Common Communicable Disease
Content
REFERENCE
Handbook for
COMMON
COMMUNICABLE
COMMON
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASE
FILARIASIS
Parasitic disease caused by african
eye worm, can live on L Y M P H A T I
C S Y S T E M.
Caused by WUCHERERIA
BANCROFTI
on arms, vulva, breast
BRUGIA MALAYI
extremities, kness & below elbow
BRUGIRIA TIMORI
Pathology
1. When mosquito bites a person with
lymphatic filariasis, micro worms
circulating in person blood enter and infect
mosquito.
2. It passes to human skin and lymph vessels
3. Worms live for 7 years
4. Usually no symptoms until worms die
5. Damages kidney, lymphatic system
ELEPHANTIASIS ONCHOCERCIASIS
S/s
On and off chills, headache, fever,
swelling, redness,
TREATMENT
1. Ivermectin- “Stromectol” oral,
topical, single dose taken annually
for 10-15 life span
2. Albendazole- “Albenza, Alworm”
oral
3. Diethylcarbamazine- “ Hetrazan,
Caricide”6mg/kg daily for 9 days
oral
Name
Incubation s/s
FILARIASI 6-8 months
S
On and
off chills,
headache
, fever,
swelling,
redness,
Pathology
Organ
It passes to Lymphati
human skin c System
and lymph
vessels
Worms live
for 7 years
Usually no
symptoms
until worms
die
Damages
kidney,
lymphatic
system
Medication
Ivermectin“Stromectol”
oral, topical,
single dose
taken
annually for
10-15 life
span
Albendazol
e- “Albenza,
Alworm” oral
400 mg
orally twice a
day with
meals
Diethylcarb
amazine- “
Hetrazan,
Caricide”6m
g/kg daily for
9 days oral
HOOKWORMDI
SEASE
• I N T E S T I N A L parasite usually
cause diarrhea and crumps
Caused by ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE
NECATOR AMERICANUS
INCUBATION: 6 weeks after larvae
penetrate the skin
40-100 days or 2-8 weeks
PATHOLOGY
1. They penetrate the unbroken skin
of feet/ legs entering in hair
follicles.
2. It penetrate blood and lymph
vessels entering in inferior vena
cava, Rt atrium, lungs and alveoli
3. Adult worm survive by attaching
itself to duodunal/ jejunal
4. Death may result from sever
anemia and cachexia.
S/s
small lesion, anemia, abd pain, diarrhea,
allegic rx ( urticaria), mentaly & physicaly
underdevelop, malnourished, lazy, no
energy, eyes are less dilated, edema
TREATMENT
1. Pyrantel Pamoate- 11 mg/kg base
(maximum 1 g) orally daily for 3 days.
2. Benzimidazoles
HOOK WORM DISEASE
Name
Incubat
ion
s/s
Pathology Organ
Medication
HOOK
WORM
DISEASE
40-100
days or
2-8
weeks
small
lesion,
anemia,
abd
pain,
diarrhea
, allegic
rx
( urtica),
mentall
&
physicall
underde
velop,
malnouri
shed,
lazy, no
energy,
eyes are
less
They
INTESTIN
penetrate
E
the
unbroken
skin of
feet, blood
and lymph
vessels
Adult
worm
survive by
attaching
itself to
duodunal/
jejunal
Death may
result from
sever
anemia
and
Pyrantel
Pamoate- 11
mg/kg base
(maximum 1
g) orally
daily for 3
days.
Benzimidazo
les
(Amoebic
AMOEBIAS
I
S
Dysentery)
• Protozoal infection of human beings
• C O L O N but may spread to soft tissues
like L I V E R & L U N G S.
Cause by ENTANOEBA HISTOLYTICA
a. Prevalent in unsanitary areas
b. Warm climates
c. Acquired by swallowing
It may cause AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS
Source HUMAN EXCRETA
• PATHOLOGY
Stomach
Cecum
Cyst
Cyst remain viable in a moist & cool
environment for 12days , 30 days in water.
