cyclopedia of fraternities (secret societies)

Cyclor€dia
OF

RATERJ>IITIES

i'wIP

V

PtSo

THE

CYCLOMDIA OF FRATERNITIES
A COMPILATION OF
EXISTING AUTHENTIC INFORMATION AND THE RESULTS OF ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION AS TO THE ORIGIN, DERIVATION, FOUNDERS, DEVELOPMENT, AIMS, EMBLEMS, CHARACTER, AND PERSONNEL OF

MORE THAN

SIX

HUNDRED SECRET

SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES
SUPPLEMENTED BY

FAMILY TREES OF GROUPS OF SOCIETIES, COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF MEMBERSHIP, CHARTS, PLATES, MAPS, AND

THE NAMES OF MANY

represe:n^tative members.

COMPILED AXD EDITED BY

ALBERT
V

C.

STEVENS

ASSOCIATE EDITOR OF THE STANTIARI) DICTIOXARY AND FORMER EDITOR OF " BRADSTREET'S

ASSISTED BY

MORE TIIAX ONE THOUSAND MEMBERS OF LIVING SECRET SOCIETIES

NEW YORK
PATERSON,

CITY:
N. J.:

HAMILTON PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COMPANY
1899.

w^

f.fXS^

Entered according to Act of Congress in the year

1896,

by

Albert

C.

Stevens, in the OflBce of the Librarian of Congress

••iirw-Jf.

THIS BOOK

IS

DEDICATED

TO

THAT UNIVERSAL BROTHERHOOD,
TO WHICH, IN TRUTH, BELONG THE GOOD

MEN

ANT>

TRUE OF

ALL FRATERNITIES.

—THE AUTHOR.

Dicitis omnis in imbecilitate est et graiia, et caritas.

—Cicero.
to

Reason,

it

is certain,

would

oTjluje

every

man

inirsue

the general liamnness as the

means

to

procure and establish his
were not a

own ; and

yet, if, besides this consideration, there
to desire the

natural instinct 'promiAing men

welfare

and

satis-

faction of others, self-love, in defiance of the
reason, would quichly

admonitions of

rtm

all
1,

things into a state of
1714.

war and

confusion.

—The

Spectator, Sept.

PREFACE
Ix the Cyclop^i::dia of Fraternities all previously acquired information on the subject. So much that is not true has first attempt is made, so far as known, to trace, from a sociological point of view, been written about secret societies by their the development of Secret Societies in the friends, as well as enemies, and so much
the

United States. that is of doubtful authenticity regarding Freemasonry, of course, is shown to be them appears in what have been considered the mother fraternity in fact, as well as standard works, that an analytical supplein name; but particular interest will attach mentary treatise becomes a necessity. ]\Iore than half the secret societies in the to details connecting many of the more important fraternities with Freemasonry. United States pay death, sick, accident, disBroader, and fully as interesting{is the fact ability, funeral, or other benefits. They are that in free and democratic America there an outgrowth of the old English friendly are more secret societies and a larger ag- societies and of Masonic influences, and are gregate membership among such organiza- generally described as beneficiary and chartions than in all other civilized countries!^ itable organizations, sometimes as fraternal The probable extent of the influence of orders. Their total membership is enorThe movesecret society life may be inferred from the mous and is growing rapidly. fact that more than 6,000,000 Americans ment represents a system of cooperative inare members of 300 such organizations, surance, usually characterized as "protecwhich confer about 1,000 degrees on 300,000 tion," and is attracting the attention of not novitiates annually, aided, in instances, by only old line insurance companies, but of a Avealth of paraphernalia and dramatic cere- legislatures as well. monial which rivals modern stage eflPects. So important has this branch of secret More than 30,000 members are annually society life become, that it has been given added to the rolls of Masonic Lodges in the extended treatment under " National FraUnited States; quite as many join the Odd ternal Congress," which chapter is contribFellows, and one-half as many the Knights uted by Major N. S. Boynton of Port Huof Pythias; more than 100,000 join other ron, Mich. Returns as to the nature of the secret societies, the lodges, chapters, or protection or benefits given, and methods of councils of which dot the country almost collecting the same, with costs per capita coincidently with the erection of churches at various periods, have been furnished by and schoolhouses. nearly all the large beneficiary societies, C^It is rarely that one in ten of the active and are published in full. The accompanymembers of secret societies is familiar with ing analysis and comparison are by Mr. the origin and growth of his own fraternity, Frank Greene, managing editor of Bradand not one in a hundred has a fair con- street's. This feature should prove of exceptional interest to members of beneficiary and orders. evolution of leading organizations which One of the revelations of the book is found form the secret society world-J For this in the reference to secret sisterhoods atreason not only the 200,000 new members tached to beneficiary fraternities, as well of such societies each year, but older breth- as separate societies of women, relatives of ren as well, should find in the Cyclop.-edia members of brotherhoods, numbering altoOF Fraternities a valuable supplement to gether about half a million women. Among

ception of the relation of his

own

organiza-

tion to like societies, or of the origin

:

;

PREFACE
the larger are the Daughters of Eebekah, the Order of the Eastern Star, Ladies of the

Modern Occult Societies are nominally more numerous than their following would Nearly all have been Maccabees, the Eatlibone Sisters, Pythian seem to warrant, Masonic degrees or legends. upon Liberty, the based of Daughters Sisterhood, the noteworthy survivor is the TheoThe only others. In adand America, of Daughters Mrs. Annie Besant, sucdition, there are many beneficiary societies sophical Society, cessor to Madame Helen P. Blavatsky, which admit both men and women.
of an examination of standard Freemasonry, condensed for the Cyclopaedia of Fkaternities, ignore un-

The results

writes interestingly regarding this Society
for

histories of

the

Cyclopaedia
several points

of

Fraternities,
will attract the

making

which
those

corroborated

traditions

as

to

origin

and

attention of Masonic students.

growth, but embody the conclusions of the Suppleablest modern Masonic historians.

As very few among

who have

here-

tofore treated of events during the period

mentary chapters on Freemasonry contain

much
In

that

is

published for the
is

first

time.

anti-Masonic agitation

1827 to 1845 have appreciated the part the pla3'-ed in peopling
called the secret society world,

all of

them the view-point

that of the

what may be

Too inquiring Freemason, young or old. much is left nowadays for the newly-made
Master Mason to find out by studying the thousand and one books, good, bad, and indifferent, truthful and traditional, with

this interesting topic is quite fully discussed

under the heads, "Anti-Masonry," "College Fraternities," " Patriotic Orders," and

"Independent Order of Odd Fellows." The extent to which the Eoman Catholic which the shelves of Masonic libraries are Church has antagonized secret societies in The results of prolonged investi- America is referred to, in part, under filled. gation are embodied in special chapters "Anti-Masonry;" bnt its later attitude, on "Freemasonry among Negroes," includ- looking without disfavor on the formation ing the English, American, and Scottish of private beneficiary and charitable organEites; " Freemasonry among the Mormons," izations, does not appear to have received
containing original matter contributed by brethren familiar with the work of the Mor-

treatment elsewhere.
nificant in that
it

The movement

is sig-

constitutes the revival of

at Nauvoo, 111., fifty years ago; "a little Freemasonry" wholly within the and " Freemasonry among the Chinese/' Church. Among the original charts, maps, family which phrase acquires a new meaning. Masonic Eites, their origin, growth, and dis- trees, and other diagrams, prepared for tribution of membership throughout the the Cyclopaedia of Fraternities are the

mon Lodge

world, their present condition, relationship, and modes of government, are presented

following
1,

Secret Society

Membership Map

of the

more clearly, perhaps, than ever before. Scottish Eite Freemasonry, the discussion
of

2, 3,

which includes a
all

list of

the

names and
dealt with

addresses of

thirty-third
States,

degree Freeis

masons in the United
so as to

4,

United States; Masonic Map of the World; Spread of Freemasonry from England throughout the World Number of Freemasons in Various
Countries;

stood.

make plain much that is misunderThe work involved in preparing this
that

5,

Number

chapter necessitated retracing the steps of

many who had gone
ter

Masons

will find the story a brief

clear

exposition

of

Masand what has often been
before.

way

6,

Masons in each of Eites; Masonic the Leading American, English, the of Eelationship and Scottish Eites of Freemasonry;
of Master

7,

Legitimate

and

Illegitimate

Scottish

befogged.

Eite Masonic Bodies;

GENEALOGICAL OR FAMILY TREE OP SECRET SOCIETIES.
FREEMASONRY.

I

:

;

PREFACE
8.

Odd

Fellowship,

its

Branches

and
Fel-

Bates,

John

L.,

United Order of Pilgrim

Schisms;
9.

Fathers, Boston, Mass.

Orders of White and of Negro lows and their Branches;
Foresters

Odd

Bayley, J., Independent Order of Foresters, Toronto, Ont.

10.

Origin and Relationship of Orders of
Patriotic

11.

and Political Societies, 1TG5 (Sons of Liberty) to date (American
Protective Association);
their

A. F. and A. M., DeMich. Bellamy, Marsdeu, Knights of Honor, Wilmington, N. C.

Beck, Charles F.,
troit,

Bernstein, Paul, American Star Order,

New

12.

American College Fraternities and
Extension;

York.
Besant, Mrs. Annie, Theosophical Society,

13.

Relationship of Temperance Secret Societies;

London, England.

14.

Hebrew
tions;

Secret,

Charitable

Organiza-

15. Railroad
16.

Employes' Brotherhoods, and Labor Organizations.

Stndents of the curious will be interested
in the discussions of anti-Roman Catholic
secret
silver
societies,

New York. Order of the Golden Rod, Detroit, Mich. Bigelow, Joseph Hill, College Fraternities, College City New York. Biggs, D. S., American Legion of Honor,
Bien, Julius, B'nai B'rith,
C.

Bierce,

A.,

Boston, Mass.
Bloss, J. M., Equitable
ville.

societies

which

favor

a

Aid LTnion, Titusof

monetary standard, mystical organiof recreation,

Pa.

zations to teach economics, for the encour-

Bolton,

DeWitt C, Knights

Pythias,

agement
signs, for

enforcing law and

Paterson, N. J.

out revolutionary deindulging in eccentricity, and for subverting law and order. The list is not a long one, but is interesting as a sociological record.

order, for carrying

Boughton, J. S., Order of Select Friends, Lawrence, Kan.
Bowles, G. F.,

The Universal Brotherhood,

Natchez, Miss.

The

labor

entailed

in

compiling

the

Cyclopaedia of Fkaternities has been lightened by the cooperation of members of the societies named and for much that is meritorious herein, particular credit is in
;

Boyd, W. T., A. F. and A. M., Cleveland, 0. Brown, F. L., Improved Order of Heptasophs. Scran ton, Pa. Buchanan, James Isaac, A. F. and A. M.,
Pittsburg, Pa.

part due to those whose

names are appended, S. A., Cincinnati, 0. to whom the warmest acknowledgments are Burmester, Charles E., Adjutant-General, extended G. A. R., Omaha, Neb. Adelubehagen, Paul, A. F. and A. M., Burnett, D. Z., Knights of Pythias, WashHamburg, Netherlands. ington, D. C. Allan, F. W., A. F. and A. M., Glasgow, Burton, Alonzo J., Order of the Eastern
Scotland.

Bundy, U.

William

E.,

Sons

of

Veterans,

Arthur, P. M., Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, Cleveland, 0. Backus, Rev. J. E., Independent Order of Good Templars, Rome, N. Y. Bangs, Algernon S., United Order of the

Star, New York, N. Y. Burton, John R., Modern Order of Craftsmen, Detroit, Mich. Campfield, George A., Independent Order

of Foresters, Detroit, Mich.

Carlos,

James

J., St. Patrick's Alliance of

Golden Cross, Augusta, Me. Baskett, S. R., A. F. and A. M., Evershot, Dorchester, England.

America, Newark, N. J. Carnahan, Major-General James R., Knights
of Pythias, Indianapolis, Ind.

PREFACE
Carson, E. T,, A. F. and A. M., Cincinnati, 0.

IX

Donnelly,

T. M., Woodchoppers' Associa-

Carter,

John M., A. more, Md.
ville,

F.

and A. M.,

Balti-

Chase, Ira J., Tribe of
Ind.
Orleans, La.

Ben

Ilur, Crawfords-

N. J. Dore, John P., Massachusetts Catholic Order of Foresters, Boston, Mass. Dorf, Samuel, B'rith Abraham, New York.
tion, Jersey City,

Doris, T.

C, Ancient Order

of the Sanhe-

Churchill, C. Kobert, College Fraternities,

drim, Richmond, Va.
R. R., Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria, Stamford, Conn. Douglicrty, John, Switchmen's Union, N. A., Kansas City, Mo. Eavenson, Marvin M., Sons of Temperance,

New

Dorwell,

Clancy, J. J., Ancient Order of Hibernians,

Trenton, N. J.
Clare,

Ealph B., Knights

of

the

Mystic

Chain, Philadel^ihia, Pa.
Clark, E. E., Order of Kailway Conductors,

Philadelphia, Pa.
Edelstein, John,
City,

Cedar Rapids, la. Clark, Miss F. M., New England Order of
Protection, Boston, Mass.

A. F. and A. M., Jersey

N.

J.

Edmunds,
111.

G., A. F.

and A. M., Carthage,

Clarkson, Thaddeus S., G. A. R., Omaha,

Neb. Clendenen, G. W., Mystic Order of the World, Fulton, 111. Clift, J. Augustus, A. F. and A. M., .St.
Johns, N. F.
Coffin,

Eidson,

W.

R.,

sociation, St. Louis,

American Benevolent AsMo.

Ellinger, M., B'nai B'rith,

New

York.

Engelhardt, August, Benevolent Order of Buffaloes, New York.
Everett,
D.,

Selden J., College Fraternities, La-

Brotherhood of Locomotive
F.,

fayette College, Easton, Pa.

Engineers, Cleveland, 0.
Failey,

Colby,

Arthur

W., College

Fraternities,

James

Order of Iron Hall, InPaterson,
(negro),

Cleveland, 0.

dianapolis, Ind.
Farrell, J. H.,

Congdon, Joseph W., A. F. and A. M., Paterson, N. J. Cotter, Frank G., Actors' Order of Friendship, New York. Cowen, Thomas B., College Fraternities,
Williamstown, Mass.
Cruett,

Royal Arcanum,
A. F. and A. M.

N.
Fields,
St.

J.

M.

F.,

Louis, Mo.
Detroit, Mich.

Fowler, George W., Ancient Order of United

Workmen,
of

Hep- Frantzen, C. J., Royal Benefit Society, New tasophs, Baltimore, ^Id. York. Culbertson, William, Knights of the Golden Frost, D. M., Knights of Reciprocity, Garden City, Kan. Eagle, Philadelphia, Pa. Cummings, Thomas H., Catholic Knights Galami, M., A. F. and A. M., Athens, Greece. of Columbus, Boston, Mass.

John

AV.,

Improved Order

Daniels, William P., Order of Railway Conductors, Cedar Rapids, la.

Gans, William A., B'nai B'rith,

New

York,

Dase, William H., Knights of the Red Cross,
Springfield, 0.

N. Y. Garwood, S.

S.,

Order of

Home

Builders,

Philadelphia, Pa.

I., United Order of the Gaston, Frederick, The Grand Fraternity, Philadelphia, Pa. Golden Cross. Lewiston, Me. De Leon, Daniel D., Knights of Labor, New Gerard, D. W., Tribe of Ben Hur, Craw-

Day, Fessenden

York. Devo, John H., A. F. and A. M. (negro), " Albany, N. Y.

fordsville, Ind.

