Connecticut

Connecticut
For other uses, see Connecticut (disambiguation).

The Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along
Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong
maritime tradition, which continues today. The state also
has a long history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford and hedge
funds in Fairfield County. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human
Development Index (0.962), and median household income in the United States.[17][18][19]

Connecticut ( i /kəˈnɛtɨkət/, kə-NET-i-kət)[12] is the
southernmost state in the region of the United States
known as New England. Connecticut is also often
grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the
Tri-State area. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the
east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west,
and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city
is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport. Although it is one of the wealthiest states in the US by
The state is named after the Connecticut River, a ma- most economic measures, the income gap between its
jor U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. The urban and suburban areas is unusually wide.[20]
word “Connecticut” is derived from various anglicized
spellings of an Algonquian languages word for “long tidal
river.”[13]
1 Geography
Connecticut is the third smallest state by area,[14] the
29th most populous,[15] and the fourth most densely populated[14] of the 50 United States. It is known as the
Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State,
and the Land of Steady Habits.[1] It was influential in
the development of the federal government of the United
States. Much of southern and western Connecticut (along
with the majority of the state’s population) is part of the
New York metropolitan area: three of Connecticut’s eight
counties are statistically included in the New York City
combined statistical area, which is widely referred to as
the Tri-State area. Connecticut’s center of population is
in Cheshire, New Haven County,[16] which is also located
within the Tri-State area.

Further information: Geology of Connecticut and
Geology of New England
Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island
Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by
Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state
capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other major
cities and towns (by population) include Bridgeport, New
Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New
Britain, Greenwich and Bristol. Connecticut is slightly
larger than the country of Montenegro. There are 169
incorporated towns in Connecticut.
The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in
Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state. The highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts,
and New York meet (42° 3' N; 73° 29' W), on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in
Massachusetts.[21]

Connecticut’s first European settlers were Dutch. They
established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day
Hartford at the confluence of the Park and Connecticut
rivers, called Huys de Goede Hoop. Initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony, New Netherland,
which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were
established in the 1630s by England. Thomas Hooker led
a band of followers overland from the Massachusetts Bay
Colony and founded what would become the Connecticut
Colony; other settlers from Massachusetts founded the
Saybrook Colony and the New Haven Colony. The Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents
of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies
were merged under a royal charter, making Connecticut
a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen
Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American
Revolution.

The Connecticut River cuts through the center of the
state, flowing into Long Island Sound. The most populous metropolitan region centered within the state lies
in the Connecticut River Valley. Despite Connecticut’s relatively small size, it features wide regional variations in its landscape; for example, in the northwestern
Litchfield Hills, it features rolling mountains and horse
farms, whereas in the southeastern New London County,
it features beaches and maritime activities.
Although Connecticut has a long maritime history, and a
reputation based on that history, Connecticut has no direct access to the sea. The jurisdiction of New York actually extends east at Fishers Island, where New York shares
a sea border with Rhode Island dividing Narragansett
1

2

1

GEOGRAPHY

Bay. Although Connecticut has easy access to the Atlantic, between Long Island Sound and Block Island
Sound, Connecticut has no direct ocean coast.
Further information: List of Connecticut rivers
Connecticut’s rural areas and small towns in the northeast
and northwest corners of the state contrast sharply with its
industrial cities, located along the coastal highways from
the New York border to New London, then northward up
the Connecticut River to Hartford. Many towns center
around a "green,” such as the Litchfield Green, Lebanon
Green (the largest in the state), and Wethersfield Green
(the oldest in the state). Near the green typically stand
historical visual symbols of New England towns, such as Scenery upon Barndoor Hills in Granby in autumn
a white church, a colonial meeting house, a colonial tavern
or "inne,” several colonial houses, and so on, establishing
a scenic historic appearance maintained for both historic
preservation and tourism.
Connecticut consists of temperate broadleaf and mixed
forests. Northeastern coastal forests of oaks, hickories,
and maple cover much of the state.[22] In the northwest,
these give way to New England-Acadian forests of the
Taconic Mountains.[22]
Further information: List of Connecticut state forests
The northern boundary of the state with Massachusetts is
marked by the Southwick Jog or Granby Notch, an approximately 2.5 mile (4.0 km) square detour into Connecticut. The actual origin of this anomaly is clearly es- Winter in East Haven
tablished in a long line of disputes and temporary agreements which was finally concluded in 1804, when southern Southwick, whose residents sought to leave Mas- 1.1 Climate
sachusetts, was split in half.[23][24]
The southwestern border of Connecticut, where it Much of Connecticut has a humid continental climate,
abuts New York State, is marked by a panhandle in with cold winters and warm humid summers. Far southFairfield County, containing the towns of Greenwich, ern and coastal Connecticut has a more mild humid temStamford, New Canaan, Darien, and parts of Norwalk perate/subtropical climate with seasonal extremes temand Wilton.This irregularity in the boundary is the result pered by proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, warmer winof territorial disputes in the late 17th century, culminating ters, and longer frost-free seasons. Most of Connectiwith New York giving up its claim to the area, whose res- cut sees a fairly even precipitation pattern with rainidents considered themselves part of Connecticut, in ex- fall/snowfall spread throughout the 12 months. Conchange for an equivalent area extending northwards from necticut averages 56% of possible sunshine (higher than
average), averaging 2,400 hours of sunshine
Ridgefield to the Massachusetts border as well as undis- the USA[27]
annually.
[25]
puted claim to Rye, New York.
Summer is hot and often humid throughout the state, with
average highs in New London of 81°F (27°C) and 87 °F
(31°C) in Windsor Locks. Although summers are sunny
Areas maintained by the National Park Service in- in Connecticut, summer thunderstorms often bring quick
clude Appalachian National Scenic Trail, Quinebaug and downpours and thunder and lighting. Winters are generShetucket Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor, and ally cool to cold from south to north in Connecticut, with
Weir Farm National Historic Site.[26]
average January temperatures ranging from 38°F (3°C)
in the coastal lowlands to 29°F (−2°C) in the inland and
northern portions on the state. The average yearly snowfall ranges from about 50–60” in the higher elevations
of the northern portion of the state to only 20-25” along
the southeast coast of Connecticut. Generally, any locale
Further information: Connecticut panhandle

2.1

Exploration and early settlement

3

north or west of Interstate 84 receives the most snow, dur- John Winthrop, then of Massachusetts, received a coming a storm, and throughout the season.
mission to create a new colony at Old Saybrook at the
[36]
Early spring (April) can range from cool to warm, while mouth of the Connecticut River in 1635. This was the
mid and late spring (May/early June) is warm to hot. Fall first of three distinct colonies that later would be commonths are mild and bring colorful foliage across north- bined to make up Connecticut. Saybrook Colony was
ern parts of the state (the southern and coastal areas have a direct challenge to Dutch claims. The colony was not
more oak and hickory trees and fewer maples) in Octo- more than a small outpost and never matured. In 1644,
Colony merged itself into the Connecticut
ber and November. During hurricane season, tropical the Saybrook
Colony.[37]
cyclones occasionally affect the region. Thunderstorms
are most frequent during the summer, occurring on aver- The first English settlers came in 1633 and settled at
age 30 times annually. These storms can be severe, and Windsor, and then at Wethersfield the following year.[38]
the state usually averages one tornado per year.[28] Con- However, the main body of settlers came in one large
necticut’s warmest temperature is 106 °F (41 °C) which group in 1636. The settlers were Puritans from Masoccurred in Danbury on July 15, 1995; the coldest tem- sachusetts, led by Thomas Hooker. Hooker had been
perature is −32 °F (−36 °C) which occurred in Falls Vil- prominent in England and was a professor of theology at
lage on February 16, 1943, and Coventry on January 22, Cambridge. He was also an important political writer and
1961.[29]
made a significant contribution to Constitutional theory.
He broke with the political leadership in Massachusetts,
and, just as Roger Williams created a new polity in Rhode
Island, Hooker and his cohort did the same and estab2 History
lished the Connecticut Colony at Hartford in 1636.[39]
This was the second of the three colonies. The third
colony was founded in March 1638. New Haven Colony
Main article: History of Connecticut
(originally known as the Quinnipiack Colony[40] ) was established by John Davenport, Theophilus Eaton, and others at New Haven. The New Haven Colony had its own
constitution, “The Fundamental Agreement of the New
Haven Colony,” which was signed on June 4, 1639.[41]
Because the Dutch were outnumbered by the flood of English settlers from Massachusetts, they left their fort in
1654.[42]