resistant to chlorine
• Also
Incubation Period
Severe: 3 days
Most of the time: 3days
Chronic: several months
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Acute Amoebic Dysentery
a. diarrhea, constipation, nausea, flatulence,
tenderness on rt iliac region, water foul smelling
stool
• Chronic amoebic dysentery
a. anorexia, weight loss weakness, liver
enlargement, bowel movement, abd loses elasticity,
stool with hemorrhage
• Extraintestinal forms
a. pain RUQ, tenderness on liver, jaundice,
intermittent fever, anorexia
Anorexia
Bowel Movement
TREATMENT
1. Metronidazole (Flagyl) 800mg TID x 5days
oral
2. Tetracycline 250mg q g hr oral
3. Ampicillin, quinolone, sulfadiazine
4. Streptomycin SO4, chloramphenicol
5. Lost fluids and electrolytes must be
replaced
Name
Incubat
ion
s/s
Pathology Organ
Medication
AMOEBIASIS
Severe:
3 days
Most of
the
time:
3days
Chronic:
several
months
diarrhea
,
constipa
tion,
nausea,
flatulenc
e,
tendern
ess on rt
iliac
region,
water
foul
smelling
stool,
pain
RUQ,
tendern
ess on
liver,
jaundice
Cyst
remain
viable in a
moist &
cool
environme
nt for
12days ,
30 days in
water. Also
resistant
to chlorine
1.
INTESTIN
E,
COLON,
LIVER
2.
3.
4.
Metroni
dazole
(Flagyl)
800mg
TID x
5days
oral
Tetracy
cline
250mg
q g hr
oral
Ampicill
in,
quinolo
ne,
sulfadia
zine
Strepto
mycin
SO4,
ANTHRAX
• Infection caused by B. Anthracis that
occurs primary in herbivores. It has a
potential for use in biological warfare or
bioterrorism.
Survive for years in dry soil but can be
destroyed by boiling for 10 min. They
are susceptible to penicillin.
MODES
1. Direct
2. Indirect
3. Airborne
• CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX
- incubation: 9 hr to 2 weeks, s/s fever,
toxemia, extensive edema. Integumentary
System
• INHALATION ANTHRAX (Woolsorter’s
Disease)
– 1-3 days , s/s increase fever, dyspnea,
stridor, hypoxia, hypotension, leads to
death for 24hr
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Hemorrha
gic
Mediastinit
is
• GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX
- ingestion of inadequately- cooked
meat from animals with anthrax. s/s
fever, N/V, abd pain, bloody diarrhea,
ascitis . G.I TRACT
• TREATMENT
1. Parenteral Penicillin- 2 million
units q six hours until edema
subsides, w/ subsequent
administration of ORAL PENICILLIN for
7-10 days
2. Erythromycin, tetracycline or
chloramphenicol if patient are
sensitive to penicillin.
Name
Incubat
ion
s/s
Pathology Organ
Medication
ANTHRAX
CUTANEO
US
ANTHRAX
fever,
toxemia,
extensiv
e edema
Cyst
SKIN,
remain
LUNGS
viable in a
moist &
cool
environme
nt for
12days ,
30 days in
water. Also
resistant
to chlorine
1.
9 hr to
2 weeks
INHALATI
ON
ANTHRAX
1-3
days
dyspnea
, stridor,
hypoxia,
hypoten
sion
Parent
eral
Penicill
in- 2
million
units q
six
hours
until
edema
subside
s, w/
subseq
uent
adminis
tration
of ORAL
PENICIL
LIN for
7-10
days
BACILLARY DYSENTE
RAcute
Y
bacterial infection of I N T E S T I
N E.
s/s diarrhea & fever and associated with
bloody- mucoid stool.
Caused by SHIGELLA GROUP
Incubation: 7hr – 7days, ave 3-5 days
PATHOLOGY
• After incubation period the organism invade the
intestinal mucosa and cause inflammation. Dirty green,
fibrinous sloughing areas or ulcers are formed. Within
3 days, stool may contain pus, mucus and blood
• S/s
fever, N/V, headache, abd pain, anorexia, diarrhea,
dehydration
TREATMENT
1. Severe cases: Ampicillin, tetracycline,
cortrimoxazole
2. IV with Saline ( with electrolytes) to
prevent dehydration
BOTULISM
rare but serious paralytic illness caused
by potent neurotoxin.
Caused by Clostridium Botulinum
CNS, SKIN, RESPIRATORY
• FOODBORNE
incubation: 18- 36 hours
• WOUND BOTULISM
• INFANT BOTULISM
PATHOGENESIS
• These three forms produce disease via final
common pathway. The toxin disseminated to
peripheral cholinergic synapses and block
acetylcholamine, causing impaired autonomic
and voluntary neuromuscular transmission.
