Criminogenic effect: means something causes more crime.
If punishment is civil, administrative or something like that, then the punishment is not factored in for double jeopardy.
There is always a tension between sense of condomnation by the state
30% of black males born in 2001, will spend some part of their lives in prison. Compared to 14% of Hispanic males and 4% of white men. What can be explanation of this if there is no racial discriminations at work here? 1. 2. 3. 4. some races may commit more crimes? More about class and economics Outdoor/space leads to more crimes Victims (negative good)