Common Signs and Symptoms
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COMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptom and Site
Possible Causes
Possible Diagnostic Studies
Appetite Loss
Depression and other psychological disorders
Psychological testing
( Note: This is a common component of AIDS, cancer, and many other diseases, and must be studied as part of overall condition)
Digestive disorders
Blood studies, GI x-rays, and other studies depending upon underlying cause condition
Psychological testing Eating disorders
Gallbladder disease
Blood studies, CT scan, ultrasonography, x-rays
Belching
Possible endoscopy and studies to measure gastric acid Gastritis or indigestion
Malabsorption syndromes
Blood studies, stool analysis, endoscopy, colonoscopy, GI series, possible chromosome studies
Peridontal disease
Dental examination
Bleeding and Bruises
Blood studies
Gums
Vitamin deficiency
Diabetes
Blood glucose measurements, eye examination
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Eye hemorrhages
High blood pressure
Eye examination
Eye examination, possible x-rays Injuries
Clotting disorder
Blood studies
Nose
Possible x-rays and other imaging studies Injuries
Examination, possible imaging studies Polyps and tumors
Allergies
Allergy tests to identify allergens
Skin
Blood studies Anemia and other blood and clotting disorders
Cushing's syndrome and other adrenal disorders
Blood and urine studies, measurement of hormone levels, x-rays or other imaging studies of the adrenal and pituitary glands
Leukemia
Blood studies, analysis of bone marrow and cerebrospinal fluid
Lung cancer
Sputum analysis, x-rays, biopsy
Accompanied by sputum
Sputum analysis, x-rays Pneumonia and other lung infections
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Pulmonary embolism
Blood studies, chest x-rays, lung scan, measurement of arterial blood gases
Tuberculosis
Tuberculin skin test, sputum and urine cultures, x-rays, possible biopsy
Bleeding and Bruises
Stool or rectum
Colon cancer, polyps, diverticulitis, colitis, and other intestinal disorders
Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, stool blood tests, biopsy
Fissure, hemorrhoids, and other rectal disorders
Direct examination, perhaps with an anoscope or sigmoidoscope
Stool analysis Intestinal parasites
Endoscopy Peptic ulcers, severe gastritis
Cystitis
Urinalysis, urine culture, cystoscopy
Urine
Urine analysis, blood studies, possible x-rays or other imaging studies
Kidney or bladder stones
Urinary tract cancer
Urinalysis, cystoscopy, urinary tract and kidney x-rays, possible CT scan, biopsy
Prostate disorders
Urinalysis, blood studies including PSA (prostate specific antigen) analysis, possible ultrasonography or other imaging studies, possible biopsy
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Vagina
Cancer of the cervix, uterus, or vagina
Pap smear, pelvic exam, colposcopy, biopsy
Pelvic exam, Pap smear, colposcopy Cervical erosion, polyps, and other cervical disorders
Hormonal disorders
Blood studies to measure hormone levels, possible imaging studies or laparoscopy
Infection
Blood studies, pelvic exam, colposcopy, Pap smear and cultures
Menstrual abnormalities
Blood studies, hormone studies, pelvic exam, possible D&C
Physical examination, possible D&C Miscarriage (or induced abortion)
Cirrhosis of the liver
Accompanied by vomit
Blood studies, liver function tests, x-rays or other imaging studies, possible biopsy
Endoscopy, upper GI series Esophageal tear or varicies
Ulcers
Upper GI series and possibly other imaging studies, gastroscopy
Anemia
Blood studies
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Cardiac arrhythmias
Anxiety
Psychological testing
(Note: An ECG and Holter monitoring may be ordered to rule out heart disease regardless of cause) Caffeine
Possible blood and urine studies
Heart disease
Cardiovascular work-up including ECG, Holter monitoring, heart x-rays, echocardiography, possible tilt-table test, and other heart rhythm studies
Blood glucose tests Hypoglycemia
Pelvic examination, hormone studies Menopause
Blood studies, measurement of thyroid hormones Thyroid disorders
Appendicitis
Blood studies, urinalysis, possible ultrasonography
Constipation
Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy (Note: diet, inactivity, drugs, laxative overuse, and other life-style factors are most common causes)
Colon cancer, bowel obstruction
Thyroid studies Hypothyroidism
Irritable bowel syndrome
Blood studies, stool analysis, lower GI series, colonoscopy
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Bronchitis
Cough
Sputum analysis, chest x-ray, bronchoscopy, possible pulmonary function tests if problem is chronic
