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Prototyping Group
•Kemar “ Kemicall~X ” Golding •Petula “ Pepeeta ” lee •Romane “ Plum ” Rogers •Brandon “ Reverend ” Ormsby

What is Prototyping? Prototyping is the process of building a model of a system. In terms of an information system, prototypes are employed to help system designers build an information system that is intuitive and easy to manipulate for end users. Prototyping is an iterative process that is part of the analysis phase of the systems development life cycle.

 During

the requirements determination portion of the systems analysis phase, system analysts gather information about the organization's current procedures and business processes related to the proposed information system. In addition, they study the current information system, if there is one, and conduct user interviews and collect documentation. This helps the analysts develop an initial set of

 Prototyping

can augment this process because it converts these basic, yet sometimes intangible, specifications into a tangible but limited working model of the desired information system. The user feedback gained from developing a physical system that the users can touch and see facilitates an evaluative response that the analyst can employ to modify existing requirements as well as developing new ones.



Prototyping comes in many forms from low tech sketches or paper screens(Pictive) from which users and developers can paste controls and objects, to high tech operational systems using CASE (computer-aided software engineering) or fourth generation languages and everywhere in between. Many organizations use multiple prototyping tools. For example, some will use paper in the initial analysis to facilitate concrete user feedback and then later develop an operational prototype using fourth generation languages, such as Visual

  Some Advantages of Prototyping:


Reduces development time.  Reduces development costs.  Requires user involvement.  Developers receive quantifiable user feedback.  Facilitates system implementation since users know what to expect.  Results in higher user satisfaction.  Exposes developers to potential future system enhancements.

Some Disadvantages of Prototyping


Can lead to insufficient analysis.  Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same as the prototype.  Developers can become too attached to their prototypes  Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready.  Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation.  If sophisticated software prototypes (4th GL or CASE Tools) are employed, the time saving benefit of

Wireframes/Paper Prototypes
Wireframes and Paper Prototypes are useful early-stage techniques, though limited in as much as they are non-interactive and usually very broad. If our project were to be painting a landscape, you might think of wireframes and paper prototypes as the early sketches on a notepad, or some under-painting. In other words, suggesting the basic shape but not saying much about the details. Though often simplistic, this style of prototype is useful because they can be very quick to create and don't require so much technical expertise to put

Types of Software Prototypes

Throwaway prototyping
Also called close-ended prototyping. Throwaway or Rapid Prototyping refers to the creation of a model that will eventually be discarded rather than becoming part of the final delivered software. After preliminary requirements gathering is accomplished, a simple working model of the system is constructed to visually show the users what their requirements may look like when they are implemented into a finished

Evolutionary prototyping
Evolutionary Prototyping (also known as breadboard prototyping) is quite different from Throwaway Prototyping. The main goal when using Evolutionary Prototyping is to build a very robust prototype in a structured manner and constantly refine it. "The reason for this is that the Evolutionary prototype, when built, forms the heart of the new system, and the improvements and

Extreme prototyping
Extreme Prototyping as a development process is used especially for developing web applications. Basically, it breaks down web development into three phases, each one based on the preceding one. The first phase is a static prototype that consists mainly of HTML pages. In the second phase, the screens are programmed and fully functional using a simulated services layer. In the third phase the services are implemented. The process is called Extreme Prototyping to draw attention to the second phase of the process, where a fully

Visual Prototypes
These often come in the form of screen mock-ups, perhaps in a paper form or created using a graphics tool such as Adobe Photoshop. They offer an opportunity to prototype the look and feel of a system design, though not normally any functionality or operational flows. They are often visual mock-ups rather than true prototypes, in as much as they represent a useful tool to demonstrate potential appearances and layouts. These typically come from a designer's

Interactive Prototypes
These are far more useful, though require an increased investment in time to create. They aim to model a system design more faithfully, and represent actual paths through that system. They generally will combine the visual aspects of a static prototype with a certain degree of interactive functionality. This might mean navigation, or the use of real web controls, or even mock data processing. As a platform for demonstrating a system, these are the

Prototyping process

Additional Notes
Software prototyping is simply the process of creating incomplete versions of a software application or program Evolutionary Prototypes •The system is continually refined and rebuilt •Focus on developing parts of a system rather than the whole thing

Bibliography
University of Missouri St. Louis website •What is prototyping •Advantages and Disadvantages •Diagrams were taken from PDF file found at •http://www.reynardthomson.com/what-is-prototyping.com •http://vivekn4u.com/content/prototyping-software-life-cycle-model-diagram

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