A map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies

2.1

Exploration and early settlement

The name Connecticut is derived from anglicized versions of the Algonquian word that has been translated
as “long tidal river” and “upon the long river.”[32] The
Connecticut region was inhabited by multiple Native
American tribes prior to European settlement and colonization, including the Mohegans, the Pequots, and the
Paugusetts.[33] The first European explorer in Connecticut was the Dutch explorer Adriaen Block.[34] After he
explored this region in 1614, Dutch fur traders sailed up
the Connecticut River (then known by the Dutch as Versche Rivier – “Fresh River”) and built a fort at Dutch Point
in what is present-day Hartford, which they called “House
of Hope” (Dutch: Huis van Hoop).[35]

Neither the establishment of the Connecticut Colony or
the Quinnipiack Colony was carried out with the sanction of the English Crown, and they were independent
political entities.[43] They naturally were presumptively
English, but in a legal sense, they were only secessionist
outposts of Massachusetts Bay. In 1662, Winthrop took
advantage of this void in political affairs and obtained
in England the charter by which the colonies of Connecticut and Quinnipiack were united from the newly restored Charles II, who granted liberal political terms.[44]
Although Winthrop’s charter favored the Connecticut
colony, New Haven remained a seat of government with
Hartford until after the American Revolution.[45]
Historically important colonial settlements included
Windsor (1633), Wethersfield (1634), Saybrook (1635),
Hartford (1636), New Haven (1638), Fairfield (1639),
Guilford (1639), Milford (1639), Stratford (1639),
Farmington (1640), Stamford (1641), and New London
(1646).
The Pequot War marked the first major clash between
European settlers and Native Americans in New England.
With the Pequot people reacting with increasing aggression to European settlers encroaching on their territory,
settlers responded in 1636 with a raid on a Pequot village on Block Island. The Pequots laid siege to Saybrook

4

2

HISTORY

in many parts.[50]
The western boundaries of Connecticut have been subject
to change over time. According to the Hartford Treaty
with the Dutch, signed on September 19, 1650, but never
ratified by the British, the western boundary of Connecticut ran north from Greenwich Bay for a distance of 20
miles[51][52] “provided the said line come not within 10
miles (16 km) [16 km] of Hudson River. This agreement
was observed by both sides until war erupted between
England and The Netherlands in 1652. No other limits
were found. Conflict over uncertain colonial limits continued until the Duke of York captured New Netherland
in 1664.”[51][52] On the other hand, Connecticut’s original
Charter in 1662 granted it all the land to the “South Sea,”
i.e. the Pacific Ocean.[53][54] Most colonial royal grants
A 1799 map of Connecticut which shows The Oblong. From
were for long east-west strips. Connecticut took its grant
Low’s Encyclopaedia.
seriously, and established a ninth county between the
Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers, named Westmoreland
Colony’s garrison that autumn, then in the spring of 1637 County. This resulted in the brief Pennamite Wars with
[55]
raided Wethersfield. Colonists there declared war on the Pennsylvania.
Pequots, organized a band of militia and Native Americans, and attacked a Pequot village on the Mystic River,
with death toll estimates ranging between 300 and 700
2.3 The American Revolution
Pequots. After suffering another major loss at a battle in Fairfield, the Pequots asked for a truce and peace
Connecticut designated four delegates to the Second
terms.[46]
Continental Congress who would sign the Declaration
of Independence: Samuel Huntington, Roger Sherman,
William Williams, and Oliver Wolcott.[56]
In 1775, in the wake of the clashes between British regulars and Massachusetts militia at Lexington and Concord,
Connecticut’s legislature authorized the outfitting of six
new regiments, with some 1,200 Connecticut troops on
hand at the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775.[57]

View of New London in 1854

2.2

Colonial Connecticut

Connecticut developed a conservative elite that would
dominate colonial affairs in the years leading up to
the American Revolution.[47] The forces of liberalism
and democracy emerged slowly, encouraged by the entrepreneurship of the business community, and the new
religious freedom stimulated by the First Great Awakening.[48]
With the establishment of Yale College in 1701, Connecticut had an important institution to educate clergy
and civil leaders.[49] Just as Yale dominated Connecticut’s
intellectual life, the Congregational church dominated religious life in the colony, and by extension, town affairs

Getting word in 1777 of Continental Army supplies in
Danbury, the British landed an expeditionary force of
some 2,000 troops in Westport, who marched to Danbury
and destroyed much of the depot along with homes in
Danbury. On the return march, Continental Army troops
and militia led by General David Wooster and General Benedict Arnold engaged the British at Ridgefield in
1777.[58]
For the winter of 1778–79, General George Washington
decided to split the Continental Army into three divisions encircling New York City, where British General
Sir Henry Clinton had taken up winter quarters.[59] Major General Israel Putnam chose Redding as the winter
encampment quarters for some 3,000 regulars and militia
under his command. The Redding encampment allowed
Putnam’s soldiers to guard the replenished supply depot
in Danbury and support any operations along Long Island
Sound and the Hudson River Valley.[60] Some of the men
were veterans of the winter encampment at Valley Forge,
Pennsylvania the previous winter. Soldiers at the Redding camp endured supply shortages, cold temperatures
and significant snow, with some historians dubbing the
encampment “Connecticut’s Valley Forge.”[61]

2.5

Civil War era

The state was also the launching site for a number of
raids against Long Island orchestrated by Samuel Holden
Parsons and Benjamin Tallmadge,[62] and provided men
and material for the war effort, especially to Washington’s army outside New York City. General William
Tryon raided the Connecticut coast in July 1779, focusing
on New Haven, Norwalk, and Fairfield.[63] New London
and Groton Heights were raided in September 1781 by
Arnold, who at that point had turned to the British.[64]

2.4

5

2.5 Civil War era
Main article: Connecticut in the American Civil War

Connecticut manufacturers played a major role in supplying the Union forces with weapons and supplies during the
Civil War. The state furnished 55,000 men. They were
formed into thirty full regiments of infantry, including
two in the U.S. Colored Troops, with several Connecticut
men becoming generals. The Navy attracted 250 officers
and 2100 men, and Gideon Welles was Secretary of the
Navy. James H. Ward of Hartford was the first U.S. Naval
Officer killed in the Civil War.[73] Connecticut casualties
disease,
Early National Period and Industrial included 2088 killed in combat, 2801 dying from
and 689 dying in Confederate prison camps.[74][75][76]

Revolution

A surge of national unity in 1861 brought thousands
flocking to the colors from every town and city. HowOn January 9, 1788, Connecticut ratified the U.S. Con- ever, as the war became a crusade to end slavery, many
stitution, becoming the fifth state.[65]
Democrats (especially Irish Catholics) pulled back. The
Connecticut prospered during the era following the Democrats took a peace position and included many
American Revolution, as mills and textile factories were Copperheads willing to let the South secede. The inbuilt and seaports flourished from trade[66] and fisheries. tensely fought 1863 election for governor was narrowly
won by the Republicans.[77][78]
In 1786, Connecticut ceded territory to the U.S. government that became part of the Northwest Territory. Connecticut retained land extending across the northern part
of present-day Ohio, called the Connecticut Western Re- 2.6 Second Industrial Revolution
serve.[67] The Western Reserve section was settled largely
by people from Connecticut, and they brought Connecticut place names to Ohio. Agreements with Pennsylvania
and New York extinguished the land claims by Connecticut within its neighbors, creating the Connecticut Panhandle. Connecticut ceded the Western Reserve in 1800
to the federal government,[67] which brought the state to
its present boundaries other than minor adjustments with
Massachusetts.
The British blockade during the War of 1812 hurt exports, and bolstered the influence of Federalists who opposed the war.[68] The cessation of imports from Britain
stimulated the construction of factories to manufacture
textiles and machinery. Due in part to the inventions of 1895 map from Rand McNally
Eli Whitney and other early innovators of the Industrial
Revolution, Connecticut would come to be recognized as
Connecticut’s extensive industry, dense population, flat
a major center for manufacturing.[69]
terrain, and wealth encouraged the construction of railThe state was known for its political conservatism, typ- roads, starting in 1839. By 1840, 102 miles of line were
ified by its Federalist party and the Yale College of in operation, growing to 402 in 1850 and 601 in 1860.[79]
Timothy Dwight. The foremost intellectuals were Dwight The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, called
and Noah Webster,[70] who compiled his great dictionary the New Haven or “The Consolidated,” became the domin New Haven. Religious tensions polarized the state, as inant Connecticut railroad company after 1872. Starting
the established Congregational Church, in alliance with in the 1890s J. P. Morgan began financing the major New
the Federalists, tried to maintain its grip on power. The England railroads, and dividing territory so they would
failure of the Hartford Convention in 1814 hurt the Fed- not compete. The New Haven purchased 50 smaller comeralist cause, with the Republican Party gaining control panies, including steamship lines, and built a network of
in 1817.[71]
light rails (electrified trolleys) that provided inter-urban
Having been governed under the "Fundamental Or- transportation for all of southern New England. By 1912,
ders" since 1639, Connecticut adopted in 1818 a new the New Haven operated over 2000 miles of track, and
constitution.[72]
120,000 employees.[80]