• S/s
blurred, double vision, drooping eyelids,
difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, poor
muscle tone, paralysis,
TREATMENT
1. Supportive care is needed with
particular attention to respiratory
and nutritional needs
2. In foodborne, emetics and gastric
lavage are recommended
3. In wound, exploration and
debridement of the site need to be
undertaken
CANDIDIASIS
Range from mild superficial fungal
infection to systemic and lifethreatening disease
Infect nails, skin, mucous
membrane, oropharynx, vagina,
esophagus, GIT.
Cause by Candida Albicans
S/s
Skin is scaly, nails are red and swollen, nailbeds
darken, patient may feel regurgitation, vaginal
mucosa with white or yellow discharge, fever,
cough, headache, seizures, systolic diastolic
murmur, blurred vision.
Treatment:
Nystatin for oral thrush
Clitrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole for vagina
Fluconazole, amphotericin for systemic infection
CHANCROID
A STD characterized by painful
genital ulcers and inguinal adenitis.
Affects male more than females.
Caused by HAEMOPHILLUS DISCREYI
Incubation: 1-14 days. Ave 3-5
days
PATHOLOGY
• Lessions on genital sites. Begins in a
small papule. Labia Majora “ Kissing
ulcer” common in female. May develop
enlarge lymph nodes
S/S
Small lesion on genital, lips, tongue,
breast, navel, pain during coitus,
TREATMENT
1. Azithromycin 500mg single dose,
oral
2. Erythromycin 500mg, 1cap BID x
7days
3. Ceftriazone 250mg IM single dose
HERPES SIMPL
EX
viral disease characterized by
appearance of sores and blisters on S K I
N. Either around the
M O U T H & N O S E, G E N I T A L S &
BUTTOCKS
Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus
Pathogenesis
TYPE 1
cause cold sores, 20 days, last for 7-10 days
1. Before blister appears, the skin becomes
itchy.
2. Lesion are limited epidermisor superficial
mucous membrane.
3. Blister may break as a result of injury
4. The crust falls off, leaving slightly red,
healing skin, however the virus remains in the
body.
TYPE 2
cause genital sores; last 2-20 days
A. MILD to MODERATE
1. Oral herpes
2. Genital Herpes
3. Ocular herpes
TREATMENT
1. Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir
ASCARIASIS
( Roundworm infection)
• Infection caused by parasitic
roundworm
Caused by Acariasis Lumbricoides
Transmitted through:
a. contaminated fingers put into the mouth
b. ingestion of food & drinks with
embryonated eggs
INTESTINE.
TREATMENT
1. Albendazole or mebendazole- 15cc
single dose.
2. Piperazine citrate- 75mg/kg twice
a day,oral
3. Pyrantel Pamoate- 1 mg/kg as
single dose, oral
MALARIA
acute and chronic parasitic disease
transmitted by bite of infected
mosquitoes. Can cause disability and
economic burden
Caused by GENUS PLASMODIA
INCUBATION:
12days- P. Falciparum
14days – P. vivax & ovale
30days- P. Malariae
Pathogenesis
1. Parasite enters the mosquito’s stomach
through infected human blood obtained
during blood meal.
2. Zygote matures, young parasite work the
salivary glands of mosquito, then transmit
the saliva into the victim.
TREATMENT
3. Chloroquine
4. Quinine
5. Salfadoxine
6. Primaquine
MALARIA
PEDICULOSIS
three varieties lice- flattened, wingless
(commonly attack man), although infest
lower forms of animals and may become
temporary deposited on human host.
Caused by PEDICULUS VAR. CAPITIS (head
lice)
PEDICULUS VAR. CORPORIS (body lice)
PHTHIRUS PUBIS/ PUBIC LICE (crab lice)
• HEAD LOUSE
Common in females ( esp children) s/s itchiness,
foul, smelling
1% malathion powder
Gamman Benzene Hexachloride- 10min on scalp
• BODY LOUSE
S/s red spots like mosquito bite
Boil clothing and beddings
CRAB LICE
s/s itching in pubic region, grayish pigmented
spots
Kwell or Gamene cream- 4 min , once a week
SCHISTOSOM
IASIS
Slowly progressive disease caused by
blood flukes, chronic wasting disease
in Ph among farmers .
Caused by SCHITOSOMA
JAPONICUM
INCUBATION: 2 months
Pathology
1. The larvae penetrate the skin and
work their way on liver’s portal
circulation.
