you will be well on your way to managing your stress levels (Ghebre, 2008). As defined, stress is the ―wear and tear‖ our bodies experience experience as we adjust to continually changing environment (Kozier, 2008). It is identical to our compensatory mechanisms in which our body will find a way to promote homeostasis or balance in our body  system. When you don't organize your time properly projects pile up and you find yourself tackling more than one thing at a time. The goal is to have control over your use of time and set a reasonable time frame for the completion of  tasks and spend your time wisely (Ghebre, 2008). It is also advisable to use

 

8  different relaxation techniques if you‘re still having difficultes in time management because of stress from work (Family Health Guide, 4th ed. 2007).

Setting priorities is one of the most important things to do in managing time. There are many ways to set priorities; The ABC analysis is a technique that has been used in business management for a long time is the categorization of large data into groups. These groups are often marked A, B, and C — h hence ence the name (Lakein, 1973). Another one is the Pareto analysis wherein This is the idea that 80% of tasks can be completed in 20% of the disposable time. The remaining 20% of tasks will take up 80% of the time. This principle is used to sort tasks into two parts (Horton, 1991).

Foreign Studies A study was conducted about adults who are attending the Weekend College Program (WEC). Based on the results, not surprisingly, 40% (185 participants) reported that attending school interferes with family time or events, on the other hand, twenty-one percent or ninety-six (96) of respondents reported that attending school takes time away from work. Some felt stress, reporting that they were busy or tired at work as a result of attending school (74 or 16%). Positive reactions included increased business knowledge, other skills, and understanding and confidence at work (71 or 15% of the respondents). Additionally 41 or 9% reported that they were able to apply 

 

9  learning gained in school to the work environment. Fifty-six (12%) reported that attending school had enhanced their careers; 19 (4%) reported that there was an increase in respect or status at work (Kirby et al, 2007). This study  concludes that most of the adult students are having difficult time in their college life and their work.

Local Literature An article about life as a working student and contribution to other students about their experience was published. According to the article, all the things happening in our country certainly affect the youth, but they should not drive us to despair. Instead, let us take them as a challenge to make a difference, for the future awaits us. Being a better youth today ensures a brighter future tomorrow. Let us always believe in God, pray without ceasing and stick to the hope that we can achieve our goals through sheer determination (Rillorta, 2008). This message encourages all working students to strive hard in their work and studies and also to not forget to pray for God to give thanks for the blessings we receive.

Local Studies A study was conducted about the impact of part-time jobs to junior nursing students in their school performance. Their findings revealed that

 

10  36.67% percent of respondents seek part-time jobs for personal experience. During major exams, they usually got average scores, they do not exceed from 4-5 days of absentees per semester, and 83% percent of them pass their requirements on time. Regardless of their tiring schedule, they were competent enough to handle both studies and work (Bautista et al., 2006). A study was also conducted last 2008 about the factors affecting their academic performance of NCM 105 students with minor subjects. Based on the findings, that work load (minor subjects currently enrolled), time conflict on clinical duties, distance of school from institutions, sleeping patterns, and their financial status are one of the factors that were percieved by the students (Abella et al, 2008). In relation to the working students, time is their only  problem with regards to their work and studying at school. And these factors may lead to difficulties in time management that affect their academic performance. Insomnia is one of the conditions in which a person has difficulty getting sufficient sleep (Encarta, 2005). It can be as one of the key factors that causes level of difficuty in time management. According to the findings, 50% or fifteen (15)

respondents

percieved

the

effects

of

insomnia

in

their

academic

performance (Berdin et al, 2008). Working students also have a tendency to have insomnia or other forms of irregular sleeping patterns due to working at night.