6

2

HISTORY

In 1875, the first telephone exchange in the world was 2.9 World War II
established in New Haven.[81]
The advent of Lend-Lease in support of Britain helped
lift Connecticut from the Great Depression,[94] with the
state a major production center for weaponry and supplies
2.7 World War I
used in World War II. Connecticut manufactured 4.1 percent of total U.S. military armaments produced during
When World War I broke out in 1914, Connecticut be- World War II, ranking ninth among the 48 states,[95] with
came a major supplier of weaponry to the U.S. mili- major factories including Colt[96] for firearms, Pratt &
tary; by 1918, 80% of the state’s industries were pro- Whitney for aircraft engines, Chance Vought for fighter
ducing goods for the war effort.[82] Remington Arms in planes, Hamilton Standard for propellers,[97] and Electric
Bridgeport produced half the small-arms cartridges used Boat for submarines and PT boats.[98] In Bridgeport, Genby the U.S. Army;[83] with other major suppliers includ- eral Electric would produce a significant new weapon to
ing Winchester in New Haven and Colt in Hartford.[84]
counter opposing tanks: the bazooka.[99]
Connecticut was also an important U.S. Navy supplier,
with Electric Boat receiving orders for 85 submarines,[85]
Lake Torpedo Boat building more than 20 subs,[86] and
the Groton Iron Works building freighters.[87] On June
21, 1916, the U.S. Navy made Groton the site for its East
Coast submarine base and school.
The state enthusiastically supported the American war
effort in 1917 and 1918, with large purchases of war
bonds and a further expansion of war industry, and emphasis on increasing food production in the farms. Thousands of state, local, and volunteer groups mobilized for
the war effort, and were coordinated by the Connecticut State Council of Defense.[88] Manufacturers wrestled with manpower shortages; with American Brass and
Manufacturing running at half capacity, the federal government agreed to furlough soldiers to join the Waterbury
company.[89]

2.8

Interwar period

On May 13, 1940, Igor Sikorsky made an untethered
flight of what was the first practical helicopter.[100] While
the helicopter would see only limited use in World War
II, future military production would make Sikorsky Aircraft's Stratford plant Connecticut’s largest single manufacturing site by the start of the 21st century.[101]

2.10 Post-World War II economic expansion
While Connecticut saw the loss of some wartime factories following the end of hostilities, the state shared in
a general post-war expansion that included the construction of highways,[102] resulting in middle-class growth in
suburban areas.
Prescott Bush represented Connecticut in the U.S. Senate from 1952 to 1963; his son George H.W. Bush and
grandson George W. Bush both would become presidents
of the United States.[103]

In 1965, Connecticut ratified its current constitution, re[104]
In 1919, Henry Roraback started the Connecticut Light placing the document that had served since 1818.
& Power Co.,[90] which would grow to become the state’s In 1968, commercial operation began for the Connecticut
dominant electric utility.
Yankee Nuclear Power Plant in East Haddam; in 1970,
Power Station would begin operaIn 1925, Frederick Rentschler spurred the creation of the Millstone Nuclear
[105]
tions
in
Waterford.
Pratt & Whitney in Hartford to develop engines for aircraft; the company would become an important military In 1974 Connecticut elected as governor Democrat Ella
supplier in World War II and in time one of the three ma- T. Grasso, who became the first woman in any state to be
jor manufacturers of jet engines in the world.[91]
elected governor in her own right.[106]
On September 21, 1938, the most destructive storm in
New England history struck eastern Connecticut, killing
hundreds of people.[92] The eye of the “Long Island Express” passed just west of New Haven and devastated the
Connecticut shoreline between Old Saybrook and Stonington, which lacked the partial protection provided by
Long Island, N.Y. to points west from the full force of
wind and waves. The hurricane caused extensive damage
to infrastructure, homes, and businesses. In New London,
a 500-foot sailing ship was driven into a warehouse complex, causing a major fire. Heavy rainfall caused the Connecticut River to flood downtown Hartford and East Hartford. An estimated 50,000 trees fell onto roadways.[93]

2.11 Late 20th century
Connecticut’s dependence on the defense industry posed
an economic challenge at the end of the Cold War. The
resulting budget crisis helped elect Lowell Weicker as
governor on a third-party ticket in 1990. Weicker’s remedy, a state income tax, proved effective in balancing the
budget but politically unpopular, and Weicker did not run
for a second term.[107]
In 1992, initial construction was completed on Foxwoods
Casino at the Mashantucket Pequots reservation in east-

3.1

Race, ancestry, and language

7

ern Connecticut, which would become the largest casino years old, 24.7% under 18 years old, and 13.8% were 65
in the Western Hemisphere. Mohegan Sun would follow years of age or older. Females made up approximately
four years later.[108]
51.6% of the population, with 48.4% male.

2.12 Early 21st century
In 2000, presidential candidate Al Gore chose as his running mate Senator Joe Lieberman, marking the first time
a major party presidential ticket included someone of the
Jewish faith.[109] Gore and Lieberman fell five votes short
of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney in the Electoral College. In the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, 65
state residents were killed, mostly Fairfield County residents who were working in the World Trade Center.[110]
In 2004, Republican Governor John G. Rowland resigned
during a corruption investigation, later pleading guilty to
federal charges.[111][112]

In 1790, 97% of the population in Connecticut was classified as “rural.” The first census in which less than half the
population was classified as rural was 1890. In the 2000
census, it was only 12.3%. Most of western and southern Connecticut (particularly the Gold Coast) is strongly
associated with New York City; this area is the most affluent and populous region of the state. Eastern Connecticut
is more culturally influenced by the greater New England
area, including the cities of Boston and Providence. The
center of population of Connecticut is located in the town
of Cheshire.[122]

In 2011 and 2012, Connecticut was hit by three major
storms in just over 14 months, with all three causing
extensive property damage and electric outages. Hurricane Irene struck Connecticut August 28 and damage totaled $235 million.[113] Two months later in late October, the “Halloween nor'easter” dropped extensive snow
onto trees, resulting in snapped branches and trunks that
damaged power lines, with some areas not seeing electricity restored for 11 days.[114] Hurricane Sandy had tropi- Connecticut Population Density Map
cal storm-force winds when it reached Connecticut October 29, 2012.[115] Sandy’s winds drove storm surges into
streets, and cut power to 98 percent of homes and busi- 3.1 Race, ancestry, and language
nesses en route to more than $360 million in damage.[116]
On December 14, 2012, Adam Lanza shot and killed 26 As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Connecticut’s race and ethpeople at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, nic percentages were:
Connecticut, and then killed himself.[117] The massacre
spurred renewed efforts by activists for tighter laws on gun
• 77.6% White (71.2% Non-Hispanic White, 6.4%
ownership nationally.[118]
White Hispanic)
• 10.1% Black or African American

3

Demographics

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Connecticut was 3,596,677 on July 1, 2014, a
0.63% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[8]
As of 2014, Connecticut had an estimated population
of 3,596,677,[8] which is an increase of 9,638, or 0.2%,
from the prior year and an increase of 16,250, or 0.5%,
since the year 2010. This includes a natural increase
since the last census of 67,427 people (that is 222,222
births minus 154,795 deaths) and an increase due to net
migration of 41,718 people into the state. Immigration
from outside the United States resulted in a net increase
of 75,991 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 34,273 people. Based on the 2005
estimates, Connecticut moves from the 29th most populous state to 30th.

• 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native
• 3.8% Asian
• 0.0% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• 5.6% from some other race
• 2.6% Two or more races
In the same year Hispanics and Latinos of any race made
up 13.4% of the population.[123]
The state’s most populous ethnic group, Non-Hispanic
White, has declined from 98% in 1940 to 71% in
2010.[124]

As of 2004, 11.4% of the population (400,000) was
foreign-born. In 1870, native-born Americans had accounted for 75% of the state’s population, but that had
6.6% of its population was reported as being under 5 dropped to 35% by 1918.

8

4 ECONOMY

As of 2000, 81.69% of Connecticut residents age 5 and
older spoke English at home and 8.42% spoke Spanish,
followed by Italian at 1.59%, French at 1.31% and Polish
at 1.20%.[128]
The largest European ancestry groups are:[129]
• 32% British Isles (17.9% Irish, 10.7% English,
2.0% Scottish, 1.4% Scotch Irish)
• 19.3% Italian
• 10.4% German
• 8.6% Polish
• 6.6% French
• 3.0% French Canadian
• 2.7% American
Connecticut has large Italian American, Irish American
and English American populations, as well as German
American and Portuguese American populations, with
the Italian American population having the second highest percentage of any state, behind Rhode Island (19.3%).
Italian is the largest ancestry group in five of the state’s
counties, while the Irish are the largest group in Tolland
county, French Canadians the largest group in Windham
county. Connecticut has the highest percentage of Puerto
Ricans of any state.[130] African Americans and Hispanics
(mostly Puerto Ricans) are numerous in the urban areas
of the state. Connecticut is also known for its relatively
large Hungarian American population, the majority of
which live in and around Fairfield, Stamford, Naugatuck
and Bridgeport. Connecticut also has a sizable Polish
American population, with New Britain containing the
largest Polish American population in the state.

