Contents
Content
Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage
Editors: Scott E. Hygnstrom Robert M. Timm Gary E. Larson
University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska-Lincoln United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Animal Damage Control Great Plains Agricultural Council Wildlife Committee 1994
This publication was made possible in part by a grant from the US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Animal Damage Control and through the cooperation of the Natural Resources and Rural Development Unit, Extension Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
ix
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Prevention and control of wildlife damage. Includes indexes. 1. Wildlife management - North America. 2. Wildlife damage - North America. I. Hygnstrom, Scott E., Timm, Robert M., and Larson, Gary E. II. University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension. US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Animal Damage Control. Great Plains Agricultural Council - Wildlife Committee. SF94.4.P74 1994 632'.660973 94-060758 ISBN 0-9613015-1-1 Book ISBN 0-9613015-2-X CD-ROM ISBN 0-9613015-3-8 Book and CD-ROM
Printed in the United States of America First Printing 1994
PREFACE
We thank the Wildlife Committee of disposal. The handbook was well This handbook is a comprehensive the Great Plains Agricultural Council received, and in 1978 it was revised reference of North American for the opportunity to serve as editors and made available as a regional vertebrate species that can cause of this edition. It has been a pleasure to publication of the Great Plains economic damage to resources or work with all of the authors, who have Agricultural Council through the become a nuisance at various times contributed generously of their time assistance of the Kansas Cooperative and places. It is intended for use by and expertise. We thank each of them, Extension Service. In 1984, the extension agents and specialists, as well as the organizations and handbook was substantially revised by wildlife biologists, animal control agencies they represent, for helping Robert M. Timm at the University of officers, public health personnel, pest Nebraska-Lincoln. Over 8,900 copies of make this revised edition a reality. We control operators, teachers and are grateful toJames E. Millerof the students of wildlife biology, and others the latest addition were sold and it Natural Resources and Rural became the leading reference in the who deal with wildlife damage field of wildlife damage management. Development Unit of the Extension problems. Service, US Department of This 1994 edition is again a significant Wildlife damage management is an Agriculture, Washington, DC, for his essential part of contemporary wildlife revision of the previously available assistance in obtaining funding for management. During the past decade edition. In most cases, previously development of this revision. Thanks there has been significant research and existing chapters were revised by their are due toBobby R. Acord , of USDAoriginal authors. Twenty-three new development in this field. This APHIS-ADC, which funded a major authors were requested to revise publication is a condensation of portion of the costs of developing this current, research-based information on chapters for which retirement, change revision. of position, or other factors precluded wildlife that cause problems and the Sarah K. Disbrowserved as assistant original authors from participating. control of damage that they cause. Seventeen new species chapters were editor and spent hundreds of hours While it emphasizes prevention of helping to smooth rough edges on the added to expand the scope of the damage as being desirable when chapter manuscripts and ensure handbook to include all North possible, it does not neglect the American wildlife species that cause consistency of style. necessity of population reduction in damage and nuisance problems. The those cases where animals must be Anne M. Mooretypeset the removed to solve problems. It stresses sections on federally registered handbook, squeezing this large vertebrate pesticides, pesticide labels, an integrated approach to damage additional chore into her regular and supplies and materials were management and includes treatment duties in the Department of completely revised to provide the of materials and techniques such as Communications and Computing most current information available. exclusion, habitat modification, Services at the University of Nebraska. The handbook is now available as a repellents, frightening stimuli, We appreciate her efforts and are two volume set in three-ring binder toxicants, fumigants, trapping, grateful for her patience in dealing shooting, and others. All of the major format