Any of the above depending upon severity of symptoms Common cold, croup, flu, pneumonia, or other respiratory infection
Cystic fibrosis
Laboratory analysis of sweat, stools, and digestive juices
Sputum analysis, chest x-ray, bronchoscopy, biopsy Lung cancer
Alcohol/drug abuse
Blood and urine studies
Delirium
X-rays and CT or MRI scans, EEG, possible blood studies, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis
(Note: A high fever and many serious diseases can cause delirium)
Brain tumor, abscess, or head injury
Blood studies, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, x-rays Encephalitis
Psychological testing Psychosis or other mental illness
Diarrhea
Celiac disease, sprue, and other malabsorption syndromes
Blood and stool studies, x-rays, possible endoscopy, and intestinal biopsy
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(Note: AIDS and many other diseases include diarrhea as a symptom)
Colitis, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory bowel disorders
Blood studies, GI x-rays, colonoscopy, possible intestinal biopsy
Stool analysis Food poisoning
Blood and stood studies Giardiasis and other intestinal parasitic disorders
Same as above Traveler's diarrhea and other intestinal infections
Blood loss and shock
Fainting
Assessment of vital signs, measurement of blood volume, fluids, and electrolytes
Cardiac arrhythmias, heart attack or other heart conditions
ECG, Holtor monitoring, tilt-table test and other heart studies depending upon underlying cause
Hyperventilation
Possible psychological testing and tests to rule out other causes
Blood glucose measurement Hypoglycemia
Stroke
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, x-rays, CT or MRI scans, neurological work-up
Anemia
Fatigue
Blood studies, possible bone marrow studies, GI studies, and other tests to identify cause
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(Note: Fatigue is a common symptom in many chronic and acute diseases, and must be assessed as part of overall condition)
Tests depend upon type of cancer Cancer
Psychological testing Depression
Infections, including AIDS, mononucleosis, and numerous other diseases
Blood and urine studies, possible cultures, x-rays, and other tests depending upon site and organism
Fever
Common component of many diseases, and must be assessed as part of overall condition
Colic
Flatulence
Possible blood studies and other tests to rule out other diseases
(Note: Diet and other life-style factors should be investigated)
Blood studies, colonoscopy, lower GI x-ray studies Irritable bowel syndrome and other colon disorders
Lactose intolerance
Blood studies, lactose tolerance test, possible GI xrays
Malabsorption syndromes
Blood and stood studies, GI x-rays, possible chromosome studies
Arthritis
Blood studies, x-rays, possible analysis of joint fluid
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Gait Changes
Back disorders
X-rays, CT or MRI scans
Multiple sclerosis and other neuromuscular disorders
Blood studies, EEG, x-rays and CT or MRI scans, possible muscle biopsy
Blood studies, EEG Parkinson's disease
Stroke
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, x-rays, CT or MRI scans, neurological work-up
Cancer
Tests depend upon type of cancer
Hirsutism
Blood and urine studies, measurement of hormone levels, x-rays or other imaging studies of the adrenal and pituitary glands
Cushing's syndrome and other adrenal disorders
Blood studies Drug side effects
Polycystic ovaries and other ovarian or hormonal disorders
Blood studies, laparoscopy, ultrasonography or other imaging studies
Alcohol or caffeine use
Blood studies
Insomnia
Psychological testing (Note: Insomnia is often related to life-style factors such as jet lag or erratic work hours, which must be Anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems
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Blood studies to measure levels of thyroid hormone considered during diagnosis) Thyroid disorder
Allergies
Skin tests and other allergy studies
Itching
Laboratory analysis of skin or nail samples, Wood's lamp inspection
(Note: Itching is a common component of numerous skin conditions that may be readily apparent)
Athlete's foot and other fungal infections
Blood and urine studies, x-rays, and kidney scans Kidney disease
Liver disease
Blood studies, liver function tests, x-rays, possible liver biopsy
Polycythemia
Blood and bone marrow studies, kidney x-rays, radioactive chromium studies
Visual inspection and microscopic study of parasite Scabies and other skin parasites
Psychological testing Stress
Pelvic exam, Pap smear, possible culture Vaginitis
Anemia
Jaundice