Majority Racial and Ethnic Groups in Connecticut, 2010

Hartford. According to the Association of Religion Data
Archives, the largest Christian denominations, by number
of adherents, in 2010 were: the Catholic Church, with
1,252,936; the United Church of Christ, with 96,506;
and non-denominational Evangelical Protestants, with
72,863.[134]
Recent immigration has brought other non-Christian religions to the state, but the numbers of adherents of other
religions are still low. Connecticut is also home to New
England’s largest Protestant Church: The First Cathedral
in Bloomfield, Connecticut located in Hartford County.
Hartford is seat to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of
Hartford, which is sovereign over the Diocese of Bridgeport and the Diocese of Norwich.

4 Economy

More recent immigrant populations include those See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita infrom Jamaica, Guatemala, Haiti, Dominican Republic, come
Mexico, India, Philippines, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, The total gross state product for 2012 was $229.3 billion,
Indonesia, Brazil, Panama, Cape Verde and former up from $225.4 billion in 2011.[135]
Soviet countries.[131]
Connecticut’s per capita personal income in 2013 was esAs of 2011, 46.1% of Connecticut’s population younger timated at $60,847, the highest of any state.[136] There
than age 1 were minorities.[132]
is, however, a great disparity in incomes throughout the
state; after New York, Connecticut had the second largest
gap nationwide between the average incomes of the top
3.2 Religion
1 percent and the average incomes of the bottom 99
[137]
According to a 2013 study by Phoenix MarA Pew survey of Connecticut residents’ religious self- percent.
keting
International,
Connecticut had the third-largest
identification showed the following distribution of affilnumber
of
millionaires
per capita in the United States,
iations: Protestant 27%, Mormonism 0.5%, Jewish 1%,
[138]
with
a
ratio
of
7.32
percent.
New Canaan is the
Roman Catholic 43%, Orthodox 1%, Non-religious 23%,
wealthiest
town
in
Connecticut,
with
a per capita inJehovah’s Witness 1%, Hinduism 0.5%, Buddhism 1%
Darien,
Greenwich,
Weston,
Westport
come
of
$85,459.
[133]
and Islam 0.5%.
Jewish congregations had 108,280
and
Wilton
also
have
per
capita
incomes
over
$65,000.
[134]
The Jewish population is
(3.2%) members in 2000.
Hartford
is
the
poorest
municipality
in
Connecticut,
with
concentrated in the towns near Long Island Sound be[139]
a
per
capita
income
of
$13,428
in
2000.
tween Greenwich and New Haven, in Greater New Haven
and in Greater Hartford, especially the suburb of West The state’s seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in

4.1

Taxation

9
were equalized at a maximum rate of 4%. The new tax
policy drew investment firms to Connecticut; as of 2014,
Fairfield County was home to the headquarters for 14 of
the 200 largest hedge funds in the world.[141]
As of 2014, the income tax rates on Connecticut individuals are divided into six tax brackets of 3% (on income
up to $10,000); 5% ($10,000-$50,000); 5.5% ($50,000$100,000); 6% ($100,000-$200,000); 6.5% ($200,000$250,000); and 6.7% (more than $250,000), with additional amounts owed depending on the bracket.[142]

Connecticut state welcome sign in Enfield, Connecticut

All wages of Connecticut residents are subject to the
state’s income tax, even if earned outside the state. However, in those cases, Connecticut income tax must be
withheld only to the extent the Connecticut tax exceeds
the amount withheld by the other jurisdiction. Since New
York and Massachusetts have higher tax rates than Connecticut, this effectively means that Connecticut residents
that work in those states have no Connecticut income tax
withheld. Connecticut permits a credit for taxes paid to
other jurisdictions, but since residents who work in other
states are still subject to Connecticut income taxation,
they may owe taxes if the jurisdictional credit does not
fully offset the Connecticut tax amount.
Connecticut levies a 6.35% state sales tax on the retail
sale, lease, or rental of most goods.[143] Some items and
services in general are not subject to sales and use taxes
unless specifically enumerated as taxable by statute. A
provision excluding clothing under $50 from sales tax
was repealed as of July 1, 2011.[143] There are no additional sales taxes imposed by local jurisdictions. In August 2013, Connecticut authorized a sales tax “holiday”
for one week during which retailers did not have to remit
sales tax on certain items and quantities of clothing.[144]

All real and personal property located within the state of
Connecticut is taxable unless specifically exempted by
statute. All assessments are at 70% of fair market value.
Another 20% of the value may be taxed by the local government though. The maximum property tax credit is
Entering the Merritt Parkway from New York in Greenwich, Con- $500 per return and any excess may not be refunded or
necticut
carried forward.[145] Connecticut does not levy an intangible personal property tax. According to the Tax Foundation, the 2010 Census data shows Connecticut residents
March 2014 was 7.0 percent, the 39th highest in the
paying the 2nd highest average property taxes in the na[140]
nation.
tion with only New Jersey ahead of them.[146]
The Tax Foundation determined Connecticut residents
had the third highest burden in the nation for state and local taxes at 11.86%, or $7,150, compared to the national
Prior to 1991, Connecticut had an investment-only average of 9.8%.[147]
income tax system. Income from employment was un- As of 2014, the gasoline tax in Connecticut is 49.3 cents
taxed, but income from investments was taxed at 13%, per gallon (the third highest in the nation) and the diesel
the highest rate in the U.S., with no deductions allowed tax is 54.9 cents per gallon (the highest in the nation).
for costs of producing the investment income, such as interest on borrowing.

4.1

Taxation

In 1991, under Governor Lowell P. Weicker, Jr., an
Independent, the system was changed to one in which
the taxes on employment income and investment income

10

4.2

5 TRANSPORTATION

Real estate

Of home-sale transactions that closed in March 2014, the
median home in Connecticut sold for $225,000, up 3.2%
from March 2013.[148] Connecticut ranked ninth nationally in foreclosure activity as of April 2014, with one of
every 887 residential units involved in a foreclosure proceeding, or 0.11% of the total housing stock.[149]

4.3

Industries

Finance and insurance is Connecticut’s largest industry, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, generating
16.4% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2009. Major financial industry employers include The Hartford,
Travelers, Cigna, Aetna, Mass Mutual, People’s United
Financial,[150] Royal Bank of Scotland,[151] UBS[152]
Bridgewater Associates[153] and GE Capital. Separately,
the real estate industry accounted for an additional 15%
of economic activity in 2009, with major employers including Realogy;[154] and William Raveis Real Estate.[155]

East Hampton since early 1980s when the non-profit was
established.[163]
Connecticut’s agricultural sector employed about 12,000
people as of 2010; with more than a quarter of that number involved in nursery stock production. Other agricultural products include dairy products and eggs; tobacco;
fish and shellfish; and fruit.[164]
Oyster harvesting was historically an important source of
income to towns along the Connecticut coastline. In the
19th century, oystering boomed in New Haven, Bridgeport and Norwalk and achieved modest success in neighboring towns. In 1911, Connecticut’s oyster production
reached its peak at nearly 25 million pounds of oyster
meats. This was, at the time, higher than production in
New York, Rhode Island, or Massachusetts.[165] During
this time, the Connecticut coast was known, in the shellfishing industry, as the oyster capital of the world. Until
1969, Connecticut laws enacted before World War I restricted the harvesting of oysters in state-owned beds to
vessels under sail. These laws prompted the construction
of the oyster sloop style vessel to last well into the 20th
century.[166] Hope, completed in Greenwich in 1948, is
believed to be the last oyster sloop built in Connecticut.