2. In portal vessels they mature 1-3
months
3. Mature worms live in portal vessels
and migrate to other parts
4. Female worms lay on the I N T E S
TINE
5. Some are on L I V E R
SCHISTOSOMIAS
S/s
Itchiness, low grade fever, myalgia, cough,
abd discomfort, bloody mucoid stools,
jaundice, belly becomes bigger because of
inflamed liver, weak, pale, headache,
dizziness, convulsion
TREATMENT
1. Praziquantel tab for 6mon; 1tab 2x a
day for 3mon, 1tab a day another 3 mon
2. Fuadin IM/IV. 360mg for entire treatment
ENCEPHALITIS
• Inflammatory disease invoking part
of
N E R V O U S S Y S T E M,
resulting in abnormal functioning of
brain and spinal cord
Caused by BACTERIA, VIRUS,
FUNGI, RICKETTSIA, CULEX
GROUP
ENCEPHALITIS
1. Primary Encephalitis- direct invasion of
CNS
a. Eastern Equine Encephalitis
children under 5 y/o
b. Western Equine Encephalitis
affect adults
c. St Louis Encephalitis
bite of infected mosquito, olfactory duct
d. Japanese Encephalitis
may cause death, with no treatment
s/s fever, chills, headache, N/V, decrease
IQ, seizures, brain damage
2. Secondary Encephalitis
a. Post infection Encephalitis
complication are measles, chickenpox,
mumps
b. Post vaccinal
result after receiving vaccine like antirabies
TREATMENT
1. TSB or Alcohol sponge ( fever)
LEPROSY
• Chronic system infection
characterize by progressive
cutaneous lesion.
Cause by MYCOBACTERIUM
LEPRAE
Attacks P E R P H E R A L N E R V
ES&SKIN
Lepromatous Leprosy
• Most infectious,
damge on resp
tract, eyes,
testes, nerves on
skin, s/s
thickening of skin,
athrophy
Tuberculoid Leprosy
Affect peripheral
nerves, on face
& eyes s/s
atrophy,
paralysis
Treatment
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sulfone theraphy
Rifampicin 600mg once a mon
Dapsone 100mg daily
Clofazimine 50mg daily for 12 mon
P
E
R
T
U
S
S
I
S
Whooping cough is an infectious disease
characterized by repeated attacks of
spasmodic coughing consist of explosive
expirations ending in long drawn forced
inspiration which sounds like a “whoop”
and followed by vomiting.
Caused BORDELLA PERTUSSIS
Incubation: 7 days
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pathology
1. After incubation it is confined on
tracheobronchial mucosa and cilia
2. This mucus irritiates the cilia and
initiates coughing
3. Cough folllows 6days of 3 stages,
each last for 2 weeks
4. Also affect the C N S
S/s
1. Catarrhal Stage- sneezing, cough is
irritating, hacking and nocturnal,
last for 1-2 weeks
2. Paroxysmal Stage- Cough is loud,
whooping and choking the
mucous, induce nose bleeding,
vomiting, becomes cyanotic
3. Convalescent Stage- decrease
coughing, frequency and severity
Treatment
1. Theraphy ( fluid electrolyte
replacement, oxygen)
2. Erythomycin & ampicillin
FUNGAL INFEC
TION
Can be harmful or beneficial. Fungal
infection are usually easy to treat
because they seldom spread below the
skin
TINEA FLAVA ( MALASSEZIA FURFUR)
Cutaneous fungal infection characterized by
hyperpigmentation on S K I N, chest and back
Pathology- in filamentous form, opportunistic
pathogen, cutaneous disease
s/s- fine dust like scale covers the lesion
Treatment- topical agents
a. Micoconazole
b. Ciclopirox Colamine
c. Propylene Glycol Lotion
d. Topical Terbinafine
Tinea Barbae ( Trichoophyton Mentagrophytes)
Colonization on bearded areas on face
and neck restricted to adult males only.
s/s- erythema, hair becomes loose &
brittle,
TREATMENT
1. Griseofluvin, Ketoconazole, fluconazole
for 2- 3 weeks
RINGWORM
Caused by vegetable fungi
s/s reddish, brown color round like a
coin, dry lesion,
TREATMENT
1.