 

11  Conceptual Framework In this part, the researchers used the Covey's Time Management Matrix diagram as the basis for the conceptual framework. The diagram was taken from the book “The 7 Things of High Effective Eff ective People” by People” by Stephen Covey .  The Covey's Time Management Matrix (Figure 1) is a four-quadrant box that helps us step back and think about how urgent and important our activities really are. We use it to help make better decisions about using our time. It also provides an excellent framework for learning to differentiate between important and merely urgent activities.  The chart divides into four boxes: Quadrant 1: Items that is both urgent and important important.. This category includes true emergencies - personal, medical, professional - and important deadline driven projects. Quadrant 2: Items that is not urgent but important. important. This  This includes activities that build your capability, spot new opportunities, and ensure long term success. Q2 is the quadrant of personal proactivity and power. Quadrant 3: Items that is urgent and not important. This important. This is the quadrant of  deception. These activities may seem important, but they are not really. They  only grab your attention immediately.

 

12  Quadrant 4: Items that is not urgent and not important. This important. This is the quadrant of waste. Sometimes people mistake this quadrant for recreation.  True recreation - activities that help you regain your energy and build a healthy lifestyle - belong in Quadrant 2.

Figure 1: Covey's Time Management Matrix 

 

13  Theoretical Framework  Framework   The researchers use the Time Use Efficiency Scale (TUES) as the theoretical framework in the study. Based on this theory, it is defined as making the best use of one's time (Kelly, 2002). The Time Use Efficiency Scale theory has three basic elements: awareness of time, awareness of that which fills time, and positive in-task work habits. An awareness of time suggests that individuals must be aware of time, both in general and as it passes, and use that awareness effectively. Awareness of that which fills time suggests that individuals are familiar with tasks which fill time, including an ability to analyze how long tasks take to complete, and use that awareness to allot sufficient time to complete tasks. Finally, possessing positive in-task work habits include cognitive and behavioural tasks which facilitate the completion of tasks, such as time management behaviours, attention to task, and self-discipline (Kelly, 2002)

Time Use Efficiency Scale (TUES) 

Awareness of time BASIC ELEMENTS

Awareness of that

Possessing positive in-task work habits  Figure 2: Time Use Efficiency Scale (TUES) 

 

 

14  Research Paradigm   The research paradigm consists of three (3) phases; The input, the process and the output. In the first phase, which is the input, the researchers identify the respondents‘  demographic profile, the type of job that they are working, their study habits, their level of difficulties they have encountered in time management  The second phase is the process. In this phase, the respondents will motivate to adjust their time for work and time for studies.

And lastly the output, which is the last part of the framework, both the respondents and the researchers will know the relationship between the difficulties encountered in time management in school and work-related activities. And by that, the respondents will now create strategies in time management skills between studying and working habits.

 

15 

THE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY SELECTED BSN WORKING STUDENTS IN TIME MANAGEMENT AND ITS EFFECT IN THEIR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

INPUT

       



  

Respondents’ demographic profile  profile  Type of job Working time Level of difficulties encountered by them.

PROCESS

  Gathering of 



research materials   Formulating of  survey questions   Building rapport   Collection of data, tabulating and tallying of  questionnaire or survey form.

OUTPUT

  Convey the



knowledge about the level of  difficulties encountered by selected BSN working students   The researchers and the respondents will be able to understand the level of difficulties that affects working and studying all the time

Figure 3: The Research Paradigm 

 

16  Definition of Terms  Terms  Compensatory mechanism is an action taken by the body to continue physiological function despite an alteration in natural function.  Insomnia are difficulties initiating and/or maintaining sleep, or nonrestorative sleep, associated with impairments of daytime functioning or marked distress for more than 1 month.  month.   Part-time jobs jobs  are a form of employment of  employment that carries fewer hours per week than a full-time job. full-time job. Workers are considered to be part time if they commonly  work fewer than 30 or 35 hours per week.  week.   Homeostasis is the property of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition of properties like temperature or pH. It can be either an open or closed system.  system.  Stress  typically describes a negative concept that can have an impact on one‘s Stress mental and physical well-being.  well-being.  Time Management is the act or process of planning and exercising conscious control over the amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency or productivity. productivity.  