and also on CD-ROM to with what seemed to be endless vertebrate pesticides that are currently provide adequate storage of the corrections, additions, and revisions. federally registered are included. Since information and yet facilitate Jan R. Hygnstrom, Dallas R. Virchow, photocopying and reprinting. pesticide registrations change from Kurt C. VerCauteren,and Susan B. time to time and new materials Inclusion of any product or company Lembezederspent many hours become available, users are advised to names does not constitute reviewing the early drafts of the check with appropriate federal and endorsement by the University of handbook chapters. Thanks are also state authorities for updated Nebraska Cooperative Extension, US due to the USDA-APHIS-ADC information. Department of Agriculture-Animal employees and other specialists who and Plant Health Inspection ServiceThe handbook was originated by F. reviewed individual chapters at the Animal Damage Control (USDARobert Henderson at Kansas State request of the authors or editors. APHIS-ADC), Great Plains University in the late 1960s. It originally was intended as a reference Agricultural Council, or organizations The late Charles W. Schwartz graciously allowed us to use the for extension agents in county offices, represented by individual authors. wildlife illustrations from his books Similarly, exclusion of any product or who received many inquiries The Wild Mammals of Missouri , revised company name does not constitute regarding vertebrate pests and had edition, andCharles W. Schwartz: criticism. little written information at their
i
Wildlife Drawings. His illustrations are copyrighted by the Missouri Department of Conservation and/or the University of Missouri Press. His unique talents will be greatly missed. Reneé J. Lanik and Clint E. Chapman contributed their artistic talents by providing illustrations for several chapters, the binder cover design, and advertising layout. Emily Oseas Routman provided several illustrations in 1984 that were used again in this most recent edition. She also drew the prairie dog that appears on the cover of the handbook and most advertising materials. David A. Thornhill developed all species distribution maps and provided illustrations for several chapters. Diane K. Gronewald and Diana J. Smith handled most of the telephone calls and correspondence associated with marketing the handbook. In addition, they assisted with all sorts of miscellaneous tasks such as proofreading, preparing correspondence to authors, suggesting editorial changes, and
handling orders for the handbook. As in any such publication, there is always room for additions and changes. We invite the users of this handbook to contribute suggestions for improvement so that the next revision will be even more useful.
Scott E. Hygnstrom Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68583 Robert M. Timm Hopland Field Station University of California Davis, CA 95449 Gary E. Larson Eastern Region Office USDA-APHIS-ADC Brentwood, TN 37027
ii
Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage
Table of Contents
i Preface Scott E. Hygnstrom, Robert M. Timm, and Gary E. Larson
Damage Identification
A-1 A-19 A-25 Identification and Assessment of Wildlife Damage: an Overview Obtaining Assistance to Control Wildlife Damage Wildlife Diseases and Humans Procedures for Evaluating Predation on Livestock and Wildlife Identifying and Managing Aquatic Rodents in Texas: Beaver, Nutria and Muskrats Richard A. Dolbeer, Nicholas R. Holler, and Donald W. Hawthorne Philip S. Gipson and Russel F. Reidinger, Jr. Robert G. McLean Dale A. Wade and James E. Bowns Dale A. Wade and Charles W. Ramsey
Rodents
B-1 B-13 B-17 B-31 B-47 B-53 B-61 B-71 B-81 B-85 B-97 B-101 B-105 B-121 B-125 B-133 B-137 B-151 B-159 B-165 Beavers Chipmunks Gophers, Pocket Mice, House Mice, White-footed and Deer Mountain Beavers Muskrats Nutria Porcupines Prairie Dogs Rats, Cotton Rats, Kangaroo Rats, Norway Rats, Polynesian Rats, Roof Woodrats Rodent-proof Construction Squirrels, Belding’s, California, and Rock Ground Squirrels, Franklin, Richardson, Columbian, Washington, and Townsend Ground Squirrels, Thirteen-lined Ground James E. Miller and Greg K. Yarrow David E. Williams and Robert M. Corrigan Ronald M. Case and Bruce A. Jasch Robert M. Timm Robert M. Timm and Walter E. Howard Dan L. Campbell James E. Miller Dwight J. LeBlanc Sanford D. Schemnitz Scott E. Hygnstrom and Dallas R. Virchow Donald W. Hawthorne Volney W. Howard, Jr. Robert M. Timm Mark E. Tobin Rex E. Marsh Terrell P. Salmon and W. Paul Gorenzel Rex O. Baker, Robert M. Timm, and Gerald R. Bodman Rex E. Marsh Leonard R. Askham Edward C. Cleary and Scott R. Craven
iii
Rodents (continued)
B-171 B-177 B-183 Squirrels, Tree Voles Woodchucks Jeffrey J. Jackson John M. O’Brien Rene M. Bollengier, Jr.