Athletes foot
Jock Itch
Infection on groin and upper thighs.
s/s itchy, feels like burning
Handbook for
COMMON
COMMUNICABLE
COMMON
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASE
FILARIASIS
Parasitic disease caused by african
eye worm, can live on L Y M P H A T I
C S Y S T E M.
Caused by WUCHERERIA
BANCROFTI
on arms, vulva, breast
BRUGIA MALAYI
extremities, kness & below elbow
BRUGIRIA TIMORI
Pathology
1. When mosquito bites a person with
lymphatic filariasis, micro worms
circulating in person blood enter and infect
mosquito.
2. It passes to human skin and lymph vessels
3. Worms live for 7 years
4. Usually no symptoms until worms die
5. Damages kidney, lymphatic system
ELEPHANTIASIS ONCHOCERCIASIS
S/s
On and off chills, headache, fever,
swelling, redness,
TREATMENT
1. Ivermectin- “Stromectol” oral,
topical, single dose taken annually
for 10-15 life span
2. Albendazole- “Albenza, Alworm”
oral
3. Diethylcarbamazine- “ Hetrazan,
Caricide”6mg/kg daily for 9 days
oral
Name
Incubation s/s
FILARIASI 6-8 months
S
On and
off chills,
headache
, fever,
swelling,
redness,
Pathology
Organ
It passes to Lymphati
human skin c System
and lymph
vessels
Worms live
for 7 years
Usually no
symptoms
until worms
die
Damages
kidney,
lymphatic
system
Medication
Ivermectin“Stromectol”
oral, topical,
single dose
taken
annually for
10-15 life
span
Albendazol
e- “Albenza,
Alworm” oral
400 mg
orally twice a
day with
meals
Diethylcarb
amazine- “
Hetrazan,
Caricide”6m
g/kg daily for
9 days oral
HOOKWORMDI
SEASE
• I N T E S T I N A L parasite usually
cause diarrhea and crumps
Caused by ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE
NECATOR AMERICANUS
INCUBATION: 6 weeks after larvae
penetrate the skin
40-100 days or 2-8 weeks
PATHOLOGY
1. They penetrate the unbroken skin
of feet/ legs entering in hair
follicles.
2. It penetrate blood and lymph
vessels entering in inferior vena
cava, Rt atrium, lungs and alveoli
3. Adult worm survive by attaching
itself to duodunal/ jejunal
4. Death may result from sever
anemia and cachexia.
S/s
small lesion, anemia, abd pain, diarrhea,
allegic rx ( urticaria), mentaly & physicaly
underdevelop, malnourished, lazy, no
energy, eyes are less dilated, edema
TREATMENT
1. Pyrantel Pamoate- 11 mg/kg base
(maximum 1 g) orally daily for 3 days.
2. Benzimidazoles
HOOK WORM DISEASE
Name
Incubat
ion
s/s
Pathology Organ
Medication
HOOK
WORM
DISEASE
40-100
days or
2-8
weeks
small
lesion,
anemia,
abd
pain,
diarrhea
, allegic
rx
( urtica),
mentall
&
physicall
underde
velop,
malnouri
shed,
lazy, no
energy,
eyes are
less
They
INTESTIN
penetrate
E
the
unbroken
skin of
feet, blood
and lymph
vessels
Adult
worm
survive by
attaching
itself to
duodunal/
jejunal
Death may
result from
sever
anemia
and
Pyrantel
Pamoate- 11
mg/kg base
(maximum 1
g) orally
daily for 3
days.
Benzimidazo
les
(Amoebic
AMOEBIAS
I
S
Dysentery)
• Protozoal infection of human beings
• C O L O N but may spread to soft tissues
like L I V E R & L U N G S.
Cause by ENTANOEBA HISTOLYTICA
a. Prevalent in unsanitary areas
b. Warm climates
c. Acquired by swallowing
It may cause AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS
Source HUMAN EXCRETA
• PATHOLOGY
Stomach
Cecum
Cyst
Cyst remain viable in a moist & cool
environment for 12days , 30 days in water.