Blood studies, possible bone marrow studies, GI studies, and other tests to identify type and cause
Cirrhosis, hepatitis, and other liver disorders
Blood studies, liver function tests, x-rays and other imaging studies, possible liver biopsy
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Gallbladder disease
Blood studies, ultrasonography, possible CT scan and other imaging studies
Pancreatic disorders
Blood and urine studies, radioisotope scans and x-rays, and possible CT scan of pancreas
Alcohol or drug abuse
Blood studies
Lightheadedness or Dizziness
Anemia Blood studies, possible bone marrow studies, GI studies, and other tests to identify type and cause
CT or MRI scans, possible biopsy Brain tumor and other brain disorders
Cardiac arrhythmia and other heart disorders
ECG and other heart tests depending upon underlying problem
Ear examination, possible cultures and blood studies Ear infection
Audiometry, head x-rays Ménière's disease
Stroke or ministroke
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, x-rays, CT or MRI scans, neurological work-up
Memory Loss or Mental Confusion
Alcoholism or drug abuse
Blood and urine studies
CT or MRI scans and other brain studies Alzheimer's disease
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Psychological testing Depression and other mental illnesses
X-rays, CT or MRI scans Head injuries
Stroke or ministroke
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, x-rays, CT or MRI scans, neurological work-up
Alcohol or drug abuse
Blood and urine studies
Mood changes
Psychological testing Depression, stress, and other psychological disorders
Blood glucose measurements Diabetes
Blood tests, hormone studies, possible imaging studies Hormonal disorders
Pelvic examination, possible hormone studies Menopause
Pelvic examination Premenstrual syndrome
Alcohol or drug abuse
Blood and urine studies
Nausea and Vomiting
Blood studies, urinalysis, possible ultrasonography Appendicitis
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(Note: These are components of any illnesses, and must be assessed with other symptoms)
X-rays, CT or MRI scans Head injury
Blood and urine studies Drug reaction
Ear examination, possible blood tests Ear infection
Blood studies, possible stool analysis Food poisoning
Blood studies, CT scan, ultrasonography, x-rays Gallbladder disease
Gastritis or indigestion
Possible endoscopy and studies to measure gastric acid
Tonometry Glaucoma
Heart attack
ECG, blood pressure measurement, cardiac enzyme levels, possible cardiac catheterization, and other tests
Hepatitis and other liver disorders
Blood studies, liver function tests, x-rays, possible liver biopsy
Ménière's disease
Audiometry, water-caloric test, head x-rays, possible CT or MRI scan
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Pregnancy tests Morning sickness
Upper GI barium studies, endoscopy Ulcers
Vertigo
Audiometry, water-caloric test, head x-rays, possible CT or MRI scan
Alcoholism, drugs
Blood studies, psychological testing
Nervousness or Anxiety
Possible psychological testing, otherwise no specific tests
Panic attacks
Premenstrual syndrome
Gynecological examination to rule out organic causes; otherwise no specific tests
No specific tests Stress
Blood tests to measure levels of thyroid hormone Thyroid disorders
Bell's palsy
Possible x-rays and CT scan
Numbness or Tingling
Electromyography, x-rays of hands and wrist Carpal tunnel syndrome
Blood studies, Doppler ultrasonography, angiography Circulatory disorders
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Neurologic studies Neuropathy
Raynaud's disease
Blood studies, x-rays of hands and feet, possible thermography of hands and feet
No special tests other than physical examination Shingles
Appendicitis
Blood studies, urinalysis, possible ultrasonography
Pain
Gastric acid analysis, x-rays studies, possible endoscopy or colonoscopy
(Note: Pain is a common component of most disorders, and must be assessed in context of location and other symptoms)
Digestive disorders
Blood studies, CT scan, ultrasonography, x-rays Gallstones
Abdomen
Possible endoscopy and studies to measure gastric acid
Gastritis or indigestion
Pelvic examination, possible laparoscopy Gynecological disorders
Hepatitis and other liver disorders
Blood studies, liver function tests, x-rays, possible liver biopsy
Arthritis
Blood studies, x-rays, possible arthroscopy
Back
Possible x-rays Muscle spasms or strain
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Blood studies, x-rays, bone density studies Osteoporosis
X-rays, neurological tests, CT or MRI scan Ruptured disk
Angina
Chest
ECG, exercise tolerance tests, chest x-ray, possible angiography and other heart tests
Esophageal disorders