Carnivores
C-1 C-5 C-17 C-25 C-35 C-45 C-51 C-77 C-83 C-89 C-93 C-101 C-109 C-113 C-119 C-123 Badgers Bears, Black Bears, Grizzly/Brown Bears, Polar Bobcats Cats, Feral House Coyotes Dogs, Feral Foxes Mink Mountain Lions Raccoons River Otters Skunks Weasels Wolves Fred C. Lindzey Scott E. Hygnstrom Charles J. Jonkel Peter L. Clarkson and Ian Stirling Dallas R. Virchow and Denny Hogeland William D. Fitzwater Jeffrey S. Green, F. Robert Henderson, and Mark D. Collinge Jeffrey S. Green and Philip S. Gipson Robert L. Phillips and Robert H. Schmidt Edward K. Boggess James E. Knight Edward K. Boggess Edward P. Hill James E. Knight F. Robert Henderson William J. Paul and Philip S. Gipson
Other Mammals
D-1 D-5 D-25 D-41 D-51 D-59 D-65 D-71 D-75 D-81 D-87 Armadillos Bats Deer Elk Moles Opossums Pigs, Wild Pronghorn Antelope Rabbits, Cottontail Jackrabbits Shrews Donald W. Hawthorne Arthur M. Greenhall and Stephen C. Frantz Scott R. Craven and Scott E. Hygnstrom David S. deCalesta and Gary W. Witmer F. Robert Henderson Jeffrey J. Jackson Reginald H. Barrett Sanford D. Schemnitz Scott R. Craven James E. Knight Robert H. Schmidt
iv
Birds
E-1 E-5 E-19 E-25 E-33 E-41 E-49 E-53 E-63 E-67 E-71 E-75 E-79 E-87 E-97 E-101 E-109 E-121 E-129 E-139 Birds at Airports Bird Damage at Aquaculture Facilities Bird Dispersal Techniques Blackbirds Crows, American Eagles Gulls Hawks and Owls Horned Larks House Finches (Linnits) Jays, Scrub (California) Kites, Mississippi Magpies Pigeons (Rock Doves) Sparrows, Crowned Sparrows, House Starlings Swallows Waterfowl Woodpeckers Alfred J. Godin W. Paul Gorenzel, Fred S. Conte, and Terrell P. Salmon Thurman W. Booth Richard A. Dolbeer Ron J. Johnson Bart W. O’Gara Victor E. F. Solman Scott E. Hygnstrom and Scott R. Craven Jerry P. Clark and Scott E. Hygnstrom Jerry P. Clark and Scott E. Hygnstrom Jerry P. Clark and Scott E. Hygnstrom William F. Andelt Thomas C. Hall David E. Williams and Robert M. Corrigan Jerry P. Clark and Scott E. Hygnstrom William D. Fitzwater Ron J. Johnson and James F. Glahn W. Paul Gorenzel and Terrell P. Salmon Edward C. Cleary Rex E. Marsh
Reptiles, Amphibians, etc.
F-1 F-7 F-9 F-13 F-15 F-21 F-27 Alligators Crayfish Frogs and Toads Salamanders Snakes, Nonpoisonous Rattlesnakes Turtles Allan R. Woodward and Dennis N. David James F. Fowler, Wendell Lorio, and Greg Lutz Paul E. Moler James L. Byford James L. Byford Walter E. Howard James F. Fowler and Jimmy L. Avery
Vertebrate Pesticides
G-1 G-23
G-24 G-25 G-26 G-30 G-32 G-33 G-34
Registered Vertebrate Pesticides Description of Active Ingredients
Acrolein Aluminum Phosphide Anticoagulants Avitrol® Bone Tar Oil Bromethalin Capsaicin
William W. Jacobs Robert M. Timm
v
G-35 G-36 G-37 G-38 G-39 G-40 G-41 G-42 G-43 G-44 G-46 G-47 G-48 G-49 G-52 G-54 G-56 G-57 G-60
Alpha-Chloralose Chloropicrin Cholecalciferol Denatonium Saccharide Egg Solids, Putrescent Fatty Acids (various compounds) Fenthion Gas Cartridges Methyl Anthranilate Methyl Bromide Naphthalene Red Squill Sodium Cyanide Sodium Fluoroacetate Starlicide® Strychnine Thiram Zinc Phosphide Ziram
G-63 G-67
G-69 G-70 G-71 G-72 G-73 G-74 G-78 G-79 G-80 G-82 G-84 G-85 G-87 G-89 G-90 G-91 G-92 G-93 G-94 G-95 G-96 G-98 G-99 G-100 G-101 G-102 G-103 G-104 G-105 G-106
Poison Control Centers Sample Labels of Representative Products
Avitrol® ReJeX-iTTM AG-36 ReJeX-iTTM TP-40 ReJeX-iTTM AP-50 Tanglefoot® Bird Repellent Alpha-Chloralose Rid-A-Bird® Perch 1100 Solution PurinaTM StarlicideTM Complete Compound DRC-1339 Concentrate - Feedlots Compound DRC-1339 98% Concentrate - Pigeons 1339 Gull Toxicant 98% Concentrate Compound DRC-1339 98% Concentrate - Livestock Depredations Hinder® Deer and Rabbit Repellent Millere® Hot Sauce® Animal Repellent Ro-pel® Animal, Rodent and Bird Repellent Ro-pel® Garbage ProtectorTM Bonide® Dogzix Dog and Cat Repellent SudburyTM Chaperone® Squirrel and Bat Repellent Eaton’s® 4 the SquirrelTM Repellent Deer-Away® Big Game Repellent Gustafson Thiram 42-S NOTT Chew-Not Animal Repellent F & B® Rabbit & Dog Chaser Earl May® Rabbit Scat Talon®-G Rodenticide Bait Pack (Pellets) Contrac® Rodenticide Maki® Mini-Block PurinaTM Mouse-A-RestTM Pellets Eaton’s® AC90TM Rodenticide Rozol® Rat and Mouse Killer