 

17  Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 This Chapter deals with the discussion of the methods and procedures of  research to gather the needed data. It includes Research design, Locale and Population of the study, Description of the Respondents, Sampling Technique and Data Gathering Procedures.

Research Design   The Descriptive Method was utilized in the study in obtaining the data and other necessary information. The researchers used various ways in conducted a survey like personal interview through a survey questionnaire as the aforementioned are less time consuming, convenient and economical.  The researchers have to interpret the data for the best result or outcome on how the readers will understand it. And the researchers also get some information in the books and internet for elaboration of the study.

Locale and Population of the Study  The locale of the study is in the Our Lady of Fatima University situated at Hilltop Mansion Heights, Lagro Quezon City. While the Nursing building for the upper batch is situated at Regalado Ave.Fairview QC.  QC. 

 

18  Description of the Respondents   The respondents are the selected BSN working students who are studying and working at the same time. They adjust and manage their time to accomplish both work and studies. The researchers believed that these respondents were the best persons to describe and analyze the situation confronting our present research. Twenty (20) respondents were utilized in the study. The respondents were selected through means of common friends.

Sampling Technique In this study, the researchers use convenience sampling because it is easier and most expeditious way to gather the needed information and to be able to save time and effort in making this study.

Data Gathering Procedures In Data Gathering, the researchers used the questionnaire method as a instrument to gather data. The researchers used questionnaire because it does not need too much effort on the part of the respondent to answer it. It is easy  to fill-out and it takes little time for the researchers to finish it.

 

19  Statistical Treatment Data  The following statistical methods were used:

1.  Percentage of Method –  Method – This This was used for the computation of the corresponding percentage equivalent of the frequency count. It was used for the demographic profiling of respondents according to age, gender.

Formula: P= f/n x 100%

Where: P = percentage f = Frequency  n= Total no. of sample

 

2.  Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient  Coefficient   –  this is measure of  association or relationship between two variables, which are both measured are least in the continuous ordinal scale. To compute Spearman‘s rho, the cases are first ranked from the highest to the lowest one each variable and then rank is compare and manipulated to produce the final answer.

 

20  Formula:   Formula: r =1 –  =1 –  6 ∑ D2 D2 N (N2 –  (N2 – 1) 1) Where: r = Spearman‘s rho  rho  D2 = Squared of the difference of the rank Y from ran X N = No. of the respondents

3.  Weighted Mean  –  the weighted mean was used to measure the holistic view of the respondents.

Formula: WM=∑fw/N   WM=∑fw/N

Where: WM = weighted mean ∑fw = sum of the product of frequency  N = No. of the Respondents

 

21  Chapter IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA   This

chapter

presents

the

presentation,

analysis

of

information

and

interpretation of data. Table 1.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents in Terms of Age Age

Frequency

Percentage

18

2

10%

19 20

5 7

25% 35%

21

2

10%

22

3

15%

23

1

5%

 Total: 20

  This table illustrates the frequency of the respondents in terms of age.   The highest percentage among all age groups is at the age of 20 years old or thirty-five percent (35%), while the lowest is at the age of 23 with a total of five percent (5%). According to the statistics, more than 8 million young Filipino students who are working and their ages is between 15-24 years old (World Program of Action for Youth Implementation in the Philippines, 2008).

 

22  Table 1.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents in terms of their Gender Gender

Frequency

Percentage

Male

8

40%

Female

12

60%

 

Total: 20

100%

 This table represents the frequency of the respondents in terms of their gender. Overall, sixty percent (60%) or twelve (12) respondents are female while only forty percent (40%) or eight (8) respondents are male. According to the SWS survey, 35.6% of women are experiencing unemployment than men. But in reality, more women are now working.