Gildersleevc, Charles E., Order of

United

Americans,

New

York.

PREFACE
Glenn, G. W., Independent Order of Recliabites, Sykes, Va. Goodule, H. G., A. F. and A. M., Jamaica,
Hitt,

George

C, Order

of Iron Hall, In-

dianapolis, Ind.

Holden, S. F., Knights and Ladies of America, New York. Queens Co., N. Y. Gorman, Artliur P., A. F. and A. M., Bal- Holman, Oliver D., Order of United Friends, New York. timore, Md. Graham, Rev. George S., Order of Iron Holmes, M. B., Ancient Order of Hibernians, New York. Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. Gretzinger, William C, College Fraternities, Hopkins, A. W., International Order of Twelve, Leavenworth, Kan. Lowisburg, Pa. Benefit Hucless, Robert, A. F. and A. M. (negro), States The United C, Griest, W. New York, Fraternity, Baltimore, Md. Griffin, Martin I. J., Irish Catholic Benev- Hughes, James L., The Loyal Orange Association, Toronto, Ont. olent Union, Philadelphia, Pa. Gross, F. W., United Brothers in Friend- Irving, E. B., A. F. and A. M. (negro), Albany, N. Y. ship, Victoria, Tex. Gwinnell, John M., American Legion of Jackson, Thornton A., A. F. and A. M. (negro), Washington, D. C. Honor, Newark, N. J. Hahne, Irvin A., Independent Order of Jones, C. C, Adjutant-General, G. A. R.,
Mechanics, Philadelphia, Pa. Hamilton, W. R., A. F. and A. M., Carthage,
111.

Rockford,

111.

Jones, Charles R.,
dianapolis, Ind.

Order of Equity, In-

Hammer, H.

H., Adjutant General, Sons

Johnston, John G., Order of Rente, Philadelphia, Pa.

of Veterans, U. S. A., Reading, Pa.

Harburger, Julius, Independent Order, Free Sons of Israel, New York. Harper, G. S., Order of the World, Wheeling,

Johnston,
Keliher,

Thomas

E., Order of Knights of

Friendship, Philadelphia, Pa.

W. Va.

Harrison, H. Leslie, Knights of St.

American Railway Sylvester, Union, Chicago, 111. John Kimptou, Carl W., Order of Unity, Philadelphia, Pa.

and Malta,

New

York.

Harte, H. M., Knights of Honor,

King, Charles M., Benevolent and Protecof Patriotic Order, Sons tive Oi'der of Elks, Paterson, N. J. Hassewell, J. N., Kittrell, L. A., Knights of Pythias (neAmerica, Scranton, Pa. gro), Macon, Ga. Hayes, John W., Knights of Labor, PhilaKrape, William W., Knights of the Globe, delphia, Pa. Freeport, 111. Heller, S. M., Home Palladium, Kansas Kuhn, John R., Catholic Benevolent LeCity, Mo. gion, Brooklyn, N. Y. Hennessy, J. C, National Reserve AssociaLamb, E. F., Order of United Friends of tion, Kansas City, Mo. Michigan, Flint, Mich. Henry, William, Order of Amaranth, DeLander, W. F., Knights and Ladies of troit, Mich. Azar, Chicago, 111. Herman, L., Ahavas Israel, New York. Herriford, Joseph E., International Order Laurence, R. D., A. F. and A. M., Springfield, 111. of Twelve, Chillicothe, Mo. Hibben, E. H., Northern Fraternal Insur- Lawler, Thomas G., G. A. R., Rockford,
ance Association, Marshalltown,
la.
111.

New York.

Hinckley, George

C,
I.

College Fraternities,

Providence, R.

Lawrence, G. ^., National Farmers' Alliance, Marion, 0.

PREFACE
Leahy, John P., Union Fraternal Alliance, Boston, Mass. Leahy, Thomas, A. F. and A. M., Rochester, N. Y.
Lee, J. P., St. Patrick's Alliance of Anierica.

XI
IL, Independent Order

Mann, Dr. D.
Tcnii)lars,

Good

Brooklyn, N. Y.

Orange, N. J.

Leisersohn, Leonard, B'rith

Abraham, New
of

York,
Lenbert,
J.

G.,

Grand United Order
(negro),

Markey, D. P., Knights of the Maccabees, Port Huron, Mich. Mason, E. C, Royal Tribe of Joseph, 8edalia, Mo. Mason, Joseph, Foresters of America, Paterson, N. J. Mason, J, J., A. F. and A. M., Hamilton,
Ont.

Odd Fellows
Lerch,

New

York.

George L., College Fraternities, Clinton, N. Y. Levy, Ferdinand, Sons of Benjamin, New York. Levy, Magnus, Independent Order of American Israelites, New York. Lockard, L. B., Knights and Ladies of Honor, Bradford, Pa. Loewenstein, E., A. F. and A. M., New York. Lunstedt, Henry, Native Sons of the Golden West, San Francisco, Cal. Lnthin, Otto L. F., Royal Society of Good
Fellows, Boston, Mass.

Mason,

J.

W.,

Protected

Home

Circle,

Sharon, Pa.

Maulsby, D. L., College Fraternities, Tufts
College, Massachusetts.

May, William H., Jr., A. F. and A. M., Washington, D. C. Mendenhall, B., A. F. and A. M., Dallas
City,
111.

Mills, A. G., Military

gion,

New

Miner,

S.

Order of Loyal LcYork. L., National Fraternal Union,
W., Knights of the Golden

Cincinnati, 0.
Mitchell,
C.

Eagle, Mansfield, 0.

Lyon, D. Murray, A. F. and A. M., Edin- Monahan, James, Irish National Order of burgh, Scotland. Foresters, New York. McCarroll, F. Liberty, Shepherds of Beth- Moore, E. T., College Fraternities, Swathlehem, Newark, N. J. more College, Swathmore, Pa. McClenachan, Charles T., A. F. and A. M., Moore, R. B., A. F. and A. M., Elizabeth, New York. N. J. McClintock, E. S., Ancient Order of the Moorman, Gen. George, United ConfedPyramids, Topeka, Kan. erate Veterans, New Orleans, La. McClurg, John, Jr., Templars of Liberty Morse, H. H., Order of Chosen Friends, of America, New York. New York. McLaughlin, James J., Massachusetts Mott, J. Lawrence, Workmen's Benefit SoCatliolic Order of Foresters, Boston. ciety, Boston, Mass. McLean, Alexander, Illinois Order of Mu- Mott, Dr. Valentine, A. F. and A. M., New tual Aid, Macomb, 111. York. Mackery, L., A. F. and A. M., Edinburgh, Mulford, John M., American Insurance Scotland. L'nion, Columbus, 0. Magill, Joseph R., Grand United Order of Mull, George F., College Fraternities, Odd Fellows (negro), New York. Franklin and Marshall, Lancaster, Pa. Mahoney, John R., Independent Order of Mulligan, John, Knights of Honor, YonRechabites, Washington, D. C. kers, N. Y. Malcolm, Samuel L., Order of United Mulligan, Ralph R., Knights of Honor, Friends, New York. Yonkers, N. Y. Mallard, Rev. Robert Q., College Fraterni- Mundie, P. J., National Union of Iron and ties, New Orleans, La. Steel Workers, Youngstown, 0.

PREFACE
Muiiger,
lief,

Frank

E.,

Empire Knights

of Ee-

Pearson, A. L., Union Veterans' Legion,
Pittsburg, Pa.

Buffalo, N. Y.

Myers, Allen 0., Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Cincinnati, 0. Myrick, Herbert, Patrons of Industry,
Springfield, Mass.

Peckinpaugh, Thomas E., Improved Order
of
Pellin,

Red Men, Cleveland, 0.
J.

F., A. F.

and A. M., Havana,
Hall,

Cuba.
Perkins,

Nason, Edwin H., Shield of Honor, Philadelphia, Pa.

E.

C,

Iron

Baltimore,

Keedham. James
of

F.,

Md. Grand United Order Perry, John A., A. F. and A. M., Philadelphia, Pa.

Odd

Fellows (negro), Philadelphia.

Nichols, John, Templars of Liberty,

New

York.
Nicholson, General John P., Military Order of Loyal Legion, Philadelphia, Pa.

Nicholson, James B., Independent Order of

C, A. F. and A. M. (negro), Newark, N. J. Petter, Frank S., Loyal Additional Benefit Association, Jersey City, N. J. Phillips, Rev. E. S., Ancient Order of HiPeters, A.

Odd

Fellows, Philadelphia, Pa.

bernians, Plains, Pa.

Nielsen, Eennus, A. F. and A. M., Copen-

Popper, H., Independent Order Free Sons
of Judah,

hagen, Denmark.
Nisbet, Michael, A. F. and A. M., Philadelphia, Pa.

New

York.

Porter, E. H., College Fraternities, Beloit,

Wis.

Noeckel,

A.

G.,

The Columbus Mutual

Post, August, National Farmers' Alliance,

Benefit Association, Philadelphia, Pa.

Moulton,

la.

Northcott, William A., Modern
of America, Greenville,
111.

Woodmen
of

Powell, J. B. R.,

Modern Knights

Fidelity

Oakes, Henry W.,
Protection,

New England Order Auburn, Me.

League, Kansas City, Kan. Powell, M. v.. Order of Railway Telegraphers, Vinton, la.

O'Connell, James, International Association of Machinists, Richmond, Va. O'Connor, P. J., Ancient Order of Hibernians, Savannah, Ga.

Presson, G. S., A. F. and A. M., Berne,

Switzerland.

Ramsey, Walter M., College Fraternities,
Lafayette, Ind.

Oddi, J.
Oliver,

S.,

A. F. and A. M., Alexandria,
of St. George,

Ray, Peter
Reeve,
S.

S.,

M.D., A.

F.

and A. M.

Egypt.

(negro), Brooklyn, N. Y.

Edward, Order of Sons San Francisco, Cal.

Lansing, D.D., American Patriotic

Oronhyatekha, Dr., Independent Order of Foresters, Toronto, Ont. O'Rourke, William, Catholic Knights of
America, Fort Wayne, Ind. Palmer, Alanson, Eclectic Assembly, Bradford, Pa.

League, Brooklyn, N. Y. Reynolds, Walter D., Sexennial
Philadelphia, Pa.
Ridings, C.
ica,

League,

C,

Patriarchal Circle of
111.

Amer-

Morris,

Riesenberger, A., College Fraternities, Ste-

Palmer, George W., Templars of Liberty, Brooklyn, N. Y. Pancoast, E. H., Shield of Honor, Philadelphia, Pa.

vens Institute, Hoboken, N. J. Robinson, Charles H., Order of ^gis, Baltimore,

Md.

Robinson,

W.

A.,

College

Fraternities,

Parker, B. F., Independent Order of Templars, Milwaukee, Wis.

Good
Red

Paton,

Andrew H., Improved Order Men, Dan vers, Mass.

of

Bethlehem, Pa. Rodrigues, Francesco de P., A. F. and A. M., Havana, Colon. Ronemus, Frank L., Brotherhood of Railway Carmen, Cedar Rapids, la.

PREFACE
Roose, F. F., Fraternal Union of America,

Xiii

Denver, Colo.
Root,
C.
J.,

Woodmen

of

the

World.

Oniaha, Neb.
B., Independent Order Free Sons of Judah, New York. Improved Henry, Order, Rosenthal, Knights of Pythias. Evansville, Ind.

Simons, W. N., Order of United American Mechanics, Xorwalk, Conn. Slattery, M. J., Ancient Order of Ilibernians, Albany, N. Y.
Smalley, Frank, College Fraternities, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Smith, Adon, Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm, New York.

Rosenthal,
'

Rosenthal,

Morris,

Kesiier

Shel

Barzel,

New
Ross,

York.

Smith, D. P., Order of United Friends of Michigan, Detroit, Mich. Smith, George K., Concatenated Order of Hoo-lloo, St. Louis, Mo. Smith, General John C, A. F. and A. }>[.,
Chicago,
111.

James C, Knights of Pythias (negro). Savannah, Ga. Ross, Theodore A., Independent Order of

Odd
Rousell,

Fellows, Baltimore, Md.

Edward, Fraternal Aid Associa- Smith, T. J., Knights of the Golden Rule, tion, Lawrence, Kan. Cincinnati, 0. Rugh, W. J., Ancient and Illustrious Order Smitli, AV. J., American Glass Makers' Knights of Malta, Pittsburg, Pa. Union, Pittsburg, Pa. Russell. William T.,A. F. and A. M., Bal- Speelman, H. V., Adjutant-General, Sons timore, Md. of A'eterans, L^. S. A., Cincinnati, 0. Sanders, James P., Independent Order of Speth, G. W., A. F. and A. M., Bromley, Odd Fellows, Yonkers, N. Y. Kent, England. Sanderson, Percy, Order of Sons of St. Spooner, W. R., Royal Society of Good FelGeorge,

New

York.
111.

lows.

New

York.

Sargent, F. P., Brotherhood of Locomotive

Stead, T. Ballan, Ancient Order of Foresters,

Firemen, Peoria,
Saunders,
Schaale,

England.

T.

W., Independent Order
111.

of

Stearns,

John

B., College Fraternities, Bur-

Foresters of Illinois, Chicago,

lington, Vt.

Charles F., Patriotic Order of America, St. Louis, Mo. Schord, Louis G., United Ancient Order of Druids, San Francisco, Cal. George, A. F. and A. M., New York, Scott, George A., National Protective Legion, Waverly, N. Y. Scottron, S. R., A. F. and A. M. (negro), Brooklyn, N. Y. Sears, John M., Independent and International Order of Owls, Nashville, Tenn.
Scott,

Stebbins,

John W., Independent Order
Fellows, Rochester, N. Y.

of

Odd
ica,

Stees, F. E., Patriotic

Order Sons of Amer-

Philadelphia, Pa.

Stephenson, Mary H., G. A. R., Petersburg.
111.

Stevens, D. E., Order of the Fraternal Mystic Circle,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Stevenson, A. E., Independent
Foresters, Chicago,
111.

Order

of

Steward,
Stewart,

C.

C, Grand United Order
F.,

of

Galilean Fishermen, Bristol, Tenn.

Sendersen,

W. C.

College

Fraternities,

James

Indian

Republican

Gambier, 0. Server, John, Order of United American Mechanics, Philadelphia, Pa.
Shipp, J. F., United Confederate Veterans, Chattanooga, Tenn.
Shirrefs,

League, Paterson, N. J. St. George, Archibald. A. F. and A. ^L, Dublin, Ireland. Stolts, William A., L^nited Order of Foresters,

Chicago.

111.

R. A., A. F.

and A. M.,

Eliza-

Stowell, C. L., A. F.

and A. M., Rochester,

beth, N. J.

N. Y.

PREFACE
Stringhain,

LeRoy M., Templars of Honor and Temperance, Ripley, N. Y.
J.,

Wallace, Colonel E. Bruce, Union Veterans*

Stubbs, T.

College

Fraternities,

Wil-

Legion, Philadelphia, Pa. Watkins, James S., Improved
Ileptasophs, Baltimore,

Order of

liamsburg, Va.
Suleb, M., A. F. and A. M., Cairo, Egypt.

Md.

Weatherbee,

J.,

Order of Railway TelegPitts-

Sullavon, Emanuel, A. F. and A.
gro),

M.

(ne-

raphers, Vinton, la.

New

Bedford, Mass.
Del.

Weeks, Joseph D., A. F. and A. M.,
burg, Pa.

Sullivan,

B. Frank, Order of Heptasoplis,

or S.