Blain (Jess) Benson Scott E. Hygnstrom
vi
G-107 G-108 G-109 G-110 G-111 G-112 G-113 G-114 G-115 G-116 G-117 G-118 G-119 G-120 G-121 G-122 G-123 G-124 G-125 G-126 G-127 G-128 G-129 G-130 G-132 G-134 G-135 G-136 G-137 G-138 G-140 G-141 G-142 G-145 G-147 G-148 G-149
Rozol® Pocket Gopher Bait Ditrac® Tracking Powder Ditrac® Rat & Mouse Bait Eaton’s® All-Weather Bait Blocks® Liqua-Tox II® Ramik® Green Rodere Paraffinized Rat Bait Eaton’s® AnswerTM for Pocket Gophers Eaton’s® A-C 50TM Rodenticide Final® Rat & Mouse Bait PurinaTM Rat Control Pellets RodexTM BloxTM-1 PurinaTM Assault Rat Place Pack Quintox® Rat and Mouse Bait M-44 Cyanide Capsules Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Livestock Protection Collar 0.5% Strychnine S.R.O. Pocket Gopher Bait Petersens Pocket Gopher Killer I Wilco Gopher Getter AG Bait Bonide® Moletox II Bonide® Orchard Mouse Bait Ridall-ZincTM Tracking Powder Roban II Ag Zinc Phosphide on Wheat for Mouse Control Zinc Phosphide Concentrate for Muskrat and Nutria Control Zinc Phosphide Prairie Dog Bait ZP® Rodent Bait AG ZP® Rodent Bait Place Pack ZP® Tracking Powder Phostoxin® Chlor-o-pic® Chloropicrin Brom-o-gas® The Giant Destroyer® Gas Cartridge for Woodchucks, Ground Squirrels, Prairie Dogs and Pocket Gophers Gas Cartridge for Coyotes Snake-A-Way® Snake Repellent
G-151 G-155
Index, Chemical and Trade Names Index, Target Species
Scott E. Hygnstrom Scott E. Hygnstrom
Supplies and Materials
H-1 H-2
H-2 H-4 H-8 H-9 H-9 H-10
Supplies and Materials Bird Damage Control
Exclusion Frightening Devices Repellents Toxicants Traps (Live-catch) Stupefying Agents (alpha-chloralose)
Scott E. Hygnstrom and Dale J. Hafer
vii
Supplies and Materials (continued)
H-10
H-10 H-13 H-13 H-15 H-20 H-21 H-22
Mammal Damage Control
Exclusion Frightening Devices Repellents Toxicants Fumigants Bait Application Devices and Materials Traps
H-33 H-39
Index, Manufacturers and Suppliers Index, Product and Trade Names
Scott E. Hygnstrom Scott E. Hygnstrom
viii
Editors: Scott E. Hygnstrom Robert M. Timm Gary E. Larson
University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska-Lincoln United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Animal Damage Control Great Plains Agricultural Council Wildlife Committee 1994
This publication was made possible in part by a grant from the US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Animal Damage Control and through the cooperation of the Natural Resources and Rural Development Unit, Extension Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
ix
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Prevention and control of wildlife damage. Includes indexes. 1. Wildlife management - North America. 2. Wildlife damage - North America. I. Hygnstrom, Scott E., Timm, Robert M., and Larson, Gary E. II. University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension. US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Animal Damage Control. Great Plains Agricultural Council - Wildlife Committee. SF94.4.P74 1994 632'.660973 94-060758 ISBN 0-9613015-1-1 Book ISBN 0-9613015-2-X CD-ROM ISBN 0-9613015-3-8 Book and CD-ROM
Printed in the United States of America First Printing 1994
PREFACE