resistant to chlorine
• Also
Incubation Period
Severe: 3 days
Most of the time: 3days
Chronic: several months
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
• Acute Amoebic Dysentery
a. diarrhea, constipation, nausea, flatulence,
tenderness on rt iliac region, water foul smelling
stool
• Chronic amoebic dysentery
a. anorexia, weight loss weakness, liver
enlargement, bowel movement, abd loses elasticity,
stool with hemorrhage
• Extraintestinal forms
a. pain RUQ, tenderness on liver, jaundice,
intermittent fever, anorexia
Anorexia
Bowel Movement
TREATMENT
1. Metronidazole (Flagyl) 800mg TID x 5days
oral
2. Tetracycline 250mg q g hr oral
3. Ampicillin, quinolone, sulfadiazine
4. Streptomycin SO4, chloramphenicol
5. Lost fluids and electrolytes must be
replaced
Name
Incubat
ion
s/s
Pathology Organ
Medication
AMOEBIASIS
Severe:
3 days
Most of
the
time:
3days
Chronic:
several
months
diarrhea
,
constipa
tion,
nausea,
flatulenc
e,
tendern
ess on rt
iliac
region,
water
foul
smelling
stool,
pain
RUQ,
tendern
ess on
liver,
jaundice
Cyst
remain
viable in a
moist &
cool
environme
nt for
12days ,
30 days in
water. Also
resistant
to chlorine
1.
INTESTIN
E,
COLON,
LIVER
2.
3.
4.
Metroni
dazole
(Flagyl)
800mg
TID x
5days
oral
Tetracy
cline
250mg
q g hr
oral
Ampicill
in,
quinolo
ne,
sulfadia
zine
Strepto
mycin
SO4,
ANTHRAX
• Infection caused by B. Anthracis that
occurs primary in herbivores. It has a
potential for use in biological warfare or
bioterrorism.
Survive for years in dry soil but can be
destroyed by boiling for 10 min. They
are susceptible to penicillin.
MODES
1. Direct
2. Indirect
3. Airborne
• CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX
- incubation: 9 hr to 2 weeks, s/s fever,
toxemia, extensive edema. Integumentary
System
• INHALATION ANTHRAX (Woolsorter’s
Disease)
– 1-3 days , s/s increase fever, dyspnea,
stridor, hypoxia, hypotension, leads to
death for 24hr
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Hemorrha
gic
Mediastinit
is
• GASTROINTESTINAL ANTHRAX
- ingestion of inadequately- cooked
meat from animals with anthrax. s/s
fever, N/V, abd pain, bloody diarrhea,
ascitis . G.I TRACT
• TREATMENT
1. Parenteral Penicillin- 2 million
units q six hours until edema
subsides, w/ subsequent
administration of ORAL PENICILLIN for
7-10 days
2. Erythromycin, tetracycline or
chloramphenicol if patient are
sensitive to penicillin.
Name
Incubat
ion
s/s
Pathology Organ
Medication
ANTHRAX
CUTANEO
US
ANTHRAX
fever,
toxemia,
extensiv
e edema
Cyst
SKIN,
remain
LUNGS
viable in a
moist &
cool
environme
nt for
12days ,
30 days in
water. Also
resistant
to chlorine
1.
9 hr to
2 weeks
INHALATI
ON
ANTHRAX
1-3
days
dyspnea
, stridor,
hypoxia,
hypoten
sion
Parent
eral
Penicill
in- 2
million
units q
six
hours
until
edema
subside
s, w/
subseq
uent
adminis
tration
of ORAL
PENICIL
LIN for
7-10
days
BACILLARY DYSENTE
RAcute
Y
bacterial infection of I N T E S T I
N E.
s/s diarrhea & fever and associated with
bloody- mucoid stool.
Caused by SHIGELLA GROUP
Incubation: 7hr – 7days, ave 3-5 days
PATHOLOGY
• After incubation period the organism invade the
intestinal mucosa and cause inflammation. Dirty green,
fibrinous sloughing areas or ulcers are formed. Within
3 days, stool may contain pus, mucus and blood
• S/s
fever, N/V, headache, abd pain, anorexia, diarrhea,
dehydration
TREATMENT
1. Severe cases: Ampicillin, tetracycline,
cortrimoxazole
2. IV with Saline ( with electrolytes) to
prevent dehydration
BOTULISM
rare but serious paralytic illness caused
by potent neurotoxin.
Caused by Clostridium Botulinum
CNS, SKIN, RESPIRATORY
• FOODBORNE
incubation: 18- 36 hours
• WOUND BOTULISM
• INFANT BOTULISM
PATHOGENESIS
• These three forms produce disease via final
common pathway. The toxin disseminated to
peripheral cholinergic synapses and block
acetylcholamine, causing impaired autonomic
and voluntary neuromuscular transmission.