 

23  Table 1.3 Frequency and the Percentage of the Respondents in terms of their Occupation Occupation

Frequency

Percentage

Service crew in fast food

9

45%

Salesman/saleslady

2

10%

Encoders

3

15%

Other

6

30%

restaurants

 

Total: 20

Total: 100%

 This table shows the frequency of respondents in terms of their occupation or work preference. The result shows that forty-five percent (45%) or nine (9) respondents chose to work in fast food restaurants (eg. Jolibee, McDonald‘s, KFC, etc.) as service crews, fifteen percent (15%) or three (3) respondents are working as encoders, ten percent (10%) or two (2) of the respondents are sales ladies and thirty percent (30%) or 6 respondents took other occupations such as assistant officers, promodizers and on-the-job trainees. There are no actual study regarding work preferences for working students, but most of the students prefer to work at fast food chains because of  increase of demand

 

24  Table 1.4 Frequency and Percentage of the Respondents in Terms of their Working Time Working Time

Score

Percentage

Morning

5

25%

Afternoon

10

50%

Night/graveyard

0

0%

Other

5

25%

 

Total: 20

100%

 This table shows the frequency of the respondents in terms of their working time. The results show that half of the respondents, or fifty percent (50%) are working in the afternoon while five respondents, or twenty five percent (25%) are working in the morning. The other five respondents or twenty  five percent (25%) are working in their free time. According to the Dairy  Farming Information Centre in United Kingdom, working students usually  work not more than eight hours a day in order to cope up to their studies.

 

25  Table 2 Difficulties in Time Management Encountered by Selected BSN Working Students  Level of Difficulties that  you encountered timehave management thatin may affect your academic performance. 1.  Schedules in

Weighted Mean

Verbal

Rank

Interpretation

4.35

Agree

1

3.90

Agree

8.50

school (ex. RLE schedules, class lectures, examinations) 2. 

Working hours per day 

3. 

Personal/family 

8.50

activities 4. 

Number of 

3.90

Agree

6

subjects per semester 5. 

Location of work

4.05

Agree

3

6. 

Studying time

4.15

Agree

4.50

7. 

Sleeping pattern

4.10

Agree

4.50

8. 

Pressures to your

4.10

Moderately 

11

manager/supervis

Agree

or 9. 

Problems in

3.45

Agree

8.50

4.25

Agree

2

balancing school activities and work demands 10.  Participation

in

extra-curricular activities

 

26  11.  Doing

school work

3.90

Agree

7

or projects

Legend:

  This

Weighted Mean

Verbal Interpretation

1.00-1.49

Strongly Disagree

1.50-2.49

Disagree

2.50-3.49

Moderately Disagree

3.50-4.49

Agree

4.50-5.00

Strongly Agree

table

shows

the

representation

of

the

difficulties

in

time

management encountered by selected BSN working students. Based on the results, majority of the respondents answered AGREE. It means that most of  the respondents encountered difficulties in time management. There were no further studies yet to confirm about the findings.

 

27  Table 3 Relationship between the Difficulties Encountered by Selected BSN Working Students in Time Management based on School-related Activities What is the relationship between the academic performance and difficulties on time management?  management?  1.  Do you have ample

Weighted Mean 

Verbal Interpretation 

Rank 

1.85

Sometimes

1

2.30

Sometimes

4

2.10

Sometimes

2

3.00

Often

6

time for studying while you're working? working?   2.  Do you cram for school work (e.g. Assignments, projects, etc.) after  your working shift? shift?   3.  Is there free time for  your personal and family activities despite being a working student? student?  

 

4. Did you experience conflicts on your RLE duties, major exams and class lectures because of your work?  work? 

 

28  5.  Is your manager or

2.15

Sometimes

3

2.45

Often

5

 your supervisor pressured you to continue the task that he/she gave to  you even though you still have time for  your studies? studies?   6.  Do you still have problems balancing  your work and school activities?