We thank the Wildlife Committee of disposal. The handbook was well This handbook is a comprehensive the Great Plains Agricultural Council received, and in 1978 it was revised reference of North American for the opportunity to serve as editors and made available as a regional vertebrate species that can cause of this edition. It has been a pleasure to publication of the Great Plains economic damage to resources or work with all of the authors, who have Agricultural Council through the become a nuisance at various times contributed generously of their time assistance of the Kansas Cooperative and places. It is intended for use by and expertise. We thank each of them, Extension Service. In 1984, the extension agents and specialists, as well as the organizations and handbook was substantially revised by wildlife biologists, animal control agencies they represent, for helping Robert M. Timm at the University of officers, public health personnel, pest Nebraska-Lincoln. Over 8,900 copies of make this revised edition a reality. We control operators, teachers and are grateful toJames E. Millerof the students of wildlife biology, and others the latest addition were sold and it Natural Resources and Rural became the leading reference in the who deal with wildlife damage field of wildlife damage management. Development Unit of the Extension problems. Service, US Department of This 1994 edition is again a significant Wildlife damage management is an Agriculture, Washington, DC, for his essential part of contemporary wildlife revision of the previously available assistance in obtaining funding for management. During the past decade edition. In most cases, previously development of this revision. Thanks there has been significant research and existing chapters were revised by their are due toBobby R. Acord , of USDAoriginal authors. Twenty-three new development in this field. This APHIS-ADC, which funded a major authors were requested to revise publication is a condensation of portion of the costs of developing this current, research-based information on chapters for which retirement, change revision. of position, or other factors precluded wildlife that cause problems and the Sarah K. Disbrowserved as assistant original authors from participating. control of damage that they cause. Seventeen new species chapters were editor and spent hundreds of hours While it emphasizes prevention of helping to smooth rough edges on the added to expand the scope of the damage as being desirable when chapter manuscripts and ensure handbook to include all North possible, it does not neglect the American wildlife species that cause consistency of style. necessity of population reduction in damage and nuisance problems. The those cases where animals must be Anne M. Mooretypeset the removed to solve problems. It stresses sections on federally registered handbook, squeezing this large vertebrate pesticides, pesticide labels, an integrated approach to damage additional chore into her regular and supplies and materials were management and includes treatment duties in the Department of completely revised to provide the of materials and techniques such as Communications and Computing most current information available. exclusion, habitat modification, Services at the University of Nebraska. The handbook is now available as a repellents, frightening stimuli, We appreciate her efforts and are two volume set in three-ring binder toxicants, fumigants, trapping, grateful for her patience in dealing shooting, and others. All of the major format and also on CD-ROM to with what seemed to be endless vertebrate pesticides that are currently provide adequate storage of the corrections, additions, and revisions. federally registered are included. Since information and yet facilitate Jan R. Hygnstrom, Dallas R. Virchow, photocopying and reprinting. pesticide registrations change from Kurt C. VerCauteren,and Susan B. time to time and new materials Inclusion of any product or company Lembezederspent many hours become available, users are advised to names does not constitute reviewing the early drafts of the check with appropriate federal and endorsement by the University of handbook chapters. Thanks are also state authorities for updated Nebraska Cooperative Extension, US due to the USDA-APHIS-ADC information. Department of Agriculture-Animal employees and other specialists who and Plant Health Inspection ServiceThe handbook