W. M., Wilmington,

Sullivan, Timothy F., Catholic Knights of Columbus, Boston, Mass. Taylor, Harold, Order of Iron Hall, Indianapolis, Ind.

Taylor,W. E., Molly Maguires, Pittsburg, Pa. Terrell, George, College Fraternities, Middletown, Conn.
Thiele, Theodore B., Catholic Order of Foresters,

Weihe, William, Amalgamated Association, Iron and Steel Workers, Pittsburg, Pa. Wende, Ernest, M.D., Order of the Iroquois, Buffalo, N. Y. White, R. L. C, Kniglits of Pythias, Nashville, Tenn. W^ilson, J. W^., National Farmers' Alliance,
Chicago,
111.

Wilson,

W.

IL, Knights of Birmingham,

Chicago,
J.

111.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Thompson,

W., Knights of Pythias, Wilson, W. Warne, Columbian League, Detroit, Mich. Washington, D. C. Wood, C. B., Knights of the Golden Eagle, Order of United AmeriTipper, F. S., Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. can Mechanics, Stamford, Conn. Titcomb, Virginia C, Patriotic League of Wood, E. 0., Knights of the Loyal Guard,
the Revolution, Brooklyn.
Flint, Mich.

Todd, Quinton, Knights of Birmingham,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Tompkins, Uriah W., Home Circle, New York. Toomey, D. P., Catholic Knights of Columbus, Boston, Mass.

Woodruff, C. S., Templars of Honor and Temperance, Newark, N. J. Woodward, Rev. C. S., Temple of Honor,

Newark, N.

J.

Woolsey, George F., L^nited Order of Foresters, St. Paul,

Minn.

Trimble,

John, Patrons Washington, D. C.
Charles
E.,

of

Husbandry,

Wright, George W., Order of Heptasophs, or S. W. M., Norfolk, Va.

Troutman,

Union Veterans' Wright,
American

William

B.,

Modern American
111.

Legion, Washington, D. C.
Tyler, C. W., Jr., Order United

Fraternal Order, Effingham,

Mechanics, Richmond, Va.
Underbill, C. F., Royal Fraternity, Minneapolis,

Young, James, Knights Eagle, Baltimore, Md.

of

the

Golden

Minn.

Where
Md.

the origin of so

many

fraternities

Unverzagt, C. H., National Fraternal Alliance, Baltimore,

has been largely or in part obscured through the want of voluntary chroniclers, and some-

Upson, Irving S., College Fraternities, times by reason of the emphasis placed on the legendary accounts of their beginnings, New Brunswick, N. J. Verticau, F. W., Patrons of Industry, Port it has often been difficult to arrive at all the The search for truth, however, has facts. Huron, Mich. Waite, G. Harry, Knights of the Mystic been conducted without bias, in an honest Chain, Port Dickinson, N. Y. endeavor to collate as much as possible of Walkinshaw, L. C, College Fraternities, that which may be known concerning this
Lewisburg, Pa.
interesting phase of social
life.

IlSTTRODUCTIOlSr
Very
of

nearly

few among the six million members three hundred secret societies,

intelligent idea of the relationship of

the

fraternities,

and sisterhoods in the United
history,

States are familiar with the origin,

or function of these organizations.

This

has been noted by the eminent English ]Masonic historian, Eobert F. Gould^ who, on page 157, vol. ii., of his "History of Freemasonry," says: "The members of a secret society are rarely conversant with its origin

hundreds of secret societies which have left an impress upon American sociological development in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, may be numbered on the lingers of one hand, if indeed there are as many as that; and it is in order to remedy this, to
place
it

member
ize

within the reach of practically every of every secret society to familiar-

himself with these important particulars,

and history."

Many have

a fair knowledge

that the task of compiling the

Cyclopaedia

of the extent, membership,

immediate objects of
origin

and the more the societies to which

OF Fraternities was begun. The im))ortance of such a work may hardly be overestimated, including, as
original investigation of
it

they belong; but the real histories of the

does, prolonged
of tradi-

and development of many of the older
on mythical
inci-

hundreds
the best

organizations have so often been enveloped
in myster}^ or founded

tions

and chronicles
official

of

many

organizations;

the examination of

all of

and many
least,

dents, or traditions, that the average
ber, unless i)articularly interested

memwill-

other

or authoritative historical and
last,

and

other publications; and

but not

ing to devote time and study to the task,

the enlistment of the cooperation of hun-

and some extinct secret may be a conspicuous and honored repre- societies, to the end that little if anything sentative. may. remain undone to present, in projier Lengthy and exhaustive histories of some perspective, a panoramic view of the secret of the older and larger secret societies in society world in America, which will prethe United States have been published, but serve the sequence and relationship of such most of them are expensive and require organizations. time and study to enable the reader to be"When it is known that more than 200,000 come familiar with the details of their con- candidates for membership are initiated tents. In the rush of our latter-day civili- every year into American secret fraternization, the busy citizen finds little time to ties and sisterhoods, 30,000 alone into the pore over the wealth of incident with which Masonic Fraternity, and as many more into such works properly abound. It has, there- the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of fore, remained for the few to know of that whom, as a rule, 60 per cent, become more which the many have been struggling to or less active members, the need for a comaccomplish, to learn whence they came and prehensive work Avhich Avill present the imnearly
all

seldom becomes a trustworthy source of information as to the fraternity of Avhich he

dreds of

the

best-informed

members

of

existing

whither travelling.

portant facts concerning
apparent.

all secret

societies

Few who
will

are well informed on the subject
is

from a universal point of view becomes
Notwithstanding the century's extraordinary development in agriculture, commerce, manufactures, in tlie arts, in the dissemination of intelligence, in the machinery of

deny that the Masonic Fraternity
all

directly or indirectly the parent organiza-

tion of

modern

secret societies, good,
still

bad, and indifferent; but fewer
to explain

are able

why or how.

Those who have an

;

INTRODUCTION
finance,

in the older

Freemasons in the in good government, interest twenty-five hundred and better types of secret soci- United States, perhaps five liundred memeties has grown with even greater rapidity, bers of the St. Tammany (patriotic) secret societies, and the few scattered members if one may judge from the increase in memThis may come in of Phi Beta Kapjia at Yale, Harvard, and be rsliii) and prosperity. Dartmouth Colleges. The Cyclop.-edia of tlie nature of a surprise to many who know the of traces more than six hunimportance Fraternities little of the extent or intergathers in the United States dred secret societies and it world, secret society it that mankind in of which more than three hunsince 1797, of student every est for suggests an inquiry into the cause of this dred and fifty survive, with a membership attraction, and raises the question whether amounting to 40 per cent, of the present the mystical side to our natures has not ex- male population of the country who are panded relatively more rapidly than that twenty-one years of age, in contrast with

and

less than one-quarter of 1 per cent, of the which looks mainly to material comfort. Daring the seventeenth century the specu- adult male 2)opulation who were members lative successors to the ancient English of secret fraternities one himdred years ago. operative Freemasons added to their symbolMASONIC BODIES. ism, drawn from the workingmen's guilds

of the middle ages,
istics of

many

of the character-

American Rite: Lodges,
Conimanderies.
Scottish Rite
cils,
cils.
:

ChaiJters, Councils,

and

the older religious and mystical

Thus, there may be found in modern Freemasonry traces of the Egyptian, Eleusinian, Mithraic, Adoniac, Cabisocieties.
ric,

Grand Lodges

of Perfection, Coun-

Chapters, Consistories, and

Supreme Counof

Concordant

Orders

:

Koyal Order

Scotland

Knights of the Red Cross of Constantine. and Druidic Mysteries, all of which, Bodies to which only Freemasons are Non-3Iasonic immortality, when undefiled, taught jnirity, Eligible Modern Society of Rosicrucians Sovtrue ever-living and an and the existence of Degrees
:
;

ereign College of Allied Masonic
cient

;

An-

Their ceremonials were divided into degrees in which were conferred secret means of recognition, and each had a

God.

legend which, by dramatic representation, impressed upon the novitiate the lesson that

Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Mystic Order, Veiled Prophets of the Slirine Enchanted Realm Independent, International Order of Owls, and the "side degree,"' Tall
; ;

Cedars of Lebanon.

by death. Masonic symbolism and ceremonials show also the influthe Avay to
life is

Dead or Dormant : Rite of Memphis Oriental Rite Rite of Swedenborg of Memphis and Misraim
; ;

;

ence of the teachings of the Gnostics, the Kabbalists, Pythagoreans, Druses, Mani-

and the earlier Rosicrucians. It was between 1723 and 1740 that the parent modern secret society spread from England throughout Europe and into the British After the American AVar of the colonies. Revolution it became, with one or two political secret societies founded by Freecheans,

Order of Martinists. Irregular or Spurious Masonic Bodies : 1. American and "Scottish Rite" bodies among negroes 2. Cerneau and Seymour-Cerneau " Scottish Rite" bodies. Also, Clandestine Masonic Lodges Society of the Freemasonry Illuminati and the Covenant among the Early Mormons Chinese Freema; ;

;

;

masons, the direct or indirect source of
secret
societies

all

formed in America since With time. a few excej^tions, the like that is true concerning secret societies in Europe

Freemasonry among AmerNegroes Anti-Masonry at Home and Abroad; Statistics of Freemasonry, and a list of Distinguished Americans who are or were Freemasons.
sonry in America
ican
;

:

secret

Various American Military Orders and societies, followed by Colonial and
take
their

formed since 1740. One hundred years ago there were about

Ancestral Orders,

inspiration

from the Society of the Cincinnati, founded

FREEMASONS.
/-^

/ '4^y

GOOD Tem PLab s.
GRAND UNITED
ORDER

0/>

000

%
%,
/,

Q

'<^.

^.^^

%. .\> y^ 0/>
'^< 'Oa

\^a

^&

\A
'<s.

^<

CHART SHOWING RELATIVE SIZE OF VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL SECRET SOCIETIES.

xvm
in 1783 by

INTRODUCTION
prominent American
were Freemasons.
oflBcers of
if

The

Crescent.

the
all

War of of whom

the Revolution, nearly

not

National Order of Videttes. Order of Red, White, and Blue.

MILITARY ORDERS AND SOCIETIES.
Society of the Cincinnati

Loyal Men of American Liberty. Sons of the Soil.
* American Protestant Association.

(War

of Revolution).

Military Order of the Loyal Legion.

Grand Army

of the Republic.

Sons of Veterans. Union Veteran Legion.

* Junior American Protestant Association. Loyal Knights of America. Order of American Freemen. Benevolent Order of Bereans.

Women's
Ladies of

Relief Corps.
tlie

Guards
of the Republic.

of Liberty.

Grand Army

Aid Society

of the Sons of Veterans. Auxiliary to the Union Veteran Legion.

* American Protective Association (A. P. A.). * Women's Historical Society.
* Junior American Protective Association. * Constitutional Reform Club.

Loyal Ladies' League. Soldiers' and Sailors' League. Advance Guard of America, or Grand
Progress,

Army

of

and
of

United Confederate Veterans.

* National Assembly, Patriotic League. * Order Little Red School House. * American Patriotic League. * Daughters of Columbia.
* Order of American Union.

The Sons
of

Liberty,

composed largely
by Freemasons,

and generally

officered

Order of American Shield. * United Order of Deputies.

appeared before the War of the Revolution, and was succeeded by the Sons of St.

Tamina and
Men.

St.

Tammany

Societies,

and

the latter in 1813 by the Society of

Red

The Improved Order

of

Red Men

(1834) was a further outgrowth, but with charitable and benevolent rather than political features.

Minute Men of 1890. Knights of Reciprocity. * American Knights of Protection. * Templars of Liberty. * Patriots of America. * Daughters of the Republic. * Silver Knights of America, and
*

PATRIOTIC AND POLITICAL ORDERS.
Sons of Liberty. Sons of St. Tamina.
*

* Silver Ladies of America. * Patriotic League of the Revolution. Indian Republican League. Sons of Liberty (3d). * Loyal Women of American Liberty. Freemen's Protective Silver Federation.

Tammany
Society of

Society, or

Columbian Order.

Minute Men
Ladies of

of '96.

Red Men.

Abraham

Lincoln.

* Order United American Mechanics. * Junior Order United American Mechanics. Sons of '76 Order Star Spangled Banner (Know;

*Lady True

Blues of the World (Orange). * Protestant Knights of America.

Nothing Party). * Patriotic Order Sons of America. * Patriotic Daughters of America.
Order of True Americans.
* Daughters of Liberty. * Daughters of America.

* Loyal Orange Institution. * Women's Loyal Orange Association. * Royal Black Knights of the Camp of * National Farmers' Alliance.

Israel.

* Order of the Mystic Brotherhood. * American Order United Catholics

(anti-A. P. A.).

The germ
litical

of

American
societies

patriotic

and po-

United Sons of America. * Junior Sons of America.
* Brotherhood of the Union.

secret

may
latter

be traced to

the Loyal Orange Institution, founded in
Ireland in 1795.
antecedents,

Patriotic Order of

True Americans.

The
for

American Knights.
Order United Americans. Templars. Order of American Star. Free and Accepted Americans. Order Native Americans.

and

a

few

had Masonic years had
is,

the cooperation of individual Freemasons.
Its cardinal principle was,

and

loyalty
still

* Societies marked with an asterisk are
existence.

in

.

"

—

INTRODUCTION
to the occupants of the British throne

XIX

and

opposition to the
It did

Roman

Catholic Church.

not appear in the United States as an
earlier

^-\Kappa Alpha (Union). -VSignia Phi (Union). Delta Phi (Union).
I.

— —
—
——'
'

K; A. (Trinity).

organization until 1870, but Orangeism did,

-\-A-lpha Delta Phi (Hamilton).
.

and the members of
otic secret societies

American

patri-

Skull and Bones (local, Yale).

nounced

**'

(1840-1855) were proNative Americans^' and anti-

'"\i*si

Upsilon (Union).
Pi (Miami).

^* " Mystical 7 " (Wcsleyan).

Roman

Catholic.

The Orders

of United

H^eta Theta
Scroll

American Mechanics (Senior and Junior),
Sons of America, Brotherhood of the Union,

yC^'hi Psi (Union).

—
-

and Key

(local, Yale).

