Coiled Tubing - Mustafa Alzaid - Session 3[1]
Content
SPE Applied Technology Workshop:
Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
9-11 September 2013
Le Meridien Limassol Resort and Spa
Cyprus
Dual Lateral Open Hole Coiled Tubing Acid Stimulation in Deep HPHT
Sour Gas Producer Wells – Field Experience and Lessons Learned from
the Ghawar Field
Mustafa R. Al-Zaid, Mohammed A. Al-Ghazal, Saad Al-Driweesh, Fadel Al-Ghurairi, Saudi Aramco;
Jose Vielma, Alejandro Chacon and Jose Noguera, Halliburton; all SPE
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Brief Background
Well Architecture:
•
Drilling open hole multilateral wells
has significantly increased in the
last few years.
•
Well architecture is a key factor in
determining the type and size of
the CT and downhole tools to be
used during well interventions.
Radial View of an Open Hole Multilateral Gas
Producer Well Construction
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Brief Background
4 ½” Tubing with
3.688” minimum ID
9 ⅝” Casing
with 8.535” ID
8.375” Open
hole Diameter
Maximum dogleg kept
under 10°/100 ft
Schematic Examples of Typical Well Diagrams
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
4 ½” Tubing with
3.688” minimum ID
7” Liner with
6.094” ID
5.875” Open
Hole Diameter
Maximum dogleg kept
under 10°/100 ft
Brief Background
Formation Description:
•
Consolidated carbonate formation.
•
The mineralogy is mainly calcite with streaks of dolomites.
•
Reservoir pressures and temperatures ranging from 4,500 psi to 6,500 psi and
250 °F to 300 °F, respectively .
•
Formation fluids: gas condensate of 40° to 45° API. Condensate gas ratio from
50 bbl/MMscfd to 150 bbl/MMscfd.
•
H2S Concentration varies from 1% to 10% and CO 2 concentration from 1% to 4%.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #1
The Main Challenge:
•
Dealing with extreme acidic fluid systems, in hot sour wells.
•
Tubular and CT string corrosion mitigation and prevention.
Introduced Actions:
•
Loading the well with treated water prior running CT in hole to minimize sour
formation fluid influx.
•
Circulating treated water loaded with SSC inhibitor while traversing the open hole
section for CT protection.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #1
Introduced Actions:
•
Extensive corrosion tests on CT and completion material coupons.
•
Using a non-acidic solids-free diverter to minimize fluid losses from thief zones.
•
Loading acid systems with H2S scavenger.
•
Mixing acid blends before reaching targeted zones to minimize CT exposure to
sour and acidic fluid influx.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #2
The Main Challenge:
•
Pipe buckling due to higher friction coefficient in the OH section and large liner
and OH diameters.
•
Reaching the target depth due to CT lockup.
Introduced Actions:
•
Running larger OD CT.
•
Using friction reducer.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #2
Introduced Actions:
•
Using friction reducer, viscoelastic surfactant (VES) commingled with N2 was
utilized to reduce the friction and CT weight.
Friction reducer used in horizontal open hole section
•
Using dynamic excitation tool.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #3
The Main Challenge:
Access to the target lateral in a multilateral
open hole completion.
Introduced Actions:
•
Using the controlled rotational sub.
•
Using the controlled bent sub.
•
Using the isolation sleeve to be able to use
orienting tools in tandem with the dynamic
diversion jetting tool.
Isolation sleeve system on dynamic diversion toll
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #3
BHA SCHEMATIC
Item
Operator
Client:
1
2.375" CT Unit
Rig/Platform:
X
Field/Well Number:
3.688"
Minimum Well Restriction:
Top of Cement/Fill/HUD:
262 F
5,000 psi
2
Quote Number:
1
3
Job Number:
1
Bottom Hole Temperature:
Bottom Hole Pressure:
Wellhead Pressure:
Hydrajetting + Dynamic Excitation Tool +
steering Tools
BHA Name:
Date Drawn:
4
Tool O/D Tool I/D
in Inches in Inches
T-Length
in Inches
Item
Tool Description
Tool Connections
1
CT Dimple
Connector for
2.375" CT
2.388 PAC Pin
3.125
1.1
5
2
MHA
2.388 PAC Box
2.388 PAC Pin
2.875
1.1
33
3
Cross-over
2.388 PAC Box
2.388 EUE Pin
3
1
12
4
HydraJetting tool
and sleeve
system
2.388 EUE Box
2.388 EUE Pin
3.06
1.2
22
5
Cross-over
2.388 EUE Box
2.388 PAC Pin
3
1
6
6
Dynamic
Excitation Tool
2.388 PAC Box
2.388 PAC Pin
2.875
N/A
84
7
Cross-over
2.388 PAC Box
1.5 AMMT Pin
3
N/A
6
8
Rotational Sub
1.5 AMMT Box
1.5 AMMT Pin
2.125
N/A
60
9
Controlled Bent
Sub
1.5 AMMT Box
1.5 AMMT Pin
2.125
N/A
20
10
Straight Bar
1.5 AMMT Box
1.5 AMMT Pin
2.125
1.1
48
11
Nozzle
2.5
-
6
5
6
1.5 AMMT Box
Minimum Tool-String ID:
9
10
11
3.125
1
Total Length of BHA in Feet:
Alejandro Chacon
7
8
Maxiumum Tool-String OD:
BHA Sheet prepared by:
Fish neck
type
25.17
BHA SCHEMATIC
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Tool Schematic
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #4
The Main Challenge:
•
Selective placement of the acid
5000 psi
treatment across the zone of interest –
4800 psi 7000 psi
7600 psi
complex operation when in OH due to
large formation area exposed.