was originated by F. reviewed individual chapters at the Animal Damage Control (USDARobert Henderson at Kansas State request of the authors or editors. APHIS-ADC), Great Plains University in the late 1960s. It originally was intended as a reference Agricultural Council, or organizations The late Charles W. Schwartz graciously allowed us to use the for extension agents in county offices, represented by individual authors. wildlife illustrations from his books Similarly, exclusion of any product or who received many inquiries The Wild Mammals of Missouri , revised company name does not constitute regarding vertebrate pests and had edition, andCharles W. Schwartz: criticism. little written information at their
i
Wildlife Drawings. His illustrations are copyrighted by the Missouri Department of Conservation and/or the University of Missouri Press. His unique talents will be greatly missed. Reneé J. Lanik and Clint E. Chapman contributed their artistic talents by providing illustrations for several chapters, the binder cover design, and advertising layout. Emily Oseas Routman provided several illustrations in 1984 that were used again in this most recent edition. She also drew the prairie dog that appears on the cover of the handbook and most advertising materials. David A. Thornhill developed all species distribution maps and provided illustrations for several chapters. Diane K. Gronewald and Diana J. Smith handled most of the telephone calls and correspondence associated with marketing the handbook. In addition, they assisted with all sorts of miscellaneous tasks such as proofreading, preparing correspondence to authors, suggesting editorial changes, and
handling orders for the handbook. As in any such publication, there is always room for additions and changes. We invite the users of this handbook to contribute suggestions for improvement so that the next revision will be even more useful.
Scott E. Hygnstrom Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68583 Robert M. Timm Hopland Field Station University of California Davis, CA 95449 Gary E. Larson Eastern Region Office USDA-APHIS-ADC Brentwood, TN 37027
ii
Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage
Table of Contents
i Preface Scott E. Hygnstrom, Robert M. Timm, and Gary E. Larson
Damage Identification
A-1 A-19 A-25 Identification and Assessment of Wildlife Damage: an Overview Obtaining Assistance to Control Wildlife Damage Wildlife Diseases and Humans Procedures for Evaluating Predation on Livestock and Wildlife Identifying and Managing Aquatic Rodents in Texas: Beaver, Nutria and Muskrats Richard A. Dolbeer, Nicholas R. Holler, and Donald W. Hawthorne Philip S. Gipson and Russel F. Reidinger, Jr. Robert G. McLean Dale A. Wade and James E. Bowns Dale A. Wade and Charles W. Ramsey
Rodents
B-1 B-13 B-17 B-31 B-47 B-53 B-61 B-71 B-81 B-85 B-97 B-101 B-105 B-121 B-125 B-133 B-137 B-151 B-159 B-165 Beavers Chipmunks Gophers, Pocket Mice, House Mice, White-footed and Deer Mountain Beavers Muskrats Nutria Porcupines Prairie Dogs Rats, Cotton Rats, Kangaroo Rats, Norway Rats, Polynesian Rats, Roof Woodrats Rodent-proof Construction Squirrels, Belding’s, California, and Rock Ground Squirrels, Franklin, Richardson, Columbian, Washington, and Townsend Ground Squirrels, Thirteen-lined Ground James E. Miller and Greg K. Yarrow David E. Williams and Robert M. Corrigan Ronald M. Case and Bruce A. Jasch Robert M. Timm Robert M. Timm and Walter E. Howard Dan L. Campbell James E. Miller Dwight J. LeBlanc Sanford D. Schemnitz Scott E. Hygnstrom and Dallas R. Virchow Donald W. Hawthorne Volney W. Howard, Jr. Robert M. Timm Mark E. Tobin Rex E. Marsh Terrell P. Salmon and W. Paul Gorenzel Rex O. Baker, Robert M. Timm, and Gerald R. Bodman Rex E. Marsh Leonard R. Askham Edward C. Cleary and Scott R. Craven
iii
Rodents (continued)
B-171 B-177 B-183 Squirrels, Tree Voles Woodchucks Jeffrey J. Jackson John M. O’Brien Rene M. Bollengier, Jr.