*"The Rainbow"

(Univ. Mississippi),

American Protestant Association, the Know- .^^^elta Kappa Epsilon (Yale). Nothing party (Order of the Star Spangled ^^ta Psi (Univ. New York). Delta Psi (Columbia). Banner), and others, were conspicuous dur\;>^eta Delta Chi (Union). ing the period referred to, and all, except
the

"^

—
—

Know-Nothing

'><I|*hi

Gamma

Delta (Wash, and Jefferson).
(Univ. Pennsylvania).

party, exist to-day, with

Phi Delta Theta (Miami).
>Plii

others
tective

spreading into the American ProAssociation movement, which has

Kappa Sigma

Phi Kappa Psi (JelT., Pennsylvania). Phi (Princeton). been conspicuous in American politics. — >-Sigma Chi (Miami). American college secret societies, better 5-^igma Alpha Epsilon (Univ. Alabama). known as Greek letter fraternities, have an ^..Chi Phi (Univ. Nortli Carolina). — indirect connection with the high grades of-"^hi Phi (Hobart). Freemasonry which were elaborated in the ^"^Delta Tail Delta (Bethany). '^

)^i

~

—

Alpha Tau Omega (Virginia Mil. Inst.). Kappa Alpha, Southern (Washington-Lee). from the parent Kappa Sigma (Univ. Virginia). — They constitute a social and secret society. Pi Kappa Alpha (Univ. Virginia). — There are nearly thirty literary aristocracy. — ->Si_gma Nu (Virginia Mil. Inst.).' important ones, and twice as many more of ' Wolf's Head (Yale). Nearly all have Greek letter Local Greek Letter, and other College consequence. Societies: titles, usually the initials of a motto. Phi Kappa Kappa Phi Nu Theta (Wesleyan) Beta Kappa, the oldest, was founded at the Kajipa (Dartmouth) Delta Psi (2d) (Univ. Vt.) Alpha Sigma Pi (Univ. Vt.); Alpha College of William and Mary, Virginia, in Sigma Phi (Marietta) He Boule (Soph. Soc. 1776, whence it was taken to Yale and Eta Phi (Soph. Soc. Yale) Yale) Lambda Harvard, and thence to other colleges. Rival Iota (Univ. Vt.). Greek letter fraternities did not begin to Professional: Alpha Chi Omega (music); Phi appear until 1825, since which time they Alpha Sigma (medicine) Phi Delta Phi (law) have multiplied rapidly. Rivahy between Phi Sigma Kappa (medicine) Nu Sigma Nu them is keen, and college social life is char(medicine) Q. T. V. (agriculture). eighteenth century, and in some instances a
'

more

direct

inspiration

;

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

acterized according as a student is a

mem])rolife,

Scientific: Berzelius

(

Yale)
;

;

Phi Zeta

Mu

(Dart-

ber of one or another,

or of none of them.

mouth); Theta XI
^Yomen's Societies
:

Sigma Delta Chi
;

(Yale).
;

Many
may

of the best-known

fessions, in literature

names in the and in political

"Xappa Alpha Theta
"Gamnnj^ Phi Beta
Delta
: ;

Alpha Beta Tau Alpha Phi Beta Sigma Oraicron
;

;

be found in the

lists of college

alumni,

Delta

Gamma;
;

Delta Delta
P.

members

of these fraternities.

COLLEGE GREEK LETTER AND OTHER
FRATERNITIES.
Phi Beta Kappa (founded at William and
Chi Delta Theta (Yale).

Kappa Kappa (Jamma Sigma Kappa ^i Beta Phi.
;

E.

0.

;

\ Jlotiorary

:

Sigma Chi

(local, Cornell)

Mary)—

* Extinct.
t

Chi Phi (Princeton).

—

Also Chi Delta Theta

(local, Yale),

previously

named.

;

INTRODUCTION
Delta Beta Xi Extinct : Alpha Sigma Theta Delta Kappa (freshman) Kappa Sigma Epsilon Kappa Sigma Phi (sophomore) (freshman) Phi Theta Psi, all local Yale societies.
; ; ;

;

Knights of Pythias of North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa (negro).
* Total Abstinence Friendly Societies
;

Non-Secret

:

Delta Upsilon (Williams)

;

Gamma Nu

(local, Yale, extinct).

The
1739
1780,
;

earlier offspring of the

Masonic Fra-

: Independent Order of Rechabites Sons of Temperance Independent Order of Good Templars Royal Templars of Temperance Independent Order of Good Samaritans (negro), and others.
;
;

;

ternity included the

Odd Fellows (England),

1761; and the Foresters, "friendly" societies, with Masonic

Druids,

thumbmarks on
ceremonials,

their rituals

and

in

The Ancient Order of United Workmen, founded in Pennsylvania by a Freemason just after the Civil War, is the original their mutual assessment beneficiary (protection in

but differing in that their the nature of insurance) secret society, and primary purposes were to pay to members has had many successful imitators. The
specified sick, disability, funeral,
benefits.

and other total membership of these organizations is They are conspicuous among hun- about 2,000,000, the aggregate protection
in-

dreds of other English friendly societies,

and are the forerunners of the American

surance or secret beneficiary societies, which there are more than one hundred and
fifty.

fully $4,000,000,000, and the approximate annual sum paid relatives of deceased memof bers is about $30,000,000. The Knights
is

of

Pythias,

The Odd Fellows were introduced combines the
all

formed after the Civil War, features of both friendly and
Nearly

into the
ers in

United States in 1819, the Forest1834 (later in 1864), and the Druids about 1839. The Improved Order of Eed

the assessment beneficiary societies.

the

twenty-five secret labor organiza-

tions, all of which have some of the features Men, already referred to, is the oldest of friendly society and other assessment The beneficiary plans, were formed within a few friendly society of American origin. relief so- years after the organization of the Knights or friendly Hebrew B'nai B'rith, a ciety, was formed at New York city in 1843, of Labor, in 1868, but the older Total and has several followers. Abstinence secret societies, out of a dozen

BENEVOLENT OR "FRIENDLY"
SOCIETIES.
Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Improved Order of Red Men. Ancient Order of Foresters. Foresters of America. Knights of Pythias. Grand United Order of Odd Fellows (negro). United Ancient Order of Druids. Ancient Order of Hibernians. Irish National Order of Foresters. Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.
.

in that group, appeared about sixty years

ago.

MUTUAL ASSESSMENT FRATERNITIES.
Ancient Order United Workmen. Knights of the Mystic Chain. Knights of Honor. Knights of the Golden Eagle. Legion of the Red Cross. Knights of Birmingham. Order of the Golden Cross. Knights and Ladies of Honor.
Royal Arcanum. Shield of Honor. American Legion of Honor. Order of Chosen Friends. Order of Sparta. Order of the Red Cross. United Order Pilgrim Fathers. Iowa Legion of Honor.

Sons of Herman. German Order of Harugari. Ancient and Illustrious Order, Knights of Malta. Actors Order of Friendship. Concatenated Order of Hoo Hoo. Artisans' Mutual Order of Protection. Order of St. George. Order of Scottish Clans. Order of the World. Order of Sanhedrim. Ancient Essenic Order.

Home

Circle.

*In some
features.

instances with assessment beneficiary

INTRODUCTION
Modern Woodmen of America. Modern Woodmen of the World.
National Fraternal Union.
Fraternal Mystic Circle.

ZZl

Home Forum

Benevolent Order.

American Benefit

Society.

Loyal Knights and Ladies. Order of United Friends. National Union. United States Benefit Fraternity.
Protected

Home

Circle.

Order of Star of Bethlehem. Knights and Ladies of the Golden Precept. Western Knights Protective Association. Light of the Ages. Order United Commercial Travelers.
Fraternal Union of America.

Royal Society of Good Fellows. Knights of the Maccabees. Knights of the Golden Chain. Independent Order of Chosen Friends. Knights of the Golden Rule. Royal League. Northwestern Legion of Honor.

Grand Fraternity. New England Order

Ancient Order of Freesmiths. Improved Order Knights of Pythias. Patriarchal Circle of America. Knights of the Loyal Guard. Native Sons of the Golden West. Royal Standard of America. Ancient Order of Pyramids.

of Protection.

Hebrew

United Fraternal League. Order of Unity. Empire Knights of Relief. United Friends of Michigan.
Fraternal Aid Association.

IndeIndependent Order B'nai B'rith : Order of pendent Order Free Sons of Israel Independent Order Sons B'rith Abraham Kesher Shel Barzel Improved of Benjamin Independent Order Sons Order B'nai B'rith Ahavas Free Sons of Judah of Abraham
;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

National Protective League. Modern Knights Fidelity League.

Israel
ites,

;

Independent Order of American

Israel-

and American Star Order.
;

Mystic Workers of the World. Knights and Ladies of Security. Canadian Order of Chosen Friends.
National Fraternity. Tribe of Ben Hur.

Roman

Columbus League.
Order of Iroquois. Prudent Patricians of Pompeii. Home Palladium. Golden Star Fraternity. Independent Order of Foresters. Independent Order of Foresters of Illinois. Canadian Order of Foresters. United Order of Foresters of Minnesota. Pennsylvania Order of Foresters. Order of Heptasophs, or S. W. M. Improved Order of Heptasophs. Order of Continental Union. American Insurance Union. Independent Order Chosen Friends of Illinois. Chosen Friends of Canada. League of American German Friends. Order of Select Friends. Knights and Ladies of the Golden Star. Loyal Additional Benefit Association. Knights and Ladies of the Fireside. Knights of the Globe. Knights of Sobriety, Fidelity, and Integrity. Independent Order of Mechanics. National Reserve Association. Royal Tribe of Joseph. Order of Mutual Protection.

Catholic : Catholic Benevolent Legion Knights of Columbus Catholic Knights of IlliKnights of Catholic Order of Foresters nois Irish Catholic Benevolent Father Mathew Union Catholic Mutual Benevolent Union Catholic Women's Benevolent Legion St. Patrick's Alliance of America, and others.
; ; ; ; ;

;

;

Negro

United Brethren of Friendship and Sisters International Order Ten of Twelve, Knights and Daughters of Tabor Grand United Order Galilean Fishermen.
:

of the Mysterious

;

;

SHORT TERM ASSESSMENT
Progressive

SOCIETIES.

Endowment

Guild.

Sexennial League.
Eclectic Assembly.

Royal Benefit Society. Order of Pente. Order of Algi^. Order of Iron Hall, Baltimore City. Modern Order of Craftsmen.
International Fraternal Alliance.

Order of

Home

Builders.

Columbus Mutual Benefit Association.
Order of Equity.
National Dotare.

The assessment
and sisterhoods have
as a practical basis.

beneficiary

fraternities

a sentimental as well

In smaller

cities

they

INTRODUCTION
usurp the club, and, where men and women are admitted, form centres from which emanates a vital social influence. Beginning about 1840, after the subsidence of the anti-Masouic agitation. Freemasonry in the United States, as in England and many
other countries, has grown and prospered
" The Brotherhood." Amalgamated Association

of

Iron

and

Steel

Workers.

American Flint Glass Workers' Union.
International Association of Machinists. National Union of Iron and Steel Workers.

Knights of St. Crispin. Order of Commercial Telegraphers.
Railtvay

beyond precedent, leaving

in its

wake more

than thirty occult, hermetic, theosophic, or religious brotherhoods or societies. The
transplanted English friendly society finds

Brotherhoods : Locomotive Engineers ; Conductors Firemen Telegraphers Train; ; ;

men Switchmen way Union.
;

;

Carmen

;

American Rail-

congenial
of

soil here,

but

is

outnumbered by

COOPERATIVE AND EDUCATIONAL.
The Wheel.
Patrons of Husbandry. Patrons of Industry. Sovereigns of Husbandry. Sovereigns of Industry. Brotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth.

the assessment beneficiary fraternities,

many

latter variety of the

The modern secret society has commercialized the mechanism of older
by carrying on a system of
cooperative insurance in brotherhoods designed, in

which admit both men and women.

fraternities

some

instances, to advance social

SOCIALISTIC.
Universal Republic of the Earth.

or political objects, total abstinence, cooperative

buying and

New

Order of Builders.

selling,

the cultivation
of partisan
it

of patriotism, the protection of the interests

of labor,

and the propagation

Crowned ReiDublic. Commonwealth of Jesus. Order of the Grand Orient.

political views.

On

the whole,

has en-

SOCIAL

AND RECREATIVE.

couraged

development of j^ractical cooperation more, j)erhaps, than any other one influence.
the

MYSTICAL AND THEOSOPHIC AL.
Order of the

Omah Language.

Sons of Malta (extinct). Oriental Order of Humility. Sons of Adam (extinct). Loyal Order of Moose. Independent Order of Old Men. Sons of Idle Rest.

Temple

of

Isis.

The

Orientals.

Society of Eleusis.

Brotherhood of the West Gate. Order of the Magi. Hei'inetic Brothers of Luxor. Order of the S. S. S. and Brotherhood of

Order of Woodchoppers. Independent Order of Gophers.

The
Z. Z.

several

laAv

and

order,

Irish

and

other revolutionary societies, and various

R. R. Z. Z. Order of the Suii. Brotherhood of the New Life. Ancient Order of Osiris. Esoterists of the West. Rochester Brotherhood. Order of S. E. K. Fifth Order of Melchizedek and Egyptian Sphinx. Order of the Wliite Shrine of Jerusalem. Genii of Nations, Knowledge, and Religions. Altruistic Order of Mysteries.

which have been prominent for brief periods within the century, do not require extended discussion.
lawless secret associations

REVOLUTIONARY
Knights of the Golden Circle. Ku Klux Klan. Union League of America. Fenian Brotherhood.
Clau-na-Gael.

SOCIETIES.

LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.
"

The

International."

Knights of Labor. "Triangle Club."

Knights of the Inner Circle. Brotherhood of United Irishmen. United Brotherhood. Irish Republican Brotherhood.
Industrial

Army.

—
INTRODUCTION
Iron Brotherhood.

bers of an organization
suffering, to inculcate
to country,

Order of Reubens (Patriot War). League of National Armenian Race.

OTHERS.
Order of Mules.

Tramp

"Fraternities."

The Mafia. White Caps,
Molly Maguires.

and to whether such an order of merit is not as honorable as one created by prince or potentate

founded to alleviate good morals, loyalty do good unto others

who

links

The Camorra.

or wreath ?

Iiis name with ribbon, cross, The former are the outgiv-

ings of armies which meet in private, but

Here,
ribbon
Cross
;

in democratic

America,
of
well

we can
or Iron

boast no Order of the Bath or Garter, no
of

are

whose purposes of benevolence and peace known of all, mighty influences for the

the Legion

Honor

spread of true fraternity.

They

are often

but there

may

bo reason for

hardly

less

resplendent than

decorations

asking whether decorations of merit created

conferred by royalty, but are often more
worthily bestowed.

by 100,000 or 500,000 or 1,000,000 mem-

^a
X

l-H

P4 di

m
O Q

QQ

o
<1
;?;

<1

ANCIENT ARABIC ORDER OF NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE

MASOlSriC,

MYSTICAL, OCCULT,
oently organized at the Soutli.

AND THEOSOPHICAL
— KeUntraced.
to liim a

SOCIETIES.
them when he (FlorThe inference is

Altrurian Order of Mysteries.

the laws and ritual of the Order, gave

day or two

later,

Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of
Shrine. A social and benevolent society with a ritual and history linked to Arabic traditions, in which Oriental mysticism, names, legends, and titles are freely employed. It also has a secret purpose, made

ence) sailed for Algiers.

the

]>Iystic

—

known
Shrine.

only to those

who encircle the ]\Iystic None except Masonic Knights

Templars or those Avho have attained the
thirty-second degree. Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, are eligible
to membership.
It is

not a Masonic Order
is

that the Ancient Arabic Order abroad must have been lax in its regulations twenty-five or thirty years ago, if it permitted distinguished gentlemen who were not members of the Order to visit its Shrines, and presented them with copies of its ritual and laws when they went away. Be that as it may, Mr. Florence went on to Algiers, where, he says, he visited the Shrine of the Mogribins and found another company of Ara]}s, bankers, merchants, learned Mo-

and forms no part
is

of Freemasonry,

in-

hammedans, and others "who

are passion-

dependent in origin and government, and
it

ately fond of perpetuating ancient customs

associated with the Craft only because which increase their social pleasures." As was established by eminent Freemasons he gives no account of being initiated into and because none but Freemasons of high the Ancient Arabic Order, and intimates degree may become acquainted with its that his being a Freemason was sufficient mysteries. Dr. Walter M. Fleming, 33°, to gain admission to Bokhara Shrine at and William J. Florence, 32°, both of Xew Marseilles, the letter leaves much to be deYork, are responsible for the existence of sired. Other accounts of the Order add
*'

The Shrine,"
called.

as the organization

is

fa-

that Florence returned to the United States
in 1871, and suggested to Dr. Walter M. Fleming that they establish ''the Shrine" at New York. The latter had already " received detached and mutilated sections of a translation of the ritual," whicli had been " brought to America by a member," * together with some vague history and ritu*

miliarly

In a letter Avritten by

Mr. Florence in 1882, he explains that he was introduced into a meeting of the Order at Marseilles, France, in 1S70, b}-a banker's clerk who " knew him to be a Mason " and could vouch for him as such, where he found many distinguished visitors

learning

and members who seemed absorbed in ''how the French of Marseilles
in getting possession of such

The

ritual

now

in use is stated to be

"a

trans-

had succeeded

interesting secrets."