Upper GI barium studies, esophagoscopy, possible endoscopy
Heart attack
ECG, blood pressure measurement, cardiac enzymes, possible catheterization and other heart studies
Heartburn
ECG (to rule out a heart attack), upper GI barium studies, gastric acid analysis, possible endoscopy
Pleurisy
Check x-rays, possible biopsy and analysis of pleural fluid
Pneumonia
Chest x-rays, blood studies, sputum culture, possible arterial blood gases
Chest x-rays Pneumothorax
Infection Pain
Ear examination, blood studies, possible culture of ear discharge
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Ear
Ear examination Foreign body
Conjunctivitis
Ophthalmoscopy, possible culture of eye discharge
Eye
Tonometry Glaucoma
Ophthalmoscopy, possible x-rays or CT scan Foreign body
Iritis
Ophthalmoscopy, blood studies and other tests to identify underlying causes
X-rays of sinuses Sinus infection
Ophthalmoscopy, x-rays or CT scan Injuries
Possible culture Sty
Ophthalmoscopy, x-rays or CT scan, possible biopsy Tumors
Arthritis
X-rays
Foot
X-rays Bunions
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Visual examination Corns and calluses
Blood studies, x-rays Gout
X-rays Neuromas
Visual examination, possible biopsy Warts
Flu
Possible blood studies
Generalized Aches
Blood studies Mononucleosis
Blood studies, x-rays Rheumatoid arthritis
Possible blood studies Shingles
Bell's palsy
Possible x-rays and CT scan
Head and face
Brain tumor
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, x-rays, electroencephalography, CT or MRI scan, possible biopsy
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Dental x-rays Dental disease
Blood studies, possible x-rays, CT or MRI scan Migraine and other headaches
Possible electromyography Muscle tension
X-rays of sinuses Sinusitis
Stroke
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, x-rays, CT or MRI scans, neurological work-up
X-rays of temporomandibular joint TMJ syndrome
Arthritis Pain
X-rays
X-rays
Joint/muscle
Bursitis
X-rays Strains and sprains
X-rays Tendinitis
Arthritis
X-rays
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Knee
Chondromalacia patella
X-rays, possible arthroscopy
Blood studies, possible x-rays Lyme disease
X-rays Strains and other injuries
Circulatory disorders
Leg
X-rays, possible angiography, Doppler ultrasonography
X-rays Fractures and other injuries
Phlebitis
Blood studies, ultrasonography, possible radioactive fibrinogen, venography
X-rays Shin splints
Canker sores
Possible biopsy to rule out oral cancer
Mouth
Possible culture to rule out other infections Cold sores
X-rays Dental cavities and gum disease
Blood studies, possible cultures Infections
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Arthritis
X-rays
Neck
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid analysis Meningitis
Possible x-rays, electromyography Muscle injury
X-rays, CT or MRI scans Ruptured disk
Cold or flu
Possible culture
Throax
Blood studies, culture of throat secretions Strept infection
Blood studies, possible culture Tonsillitis or quinsy
Penile warts
Possible laboratory culture
Painful Intercourse
Blood and urine studies, possible culture In males Prostatic or urethral infection
Menopause In females
Pelvic examination, hormone studies
Pelvic examination Premenstrual syndrome
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Vaginitis
Pelvic examination, Pap smear, possible culture of discharge
In both sexes
Chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, and other ***ually transmitted diseases
Blood studies and cultures
Psychological testing Psychological problems
Allergies
Blood studies, skin tests and other allergy tests
Rashes
Possible biopsy to rule out other causes Dermatitis and eczema
Possible blood and urine studies Drug reactions
Blood and urine studies, possible cultures Infectious diseases
Lupus
Blood studies, possible x-rays and other imaging studies if joints or internal organs are involved
Possible biopsy to rule out other causes Rosacea
Blood studies, possible blood and other cultures Toxic shock syndrome
Brain tumor
Seizures
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, x-rays, electroencephalography, CT or MRI scan, possible biopsy
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Possible blood and urine studies Drug side effects
Electroencephalography, mental function tests Cerebral palsy
Epilepsy
Blood studies, electroencephalography, x-rays and CT or MRI scan
Fever
Blood studies and other tests, depending upon underlying cause
X-rays and CT or MRI scan Head injuries
Blood glucose studies Hypoglycemia
Kidney failure
Blood and urine studies, renal function tests, x-rays, possible biopsy
Meningitis