Introduced Actions:
•
8000 psi
6000 psi
Using the hydrajet acid injection
technique for dynamic divergence.
•
The technique was usually performed at
a rate of 3 bbl/min and 300 scfm of N2,
and at a speed of 10 ft/min.
Stagnation pressure can be up
to 3,000+ psi compared to
pressure at entrance to cavity.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Post Well Intervention Results
Post CT stimulation production results
Pre-stimulation
Well
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Gas Rate
(MMscfd)
FWHP (psig)
7
1,070
4
1,900
3
1,300
Unstable performance
9
1,087
3
1,300
9
1,230
6
970
0
240
Post-stimulation
Gas Rate
(MMscfd)
FWHP (psig)
Estimated Gas
Rate Gain
(MMscfd)
18
6
13.6
24
15.4
5
18
17
12
1,310
2,773
1,909
1,530
1,318
1,060
1,200
1,150
1,480
11
2
10.6
6
6.4
2
9
11
12
Total Gas Rate Increased =
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
70
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Conclusion
•
Innovative solutions with solid engineering ground work were key to the success
of the interventions.
•
OH multilateral wells can be effectively stimulated in extremely acidic and sour
conditions without jeopardizing the CT string and well completion integrity.
•
Pumping the friction reducer yielded additional reach in the horizontal section.
•
The commingling of nitrogen in the stimulation fluid stream helped increase the
delta pressure across the nozzle as well as reduce treatment fluid flowback times.
•
The positive effect of the solids-free diverting agent for even distribution of
treatment fluids.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
9-11 September 2013
Le Meridien Limassol Resort and Spa
Cyprus
Dual Lateral Open Hole Coiled Tubing Acid Stimulation in Deep HPHT
Sour Gas Producer Wells – Field Experience and Lessons Learned from
the Ghawar Field
Mustafa R. Al-Zaid, Mohammed A. Al-Ghazal, Saad Al-Driweesh, Fadel Al-Ghurairi, Saudi Aramco;
Jose Vielma, Alejandro Chacon and Jose Noguera, Halliburton; all SPE
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Brief Background
Well Architecture:
•
Drilling open hole multilateral wells
has significantly increased in the
last few years.
•
Well architecture is a key factor in
determining the type and size of
the CT and downhole tools to be
used during well interventions.
Radial View of an Open Hole Multilateral Gas
Producer Well Construction
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Brief Background
4 ½” Tubing with
3.688” minimum ID
9 ⅝” Casing
with 8.535” ID
8.375” Open
hole Diameter
Maximum dogleg kept
under 10°/100 ft
Schematic Examples of Typical Well Diagrams
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
4 ½” Tubing with
3.688” minimum ID
7” Liner with
6.094” ID
5.875” Open
Hole Diameter
Maximum dogleg kept
under 10°/100 ft
Brief Background
Formation Description:
•
Consolidated carbonate formation.
•
The mineralogy is mainly calcite with streaks of dolomites.
•
Reservoir pressures and temperatures ranging from 4,500 psi to 6,500 psi and
250 °F to 300 °F, respectively .
•
Formation fluids: gas condensate of 40° to 45° API. Condensate gas ratio from
50 bbl/MMscfd to 150 bbl/MMscfd.
•
H2S Concentration varies from 1% to 10% and CO 2 concentration from 1% to 4%.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #1
The Main Challenge:
•
Dealing with extreme acidic fluid systems, in hot sour wells.
•
Tubular and CT string corrosion mitigation and prevention.
Introduced Actions:
•
Loading the well with treated water prior running CT in hole to minimize sour
formation fluid influx.
•
Circulating treated water loaded with SSC inhibitor while traversing the open hole
section for CT protection.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #1
Introduced Actions:
•
Extensive corrosion tests on CT and completion material coupons.
•
Using a non-acidic solids-free diverter to minimize fluid losses from thief zones.
•
Loading acid systems with H2S scavenger.
•
Mixing acid blends before reaching targeted zones to minimize CT exposure to
sour and acidic fluid influx.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #2
The Main Challenge:
•
Pipe buckling due to higher friction coefficient in the OH section and large liner
and OH diameters.
•
Reaching the target depth due to CT lockup.