Then

follows a refer-

ence to the ceremonies of the evening, the costumes, paraphernalia, and scenic effects,

and the explanation that Yusef Bey, tlie Illustrious Potentate of Bokhara Shrine, at
Marseilles,

on being begged for a

coj^y of

from the original Arabic" found "in the aifhivos of the Order, at Aleppo," whence it was brought in 1860 to London by Rizk Allah Ilassoon EfFcndee, and later placed in the possession of Dr. Fleming, to whom jurisdiction over the Order for America was given by the Arabic scholar named. In Arabia this ritual is known as the "Pillar of Society," and called the " Unwritten Law," in distinction from the Koran, or "Written Law."
lation

;

ANCIENT ARABIC ORDER OF NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE
alistic sections bronglit

wood C. Campbell of
the Florence ritual
"'

Xew

from Cairo by SherYork. But as came from Oriental

33°; George
riarty,.33°;

W. Millar, 33°; Albert P. MoDaniel Sickels, 33°; John W.

Simons, 33°; Sherwood C. Cami^bell, 32°;

Europe" and "was marked with certain who, together with Albert L. Rawson, 32°, sections of the Koran for notes and allu- "Arabic translator," September 26, ] 872,
sions
"'

Avhich facilitated revision for use in

instituted ^lecca Temple, A. A. 0. X.

America, Dr. Fleming. Avith the assistance of Professor A. L. Rawson, comj)iled the work which became the foundation of the Order in America. Dr. Fleming recounts the incidents connected with organizing the
Shrine in the United States, as follows
31 r.
:

the

first

or parent

Temple

in the

States.

As

"'the next session''

M. S., United was held

Florence was
lie at this

entertained as a

Mason

at

Marseilles, in
tash.

Bokhara Temple of the Arabic Bektime simply witnessed the open-

January 12, 1874, it may be seen that the Order did, not grow rapidly in the first few years. On January 4, 1875, Damascus Temj)le, Rochester, N. Y., was organized, which gave soiue impetus to the Order, and Dr. Fleming, Potentate of Mecca from 1871
until 1886, invested

the following thirty-

ing session of the exoteric ceremonials which characterize the politico-religious order of

third degree Freemasons with the prerogatives of Past Potentates, to enable

Bektash of

Oriental Euroj\e.

A

monitorial, historic, and ex-

them

to

planatory manuscript "lie i»,l'^T received there. It did not embrace the esoteric Inner Twnple exemplifica-

cooperate actively in establishing subordinate Temples: OrrinWelch, Syracuse, X.Y. John D. Williams, Elmira, X. Y. Charles H. Thomson, Corning, X. Y. Townsend Fondey, John S. Dickerman, and Robert H. Waterman, Albany, X. Y. John F. Collins, Xew York, X. Y. John L. Stet;
;

Law,"which is never imparted to anyone except from mouth to Shortly afterward ]Mr. Florence was similarly ear. favored in Algiers and Aleppo. Through letters and
conunendations he finally secured the manuscript monitor, history and descriptive matter from Avhich

tion or obligation, nor the " Unwritten

;

;

sprang the Order in this country. It was in Algiers and Aleppo that he was received into the Inner Temple luider the domain of the Crescent and first became possessor of the esoteric work, the " Unwritten Law " and the Shayk's obligation. Subsequently he visited Cairo, Egypt, and was admitted, and collected more of Oriental history and the manuscript of " Memorial Ceremonials." But ]\Ir. Florence was
never fully recognized or possessed of authority until long after his return to America. All he possessed was a disconnected series of sheets in Arabic and

tinius,

Cincinnati,

0.; Vincent L. Hurl;

burt,

Samuel H. Harper, George Scott, PaterIn June, 1876, an Imj^erial son, X. J. (governing) Council was organized at Xew
Chicago,
111.

Pittsburg, Pa.; and

York
cials
:

City, with the following list of

offi-

Walter M. Fleming, Xew York, Imperial Potentate; George F. Loder, Rochester,

Deputy Potentate

;

Philip F. Lenhart,.

French, with some marginal memoranda made by himself from verbal elucidation in Aleppo. Through Professor Albert L. Rawson these, with others received afterward through correspondence abroad,

Brooklyn, Chief Rabban ; EdAvard M. L. Elder s, Xew York, Assistant Rabban
AVilliam
Priest
;

H. Whiting, Rochester, High Samuel R. Carter, Rochester, Oriencomprised the translations from which the Order tal Guide Aaron L. Xorthrop, Xew York, Mr. Florence and myself receiA'ed started here. Treasurer William S. Paterson, Xew York, authority to introduce the Order here. Recorder Albert P. Moriarty, Xew York, On June IG, 1871, at Masonic Hall, Xo. Financial Secretary John L. Stettinius, 114 East Thirteenth Street, Xew York City, Cincinnati, First Ceremonial Master BenMessrs. Fleming and Florence conferred son Sherwood, Xew York, Second CereSamuel Harper, Pittsburg, the "new Order" upon the following Scot- monial Master tish Rite Freemasons Edward Eddy, 33°; Marshal Frank H. Bascom, Montpelier, Oswald Merle d'Aubigne, 32°; James S. Captain of the Guard and George Scott,
;
;

;

;

;

;

:

;

;

Chappell, 32°;

John

A." Moore, 32°; Charles
S.

Paterson, Outer Guard.

Meetings of the

T. McClenachan, 33°; William

Paterson,

Imperial Council have been held annually.

ANCIENT ARABIC ORDER OF NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE
and
officers

elected

fifth session of

triennially. At the all States, each with a distinctive Arabic or Mecca Temple, January 16, other Oriental name and form, rallying

1877, there was a large increase in
bership,

mem-

points not only for prominent Freemasons

and

it

was announced that the
its ''ritual,

who

reside at

those

cities,

but veritable

Imperial Council had perfected
statutes,

Meccas of

hospitality,

good

fellowshii),

and

history, diplomas,

dispensations,

true brotherhood

for all visiting Nobles.

and charters ;'' that "members, Temples, deputies, and representatives now extend from the extreme east to the west, and from the north to the south of our jurisdiction,^' and tliat the Order was destined to become, what has proved to be the case, "a most popular and powerful one in America." In that year there were four Temples represented at the Imperial Council, and dispensations were granted to form In 1879 Mecca Temple took on others. new life, largely through the efforts of Augustus W. Peters, Charles H. Ileyzer, and Joseph B. Eakins, who laid the foundations for the elaborate ceremonial, gorgeous

Not the
ages by

least characteristic

among

agree-

able features of the Order are the pilgrimof one or more Temples Temples, or to distant points of general interest, which, with sight-seeing,
to sister

members

and the extension and reception
hospitality, usually

of Shrine

provide enjoyable exall

cursions of a week or a fortnight's duration.

Pilgrimages from

over the country

to sessions of the Imperial Council,
cial trains

by spe-

bearing Nobles decorated with

fezzes

and crescent tiger-claws, constitute
if

invasions of objective points which the in-

habitants thereof seldom,
It
is

ever,

forget.

likewise an amiable custom to organize

scenic effects,

and

realistic

dramatic rendithe end of 1879
since

-tions of the ritual of

the Order, Avhich have

since distinguished

it.

By

family theatre parties at least once eacli In some instances the Nobles, who are decorated with fezzes and claws, and are
year.

there were reported thirteen Temjjles, with
a total

membership

of 4:38 Nobles,

accompanied by wives and families, require the entire seating capacity of theatres, and
it

which time the progress of the Order has been one of uninterrupted prosperity. At a
public installation ceremony at

is

not infrequent that one or more of

those behind the footlights on such occasions are entitled to,

and do wear, the mystic symbols of the Order. These entertainso great was the interest that ladies' receji- ments are supplemented annually by carnitions have since been a feature among vals, at which only children of the Masonic entertainments for which the Shrine is "nobility" are admitted, to be entertained noted. To give them permanence they by members of the Order. With the annual have been invested with a ceremonial, and public receptions and carnivals, where the
ple in 1884,

Mecca Tem-

many

ladies

were present, and

gatherings of this character are
as

now known

Courts of the Daughters of Isis. This organization was formed October 30, 1888, to cultivate social relations between ladies of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. Its government is independent, under the jurisdiction of Mecca Court, from which
other Temples
abling

decorations include scenes from Arab life and a wealth of Oriental ornamentation, the
general public at larger cities
It
is

is

familiar.

difficult to

analyze and reconcile the

somewhat fragmentary accounts of the origin and development of the Arabic Order
of

wiiich

the Shrine

is

said

to

be a de-

may

receive charters

en-

them

to establish Courts. of the Mystic Shrine dur-

The extension
ing the

past ten

years

has exceeded

all

precedent

among

like societies.

Temples

have been established at leadinsr centres ui

doubted whether such a task can be successfully performed. The "Origin and History of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine," compiled and collated bv Dr. Walter M. Fleming and William S.
it

scendant,

and

may

well

be

"

ANCIENT ARABIC ORDER OF NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE
Paterson, copyright, 1894, by

Andrew H.
it

was instituted by Kalif Alee, "^cousin-german and son-in-law " of Mohammed, in the year 644 A.D., at Mecca, Arabia, ''as an InquiKellogg,
City, states that
sition or Vigilance

New York

have explained why the Society abroad had long been carried within the Masonic bod}^,

and

justice

Committee to dispense upon criminals who escajied their honor.
also to

have given it, had they so desired, a Masonic alliance. Some of the recognized Orders appendent to Freemasonry have had less right to claim that
to

distinctly

just deserts through the tardiness of the
courts,

and

promote religious

tolera;

tion

among

cultured
degree.

men

of all nations

But as membership in the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine in America is confined to Freemasons, its founders here may be regarded as having builded with discretion, ingenuity,

evidently- a sort of Arabic Vehmgerichte, or

and Avisdom.
is

twenty-first

The ceremonial

in

The
erally

jewel of the Order

a crescent, gen-

this organization

was crude, membership

made

of the claws of the

Bengal

tiger,

being acquired on taking the
It

"Arab

oath/'

united at the bases with a gold setting.

is declared to have had a continuous existence in Oriental countries, and " now

The sphinx is engraved on one side, and a pyramid, urn and star on the other. The emblem may
also

gathers arouiid

its

Shrines the best educated

bear the date of

the

and most cultivated classes among Mohammedans, Hebrews, and Christians." Dr. Fleming writes that ''it is derived from a politico-religious order of the Arabic Mohammedans which extends all over Europe, termed the Bektash ;" but in the " Origin and History " it is stated that the Bektash are merely among the " most honored patrons of the Nobles,"

Order and an Arabic motto, " Kuwat wa Ghadab " or in Latin, "Eobur et Furor ;" and in English, " Strength and Fury." The crescent is usually suspended from a scimitar, and holds a star pendent between its drooping
owner's initiation into the
;

horns.

The
is

crescent has been a religious

emblem

in all ages in the East,

and in some

The ancient The Bektash Greeks used the crescent as "an emblem are said to number several hundred thou- of the universal Mother of all living things." sand, and to have headquarters at Cairo, The Shrine for esoteric reasons employs
it

whom

protected

countries

a political ensign.

''in a time of great peril."

Damascus, Jerusalem, Smyrna, Constantinople, Adrianople, Teheran, Benares, Tangier, Oran, Mecca, and at other cities in the
far East.

the crescent with the

its

horns pointing downof the old faith at

ward: " The setting

moon

moment

of the rising sun of the

new

The

chief of these dervishes at

faith in the brotherhood of all

mankind."

Mecca

is

declared to be the principal officer
It will justly

of the Arabic Mystic Shrine.

The origin of the universal among Moslems, whence, of
to

use of the fez
course, Shrine
:

surprise
of All

many students of " Secret Societies members get it, is Ages" to learn that Adam WeisWhen pilgrimages

told as follows

Mecca were interrupted by
980, the

haupt, the founder of the Illuminati in Bavaria, in 1776, is claimed " among the

the Crusades, about a.d.
rocco, as to a holy city.

Mohammedans
the flourishing

west of the Nile journeyed to Fez (or Fas), in Mo-

modern promoters of the principles of the Order" of the Mystic Shrine in Europe, as
well
as

Among

Frederick the

manufactures of the city was a head-covering called tarboosh, now known as a fez, which was dyed scarlet,

G-reat,

Mirabeau,

for the students in a great school at that city.

Groethe,

Spinoza, Kant, Lord Bacon, Ca-

vour, Mazzini, Garibaldi, Victor Emanuel,

and others, most of whom are known to have been Freemasons. It would seem as if this discovery would have been sufficient to enable the founders of the American Order to

and it became a mark of learning, gradually displaced other forms and colors of hats. It was carried in all directions by caravans, and
In that way
thus became the distinguishing head-dress of Moslems in every part of the empire.

During

the past eight years the Order

:

ANCIENT ARABIC ORDER OF NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE
in the of

United States
4,000
1,

fully

January

lias grown at the rate $26,000, in which none of the secret relief On extended to sick or distressed Nobles is inmembers annually. One of the most important and 1899, its total membership was cluded.

about 50,000, distributed
nine Temples at as

among seventymany cities.* Its Christ-

characteristic features of the Order
in its

is

found

generous donations to Freemasons in

mas donations
institutions

to the poor

recently

and to benevolent need of assistance, which is done so secretly amounted to over that the world never hears of it, and few

* Temples of the Mystic Shrine.