Manufacturing, the third biggest industry at 11.9% of
GDP, is dominated by Hartford-based United Technologies Corporation or UTC, which employs more than
22,000 people in Connecticut.[156] UTC subsidiary (soon 5 Transportation
to be Lockheed Martin subsidiary) Sikorsky Aircraft operates Connecticut’s single largest manufacturing plant in
Main article: Transportation in Connecticut
Stratford,[155] where it makes helicopters. Other UTC
divisions include UTC Propulsion and Aerospace Systems, including the jet-engine maker Pratt & Whitney,
and UTC Building and Industrial Systems.[157]
Other major manufacturers include the Electric Boat subsidiary of General Dynamics, which makes submarines
in Groton;[158] and Boehringer Ingelheim, a pharmaceuticals manufacturer with its U.S. headquarters in
Ridgefield.[155]
Connecticut was an historical center of gun manufacturing, and, as of December 2012, four gun-manufacturing
firms, Colt, Stag, Ruger, and Mossberg, employing 2,000
employees, continued to operate in the state.[159] Marlin,
by then owned by Remington, closed in April 2011.[160]

A report issued by the Connecticut Commission on Culture & Tourism on December 7, 2006, demonstrated that
the economic impact of the arts, film, history and tourism Map of Connecticut showing major highways
generated more than $14 billion in economic activity and
170,000 jobs annually. This provides $9 billion in personal income for Connecticut residents and $1.7 billion in
state and local revenue.[161] Two casinos, Foxwoods Re- 5.1 Roads
sort Casino and Mohegan Sun, number among the state’s
largest employers;[162] both are located on Native Amer- Main article: List of State Routes in Connecticut
ican reservations in the eastern part of Connecticut.
Non-profit organizations register in Connecticut under
the local statutory provisions and therefore affect taxation and governance mechanisms. For instance, the headquarters of the Connecticut Food Bank are located in

The Interstate highways in the state are Interstate 95
(I-95; the Connecticut Turnpike) traveling southwest to
northeast along the coast, I-84 traveling southwest to
northeast in the center of the state, I-91 traveling north

5.2

Rail

to south in the center of the state, and I-395 traveling north to south near the eastern border of the state.
The other major highways in Connecticut are the Merritt
Parkway and Wilbur Cross Parkway, which together form
Connecticut Route 15 (Route 15), traveling from the
Hutchinson River Parkway in New York parallel to I-95
before turning north of New Haven and traveling parallel to I-91, finally becoming a surface road in Berlin. I95 and Route 15 were originally toll roads; they relied
on a system of toll plazas at which all traffic stopped and
paid fixed tolls. A series of terrible crashes at these plazas
eventually contributed to the decision to remove the tolls
in 1988.[167] Other major arteries in the state include U.S.
Route 7 (US 7) in the west traveling parallel to the New
York state line, Route 8 farther east near the industrial
city of Waterbury and traveling north–south along the
Naugatuck River Valley nearly parallel with US 7, and
Route 9 in the east. See List of State Routes in Connecticut for an overview of the state’s highway system.
Between New Haven and New York City, I-95 is one of
the most congested highways in the United States. Many
people now drive longer distances to work in the New
York City area. This strains the three lanes of traffic capacity, resulting in lengthy rush hour delays. Frequently,
the congestion spills over to clog the parallel Merritt Parkway. The state has encouraged traffic reduction schemes,
including rail use and ride-sharing.[168]

11

5.2 Rail
Southwestern Connecticut is served by the MetroNorth Railroad's New Haven Line, operated by the
Metropolitan Transportation Authority and providing
commuter service to New York City and New Haven,
with branches servicing New Canaan, Danbury, and
Waterbury. Connecticut lies along Amtrak's Northeast
Corridor which features frequent Northeast Regional and
Acela Express service. Towns between New Haven and
New London are also served by the Shore Line East commuter line. A commuter rail service called the Hartford
Line between New Haven and Springfield on Amtrak’s
New Haven-Springfield Line is scheduled to begin operating in 2016. Amtrak also operates a shuttle service between New Haven and Springfield, Massachusetts,
serving Wallingford, Meriden, Berlin, Hartford, Windsor
Locks, and Springfield, MA and the Vermonter runs from
Washington to St. Albans, Vermont via the same line.

5.3 Bus
Statewide bus service is supplied by Connecticut Transit, owned by the Connecticut Department of Transportation, with smaller municipal authorities providing local
service. Bus networks are an important part of the transportation system in Connecticut, especially in urban areas
like Hartford, Stamford, Norwalk, Bridgeport and New
Haven. A three-year construction project to build a BRT
busway from New Britain to Hartford began in August
2009.[169][170]

Connecticut also has a very active bicycling community, with one of the highest rates of bicycle ownership and use in the United States. New Haven’s cycling
community, organized in a local advocacy group called
ElmCityCycling, is particularly active. According to the
US Census 2006 American Community Survey, New
Haven has the highest percentage of commuters who bicycle to work of any major metropolitan center on the
5.4
East Coast.

Air

Bradley International Airport is located in Windsor
Locks, 15 miles (24 km) north of Hartford. Regional
air service is provided at Tweed New Haven Regional
Airport. Larger civil airports include Danbury Municipal Airport and Waterbury-Oxford Airport in western
Connecticut, and Groton-New London Airport in eastern Connecticut. Sikorsky Memorial Airport is located
in Stratford and mostly services cargo, helicopter and private aviation.

5.5 Ferry
The Rocky Hill – Glastonbury Ferry and the Chester–
Hadlyme Ferry cross the Connecticut River. The
A Metro-North Railroad New Haven Line train leaving Stamford Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Ferry travels between
Bridgeport, Connecticut and Port Jefferson, New York
Station
by crossing Long Island Sound. Ferry service also operates out of New London to Orient, New York; Fishers
Island, New York; and Block Island, Rhode Island.

12

6

6

LAW AND GOVERNMENT

Law and government

Although variations of the bicameral legislature had been
proposed by Virginia and New Jersey, Connecticut’s plan
is the one that was in effect until the early 20th century,
See also: Administrative divisions of Connecticut
Hartford has been the sole capital of Connecticut since when Senators ceased to be selected by their state legislatures and were instead directly elected. Otherwise, it is
still the design of Congress.

6.2 Executive

The Connecticut State Capitol in downtown Hartford

The governor heads the executive branch. Dan Malloy is the current Governor and Nancy Wyman is the
Lieutenant Governor, both are Democrats. Malloy, the
former mayor of Stamford, won the 2010 general election
for Governor, and was sworn in on January 5, 2011. From
1639 until the adoption of the 1818 constitution, the governor presided over the General Assembly. In 1974, Ella
Grasso was elected as the governor of Connecticut. This
was the first time in United States history when a woman
was a governor without her husband being governor first.

1875. Before then, New Haven and Hartford alternated
There are several executive departments: Administrative
as capitals.[171]
Services, Agriculture, Banking, Children and Families,
Consumer Protection, Correction, Economic and Community Development, Developmental Services, Con6.1 Constitutional history
struction Services, Education, Emergency Management
and Public Protection, Energy & Environmental ProMain article: History of the Connecticut Constitution
tection, Higher Education, Insurance, Labor, Mental
Health and Addiction Services, Military, Motor VehiConnecticut is known as the “Constitution State.” While
cles, Public Health, Public Utility Regulatory Authorthe origin of this title is uncertain, the nickname may
ity, Public Works, Revenue Services, Social Services,
either refer to the Fundamental Orders of 1638–39 or
Transportation, and Veterans Affairs. In addition to these
possibly the “Great Compromise” (“Connecticut Comdepartments, there are other independent bureaus, offices
promise”) of the 1787 Constitutional convention. These
and commissions.[172]
Fundamental Orders represent the framework for the first
formal government written by a representative body in In addition to the Governor and Lieutenant Governor,
Connecticut. The government has operated under the there are four other executive officers named in the state
direction of four separate documents in the course of constitution that are elected directly by voters: SecreConnecticut Constitutional History. After the Funda- tary of the State, Treasurer, Comptroller and Attorney
mental Orders, Connecticut was granted governmental General. All executive officers are elected to four-year
authority by King Charles II of England through the Con- terms.[171]
necticut Charter of 1662.
Separate branches of government did not exist during this
period, and the General Assembly acted as the supreme
authority. A constitution similar to the modern U.S. Constitution was not adopted in Connecticut until 1818. Finally, the current state constitution was implemented in
1965. The 1965 constitution absorbed a majority of its
1818 predecessor, but incorporated a handful of important modifications.
The more likely source of the nickname “Constitution
State” comes from Connecticut’s pivotal role in the federal constitutional convention of 1787, during which
Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth helped to orchestrate what became known as the Connecticut Compromise, or the Great Compromise. This plan combined
the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan to form a bicameral legislature, a form copied by almost every state
constitution since the adoption of the federal constitution.