Carnivores
C-1 C-5 C-17 C-25 C-35 C-45 C-51 C-77 C-83 C-89 C-93 C-101 C-109 C-113 C-119 C-123 Badgers Bears, Black Bears, Grizzly/Brown Bears, Polar Bobcats Cats, Feral House Coyotes Dogs, Feral Foxes Mink Mountain Lions Raccoons River Otters Skunks Weasels Wolves Fred C. Lindzey Scott E. Hygnstrom Charles J. Jonkel Peter L. Clarkson and Ian Stirling Dallas R. Virchow and Denny Hogeland William D. Fitzwater Jeffrey S. Green, F. Robert Henderson, and Mark D. Collinge Jeffrey S. Green and Philip S. Gipson Robert L. Phillips and Robert H. Schmidt Edward K. Boggess James E. Knight Edward K. Boggess Edward P. Hill James E. Knight F. Robert Henderson William J. Paul and Philip S. Gipson
Other Mammals
D-1 D-5 D-25 D-41 D-51 D-59 D-65 D-71 D-75 D-81 D-87 Armadillos Bats Deer Elk Moles Opossums Pigs, Wild Pronghorn Antelope Rabbits, Cottontail Jackrabbits Shrews Donald W. Hawthorne Arthur M. Greenhall and Stephen C. Frantz Scott R. Craven and Scott E. Hygnstrom David S. deCalesta and Gary W. Witmer F. Robert Henderson Jeffrey J. Jackson Reginald H. Barrett Sanford D. Schemnitz Scott R. Craven James E. Knight Robert H. Schmidt
iv
Birds
E-1 E-5 E-19 E-25 E-33 E-41 E-49 E-53 E-63 E-67 E-71 E-75 E-79 E-87 E-97 E-101 E-109 E-121 E-129 E-139 Birds at Airports Bird Damage at Aquaculture Facilities Bird Dispersal Techniques Blackbirds Crows, American Eagles Gulls Hawks and Owls Horned Larks House Finches (Linnits) Jays, Scrub (California) Kites, Mississippi Magpies Pigeons (Rock Doves) Sparrows, Crowned Sparrows, House Starlings Swallows Waterfowl Woodpeckers Alfred J. Godin W. Paul Gorenzel, Fred S. Conte, and Terrell P. Salmon Thurman W. Booth Richard A. Dolbeer Ron J. Johnson Bart W. O’Gara Victor E. F. Solman Scott E. Hygnstrom and Scott R. Craven Jerry P. Clark and Scott E. Hygnstrom Jerry P. Clark and Scott E. Hygnstrom Jerry P. Clark and Scott E. Hygnstrom William F. Andelt Thomas C. Hall David E. Williams and Robert M. Corrigan Jerry P. Clark and Scott E. Hygnstrom William D. Fitzwater Ron J. Johnson and James F. Glahn W. Paul Gorenzel and Terrell P. Salmon Edward C. Cleary Rex E. Marsh
Reptiles, Amphibians, etc.
F-1 F-7 F-9 F-13 F-15 F-21 F-27 Alligators Crayfish Frogs and Toads Salamanders Snakes, Nonpoisonous Rattlesnakes Turtles Allan R. Woodward and Dennis N. David James F. Fowler, Wendell Lorio, and Greg Lutz Paul E. Moler James L. Byford James L. Byford Walter E. Howard James F. Fowler and Jimmy L. Avery
Vertebrate Pesticides
G-1 G-23
G-24 G-25 G-26 G-30 G-32 G-33 G-34
Registered Vertebrate Pesticides Description of Active Ingredients
Acrolein Aluminum Phosphide Anticoagulants Avitrol® Bone Tar Oil Bromethalin Capsaicin
William W. Jacobs Robert M. Timm
v
G-35 G-36 G-37 G-38 G-39 G-40 G-41 G-42 G-43 G-44 G-46 G-47 G-48 G-49 G-52 G-54 G-56 G-57 G-60
Alpha-Chloralose Chloropicrin Cholecalciferol Denatonium Saccharide Egg Solids, Putrescent Fatty Acids (various compounds) Fenthion Gas Cartridges Methyl Anthranilate Methyl Bromide Naphthalene Red Squill Sodium Cyanide Sodium Fluoroacetate Starlicide® Strychnine Thiram Zinc Phosphide Ziram
G-63 G-67