—Alabama
:

:

Bir-

Temple, First Wednesday, Arizona Phoenix, El March, June, September. Zaribah Temple, First Monday, November, DecemArkansas ber, January, February, March, April. Pine Bluff, Saliara Temple, First Wednesday. CalLos Angeles, Al jMaluikah Temple, Third ifornia San Francisco, Islam Temple, Second Friday Wednesday. Colorado Denver, El Jebel Temple, March, June, September, December. Connecticut Bridgeport, Pyramid Temple, Second Wednesday, Hartford. Sphinx Temexcept July and August District of Columbia ple, Second Thursday. Washington, Almas Temple, Call of Potentate. Florida Jacksonville, Morocco Temple, First Friday after Third Tuesday. Georgia Atlanta, YaaSavannah, Alee rab Temple, Third Wednesday Temple. Call of Potentate. Idaho Boise City, El Korah Temple, Second Thursday. Illinois: ChiPeoria, Mocago, Medinali Temple, Monthly hammed Temple, Second Tuesday Rockford, Tebala Temple, Fourth Wednesday. Indiana IndiIowa anapolis, Murat Temjjle, Fourth Friday. Cedar Rapids, El Kahir Temple, on call Davenport, Kaaba Temple, First Tuesday. Kansas Leavenworth, Abdallah Temple, First and Third Friday Salina, Isis Temple, Third Tuesday. Kentucky Louisville, Kosair Temple, Second Monday. Louisiana New Orleans, Jerusalem Temple, Quarterly. Maine Lewiston, Kora Temple, Fourth Thursday, January, i\Iay, September, Novembei', December. Maryland Baltimore, Boumi Temple, 29th, 30th, or 31st. Massachusetts Boston, Aleppo Temple, Call of Potentate Springfield, Melha Temple, Fourth Thursday, except July and August. Michigan Grand Rapids, Saladin Temple, Detroit, Moslem Temple, First Call of Potentate Marquette, Tuesday Alimed Temple, First Wednesday. Minnesota ^Minneapolis, Zuhrah Temple, Fourth Friday St. Paul, Osman Temple, May 2ith, October 20th, January 19th. Mississippi Meridian, Ilamasa Temple, Fourth ThursMissouri day. Kansas City, Ararat Temple, First Wednesday St. Joseph, Moila Temple, Fourth Wednesday St. Louis, Moolah Temple, Third Wednesday. Montana Helena, Algeria Temple, Second Tliursdav. Nebraska Lincoln, Sesostris

mingham, Zaraora

:

:

;

:

:

;

:

:

:

;

:

;

:

:

:

;

:

;

:

:

:

:

:

;

:

;

;

:

;

:

:

;

;

:

:

Temple, Second Saturday Omaha, Tangier TemNew Mexico Albuquerque, ple, Fourth Friday. New Ballut Abyad Temple, Second Monday. York Albany, Cyprus Temple, subject to call Brooklyn, Kismet Temple, on call Buffalo, IsNew York, Mecca Temple, mailia Temple, 29th Rochester, Damascus Temple, Call of Potentate four times a year Troy, Oriental Temple, Third Friday Utica, Ziyara Temple, First Wednesday Watertown, Media Temple, Second Monday. North Carolina Charlotte, Oasis Temple, no stated time. North Dakota Fargo, El Zagal Temple, every Thursday. Ohio Cincinnati, Syrian Temple, Call Cleveland, Al Koran Temple, Pleasof Potentate Columbus, Aladdin Temple, ure of Potentate Second Thursday Dayton, Antioch Temple, unOklahoma, India Temjile, certain. Oklahoma Oregon Portland, Al Kader Third Thursday. Ontario, Canada Temple, Fourth Wednesday. Toronto, Rameses Temple, August, November, April. Pennsylvania Erie, Zem Zeni Temple, Call Philadelphia, Lu Lu Temple, First of Potentate Wednesday Pittsburg, Syria Temple, Call of PoReading, Rajah Temple, Fourth Wednestentate Wilkesbarre, Irem day, except July and August Temple, Third Wednesday. Rhode Island Providence, Palestine Temple, Fourth jMonday, December, March, June, October. South Dakota Deadwood, Nuja Temple, First Saturday, March, June, Septendier Sioux Falls, El Riad Temple. Third Wednesday. Tennessee Chattanooga, Alliambra Temple, Third Friday Mempliis, AlChymia TemTexas Austin, Ben ple, December and March. Ilur Temple, Friday after appearance of Crescent Dallas, Ilella Temple, Third Thursin the West Salt Lake City, El Kalah Temple, day. Utah Third Wednesday. Vermont Montpelier, Mount Sinai Temple, Second Friday, March, June, SepVirginia Richmond, Acca tember, December. Temple, Fourth Thursday, except June, July, AuWashington Spokane, El Katif Temple, gust. Tacoma, Afifi Temple, Third First Wednesday West Virginia Charleston, Bcni Wednesday. Kedem Temple, Second Thursday Wheeling. OsiWisconris Temple, Second and Fourth Friday. sin Milwaukee,Tripoli Temple, Second Wednesday. Wyoming Rawlins, Korein Temple, Last Friday.
; : :

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6

ANCIENT ARABIC ORDER,
iu

ETC.,

OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

beyond those

immediate interest ever
is

New

Orleans
P.

;

S. S. Scott,

Pueblo,

Col.

;

know

of

it.

Mohammedanism

not advo-

Thomas

Mahomet, Omaha; Joseph

S.

tlie American Order, Custis, New York; J. D. Scott, Fort Worth, but the same respect is inculcated for Deity Tex., and John Coleman, Water Valley, Miss. At the same meeting it was planned as in Arabia and elsewhere. Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of to organize a women's auxiliary, to be known

cated by the ritual of

the Mystic Slirine of North and South as the Daughters of the Pyramid. There America. This is a social and fraternal were twenty-three Temples represented and organization of negroes, which seeks to more were to be instituted. Ancient Order of Freesmiths (Der jiarallel the Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. (See the latter.) As Alte Orden der Freischmiede). According the A. A. 0. N. M. S. admits only Freemasons to old charters which are alleged to be who are Knights Templars or have received still in existence in the Supreme body this the thirty-second degree. Ancient and Ac- in Germany, German secret socepted Scottish Kite, so the A. A. 0. N. M.' ciety carries its organization back more S. of North and South America receives years than almost any other similar body. only those who have taken the higher de- The extreme secrecy with which its progrees conferred in negro Masonic bodies. ceedings and traditions are surrounded The renders it somewhat difficult to obtain de(See Freemasonry among Negroes.) Grand Council of the A. A. 0. N. M. S. tailed information concerning it. Various of North and South America was insti- 23ublislied accounts profess to trace its orituted at Chicago, June 10, 1893, by John gin as far back as the eighth century, to G. Jones and others. It is declared that Mr. Westphalia, which, at that time, included Jones is the first negro in the United States the region between the Elbe and the Rhine, to receive the Shrine degree, and that it was and the present Republic of Switzerland. conferred upon him by several members It will interest Scottish Rite Freemasons, of the Grand Council of Arabia" who were as well as other students of the subject of

—

—

'^^

in Chicago

''in attendance at the World's

Jones and associate negro Nobles received their Shrine ritual in the same manner as the negro Knights Templars obtained theirs. In 1895 a meeting of the Grand Council of the A. A. 0. N. M. S. of North and South America Avas held at Chicago. Its officials were some of the more active negro Freemasons in the United States. The list is as follows
Fair."
It is likely that
:

Middle Ages, to is said to have originated in the Vehmic Courts, and that
secret
societies

in

the

learn that this brotherhood

the claim
tion, the

is

made

that this secret organiza-

Freesmiths of to-day, has had a continuous existence ever since. Whether
it

lias

or

not,

it

presumes,
secret

like

some

other and better

known

societies,

to supply the links

between the time of

the Vehmgerichte and to-day.

The Amer-

John G. Jones, Chicago,
;

Avho
;

presided

;

ican branch of the society declares that the

Joseph H. Sbreve, Chicago D. W. Dempsey, Chicago Robert II. Ilucless, New York J. W. Dunmore, Chicago W. W. Madden, Baltimore W. P. Floyd, Indianapolis ; D. F. Seville, Washington, D, C. Thomas W. Logan, Kansas City, Mo. B. M. Shook, Cleveland Eev. Dr. J. B. Stansberry. New York James H. Lewis, New York M. L. Hunter, New York J. F.
;
;

;

;

Vehmgerichte flourished from the reign of Charlemagne, mostly iu Germany, where it exercised a considerable influence between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, in putting down the lawlessness and disregard for authority which prevailed there. It
constituted courts for the protection of the

;

;

innocent
easily
est.

;

;

Scott,

Chatham, Ont.

;

E. A. Williams,

and oppressed, which were as approached by the humblest as highThe Vehmgerichte became an immense

ANCIENT ORDER OF FREESMITHS
civil suits and otiiers of trivial cliaracter, from the while the latter took charge of crimes of The accused in the point of view of the present time, it was a more serious nature. lawless organization, it was, as a matter of procedure of these courts was cited by havfact, a society, of the most law-abiding of ing the summons nailed over his door at that time, designed to bring to justice the night, or, if it was not known where he evil-doer of whatever rank in society, and lived, by fastening four copies at a crossXone to see that punishment was meted out. road near his sujjposed residence. The Freesmiths, while claiming direct de- but the initiated was admitted during the scent from these Vehmic courts, carry their sessions of the secret court, and any one existence far enough back to date froin the found present who was not a mem])er was

power, not only tlirougliout Westphalia, but

elsewliere in

Germany; and

while,

period

when the

courts were used for the
as they afterwards did,

init

to

instant death.

The only punishsecret

execution of justice, ignoring the period

ment
death
;

inflicted

by the

court

was

when they became,

and

in

case the convicted accused

in the hands of the nobility, instruments for was not present, the first of tlie initiated to unworthy purposes. One of the latest of meet him was bound to put him to death the Vehmic courts was that held at Celle, and leave the knife with the cabalistic letin Hanover, in 1568, although it has been ters beside the body, to show the deed was With the revival of law heard of at later dates. It is related that not a murder. Jerome Bonaparte in 1811 abolished one of and order and legal procedure, Der Alte the later forms of the Vehmgerichte in Aus- Orden der Freischmiede is declared to have tria, at which time it was known as Der taken the place of the Vehmgerichte, with But the some of the more deadly characteristics of Alte Orden der Freischmiede. Order was in existence in other portions of the latter left out, and some of the benevoGermany at the time, where it is still con- lent features of more modern secret societinued, and had a large membershiji. A ties incorporated. The first Lodge of the Freischmiede in candidate for initiation into the Order was required to be a Christian, never to have the United States was organized in Balbeen excommunicated or outlawed, and not timore in 1865, and a second one was After a party to any trial before the Vehme. He formed in Washington iu 1866. was required to take a solemn oath to sup- the organization of the third Lodge in port the Holy Vehm, to conceal its pro- this country, which was in Philadelphia in ceedings ''from wife and child, father and 1867, the Order took on a rapid growth. mother, sister and brother, fire and wind, There are thousands of members of the sofrom all that the sun shines on and the ciety in this "country to-day, but compararain wets, and from every being between tively little is kno\Vn about the institution, heaven and earth, and to bring before the and members thereof appear chary about tribunal everything within his knowledge giving information. It apparently avoids that fell under its jurisdiction." He was publicity, not only regarding its affairs, but then invested with the signs by which the regarding its membership and location. members recognized each other, and pre- Lodges are believed to be established in alsented Avith a rope and a knife, upon the most every State in the Union, which are latter of which were the letters S. S. G. G., governed by State or Grand Lodges, and the supposed to mean Strick, Stein, Gras, Grein, latter are controlled by the Supi'eme Lodge or Rope, Stone, Grass, Grain. One variety of the United States, which is said to meet of

Vehmic court held

its

meetings openly,
jurisdiction in

regularly
year."
ies,

while the proceedings of the other were
secret.

"on the first hour The Lodge rooms are
represent
the

of every leap
called Smith-

The former took

and

firmament,

the

:

8

ANCIENT ORDER OF OSIRIS
;

William Drexler of Paterson, N. J. Grand Moon, and the third, etc., re^)- Counsellor, Jacob Himmelsbach of New resenting other phmets or lieavenly bodies. York Grand Secretary, William Mertz of The ritual of the Order has no religions Paterson, N. J. and Grand Treasurer, characteristics, a recognition of a higher Emil Baumgarten of Paterson, N. J. power being the only requisite from those It is only fair to state that there are no seeking admission. The objects of the reasons for believing that the Ancient Order society are intellectual development, the of Freesmiths have had any more direct extension of wisdom and toleration, sick connection with the Yehmgerichte of the benefits and life insurance. The lower body Middle Ages than have any of the haute in the organization is entitled the Free Mas- grades of the Ancient and Accepted Scotters and contains six degrees. The regalia tish Rite of Freemasonry, and there are is composed of a red sash with three stars. several external evidences that the foundAfter an honorable career in the Order for ers of the Freesmiths have patterned after a year, the degree of Grand Marshal is some of the emblems and ceremonials of the conferred, with a black sash and seven Bite Ecossais. There are, however, reastars. After that comes the Grand Master sons for crediting the inspiration of the Freedegree, with the blue sash and seven stars, smiths to some of the earlier workingmen's when the member is entitled to wear his guilds in Germany. sword. The highest degree bestowed is enAncient Order of Osiris. In the histitled Cavalier, and is conferred after three tory, objects, and aims of this modern years and an examination in astronomy and American Order, published in 1887, no Only a Cavalier may become mention is made of its headquarters. It is the sciences. President of a Supreme Lodge, the emblem governed by a Supreme Tribunal, and deals of which degree is the Cross of the Knights, in Lesser and Greater Mysteries, all of a sasii of red, black, and blue with all the which are declared to have been instituted stars, and a sword and a dagger. These in virtue, with the noblest objects in view. officials exercise somewhat the same pre- Its watchwords are Truth, Justice, and rogatives as Sovereign Grand luspectors Equity, and it seeks to clothe the naked, General of the thirty-third and last degree feed the hungry, educate the orphan, and of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of '*to know each other and ourselves." Freemasonry, having access to all the bodies Anti-Masonry. Organized opposition and their archives, and being entitled to to Freemasonry has shown itself in three special honors at all visits. Like so many forms since the revival in 1717, when the younger secret societies, this one possesses four London Lodges united to form a Grand a motto in three words Truth, Fidelity, Lodge. The first came and still emanates and Secrecy (Wahrheit, Treue, the unde from the Roman Catholic Church Schwiegen). The obligations of the Order second, from one or more offshoots of the recpiire every member to assist unfortunate Scotch Presbyterian Church and the third or distressed brethren. Lodges pay five was conspicuous in the United States for dollars weekly in case of sickness of mem- a decade after the disappearance of William bers, 1125 in case of the death of a member's Morgan of Batavia, N, Y., who, it was said, wife, and 1500 to the heirs of a member in was about to disclose the secrets of the FraA recently published list ternity. Almost all political antagonism to case of his death, of officials of the Supreme Lodge of the Freemasonry in Europe may be traced to the United States included the followins: influence of the Roman Catholic Church. Grand Honorary President, William During the seven years from 1717 to 1724 Schlumpf of New York Grand Marshal, the Fraternity attracted the attention of
presiding officer being the Sun, the second in

command

tlie

;

;

—

—

—

;

;

;

ANTI-MASONRY

many Englislimen

of learning cand

title,

when, on September 3, 1724, the London '' Daily Post" announced tiie appearance in
that city of a secret society described as
tlie

and confiscation of property, without hope of mercy, being the penalty. De Cormenin,
in his

" History

''l^leiad of

of the Popes," refers to the philosophers" which had ranged

Ancient and Noble, or, the August and itself around Voltaire, ''battling in the Noble Order of Gonnogons. It was declared breach against the civil and religious auto be of Chinese origin, founded " thousands thority of popes, bishops and priests," Monof years" prior to Adam, and the printed tesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot, d'Alembert, account set forth that a Chapter would be and others compelling " tlie third estate, held at Castle Tavern, Fleet Street, where the nobility, and even a great part of the " no Mason " would be received as a member French clergy to march in their progressive " till he had renounced " his " novel Order " route to the conquest of a new order of and been '^ properly degraded." Six weeks things." The political movement, he delater the same paper stated that ''many clared, "though less apparent than the reeminent Freemasons" had "degraded" ligious, was not the less real. Secret associthemselves (renounced their Fraternity and ations were everywhere organized to labor burned their gloves and aprons) and joined for the overthrow of kings and priests," and " Rome was so moved " by this revolutionthe Gormogons. Several theories have been advanced to ary tendency that " Clement XII. declared account for the existence of the Gormogons, war on secret societies and fulminated a The first, that it was a creation of the Cheva- terrible bull against the Freemasons who lier Ramsey, an ardent Freemason and a had established Lodges in England, ScotRoman Catholic, and another, that it was land, France, Germany, and Italy." the beginning of what took shape as the These statements indicate that Clement schismatic branch of English Freemasonry was unable to distinguisli between a secret, about the middle of the last century, are pacific, non-political, benevolent brotherboth regarded as unworthy of consideration. hood and secret political associations. De The third theory, that it was a " Jesuitic," Cormenin relates that Pope Clement's bull that is, Roman Catholic, invention, designed against Freemasonry prohibited "his subto offset the growing j^opularity of Freema- jects" from affiliating with or being present sonry, was, and still is, believed to be the true at Masonic assemblies, from inducing anyexplanation, particularly as the Society of one to join the Fraternity, and from "ren-

Gormogons disappeared in 1738, the year in which Pope Clement XII. issued his famous bull against Freemasonry. It was on April 28, 1738, that Pope Clement XIT. published his bull, entitled In Eminent i Apostolatus Specula, containing the following words
:

a

dering aid, succor, counsel, or a retreat" to Freemason "under penalty of death;"

For which reason the temporal and
coininnnities

spiritual

are enjoined,

in

the

name

of

holy

which, in part, refers, probably, to the supplementary bull of 1739, applying to the " These proscriptions," De Papal States. Cormenin says, gave Freemasonry an "extraordinary lustre, and Europe was soon covered by a prodigious Jiumber of Lodges."

obedience,

neither to enter the society of Freeits principles,

The reasons
a long
list

for issuing this, the first of
bulls against Freemasonry,

masons, to disseminate

to defend

it,

of

nor to admit nor conceal it within their houses or palaces or elsewhere, under pain of excommunication ipso facto for all acting in contradiction of this,

are thus set forth in the

document

itself

:

and from which only the Pope can absolve the dying.