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, possible cultures
Blood and urine studies Poisoning
Toxemia of pregnancy
Blood and urine studies, kidney and liver function tests
Alcoholism
Blood studies
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sexual Dysfunction:
Depression and other psychological disorders Male
Psychological testing
Blood studies, glucose tolerance test (Note: Impotence is often due to drug side effects) Diabetes
Blood studies, possible cultures ***ually transmitted diseases
Blood studies to measure hormone levels Hormonal disorders
Multiple sclerosis and other neuromuscular disorders
Blood studies, EEG, x-rays and CT or MRI scans, possible muscle biopsy
Prostatic cancer and other prostate disorders
Urinalysis, blood studies including PSA (prostate specific antigen) analysis, possible ultrasonography or other imaging studies, possible biopsy
Blood studies to measure thyroid hormone levels Thyroid disease
Anemia
Blood studies
Shortness of Breath
Psychological studies Anxiety
Spirometry and other pulmonary function tests Asthma and other lung disorders
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Heart disease
ECG, exercise tolerance tests, chest x-ray, possible angiography and other heart tests
Possible arterial blood gases, psychological tests Hyperventilation
Alcohol abuse
Possible blood and urine studies
Speech Problems
CT or MRI scans and other brain studies, mental function tests
Alzheimer's disease
Possible x-rays and CT scan Bell's palsy
Multiple sclerosis
Blood studies, EEG, x-rays and CT or MRI scans, possible muscle biopsy
Blood studies, electroencephalography Parkinson's disease
Stroke
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, x-rays, CT or MRI scans, neurological work-up
Anxiety
Psychological testing
Swallowing Problems
Throat culture Diphtheria
Esophageal disorders
Upper GI barium x-ray studies, esophagoscopy, possible gastric acid studies, possible biopsy
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Blood studies, throat culture Sore throat
Throat culture Strep throat
Possible throat culture Tonsillitis and quinsy
Anxiety
Psychological testing
Sweating
Blood and urine studies Drug reaction
Tests depend upon underlying cause Fever
Heart attack
ECG, blood pressure measurement, cardiac enzymes, possible catheterization and other heart studies
Blood studies and possible culture Infection
Pelvic examination, hormone studies Menopause
Psychological studies Stress
Thyroid disorders
Blood studies to measure thyroid hormone levels, possible thyroid scan
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Cancer Swelling and Lumps
Blood tests, imaging studies, biopsy
Abdominal
Heart failure
Blood and urine studies, ECG, heart x-rays, echocardiography, possible cardiac catheterization, possible heart muscle biopsy
Blood studies, x-rays Hernia
Internal bleeding
Blood volume studies, x-rays, ultrasonography, and other imaging studies
Possible x-ray studies Intestinal gas
Liver disease
Blood studies, liver function tests, x-rays, possible liver biopsy
Pregnancy tests Pregnancy
Pelvic examination, ultrasonography, possible D&C Uterine tumor
Cancer
Mammography, biopsy
Breast
Mammography, possible biopsy Fibrocystic condition
Possible culture Mastitis
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Pregnancy tests Pregnancy
Anaphylactic reaction
Generalized
Blood tests, possible allergy testing after crisis is past to determine cause
Blood and urine tests Drug reaction
Heart failure
Blood and urine studies, ECG, heart x-rays, echocardiography, possible cardiac catheterization, possible heart muscle biopsy
Hormone disorders
Blood and urine studies, hormone levels, possible imaging studies
Kidney disease
Blood and urine studies, renal function tests, possible scans
Liver disease
Blood studies, liver function tests, x-rays, possible liver biopsy
Thyroid disorders
Blood studies to measure thyroid hormone levels, possible thyroid scan
Arthritis
X-rays, possible blood studies
Joints
X-rays Sprains
Abscess Swelling and Lumps
Possible cultures, blood studies
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Skin or body surface
Possible biopsy Cysts and other benign growths
Blood studies, x-rays and other imaging studies, biopsy Cancer
Blood studies, x-rays and other imaging studies Enlarged or obstructed lymph glands
Possible x-rays and biopsy Ganglion
Allergy tests Hives
Blood studies and cultures Infection
Bell's palsy
Possible x-rays and CT scan
Taste Changes
Blood studies, x-rays and other imaging studies, biopsy
Cancer
Possible blood and urine studies Drug reaction
Gastritis
Possible endoscopy and studies to measure gastric acid
Dental examination and x-rays Gum and dental disease