• S/s
blurred, double vision, drooping eyelids,
difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, poor
muscle tone, paralysis,
TREATMENT
1. Supportive care is needed with
particular attention to respiratory
and nutritional needs
2. In foodborne, emetics and gastric
lavage are recommended
3. In wound, exploration and
debridement of the site need to be
undertaken
CANDIDIASIS
Range from mild superficial fungal
infection to systemic and lifethreatening disease
Infect nails, skin, mucous
membrane, oropharynx, vagina,
esophagus, GIT.
Cause by Candida Albicans
S/s
Skin is scaly, nails are red and swollen, nailbeds
darken, patient may feel regurgitation, vaginal
mucosa with white or yellow discharge, fever,
cough, headache, seizures, systolic diastolic
murmur, blurred vision.
Treatment:
Nystatin for oral thrush
Clitrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole for vagina
Fluconazole, amphotericin for systemic infection
CHANCROID
A STD characterized by painful
genital ulcers and inguinal adenitis.
Affects male more than females.
Caused by HAEMOPHILLUS DISCREYI
Incubation: 1-14 days. Ave 3-5
days
PATHOLOGY
• Lessions on genital sites. Begins in a
small papule. Labia Majora “ Kissing
ulcer” common in female. May develop
enlarge lymph nodes
S/S
Small lesion on genital, lips, tongue,
breast, navel, pain during coitus,
TREATMENT
1. Azithromycin 500mg single dose,
oral
2. Erythromycin 500mg, 1cap BID x
7days
3. Ceftriazone 250mg IM single dose
HERPES SIMPL
EX
viral disease characterized by
appearance of sores and blisters on S K I
N. Either around the
M O U T H & N O S E, G E N I T A L S &
BUTTOCKS
Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus
Pathogenesis
TYPE 1
cause cold sores, 20 days, last for 7-10 days
1. Before blister appears, the skin becomes
itchy.
2. Lesion are limited epidermisor superficial
mucous membrane.
3. Blister may break as a result of injury
4. The crust falls off, leaving slightly red,
healing skin, however the virus remains in the
body.
TYPE 2
cause genital sores; last 2-20 days
A. MILD to MODERATE
1. Oral herpes
2. Genital Herpes
3. Ocular herpes
TREATMENT
1. Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir
ASCARIASIS
( Roundworm infection)
• Infection caused by parasitic
roundworm
Caused by Acariasis Lumbricoides
Transmitted through:
a. contaminated fingers put into the mouth
b. ingestion of food & drinks with
embryonated eggs
INTESTINE.
TREATMENT
1. Albendazole or mebendazole- 15cc
single dose.
2. Piperazine citrate- 75mg/kg twice
a day,oral
3. Pyrantel Pamoate- 1 mg/kg as
single dose, oral
MALARIA
acute and chronic parasitic disease
transmitted by bite of infected
mosquitoes. Can cause disability and
economic burden
Caused by GENUS PLASMODIA
INCUBATION:
12days- P. Falciparum
14days – P. vivax & ovale
30days- P. Malariae
Pathogenesis
1. Parasite enters the mosquito’s stomach
through infected human blood obtained
during blood meal.
2. Zygote matures, young parasite work the
salivary glands of mosquito, then transmit
the saliva into the victim.
TREATMENT
3. Chloroquine
4. Quinine
5. Salfadoxine
6. Primaquine
MALARIA
PEDICULOSIS
three varieties lice- flattened, wingless
(commonly attack man), although infest
lower forms of animals and may become
temporary deposited on human host.
Caused by PEDICULUS VAR. CAPITIS (head
lice)
PEDICULUS VAR. CORPORIS (body lice)
PHTHIRUS PUBIS/ PUBIC LICE (crab lice)
• HEAD LOUSE
Common in females ( esp children) s/s itchiness,
foul, smelling
1% malathion powder
Gamman Benzene Hexachloride- 10min on scalp
• BODY LOUSE
S/s red spots like mosquito bite
Boil clothing and beddings
CRAB LICE
s/s itching in pubic region, grayish pigmented
spots
Kwell or Gamene cream- 4 min , once a week
SCHISTOSOM
IASIS
Slowly progressive disease caused by
blood flukes, chronic wasting disease
in Ph among farmers .
Caused by SCHITOSOMA
JAPONICUM
INCUBATION: 2 months
Pathology
1. The larvae penetrate the skin and
work their way on liver’s portal
circulation.