Introduced Actions:
•
Running larger OD CT.
•
Using friction reducer.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #2
Introduced Actions:
•
Using friction reducer, viscoelastic surfactant (VES) commingled with N2 was
utilized to reduce the friction and CT weight.
Friction reducer used in horizontal open hole section
•
Using dynamic excitation tool.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #3
The Main Challenge:
Access to the target lateral in a multilateral
open hole completion.
Introduced Actions:
•
Using the controlled rotational sub.
•
Using the controlled bent sub.
•
Using the isolation sleeve to be able to use
orienting tools in tandem with the dynamic
diversion jetting tool.
Isolation sleeve system on dynamic diversion toll
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #3
BHA SCHEMATIC
Item
Operator
Client:
1
2.375" CT Unit
Rig/Platform:
X
Field/Well Number:
3.688"
Minimum Well Restriction:
Top of Cement/Fill/HUD:
262 F
5,000 psi
2
Quote Number:
1
3
Job Number:
1
Bottom Hole Temperature:
Bottom Hole Pressure:
Wellhead Pressure:
Hydrajetting + Dynamic Excitation Tool +
steering Tools
BHA Name:
Date Drawn:
4
Tool O/D Tool I/D
in Inches in Inches
T-Length
in Inches
Item
Tool Description
Tool Connections
1
CT Dimple
Connector for
2.375" CT
2.388 PAC Pin
3.125
1.1
5
2
MHA
2.388 PAC Box
2.388 PAC Pin
2.875
1.1
33
3
Cross-over
2.388 PAC Box
2.388 EUE Pin
3
1
12
4
HydraJetting tool
and sleeve
system
2.388 EUE Box
2.388 EUE Pin
3.06
1.2
22
5
Cross-over
2.388 EUE Box
2.388 PAC Pin
3
1
6
6
Dynamic
Excitation Tool
2.388 PAC Box
2.388 PAC Pin
2.875
N/A
84
7
Cross-over
2.388 PAC Box
1.5 AMMT Pin
3
N/A
6
8
Rotational Sub
1.5 AMMT Box
1.5 AMMT Pin
2.125
N/A
60
9
Controlled Bent
Sub
1.5 AMMT Box
1.5 AMMT Pin
2.125
N/A
20
10
Straight Bar
1.5 AMMT Box
1.5 AMMT Pin
2.125
1.1
48
11
Nozzle
2.5
-
6
5
6
1.5 AMMT Box
Minimum Tool-String ID:
9
10
11
3.125
1
Total Length of BHA in Feet:
Alejandro Chacon
7
8
Maxiumum Tool-String OD:
BHA Sheet prepared by:
Fish neck
type
25.17
BHA SCHEMATIC
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Tool Schematic
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Challenge #4
The Main Challenge:
•
Selective placement of the acid
5000 psi
treatment across the zone of interest –
4800 psi 7000 psi
7600 psi
complex operation when in OH due to
large formation area exposed.
Introduced Actions:
•
8000 psi
6000 psi
Using the hydrajet acid injection
technique for dynamic divergence.
•
The technique was usually performed at
a rate of 3 bbl/min and 300 scfm of N2,
and at a speed of 10 ft/min.
Stagnation pressure can be up
to 3,000+ psi compared to
pressure at entrance to cavity.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Post Well Intervention Results
Post CT stimulation production results
Pre-stimulation
Well
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Gas Rate
(MMscfd)
FWHP (psig)
7
1,070
4
1,900
3
1,300
Unstable performance
9
1,087
3
1,300
9
1,230
6
970
0
240
Post-stimulation
Gas Rate
(MMscfd)
FWHP (psig)
Estimated Gas
Rate Gain
(MMscfd)
18
6
13.6
24
15.4
5
18
17
12
1,310
2,773
1,909
1,530
1,318
1,060
1,200
1,150
1,480
11
2
10.6
6
6.4
2
9
11
12
Total Gas Rate Increased =
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
70
Outline
•
Brief Background.
•
Multilateral Well Intervention Challenges in the Ghawar Field:
•
Corrosion Concerns in Acidic Fluids and Sour Environments.
•
CT Lockup in the Open Hole Section.
•
Access to Multilaterals.
•
Selective Placement of Acid Treatments in Open Hole Completions.
•
Post Well Intervention Results.
•
Conclusion.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
Conclusion
•
Innovative solutions with solid engineering ground work were key to the success
of the interventions.
•
OH multilateral wells can be effectively stimulated in extremely acidic and sour
conditions without jeopardizing the CT string and well completion integrity.
•
Pumping the friction reducer yielded additional reach in the horizontal section.
•
The commingling of nitrogen in the stimulation fluid stream helped increase the
delta pressure across the nozzle as well as reduce treatment fluid flowback times.
•
The positive effect of the solids-free diverting agent for even distribution of
treatment fluids.
SPE Coiled Tubing: From Conventional to Advanced Applications