6.3 Legislative
The legislature is the General Assembly. The General
Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of an upper
body, the State Senate (36 senators); and a lower body,
the House of Representatives (151 representatives).[171]
Bills must pass each house in order to become law. The
governor can veto the bill, but this veto can be overridden
by a two-thirds majority in each house. Per Article XV of
the state constitution, Senators and Representatives must
be at least 18 years of age and are elected to two-year
terms in November on even-numbered years. There also
must always be between 30 and 50 senators and 125 to
225 representatives. The Lieutenant Governor presides
over the Senate, except when absent from the chamber,
when the President pro tempore presides. The Speaker
of the House presides over the House.[173] As of 2012,

13
Christopher G. Donovan is the current Speaker of the follow the old county lines.[180] The eight counties are still
House of Connecticut.
widely used for purely geographical and statistical purConnecticut’s current United States Senators are Richard poses, such as weather reports, and census reporting.
Blumenthal (Democrat) and Chris Murphy (Democrat). Connecticut shares with the rest of New England a govConnecticut currently has five representatives in the U.S. ernmental institution called the New England town. The
House, all of whom are Democrats.
state is divided into 169 towns, which serve as the fundamental political jurisdictions.[171] There are also 21
Locally elected representatives also develop Local or[171]
most of which are coterminous with their
dinances to govern cities and towns.[174] The town cities,
namesake
towns
and have a merged city-town governordinances often include noise control and zoning
ment.
There
are
two
exceptions: City of Groton, which
[175]
guidelines.
However, the State of Connecticut does
is
a
subsection
of
the
Town of Groton, and the City of
also provide statewide ordinances for noise control as
Winsted
in
the
Town
of
Winchester. There are also nine
[176]
well.
incorporated boroughs which may provide additional services to a section of town.[171][181] One, Naugatuck, is a
consolidated town and borough.
6.4 Judicial
The state (with the exception of the Town of Stafford
in Tolland County) is also divided into 15 planning
regions defined by the state Office of Planning and
Management.[182] The Intragovernmental Policy Division
of this Office coordinates regional planning with the administrative bodies of these regions. Each region has an
administrative body known as either a regional council
of governments, a regional council of elected officials,
or a regional planning agency. The regions are established for the purpose of planning “coordination of regional and state planning activities; redesignation of logical planning regions and promotion of the continuation of
In 1818, the court became a separate entity, independent regional planning organizations within the state; and proof the legislative and executive branches.[177] The Appel- vision for technical aid and the administration of financial
[182]
late Court is a lesser statewide court and the Superior assistance to regional planning organizations.”
Courts are lower courts that resemble county courts of
other states.
The highest court of Connecticut’s judicial branch is the
Connecticut Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice
of Connecticut. The Supreme Court is responsible for deciding on the constitutionality of the law or cases as they
relate to the law. Its proceedings are similar to those of
the United States Supreme Court, with no testimony given
by witnesses, and the lawyers of the two sides each present
oral arguments no longer than thirty minutes. Following
a court proceeding, the court may take several months to
arrive at a judgment. The current Chief Justice is Chase
T. Rogers.

7 Politics

The State of Connecticut also offers access to Arrest warrant enforcement statistics through the Office of Policy
Further information: Political party strength in Connectiand Management.[178]
cut and Elections in Connecticut

6.5

Local government

See also: Administrative divisions of Connecticut

and several lists: List of municipalities of Connecticut by population,
List of towns in Connecticut, List
of cities in Connecticut, Borough
(Connecticut), List of counties in
Connecticut
Unlike all but one other state (Rhode Island), Connecticut
does not have county government. Connecticut county
governments were mostly eliminated in 1960, with the
exception of sheriffs elected in each county.[179] In 2000,
the county sheriff was abolished and replaced with the
state marshal system, which has districts that follow the
old county territories. The judicial system is divided, at
the trial court level, into judicial districts which largely

Connecticut political party registration 1958–2012 marked with
presidential influence

7.1 Registered voters
Connecticut residents who register to vote have the option of declaring an affiliation to a political party, may
become unaffiliated at will, and may change affiliations
subject to certain waiting periods. As of 2013 about 58%

14

7 POLITICS

of registered voters are enrolled (about 1% total in 18
third parties minor parties), and ratios among unaffiliated
voters and the two major parties are about 8 unaffiliated
for every 7 in the Democratic Party of Connecticut and
for every 4 in the Connecticut Republican Party.
(Among the minor parties, the Libertarian Party and
Independent Party appeared in the Presidential-electors
column in 2012, and drew, respectively, 0.81% and
0.35% of the vote.)
Many Connecticut towns show a marked preference for
moderate candidates of either party.

7.2

Political office

Elections in Connecticut take place mostly at the levels of
town and/or city, state legislative districts for both houses,
Congressional districts, and statewide. In almost all races,
the two major parties have some practical advantages
granted on the basis of their respective performances in
the most recent election covering the same constituency.
Several processes, to varying degrees internal to either a
major or minor party, are in practice nearly prerequisites
to being permitted mention on the provided ballots, and
even more so to winning office.

ballot, write-in ballots are not even tallied by election officials, except for candidates who have submitted a formal
request that the tally be made.
In short, most winning candidates have won the endorsement of the applicable major-party convention; nearly
all of the rest have won with a professionally managed
primary-election campaign; and successful minor-party
candidates are almost without exception major-party figures like Lowell Weicker whose minor parties disappear
after that success. (A Connecticut Party, which Weicker
founded, became nominally the leading major party, and
state law was changed during his administration to provide that in a situation such as his win, the top three parties
in the governor’s race all became major parties.
Chris Murphy and Richard Blumenthal are Connecticut’s
U.S. senators; both are Democrats.

7.3 Republican areas
The suburban towns of New Canaan and Darien in Fairfield County are considered the most Republican areas in
the state. Westport, a wealthy town a few miles to the
east, is often considered one of the most loyally Democratic, liberal towns in Fairfield County. The historically Republican-leaning wealthy town of Wilton voted
in the majority for Barack Obama in the 2008 Presidential Election. Norwalk and Stamford, two larger, mixedincome communities in Fairfield County, have in many
elections favored moderate Republicans including former Governor John G. Rowland and former Congressman Chris Shays, however they have favored Democrats
in recent US presidential election years, with Shays being
defeated by Democrat Jim Himes in the 2008 election.

More specifically, the status of “major party” is usually
reconfirmed every four years, as belonging to the two parties that polled best, statewide, in the gubernatorial column; this status includes the benefit of appearing in one
of the top two rows on the ballot provided the party has
at least one candidate on the ballot. Minor parties appear below major parties, and their performance in recent elections determines whether a candidates who wins
in their nomination process must also meet a petitioning
The state’s Republican-leaning areas are the rural
threshold in order to appear.
Litchfield County and adjoining towns in the west of
In a major party, a party convention for the office’s conHartford County, the industrial towns of the Naugatuck
stituency must be held; in practice, at the town level, a
River Valley, and some of the affluent Fairfield County
major party convention of voters of the town who are entowns near the New York border.
rolled in the party usually is attended almost exclusively
by members of the town party committee. The conven- Joe Lieberman’s predecessor, Lowell P. Weicker, Jr., was
tion may choose to endorse a candidate, who will appear the last Connecticut Republican to serve as Senator. Weon the ballot unless additional candidates meet a petition icker was known as a liberal Republican. He broke with
threshold for a primary election; if at least one candidate President Richard Nixon during Watergate and successmeets the petition threshold, the endorsed candidate and fully ran for governor in 1990 as an independent, creating
all who meet the threshold appear on the primary ballot, A Connecticut Party as his election vehicle. Before Weand the winner of the primary election appears on the icker, the last Republican to represent Connecticut in the
Senate was Prescott Bush, the father of former President
party line for that office.
George H.W. Bush and the grandfather of former PresiA candidate wishing to run on the ballot line of a minordent George W. Bush. He served 1953–63.
party which has recently enough met a general-election
vote threshold follows similar steps; candidates of other
minor parties must meet petition thresholds, and if other 7.4 Democratic areas
candidates of the same party, for the same office, do so
as well, only the winner of a resulting primary will appear Waterbury has a Democratic registration edge, but usuon the ballot.
ally favors conservative candidates of both traditional
Campaigns by candidates not on the ballot generally are parties. In Danbury unaffiliated voters outnumber votentirely symbolic, and while any voter can cast a write-in ers registered with either major party. Other smaller

8.3

Colleges and universities

cities including Meriden, New Britain, Norwich and
Middletown favor Democratic candidates.
As of 2011, Democrats controlled all five federal congressional seats. The remaining Republican, Chris Shays,
lost his seat to Democrat Jim Himes in the Congressional
Election in 2008.