Legend: Weighted Mean 1.00-1.49 1.50-2.49 2.50-3.49 3.50-4.00

  This

table

Verbal Interpretation Never Sometimes Often Always

represents

the Relationship

between

the

Difficulties

Encountered by Selected BSN Working Students in Time Management based on School-related Activities. Based on the findings most of the respondents answered SOMETIMES in the questionnaire provided by the researchers. Most of the respondents sometimes felt difficulties to manage their time in their school-related activities because of their work.

 

29  Table 4 Summary of the Significant Relationship between the Level of Difficulties Encountered by Selected BSN Working Students using Spearman’s Rank Correlation   Correlation Significants of r Computed Tabulated df  Decision α t t Interpretation 6.12 2.101 18 0.05 Reject Ho Spearman’s r r = 0.82

High Relationship

Conclusion There is a significant relationship between the effects on students who are working and studying at the same time.   time.

 This table represents the summary of the relationship between the Level of difficulties encountered by selected BSN working students. By using the Spearman‘s Rank Correlation, the researchers researchers found out that the computed Spearman‘s r is 0.82 in which it is interpreted as high relationship. Since the computed t is 6.12 and tabulated t is 2.101 with a level of significance of 0.05, the researchers decide to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant relationship between the level of difficulties in time management on students who are working and studying at the same time.

 

30  CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS   This

chapter

presents

of

the

summary

of

findings,

conclusions,

and

recommendations that is vital to the respondents and future researchers.

Summary of Findings Out of 20 respondents, the highest percentage among all age groups is at the age of 20 years old or thirty-five percent (35%), while the lowest is at the age of 23 with a total of five percent (5%). In terms of their gender, sixty percent (60%) or twelve (12) respondents are female while only forty percent (40%) or eight (8) respondents are male. In terms of their occupation or work preference.the result shows that forty-five percent (45%) or nine (9) respondents chose to work in fast food restaurants (eg. Jolibee, McDonald‘s, KFC, etc.) as service crews, fifteen percent (15%) or three (3) respondents are working as encoders, ten percent (10%) or two (2) of the respondents are sales ladies and thirty percent (30%) or 6 respondents took other occupations such as assistant officers, promodizers and on-the-job trainees.

 

31  And in terms of their working time, results show that half of the respondents, or fifty percent (50%) are working in the afternoon while five respondents or twenty five percent (25%) are working in the morning. The other five respondents or twenty five percent (25%) are working in their free time In the difficulties in time management, all of the respondents answered AGREE. It means that most of the respondents encountered difficulties in time management. In the relationship between the Difficulties Encountered by Selected BSN Working Students in Time Management based on School-related Activities, seventy percent (70%) of the respondents answered SOMETIMES while approximately 30% of the respondents answered OFTEN the questionnaire qu estionnaire provided by the researchers. Most of the respondents sometimes felt difficulties to manage their time in their school-related activities because of their work.

 

32  Conclusions   The researchers compared the hypothesis stated in the Statement of the Problem and the summary of the relationship between the Levels of difficulties encountered by selected BSN working students. By using the Spearman‘s Rank Correlation, the researchers found out that the computed Spearman‘s r is 0.82 in which it is interpreted as high relationship. Since the computed t is 6.12 and tabulated t is 2.101 with a level of significance of 0.05, the researchers decide to reject the null hypothesis (Ho) in the statement of the problem and conclude that there is a significant relationship between the level of difficulties in time management on students who are working and studying at the same time.

Recommendations Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations are formulated: Working students: They should know the risk and hardships of being a working student, they must be well conformed of time management that they  cope up. They must also know about varied options to help improve their time management skills. Future researchers: they can also assess different situations on why working students are having difficulties in managing their time especially if it is their first time in their work.

 

33  The Readers: it is very helpful to understand the different factors that may  cause difficulties in time management not just for working students, but also for everyone even though they‘re not working. It is also advisable to use different methods in managing their time in order to have balance in their dayto-day activities.