G-69 G-70 G-71 G-72 G-73 G-74 G-78 G-79 G-80 G-82 G-84 G-85 G-87 G-89 G-90 G-91 G-92 G-93 G-94 G-95 G-96 G-98 G-99 G-100 G-101 G-102 G-103 G-104 G-105 G-106
Poison Control Centers Sample Labels of Representative Products
Avitrol® ReJeX-iTTM AG-36 ReJeX-iTTM TP-40 ReJeX-iTTM AP-50 Tanglefoot® Bird Repellent Alpha-Chloralose Rid-A-Bird® Perch 1100 Solution PurinaTM StarlicideTM Complete Compound DRC-1339 Concentrate - Feedlots Compound DRC-1339 98% Concentrate - Pigeons 1339 Gull Toxicant 98% Concentrate Compound DRC-1339 98% Concentrate - Livestock Depredations Hinder® Deer and Rabbit Repellent Millere® Hot Sauce® Animal Repellent Ro-pel® Animal, Rodent and Bird Repellent Ro-pel® Garbage ProtectorTM Bonide® Dogzix Dog and Cat Repellent SudburyTM Chaperone® Squirrel and Bat Repellent Eaton’s® 4 the SquirrelTM Repellent Deer-Away® Big Game Repellent Gustafson Thiram 42-S NOTT Chew-Not Animal Repellent F & B® Rabbit & Dog Chaser Earl May® Rabbit Scat Talon®-G Rodenticide Bait Pack (Pellets) Contrac® Rodenticide Maki® Mini-Block PurinaTM Mouse-A-RestTM Pellets Eaton’s® AC90TM Rodenticide Rozol® Rat and Mouse Killer
Blain (Jess) Benson Scott E. Hygnstrom
vi
G-107 G-108 G-109 G-110 G-111 G-112 G-113 G-114 G-115 G-116 G-117 G-118 G-119 G-120 G-121 G-122 G-123 G-124 G-125 G-126 G-127 G-128 G-129 G-130 G-132 G-134 G-135 G-136 G-137 G-138 G-140 G-141 G-142 G-145 G-147 G-148 G-149
Rozol® Pocket Gopher Bait Ditrac® Tracking Powder Ditrac® Rat & Mouse Bait Eaton’s® All-Weather Bait Blocks® Liqua-Tox II® Ramik® Green Rodere Paraffinized Rat Bait Eaton’s® AnswerTM for Pocket Gophers Eaton’s® A-C 50TM Rodenticide Final® Rat & Mouse Bait PurinaTM Rat Control Pellets RodexTM BloxTM-1 PurinaTM Assault Rat Place Pack Quintox® Rat and Mouse Bait M-44 Cyanide Capsules Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Livestock Protection Collar 0.5% Strychnine S.R.O. Pocket Gopher Bait Petersens Pocket Gopher Killer I Wilco Gopher Getter AG Bait Bonide® Moletox II Bonide® Orchard Mouse Bait Ridall-ZincTM Tracking Powder Roban II Ag Zinc Phosphide on Wheat for Mouse Control Zinc Phosphide Concentrate for Muskrat and Nutria Control Zinc Phosphide Prairie Dog Bait ZP® Rodent Bait AG ZP® Rodent Bait Place Pack ZP® Tracking Powder Phostoxin® Chlor-o-pic® Chloropicrin Brom-o-gas® The Giant Destroyer® Gas Cartridge for Woodchucks, Ground Squirrels, Prairie Dogs and Pocket Gophers Gas Cartridge for Coyotes Snake-A-Way® Snake Repellent
G-151 G-155
Index, Chemical and Trade Names Index, Target Species
Scott E. Hygnstrom Scott E. Hygnstrom
Supplies and Materials
H-1 H-2
H-2 H-4 H-8 H-9 H-9 H-10
Supplies and Materials Bird Damage Control
Exclusion Frightening Devices Repellents Toxicants Traps (Live-catch) Stupefying Agents (alpha-chloralose)
Scott E. Hygnstrom and Dale J. Hafer
vii
Supplies and Materials (continued)
H-10
H-10 H-13 H-13 H-15 H-20 H-21 H-22
Mammal Damage Control
Exclusion Frightening Devices Repellents Toxicants Fumigants Bait Application Devices and Materials Traps
H-33 H-39
Index, Manufacturers and Suppliers Index, Product and Trade Names
Scott E. Hygnstrom Scott E. Hygnstrom
viii