15
• Fairfield College Preparatory School (1942)
• Greens Farms Academy (1925)
• Greenwich Country Day School (1926)
• Hopkins School (1660)
• Kingswood-Oxford School (1909)

7.5

Voting

In April 2012 both houses of the Connecticut state legislature passed a bill (20 to 16 and 86 to 62) that abolished
the capital punishment for all future crimes, while 11 inmates who were waiting on the death row at the time could
still be executed.[185]
In July 2009 the Connecticut legislature overrode a veto
by Governor M. Jodi Rell to pass SustiNet, the first significant public-option health care reform legislation in the
nation.[186]

• Miss Porter’s School (1843)
• New Canaan Country School (1916)
• Northwest Catholic High School (1961)
• Norwich Free Academy (1854)
• Notre Dame Catholic High School (1955)
• Notre Dame High School (1946)
• Pomfret School (1894)
• Saint Bernard School (1956)

8

Education

8.1

K-12

See also: Connecticut State Board of Education
The Connecticut State Board of Education manages the
public school system for children in grades K-12. Board
of Education members are appointed by the Governor of
Connecticut. Statistics for each school are made available to the public through an online database system
called “CEDAR.”[187] The CEDAR database also provides statistics for “ACES” or “RESC” schools for children with behavioral disorders.[188]

8.2

Private schools

See also: Country Day School movement
• Academy of Our Lady of Mercy, Lauralton Hall
(1905)

• The Taft School (1890)
• Watkinson School
• Westminster School (Connecticut)
• Westover School (1909)
• Xavier High School (1963)

8.3 Colleges and universities
Connecticut was home to the nation’s first law school,
Litchfield Law School, which operated from 1773 to
1833 in Litchfield. Hartford Public High School (1638) is
the third-oldest secondary school in the nation after the
Collegiate School (1628) in Manhattan and the Boston
Latin School (1635).
8.3.1 Private
• Yale University (1701)[189]
• Trinity College (1823)

• Avon Old Farms School (1927)

• Wesleyan University (1831)

• Bridgeport International Academy (1997)

• University of Hartford (1877)

• Brunswick School (1902)

• Post University (1890)

• Cheshire Academy (1794)

• Connecticut College (1911)

• Choate Rosemary Hall (1890)

• United States Coast Guard Academy (1915)

• East Catholic High School (1961)

• University of New Haven (1920)

• Ethel Walker School (1911)

• University of Bridgeport (1927)

• Fairfield Country Day School (1936)

• Albertus Magnus College (1925)

16

9

• Quinnipiac University (1929)

9.1.1 NHL

• Mitchell College (1938)

See also: Professional ice hockey in Connecticut

SPORTS

• Fairfield University (1942)
• Sacred Heart University (1963)
8.3.2

Public universities

See also: Connecticut State University System
• Central Connecticut State University (1849)
• University of Connecticut (1881)[190]
• Eastern Connecticut State University (1889)
• Southern Connecticut State University (1893)
• Western Connecticut State University (1903)
• Charter Oak State College (1973)
8.3.3

Public community colleges

• Capital Community College (1946)[191]
• Norwalk Community College (1961)[192]

Connecticut’s longest-tenured and only modern full-time
“big four” franchise were the Hartford Whalers of the
National Hockey League, who played in Hartford from
1975 to 1997 at the Hartford Civic Center. Their departure to Raleigh, North Carolina, over disputes with
the state over the construction of a new arena, caused
great controversy and resentment. The former Whalers
are now known as the Carolina Hurricanes.
Presently, there are two Connecticut teams in the
American Hockey League: the Bridgeport Sound Tigers,
a farm team for the New York Islanders, compete at the
Webster Bank Arena in Bridgeport and the Hartford Wolf
Pack, the affiliate of the New York Rangers, play in the
XL Center in Hartford.

9.1.2 MLB
The Hartford Dark Blues joined the National League for
one season in 1876, making them the state’s only major
league baseball franchise, before moving to Brooklyn,
New York and then disbanding one season later.

Connecticut is a battleground between fans of the New
York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, and New York Mets.[203]
For the Mets and Red Sox, split allegiances among fans
• Naugatuck Valley Community College (1964)[194]
of both teams in the state during the 1986 World Series
• Northwestern Connecticut Community College led to an article in The Boston Globe to coin the phrase
(1965)[195]
“Red Sox Nation.”[204]
• Manchester Community College (1963)[193]

• Middlesex Community College (1966)[196]
• Housatonic Community College (1967)[197]
• Gateway Community College (1968)[198]
• Asnuntuck Community College (1969)[199]
• Tunxis Community College (1969)[200]
• Quinebaug Valley Community College (1971)[201]

9.1.3 NFL
In 1926, Hartford had a franchise in the National Football
League known as the Hartford Blues. The NFL would return to Connecticut from 1973 to 1974 when New Haven
hosted the New York Giants at Yale Bowl while Giants
Stadium was under construction.[205]

• Three Rivers Community College (1992)[202]
9.1.4 NBA
The state also has many noted private day schools, and its
From 1975 to 1995, the Boston Celtics of the National
boarding schools draw students from around the world.
Basketball Association played a number of home games
See also: List of school districts in Connecticut
at the Hartford Civic Center.

9

Sports

9.1.5 Other pro sports

The Connecticut Sun of the WNBA currently play at the
Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville. From 1996 to 1998,
Connecticut was home to another professional woman’s
Connecticut has been the home of multiple teams in the basketball team, American Basketball League franchise
big four sports leagues, though currently hosts none.
the New England Blizzard, who played at the XL Center.

9.1

Professional sports

17
Hartford has hosted two Arena Football League franchises, in the Connecticut Coyotes from 1995 to 1996
and the New England Sea Wolves from 1999 to 2000,
both playing at the Civic Center. Hartford was home to
the Hartford Colonials of the United Football League for
one season in 2010.
The state hosts several major sporting events. Since
1952, a PGA Tour golf tournament has been played in
the Hartford area. Originally called the “Insurance City
Open” and later the “Greater Hartford Open,” the event
is now known as the Travelers Championship. The Pilot Yale Bowl during "The Game" between Yale and Harvard. The
Pen Tennis tournament is held annually in the Cullman- Bowl was also the home of the NFL's New York Giants in 1973–
Heyman Tennis Center at Yale University in New Haven. 74.
Lime Rock Park in Salisbury is a 1.5-mile road racing
course, home to American Le Mans Series, Grand-Am
Rolex Sports Car Series, SCCA and NASCAR Camping
World East Series races. Thompson International Speedway, Stafford Motor Speedway and Waterford Speedbowl
are oval tracks holding weekly races for NASCAR Modifieds and other classes, including the NASCAR Whelen
Modified Tour.

The UConn women’s basketball team holds the record for
the longest consecutive winning streak in NCAA college
basketball at 90 games, a streak that ended in 2008. The
UConn Huskies football team has played in the Football
Bowl Subdivision since 2002, and has played in four bowl
games since.
New Haven biennially hosts "The Game" between Yale
and Harvard, the country’s second-oldest college football
rivalry. Yale alum Walter Camp, deemed the “Father
of American Football,” helped develop modern football
while living in New Haven.[206]
Other Connecticut universities which feature Division I
sports teams are Quinnipiac University, Fairfield University, Central Connecticut State University, Sacred Heart
University, and the University of Hartford.

10 Etymology and symbols
Lime Rock – a home of the American Le Mans tournament

9.2

Current professional sports teams

9.3

Amateur sports

The Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference
(CIAC) is the state’s sanctioning body for high school
sports.
9.3.1

College sports

The name “Connecticut” originates from the Mohegan
word quonehtacut, meaning “place of long tidal
river.”[171] Connecticut’s official nickname, adopted in
1959, is “The Constitution State,” based on its colonial
constitution of 1638–39 which was the first in America
and, arguably, the world.[1] Unofficially (but popularly)
Connecticut is also known as “The Nutmeg State.” [1] The
origins of the nutmeg connection to Connecticut are
unknown. It may have come from its sailors returning
from voyages with nutmeg (which in the 18th and 19th
centuries was a very valuable spice). It may have originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders
sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously
said to come from Yankee peddlers from Connecticut
who would sell small carved nobs of wood shaped to
look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers.[2] George
Washington gave Connecticut the title of “The Provisions
State” [1] because of the material aid the state rendered to
the American Revolutionary War effort. Connecticut is
also known as “The Land of Steady Habits.” [1]

The UConn Huskies play NCAA Division I sports and
are popular in the state. Both the men’s basketball and
women’s basketball teams have won multiple national
championships, including in 2004, when UConn became
the first school in NCAA Division I history to have its
men’s and women’s basketball programs win the national
title in the same year. In 2014, UConn repeated its feat of
being the only school in NCAA Division I to win men’s According to Webster’s New International Dictionary,
and women’s basketball tournaments in the same year. 1993, a person who is a native or resident of Connecti-

18

12

SEE ALSO

• George H.W. Bush, the 41st president of the United
States, who grew up in Greenwich[209] a member of
the Bush political family, with roots in the state extending three generations.
• George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the United
States, was born in New Haven.[210]
• Charles Dow, founder of the Wall Street Journal and
Dow Jones.[211]
• Katharine Hepburn, named by the American Film
Institute as the greatest female star in Hollywood
history.[212]
The Charter Oak