On January

We have learned, and public rumor docs not permit us to doubt the truth of the report, that a certain society has been formed under the name of
Freemasons into whicli persons
all sects

14, 1739, a still

more stringent

of all religions

edict was issued for the Papal States, death

are indiscriminately admitted,

and and whose

10

ANTI-MASONRY
established certain laws which bind

noted by Gould, in his ''History of Freemasonry," Pius VII. spoke to the same effect lar, compel their members, under the severest in 1829, Gregory XVI. in 1832, and Pius IX. penalties, by virtue of an oath taken on the Holy in 1846, 1864, and at other dates. Leo XIII. Scriptures, to preserve an inviolable secrecy in reagain confirmed these decrees of his predelation to everything tliat passes in their meetings. cessors in 1884, and extended the o^iposition
themselves to each other, and which, in particu-

members have

The
eties

bull further declares tliat these socisiispected of being hurtful

of the

Eoman Church

to the

Odd

Fellows,

had become

the Knights of Pythias, and the Sons of

to the tranquility of

the state and to the
if

safety of the soul

;

that

the actions of

Freemasons were irreproachable they would not so carefully conceal them from the
light;

About ten years ago the Cardinal at Quebec took steps to prevent Eoman Catholics in his jurisdiction from
Temperance.

joining the Knights of Labor, a secret labor and all bishops, superiors, and ordina- and socialist society, founded by a Freeries were enjoined to punish the Freemasons mason, which has some of the outward forms " with the penalties which they deserve, as and c^iaracteristics of Freemasonry. But so people greatly suspected of heresy, having much opposition was excited that, on an aprecourse, if necessar}^, to the secular arm." peal to Eorae, the action was not sustained. Three years before this, in Amsterdam A reply to an inquiry directed to Cardinal (1735), a Masonic Lodge room was forcibly Gibbons states that the Fenian Brotherhood entered and its furniture destroyed by "a and its successor, the Clan-na-gael, are not crowd of fanatics''' whose zeal had been approved by the Church, in reference to kindled by " some of the clergy." Although which no explanation is necessary. On Clement's bull did not meet Avith a favor- January 6, 1895, the Eoman Catholic Archable reception in France, in Italy many sus- bishop of Cincinnati, on the authority of the pected of being Freemasons were arrested Holy See, announced the position of that and i^laced in dungeons, as well as some ac- Church with respect to the Odd Fellows, cused of having furnished an asylum to the Knights of Pythias, the Sons of TemMasonic Lodges. Like measures to crush perance, and, incidentally, Freemasonry, in the Fraternity were resorted to in Spain and part as follows in Portugal, and in 1745 Masonic assemblies All the ordinaries of the various dioceses of the
:

were prohibited throughout Switzerland United States must use their exertions to keep the under the severest penalties. In 1748 a faithful away from all and each of the three socieMasonic Lodge at Constantinople was de- ties called the Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and the Sons of Temperance. And the faithful molished and its members were arrested, themselves must be admonished of this and if, but ultimately discharged through the inafter the admonition, they still adhere to these so;

terposition

of

the

British

Minister.

In

Scotland, in 1757, the Synod of Stirling de-

barred

adhering Freemasons from the ordinances of religion, whence, possibly, may be found the origin of some of the opposition
all

to the Fraternity in one or of the Scotch Church.

more branches
bull of

The Papal

1738 was confirmed and renewed by Benedict XIV. in 1751, and by Pius VII. in 1821. Leo XII., in his Apostolic Edict, Quo Graviora, 1826, included the acts and decrees of the earlier popes on this subject, and ordered them to be ratified forever. As

and will not leave them effectually, they must not be admitted to the Sacraments. First, these societies seem to have a decided influence to lead Catholics toward Freemasonry, and Freemasonry is under the absolute condemnation and excommunication of the Church. I will not stop to consider the reasons for this, except to draw your attention to the declared and implacable hatred of Masons against the Church and against all religious interests. This is openly and angrily avowed by the leading Masons of Eui'ope, and manifested by their satanic warfare against everything ChrisIn our tian, particularly in Italy and France. yet country this spirit does not seem to prevail there has been no action by the Masons of this
cieties,
. .
.

;

ANTI-MASONRY
country sufficient to satisfy the Church that they are secured agjiinst the infusion of the spirit of their
brethren.
.

11

in."

"mysteries which he may hereafter be instructed lie has no guarantee as to the character of

.

.

Now,

it

is

often seen that the

active promoters of these societies,

now condemned,
if

are

also

zealous

Masons; and
is

a Calliolic

is

drawn

into one of them, he

in

continual and
their senti-

Tiiey may Ix; blusphemies against God, or treason against his country, or injustice against his neighbor. Of course, he hopes it will not be so, and the members nuiy say it will not be.
these mysteries.

familiar association with the admirers of Masonry,

and imuiediatcly exposed
positively
to

to

imbibe

ments, consciously or unconsciously.

Again, more
societies

But how can a man conscientiously put himself under such an oath and such penalties, with no other protection but their saying ? His oath is on
record.

and more strongly do these

tend

Their saying

is

a passing word.

.

.

.

weaken a Catholic's regard for the doctrines of the Church and for her Sacraments and other administrations. They do not, I believe, expressly antagonize the Church's teachings and and Catholics who are in them may practices probably say very honestly that they have not seen or heard anything opposed to the Church. But these societies do profess to inculcate morality with.

Such obligations of

bliiul

obedience are contrary to

the natural conscience of

man.

.

.

The formation

of a Post of the

Grand

;

Army

of the Kepublic at

Xotre Dame, In-

189T, tlie membership of which "was composed wholly of Iloman Catholic priests," shows striking contrasts out the help of the Church. They intentionally or in the views of that Church concerning unintentionally dispose a man to believe that if he Archbishop Ryan, practises the natural virtues — of honesty, truthful- various secret societies. ness, sobriety, philanthropy, etc. then he is all in replying to a vote of thanks from a and also to believe that Philadelphia Post, Grand Army of the Rethat a man ought to be

diana, in July,

—

;

he can practise these virtues quite sufficiently by that he does not need the force of his own will the special helps which our Lord furnishes through His Church. This is called natin-al religion that
; ;

l^ublic,

in

1896, was quoted in the daily
follows
:

papers in

jiart as

such knowledge of God and such practice of a good life as a man can reach by his own natural
is,

I do not believe there was ever any general condemnation of your Order by the Church, although

individual bishops
constitution.
I

may have

misinterpreted your

reason and strength.
ligion
;

It leaves out

revealed re-

It
is

has no objectionable features that
universally acknowledged

that

is,

the other truths which

God has
Apostles.

can

see,

and

revealed to
It leaves

man through

the sacred Scriptures,
Ilis

Churcli at large in the country to-day.
is

by the Your Order

through our Lord Jesus Christ and

out the necessity of grace, our redemption from sin through the life and death of the Son of God nuide man. It leaves out the means
of grace given us

and

founded on charitable and fraternal fellowship patriotism. Patriotism is from God, and the Catholic Church should, therefore, be the first to
nurture
it.

by God

in His Sacraments, the

Holy

Sacrifice of tlie Mass,

and the other ministrait

One

significance of this lies in the fact

tions of the Church.

In a word,

leaves out the

that the

Grand Army was organized
is
'*
;

b}'

supernatural end of

man and

the

supernatural

Fellows and Freemasons and

largely

Odd made

means given him
dispose
ity.

to reach that end.

Of

course,
is

up

of

them

like

them,

it is

founded on

the natural tendency of such an association

to

charitable and fraternal fellowship and patriotism,''

men And it

to think less earnestly about Christianhas, too, been observed, that Catholics

frequenting

these societies

gradually cool

in their

obligations,

and is secret, has grips, passwords, and an initiatory ceremony.

love for the Church,

becoming indifferent
tendency, but too
tlieir

to her

The

refusal of the

Church
is,

of

Rome

to con-

doctrines and careless of observing her precepts.

demn

the Knights of Labor and the
of the Republic

Grand

Some may
to
it.

resist this

many

yield

Army

therefore, an ap-

And

the very fact of

seeing nothing in
all
.
.

Lodge to disturb their religion makes them the more liable to drift down unconsciously.
the
.

parent triumph of diplomacy.
gress

A Roman

Catholic Anti-Masonic International Con-

Keferring to
ties,

tlie

nature of the alleged

obligation of one of the

condemned
:

socie-

the Archbishop continued
oath

This

and

these

penalties

apply

to

all

was held at Trient, Austria, in September, 1896, ''to make known to everybody the immense moral and material evil done by Freemasonry to the Church and to society, and to seek remedy by way

;

12
of

ANTI-MASONRY
a

permanent,

international

organiza-

Christlike

;

and the Christian, especially the minister

tion against the Craft."
letter to the clergy

In a published
tliat

of Christ,

approving

meeting,
at

out of place in such surroundings.* Organized secrecy invites suspicion. Organized seis is

crecy

a menace to society.

It

naturally leads to

the coadjutor to Cardinal Taschereau
fernal

Quebec denounced Freemasonry as an ''insect " and a " diabolical organization."

ends and means and invites persons that need concealment. Whoever calls any man " Grand Master "

makes himself a grand
only lord
it

slave.

Secret orders not

The London "Times"

said of the

over their

own members, but undertake
Let everyone who enters

Congress that about eight hundred persons attended it, of whom six hundred were
;

to dictate on terms of death the conduct of those

outside their organization.

a secret society

know

that he parts with his liberty,

clergymen and that, Avhile the speeches puts his neck under a yoke, and fetters his feet. He were moderate, Freemasonry was "attacked virtually says " I am your beast, drive me I am I yield my own will and as being opposed to the divine law and the your slave, command me
:

;

;

Whatever objection the Churcli of Rome may have to Freemasonry in France or elsewhere on the Continent, where the Bible has been removed from Masonic altars, or where Freemasons have been acCliurcli."

judgment

to others."

Organized

opposition

to

Freemasonry

among

Protestant religious bodies has not

been of sufficient importance to attract public attention during the past fifty years,
being largely confined to a few of the minor,

cused of conspiring against the Pope,

it is

When delegates from schismatic sects. Freemasonry in 1738 (renewed and con- several of these bodies meet to fulminate firmed by all his successors) is feebly en- against the Craft, they sometimes call themevident that Pope Clement's bull against
forced to-day,
Tlie consequences of an atselves a

United States and the United Kingdom to have it carried out literally would suggest a problem in which a resistible body meets an immovable body. The Pennsylvania Christian Reform Con-

tempt

in tlie

nominational,

"Christian Association, InterdeAnti-Secret Convention." Such a gathering was held at Minneaj)olis,
:

November, 1895, and resolved

That, in our opinion, secret societies are con-

vention, o])posed to secret societies, held at

the

First

United

Presbyterian

Cliurch,

Philadelphia, February, 1894, declared Free-

demned by the example and the word of Jesus Christ that such societies must injure men who compose them, uniting in fraternal fellowship believers and non-believers, and thus tending to separate them
from the Saviour of men
tile to
;

that such orders are hos-

masonry, so-called, the Society 6i Jesuits, and all societies which impose an oath on members to obey unknown laws, unscriptural, un-Christian and un-American, and membership in them degrading, and implored the State and Nation to declare members of all such societies outlaws.

the

home

life,

depriving wife and children of

the companionship and help of husband and father, and tending to destroy the confidence and sympathy which should be the foundation of home life that
;

the churches of Jesus Christ are the God-aiDjJointed

At

a session

of the

formed

Presbyterian

Synod Church,

of the Rein

Phila-

agency for the redemption of the world, and that secret societies tend to destroy them by rivalry and and that the Lodge oaths are inconsubstitution sistent with good citizenship, and that good citizens should withstand and oppose them.
;

delphia, in June, 1894, a report was adopted

Though

political

persecution of Free-

condemning

secret societies as being "or-

masons and opposition to Freemasonry in
* In 1891 the total
in the State of

ganized on the principle of secrecy and for
the purpose of concealment without previous knowledge of the things to be concealed.
.
.

number
:

of ordained ministers

New York who
;

were

affiliated
;

Free-

."
contrai'y to the spirit

masons was
146
;

as follows

Methodist, 288
;

Episcopal,

Baptist, 112

Presbyterian, 59
21
;

LTniversalist,
;

Such a society is

and

letter of

31

;

Congregational,
;

Dutch Reformed, 13
;

the religion of Jesus Christ.

The

grip, the pass-

Christian, 13
1
;

Lutheran, 11
1
;

Jew, 7; Unitarian,

word, the darkened window, the guarded door are not

Reformed Jew,

total, 703.

ANTI-MASONRY
Europe, South America, and elsewhere abroad have generally been due to Roman Catholic influence, there is an exception in the prohibition of meetings of the society
sides

13
in

that

New

York,

New

England,

Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Miciiigan political
parties,

church congregations, families, and friends were divided on the issue. The Masonic Fraternity repudiated the acts of in Russia. Anti-Masonic individual States an Freemasons accused of MorIn the United political party made its appearance in gan's abduction, and cooperated with the 1827, and was active in some or all of authorities in an effort to bring the guilty but a whirlwind of public the Middle and New England States ones to justice It was the out- condemnation was aimed at the Craft in for the next ten years. growth of what was known as the " Morgan general, and would not be stayed. Tiie re]\[orgau William of Batavia, sult was, that during the next few years iiffair." Oenesee County, N. Y., who claimed to be hundreds of Masonic Lodge warrants were but is not known to have been, a Free- surrendered. The insistence by Weed and mason, had a book in press which was said others that the body found in October, to reveal the secrets of the Masonic Fra- 1827, was that of Morgan (supposed to ternity. He was arrested on September have been drowned in September, 1826), 11, 182G, on a charge of petit larceny, and helped to fan the political flame which reput in Jail at Canandaigua, N. Y. The sulted in the formation of the Anti-Masonic story goes that he was released on the party, in which Weed, Seward, and their night of September r2tli on the jaayment of friends were leaders. When Weed was
;

the amount of the execution to the
wife, the jailer being absent, and,

jailer's

guarded by

confronted with the inconsistency of his claim that the body was Morgan's, he is
:

men, was taken in a closed carriage credibly reported to have replied " It's a to Fort Niagara, on Niagara River, where all good enough Morgan until after election," trace of him was lost, so far as liis relatives which has become a stock political phrase and the public were concerned. More than to tills day. Morgan was never seen, dead
several

a year afterwards, in October, 1827, a

much

decomposed body of anuxn was found on the sliore of Lake Ontario, not far from the mouth of Niagara River. Morgan's wife, Thurlow AVeed, and others wlio knew Morgan, declared that the body was Morgan's, notwithstanding the family of Timothy Munroe, a Canadian fisherman who was drowned a few months before, were positive that the body was Munroe's. Thurlow Weed, it will be recalled, first rose into political prominence through his connection with the Morgan affair. Both he and William H. Seward, members of the
National Republican party,

were

keenly

power through a political party to be created out of the storm to which Morgan's disajipearance gave rise. The Masonic Fraternity suffered severely from the outcry against it, and so fierce was the sentiment on both
alive to the opportunity to ride into

In Weed's autobiography he says that John Whitney, one of Morgan's abductors, confessed to him at Albany, in 1831, that Morgan was carried to Fort Niagara with the understanding that Canadian Freemasons would furnish him a retreat in the Dominion, but that they refused to do so, whereupon Morgan was thrown overboard from a rowboat in Niagara River. Weed says he promised the secret would not be divulged while any of the abductors lived. In 1809 Weed says he wrote Whitney, asking for a written account of the affair for pu1)lication after Whitney's death, when he learned that Whitney had just died. Weed's account of this did not appear until 1883. Several persons were apprehended for the abduction of Morgan, but none were convicted. The Anti-Masonic party appeared in western New York early in

or alive, after his abductors left him.