2. In portal vessels they mature 1-3
months
3. Mature worms live in portal vessels
and migrate to other parts
4. Female worms lay on the I N T E S
TINE
5. Some are on L I V E R
SCHISTOSOMIAS
S/s
Itchiness, low grade fever, myalgia, cough,
abd discomfort, bloody mucoid stools,
jaundice, belly becomes bigger because of
inflamed liver, weak, pale, headache,
dizziness, convulsion
TREATMENT
1. Praziquantel tab for 6mon; 1tab 2x a
day for 3mon, 1tab a day another 3 mon
2. Fuadin IM/IV. 360mg for entire treatment
ENCEPHALITIS
• Inflammatory disease invoking part
of
N E R V O U S S Y S T E M,
resulting in abnormal functioning of
brain and spinal cord
Caused by BACTERIA, VIRUS,
FUNGI, RICKETTSIA, CULEX
GROUP
ENCEPHALITIS
1. Primary Encephalitis- direct invasion of
CNS
a. Eastern Equine Encephalitis
children under 5 y/o
b. Western Equine Encephalitis
affect adults
c. St Louis Encephalitis
bite of infected mosquito, olfactory duct
d. Japanese Encephalitis
may cause death, with no treatment
s/s fever, chills, headache, N/V, decrease
IQ, seizures, brain damage
2. Secondary Encephalitis
a. Post infection Encephalitis
complication are measles, chickenpox,
mumps
b. Post vaccinal
result after receiving vaccine like antirabies
TREATMENT
1. TSB or Alcohol sponge ( fever)
LEPROSY
• Chronic system infection
characterize by progressive
cutaneous lesion.
Cause by MYCOBACTERIUM
LEPRAE
Attacks P E R P H E R A L N E R V
ES&SKIN
Lepromatous Leprosy
• Most infectious,
damge on resp
tract, eyes,
testes, nerves on
skin, s/s
thickening of skin,
athrophy
Tuberculoid Leprosy
Affect peripheral
nerves, on face
& eyes s/s
atrophy,
paralysis
Treatment
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sulfone theraphy
Rifampicin 600mg once a mon
Dapsone 100mg daily
Clofazimine 50mg daily for 12 mon
P
E
R
T
U
S
S
I
S
Whooping cough is an infectious disease
characterized by repeated attacks of
spasmodic coughing consist of explosive
expirations ending in long drawn forced
inspiration which sounds like a “whoop”
and followed by vomiting.
Caused BORDELLA PERTUSSIS
Incubation: 7 days
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Pathology
1. After incubation it is confined on
tracheobronchial mucosa and cilia
2. This mucus irritiates the cilia and
initiates coughing
3. Cough folllows 6days of 3 stages,
each last for 2 weeks
4. Also affect the C N S
S/s
1. Catarrhal Stage- sneezing, cough is
irritating, hacking and nocturnal,
last for 1-2 weeks
2. Paroxysmal Stage- Cough is loud,
whooping and choking the
mucous, induce nose bleeding,
vomiting, becomes cyanotic
3. Convalescent Stage- decrease
coughing, frequency and severity
Treatment
1. Theraphy ( fluid electrolyte
replacement, oxygen)
2. Erythomycin & ampicillin
FUNGAL INFEC
TION
Can be harmful or beneficial. Fungal
infection are usually easy to treat
because they seldom spread below the
skin
TINEA FLAVA ( MALASSEZIA FURFUR)
Cutaneous fungal infection characterized by
hyperpigmentation on S K I N, chest and back
Pathology- in filamentous form, opportunistic
pathogen, cutaneous disease
s/s- fine dust like scale covers the lesion
Treatment- topical agents
a. Micoconazole
b. Ciclopirox Colamine
c. Propylene Glycol Lotion
d. Topical Terbinafine
Tinea Barbae ( Trichoophyton Mentagrophytes)
Colonization on bearded areas on face
and neck restricted to adult males only.
s/s- erythema, hair becomes loose &
brittle,
TREATMENT
1. Griseofluvin, Ketoconazole, fluconazole
for 2- 3 weeks
RINGWORM
Caused by vegetable fungi
s/s reddish, brown color round like a
coin, dry lesion,
TREATMENT
1.
Athletes foot
Jock Itch
Infection on groin and upper thighs.
s/s itchy, feels like burning