• J.P. Morgan, financier and philanthropist who dominated a period of industrial consolidation and intervened in multiple economic panics during his
time.[213]
• Jackie Robinson, who broke baseball’s “color line,”
contributing significantly to the Civil Rights Movement.[214]
• Igor Sikorsky, who created and flew the first practical helicopter.[215]
• Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose novel Uncle Tom’s
Cabin (1852) energized anti-slavery forces in the
American North.[216]
• Meryl Streep, who holds the record for the most
Academy Awards nominations for acting.[217]

The USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

cut is a “Connecticuter.” There are numerous other terms
coined in print, but not in use, such as: “Connecticotian”
– Cotton Mather in 1702. “Connecticutensian” – Samuel
Peters in 1781. "Nutmegger" is sometimes used,[2] as
is "Yankee" (the official state song is "Yankee Doodle"),
though this usually refers someone from the wider New
England region (and in the Southern United States, to
anyone who lives north of the Mason–Dixon line). Linguist Allen Walker Read reports a more playful term,
'connecticutie.' The traditional abbreviation of the state’s
name is “Conn.;" the official postal abbreviation is CT.
Commemorative stamps issued by the United States
Postal Service with Connecticut themes include Nathan
Hale, Eugene O'Neill, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Noah Webster, Eli Whitney, the whaling ship the Charles W. Morgan which is docked in Mystic Seaport, and a decoy of a
broadbill duck.

• Mark Twain resided in his innovative Hartford home
from 1871 until 1891, during which time he published The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. He lived in Redding
from 1908 until his death in 1910.[218]
• Noah Webster was born in Hartford in an area that is
now part of West Hartford and was the author of the
Blue Backed Speller, now known as Webster’s Dictionary. The Speller was used to teach spelling to five
generations of Americans.[219]
• Eli Whitney, best known for inventing the cotton
gin, which shaped the economy of the Antebellum
South; and promoting the design of interchangeable
parts in production, a major development leading to
the Industrial Revolution.[220]

12 See also
• Index of Connecticut-related articles

11

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Connecticut

• Outline of Connecticut – organized list of topics
about Connecticut
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut

19

13

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15
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Bsaggot, Uncle Dick, SirWallyWally, Jonpro, Valmenco, Mike.lifeguard, Dc 160, TomCat4680, M C Y 1008, Leopold Davidovich, Katalaveno, Janus Shadowsong, Skier Dude, Tmazz85, Kemyou, JayJasper, Beerslayer, Plasticup, Mangwanani, SJP, Genisc, Xander756, Flatterworld, Miskwito, Intanashcts2g, Ftr good, Juliancolton, Lukifer, Corriebertus, Tomticker5, Ken g6, Jevansen, Tbone762, Methe1`,
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15.2

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27

leGrey, Barneca, Maxtremus, Philip Trueman, Newsyprd77, Eric outdoors, TXiKiBoT, Dcornwall, Coder Dan, Cosmic Latte, Death
Star III, Vipinhari, Mosmof, Patraquim, Spydrlink, Sean D Martin, Aymatth2, Littlealien182, Anna Lincoln, Bigbigbear, IllaZilla, Clarince63, Pel123, Corvus cornix, Yingkaixing, Aurora616, JhsBot, LeaveSleaves, UnitedStatesian, Saturn star, Drob2342, Dorfner, Stvalentine101, Madhero88, Tidying Up, BobTheTomato, Dowiha, Synthebot, Joseph A. Spadaro, Falcon8765, Enviroboy, Burntsauce, Root
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Dawn Bard, Caltas, New England, Kmac1081, Slider62400, Arda Xi, Keilana, CalBears99, Ximsuchastudx, BlueAzure, Flyer22, Efloean,
Mohammed.jiwa, Aruton, BobShair, Actona, Oxymoron83, Antonio Lopez, 1.21 jigwatts, Mspct, Harry~enwiki, KPH2293, Kp10127,
AnonGuy, Steven Zhang, Lightmouse, Techman224, BenoniBot~enwiki, Ngriffeth, Ttommott, Presidentman, Adz brez, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, David171, StaticGull, Scottyoak2, Jacob.jose, Kotosb, Mygerardromance, Realm of Shadows, Mr.
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WRCguy, Avoided, Rreagan007, Mifter, Borock, Alexius08, JinJian, SignalheadSucks, MarcM1098, Good Olfactory, BCfromKY, Rslate,
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Liv1992, Racerx11, GoingBatty, RA0808, RenamedUser01302013, Clash33, L235, Moswento, Abby 94, Gabriel29, CP3swish, ZéroBot,
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Amg3232, Breel27, MusikAnimal, Whoa1, Naturallyunnatural, RealGrayLogan, Mikepals, Mark Arsten, Compfreak7, Atl1192, The Determinator, Cadiomals, Thomasinalevy, Nwdantona, Billrnyc, Snow Blizzard, Righteousenergy, Mr. Labor Unions, TejasDiscipulus2,
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Onesaved, Makecat-bot, MDSRóg, Lugia2453, TMI TID fan, Thundersnow, Sriharsh1234, Rockw300i, DoctorLuther, SassyLilNugget,
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Manofthehourandsecond, Redhandnyc, Inowakowski, Wakeboardin, Dustin V. S., Timanetor, Jkl0099, AJPEG, Ashly5353, Lakemedias,
AviationHist1, Thara221, Skyvoxx, Grainnerox46, Bsbaby13, NottNott, Taylorscicchitano, Ginsuloft, WIKIPE123, SJ Defender, Carolinericardo809, ProudFL, DWKolakowski, Dmmalone, JaconaFrere, JexsterB312, Zyas1, Spreadofknowledge, Billhall2, Coolskaterman,
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Capnben2009, Figtrapper, Pyrotle, Keviv987654321, Redstonecandy, BadgerStateHistorian1967, Verbal.noun, CtCounty, Sharkydudey,
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15.2

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• File:1999_CT_Proof.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/1999_CT_Proof.png License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?flash=yes&action=photo United States Mint Original artist: United States Mint
• File:A_map_showing_the_majority_racial_or_ethnic_group_in_Connecticut_by_census_block.png
Source:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/A_map_showing_the_majority_racial_or_ethnic_group_in_Connecticut_by_
census_block.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Using ArcGIS and census data Original artist: Pgalag87

https:

• File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based off of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk · contribs)

28

15

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:American_Le_Mans_Series_at_Road_America_2007.jpg Source:
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American_Le_Mans_Series_at_Road_America_2007.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: DSC_0828 Original artist: Praveen Umanath
• File:Approaching_Summit_Again.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Approaching_Summit_Again.
JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Original uploader was Heatkernel at en.wikipedia
• File:Barndoor_Hills_original.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Barndoor_Hills_original.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sphilbrick
• File:Charter_Oak_in_Hartford_CT.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Charter_Oak_in_Hartford_
CT.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
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Fibonacci
• File:Connecticut1895.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/Connecticut1895.jpg License: PD-US Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
• File:Connecticut_Highway_15.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Connecticut_Highway_15.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on various photos, created by me in Inkscape Original artist: Mr. Matté
• File:Connecticut_Political_Party_Registration_1958_-_2012.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/
Connecticut_Political_Party_Registration_1958_-_2012.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AJPEG
• File:Connecticut_State_Capitol,_February_24,_2008.jpg
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Connecticut_State_Capitol%2C_February_24%2C_2008.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ragesoss

• File:Connecticut_in_United_States_(zoom).svg Source:
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that have been taken or adapted from this:
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class='image'><img
alt='Usa
edcp
location
map.svg'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/
20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/33px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png'
width='33'
height='20'
srcset='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/49px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/65px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png
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TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_
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png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: JimIrwin at English Wikipedia
• File:Ctcolony.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Ctcolony.png License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
• File:EH_2001_snow.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/EH_2001_snow.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Common Good using CommonsHelper. Original artist:
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• File:East.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil. Original artist: DarkEvil
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• File:Flag_of_Connecticut.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: from the xrmap flags collection, version 2.7 Original artist: Jean-Pierre Demailly, xrmap authors, Commons users
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• File:Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg License:
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• File:Flag_of_New_York.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: xrmap flag collection 2.7 Original artist: State of New York
• File:Flag_of_New_York_City.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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• File:Hartford_Connecticut_Skyline.JPG Source:
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• File:LakeMcdonoughFromTunxisTrail.jpg
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• File:LowsCTmap.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/LowsCTmap.jpeg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: DigbyDalton
• File:Map_of_Connecticut_NA_cropped.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Map_of_Connecticut_
NA_cropped.png License: Public domain Contributors: National Atlas Original artist: cropped by User:Cmprince

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• File:Merritt_Parkway.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e4/Merritt_Parkway.jpg License: PD Contributors:
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• File:Metro-North_train_1567_enters_Stamford.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Metro-North_
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