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Possible x-rays and CT or MRI scan Loss of smell
Pregnancy tests Pregnancy
Blood studies, possible x-rays or CT scan Salivary disorders
Anemia
Blood studies
Thirst
Blood and urine studies, glucose tolerance test Diabetes
Tests depend upon underlying cause Fever
Blood tests Heat exhaustion
Blood tests and cultures Malaria
Anemia
Blood tests
Tinnitus (Ringing in the Ears)
X-rays and CT or MRI scan, possible electroencephalography
Brain injuries and tumors
Possible cultures Colds and flu
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Blood and urine studies Drug side effects
Ear examination, possible cultures of discharge Ear infections
Audiometry, head x-rays Ménière's disease
Ear examination Earwax buildup
Otosclerosis
Ear examination, hearing tests including audiogram, Rinne test
Vertigo
Audiometry, water-caloric test, head x-rays, possible CT or MRI scan
Alcoholism
Blood and urine tests
Tremor
Psychological testing Anxiety
Blood studies, electroencephalography Parkinson's disease
Thyroid disorders
Blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels, possible thyroid scan
Urinary Problems
Bladder or kidney infection
Blood studies, cystoscopy, possible cultures
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Discolored urine
Kidney stones
Blood and urine studies, possible x-rays, or ultrasonography
Liver disease
Blood studies, liver function tests, x-rays, possible liver biopsy
Urinary tract cancer
Blood and urine studies, x-rays and other imaging studies, possible laparoscopy, cystoscopy
Aging
Urinalysis, possible nerve and muscle function studies
Incontinence
Urinalysis, cystoscopy Bladder disorder
Nerve studies Nerve deterioration
MRI, nerve studies Spinal injury
Stroke
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, x-rays, CT or MRI scans, neurological work-up
Cystitis
Urinalysis, possible cultures, possible cystoscopy
Urgency
Blood and urine studies, glucose tolerance test Diabetes
Blood and urine studies Drug reaction
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Enlarged prostate
Rectal examination, ultrasonography, possible MRI scan, possible biopsy
Pregnancy tests Pregnancy
Bladder infection
Urinalysis, possible cultures and cystoscopy
Painful urination
Blood studies and possible cultures Gonorrhea and other ***ually transmitted diseases
Urinalysis, renal scan Kidney infection
Prostatitis
Rectal examination, possible ultrasonography and biopsy
Urinalysis and cultures Urethritis
Pelvic examination, Pap smear, possible cultures Vaginitis
Cancer
Pap smear, biopsy
Vaginal Discharge
Pap smear, possible cultures Cervicitis
Blood studies and possible cultures Gonorrhea and other ***ually transmitted diseases
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Pregnancy tests Pregnancy
Vaginitis
Pelvic examination, Pap smear, possible cultures or biopsy
Cataracts
Ophthalmoscopy
Vision Problems
Ophthalmoscopy, possible CT or MRI scan Detached retina
Tonometry Glaucoma
Iritis
Ophthalmoscopy, possible other tests to find underlying cause
Ophthalmoscopy, vision tests Macular degeneration
Stroke and ministroke
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, x-rays, CT or MRI scans, neurological work-up
Ophthalmoscopy Retinopathy
Arthritis
X-rays
Weakness
Blood studies and other tests depending upon site Cancer
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Guillain-Barré syndrome
Blood and cerebrospinal fluid studies, neurological examination
Multiple sclerosis and other neuromuscular disorders
Blood studies, EEG, x-rays and CT or MRI scans, possible muscle biopsy
Heart failure
Weight Changes
Blood and urine studies, ECG, heart x-rays, echocardiography, possible cardiac catheterization, possible heart muscle biopsy
Unexplained gain Hypothyroidism
Blood studies, thyroid hormone levels
Liver disease
Blood studies, liver function tests, x-rays, possible liver biopsy
Toxemia of pregnancy
Blood and urine studies, kidney and liver function studies
AIDS Unexplained loss
Blood studies
Blood studies Anemia
Blood studies and other tests, depending upon site Cancer
Blood and urine studies, glucose tolerance test Diabetes
Psychological testing Eating disorders
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Blood and urine studies, possible cultures Infection
Intestinal disorders Intestinal parasites
Upper and lower GI x-ray series, possible endoscopy, and other studies, depending upon nature of disorder Stool analysis
Malabsorption syndrome
Blood studies, stool analysis, possible colonoscopy, intestinal biopsy
Ulcers
Upper GI x-ray studies, stool analysis for blood, endscopy
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