14

ANTI-MASONRY
character of the society, does not call for extended reference, except with respect to such publications as have had sufficient

1827; and in 1828, aided in part by the

"good enough Morgan
tion," polled
of

until

after

elec-

33,305
State,

votes

for

Governor
a
total

New York
;

out of

of
St.

276,583

and, as Charles M.

Harvey,

Louis, states, ''two years later it made such inroads on the New York State National Eepublican organization that the
latter virtually

vanished," and the AntiMasonic party became, for the time being,
the

weight to attract general attention. Perhaps the earliest of these was " The Natural History of Staffordshire," by Robert Plot, published at Oxford, England, in 1686, which admitted that ''persons of the most eminent quality did not disdain to be of the fellowship." " Masonry Dissected," by
in 1730,

the only oj^ponent of
that State.
it

Democracy

in

In Vermont and Pennsylvania also displaced the National Republican
it

organization, and

secured a strong foota few

Samuel Prichard, was irablished at London and replied to in "A Defence of Masonry," by James Anderson, London, in 1738. Between 1762 and 1768 there was a

hold in Ohio, Massachusetts, and
other
States.

flood of books attacking the Fraternity, nota-

The Anti-Masons

entered

bly

the national field for the Presidential canvass of 1832,
of

or the

by nominating William AVirt Maryland for President, and Amos year last named a sermon, also published at Ellmaker of Pennsylvania for Vice-Presi- London, entitled " Masonry the Way to dent, by national convention, as early as Hell, Wherein is Clearly Proved September, 1831, the first national Presi- both from Reason and Scripture that all
.

"Jachin and Boaz " (1762), "Hiram, Grand Master Key" (1766), "The Three Distinct Knocks" (1768), and in the

.

.

dential convention in our history.

Thir-

who

Profess the Mysteries are in a State of

teen States,

all

northern, except Delaware

Damnation."

The

final

English work of
a century ago, in

Maryland, were represented. They early, to compel the National Republicans to withhold the candidacy from Henry Clay, who was a Freemason. The National Republicans nominated Clay, however, who was badly beaten by Andrew Jackson, who was also a Freemason. Only one State, Vermont, was carried by the Anti-Masons. As a distinct party the Anti-Masons never took part in another Presidential campaign, being absorbed by the AVhigs, which succeeded the National Repnblican party in 1834. In State can-

and met

this character apjieared

1797, written by

John Robison, Professor
and Secretary of the It was enall

of Natural Philosophy,

Royal Society of Edinburgh.
titled

"Proofs of a Conspiracy against

the Religions and Governments of Europe
carried

on

in the Secret

Meetings of Free-

masons, Illuminati, and Reading Societies," and owes preservation solely to the perma-

nency of the institution

it

sought to destroy.
publication
in

The

earliest

antagonistic

vasses in Vermont and Pennsylvania the Anti-Masons remained a factor for several years, electing Joseph Ritner Governor of Pennsylvania in 1835. Some of the or-

ganizations

known

as

'^'

American parties"

in the past twenty

years have had anti-

their

Masonic planks in their platforms, but votes have been too few to be
Individual prejudice against or objection
to Freemasonry, merely because of the secret

counted.

France was "La Grande Lumiere," the author of which had several imitators, the best known of whom was the Abbe Barruel, who wrote " Memoires pour servir a I'histoire du Jacobinism." Barruel was a priest and a royalist, and was so affected by the results of the French Revolution that he insisted the consequences of that movement were the outcome of the machinations of the Freemasons or Jacobin clubs. But where Robison was calm and dispassionate, Barruel became abusive. Anti-Masonic publications in Spain and Italy have been confined

ANTI-MASONRY
principally to the
bulls of the popes

15
Avri tings,

and

Masonic

In defence of the edict of the Council of Dautzic against the Fraternity, a book appeared in 1764 with the
edicts of the Iiuiiiisitiou.

murder

of ^Morgan

on " the oath " and " the " a victim of the mis-

—

representations of the Masonic Fraternity.
It is hardly necessary to

more than

refer to

name, "Proofs that the Society of Freemasons in every Country is not only Useless, but, if )iot Restricted, Dangerous, and Subsequent ought to be Interdicted." anti-Musonic German publications Merc mostly pamphlets. In the United States like literature began with Morgan's book in 1828, a paraphrase of similar early English books, and was followed by many others with no special claim to attention. An exception is found in ** Letters on Masonry and Anti-Masonry addressed to lion. John Quincy Adams," by AVilliani L. Stone, Xew York, 1832, a Freemason, during a period
of intense political excitement, uiul desigiied
solely to

the compilations of anti-Masonic documents published by James C. Odiorne and by

Henry Gassett
respectively.

at Boston, in 1830

and 1831,

The recovery of the Masonic Fraternity from the shock of the inquisition instituted by the Anti-Masonic party Avas sIoav. So
violent was the persecution of adhering Free-

masons that many

Avere driven to

renounce

the society in order to live in peace. Itinerant lecturers found a neAv source of revenue l)y pretending to give j-jublic representations of Masonic ceremonies; almanac

makers

filled

their publications with

cor-

roborative details as to the essential Avick;

advance the interests of the Anti- edness of Freemasonry and jiretended revMasonic party. The Anti-Masonic party elations of the secrets of Lodge, Chapter, had declared that the jMasonic Institution Conimandery, and of some of the Scottish was subversive of good government, and in- Kite bodies Avere ])eddled about the country tended for the political aggrandizement of by thrifty Anti-Masons. This was from 1830 its leaders yet Stone had the fairness to to 1835, Avhen to confess sympathy or conadmit that " the fact is not to be disguised nection Avith Freemasonry meant social, ])ocontradicted it cannot be'' that anti- litical, and often religious ostracism. It is Masonry had become so thoroughly political of exceptional interest to note (as may be that "its spirit Avas vindictive toward the seen by reference to articles under those Freemasons withoiit distinction as to guilt titles) that during this period the Indepenor innocence." Mackey has pointed out dent Order of Odd Fellows Avas practically that Stone condemned Freemasonry because reorganized and began a more active career; of the acts of the abductors of Morgan, that the Ancient Order of Druids and the whereas, "as well might the vices of the Ancient Order of Hibernians Avere introChristians of Corinth have suggested to a duced into the United States from Engcontemporary of St. Paul the propriety of land and Ireland, res])ectively that the Imsuppressing Christianity." "Letters on l^roved Order of Red ^len Avas organized the Masonic Institution," by John Quincy and reestablished as at present constituted; Adams, ex-President, which appeared in that the college fraternities Kapjm Alpha. the public journals between 1831 and 1833, Sigma Phi, and Delta Phi, founded at Avere collected and published in book form Union College, Schenectady, X. Y., a few in 1847. The severest competent Masonic years before, took on rather more convencriticism of Adams may be found in ]\Iac- tional secret society forms; that Alpha Delta key's "Encyclopaedia of Freemasonry" that Phi was founded at Hamilton College, Clinhe Avas "a man of strong points a7id weak ton, X. Y., in 1832, and Psi Upsilon at ones, of vast reading and wonderful mem- Union College, in 1833, all leading Ameriory, of great credulity and strong pre- can college secret societies. In 1831, the year judice " dAvelling continually, ia his anti- that Thurlow Weed, "William II. Seward,
;

—

—

;

:

—

—
16

—
LIFE

BROTHERHOOD OF THE XEW
as delegates to

and Thaddeus Stevens went
the Anti-Masonic, the
dential
first

professional,

and military

life; as

President

national Presi-

or the humblest office-holder; the executive

convention,

John Quincy Adams,
were
so

Edward
leading

Everett, Joseph Story, and other

head of a continental system of railways, or signalman in the bishop, priest, clergyman,
;

Harvard

representatives

lawyer, editor, and physician or the ordinary

overcome with the anti-secret society feeling, wayfaring man of commerce, whether proprithat they indnced members of the Harvard etor or clerk; as admiral or marine, as genChapter of Phi Beta Kappa to violate their eral or private. Freemasons constitute a pledges of secrecy as to the '' mysteries " of dominant seventh as well as an influence
the mother of American college fraternities,
in all other reputable secret societies in the

and make that organization There is food for thought in the fact that none of the members of the two dozen imitators or offspring of the secret society Phi Beta Kappa ever imitated it by formally revealing their secrets on the college campus, and in the further fact that the two college fraternities, founded respectively in 1832 and 1833, one year and two years after the Harvard Phi Beta Kappa affair, were established as secret societies, and remain among the strongest and best of like organizations
non-secret.
to this day.

United
to

States.

The

total

membership

of all

of them, allowing for a proportion belonging

several organizations, cannot be fewer than six million, one-third the total adult

population of the country.
portions have

To such

pro-

Freemasonry and like societies grown, that were a tithe of the allegations true which are made against the parent organization by its detractors, society at large would be reaping a whirlwind. Brotherhood of the New Life.

A

mystical,

religious,

communal

society

From 1832

to 1845, or during

the period of greatest excitement due to the

anti-Masonic agitation, and for half a dozen
years thereafter, the college secret societies

continued to multiply and to establish new
Chapters, from which an inference
as to the probable origin of the
is

fair

Masonic cast given the earlier rituals of some of them all of those named, and afterward the " MysLate in the thirties and tical Seven." early in the following decade Freemasons began to gather and Lodges to open and do work. The recovery was not rapid, but was steady, and during the ten years prior to the outbreak of the Civil War the Craft regained what it had lost between 1828 and 1840.
Since the Civil

War

the progress of the Fra-

ternity has been so great that all opportunity
for successful opposition based

on bigotry,

ignorance, or prejudice has been removed.

One-half the Freemasons in the world are Americans; one man in every thirteen in the country is a member of the Fraternity, and its membership, as a whole, includes rejDreThey are sentatives of all ranks of society. found in general business and in political,

founded by Thomas Lake Harris, at MounIt disbanded in tain Cove, N, C, in 1851. He 1853, owing to internal dissensions. formed a second community, in 1858, at Amenia, Dutchess County, N. Y., which shortly after removed to Brockton, Chautauqua County, in the same State. Croups of three or four persons were formed in the Brotherhood, but if affection resulted, the group was broken up. Parents were separated from children, and husbands from wives. Harris was born in England in 1824, but most of his early life was passed at or near He was evidently impressed L'"tica, N. Y. by the Mormon movement, which began at Palmyra, and by the Fox Sisters' phenomena He became a Sweat Kochester, N. Y. denborgian and a spiritualist. He declared that his journey to North Carolina and the founding of the Brotherhood were direct results of communications from the Lord, and
that
it

was as the direct representative of
titles to

the latter that he remained at the head of

the movement, and held
in trust for the discif)les
nity.

property

and the commu-

His followers lived in separate houses

A

FREEMASONRY
and dressed
as did

17

people generally, but

in the

more than 25,000 Lodges which,
civilization

ex-

they Avore their hair long, observed the fifth day of the week as a day of rest, opposed marriage, and advocated Platonic love.

cept in Austria and Russia,
of

mark the paths
throughout the

commerce and

Avorld.

None of the critics of the Brotherhood has Harris's charged them with immorality. most distinguished disciple was Lawrence Oliphant, over whom, from 1867 to nearly the time of the latter's death in 1881, he
exercised a remarkable influence.

The student of the history of the Craft may be glad to know that Benjamin Franklin, who was a Freemason, wrote of the
Fraternity as follows
It
:

In 1875

Harris and
lished the

many

of his followers reestab-

Brotherhood at Santa Kosa, CaliThere he is said to have overcome fornia. his asceticism, and in 1891 was declared to have announced that he had discovered the In 1892 he left secret of perpetual youth.
his luxurious

what do and toiccns, wiiich serve as testimonials of character and qualifications, which are only conferred after a due course of instruction and examination. These are
lias

secrets peculiar to itself; but of

those principally consist?

They consist

of signs

of no small value; they speak a universal language,

and act as a passport
not be lost so long as
the possessor of

to the attention
the,

of the initiated in all parts of

world.

and su[)port They canpower. Let

memory retains

its

home

New York
ported to

City,

came to married, and settled down.
in California,

them be expatriated, shipwrecked, or imprisoned; let him be stripped of everything he
has got in the world;
still

Some members
Nebraska.

of the Brotherhood are rein California

these credentials remain

still live

and some

in

Brotherhood of the West Gate.

—

and are available for use as circumstances require. The great effects which they have produced are established by the most incontestable facts of history. They have stayed the uplifted hand of the
destroyer; they have softened the asperities of the
tyrant;
tivity;

brotherhood seeking to solve '"the esoteric mysteries of the microcosm," the restoration of ''inner

they have mitigated the horrors of capthey have subdued the rancor of malevopolitical

harmony," in the which " wealth, fame, and power
.

face of
.

.

sink

lence,

and broken down the barriers of

into nothingness."
cle

It publishes

''

The Ora-

animosity and sectarian alienation.
in the

On

the field of

"

battle, in the solitude of the uncultivated forests, or

at Bridgeton, Maine.

of the West. Little is learned of this brotherhood beyond its name, its excessively secret character, and the explanation that the word " west " refers to the Americas. The division of the word " Esoterists " in the title evidently has some particE-soter-ists
ular significance.

—

busy haunts of the crowded city, they have of the most hostile feelings, and most distant religions, and the most diversified condi-

made men

tions, rush to the aid of

each other, and

feel social

joy

and

satisfaction that they have

been able to

afford relief to a Ijrother Mason.
"^rhe

Fraternity as

now

organized dates

from 1717, wljen the four old Lodges in LonFreemasonry. The Ancient and Hon- don met and formed a Grand Lodge. The orable Society of Free and Accepted Masons, most ancient Freemasons referred to in trustusually referred to as Ancient, Free, and worthy historical records were the operaAccepted Masons, sometimes as Free and tive stone masons or builders of the ^Middle Accepted Masons (A, F. & A. !M. or F. & Ages, referred to in England as far back as A. M.), is a secret fraternity, founded upon the eighth century. About three hundred man's religious aspirations, which, by forms, years ago the operative Craft in England, ceremonies, and elaborate symbolism, seeks France, and Germany began to disintegrate.

—

to create a universal brotherhood, to relieve
suffering, cultivate the virtues,

This

Avas

the natural consequence of not

and join

in

only the Reformation and the Thirty Years'
AVar, but of the completion of the churches and cathedrals upon which the stone masons' guilds had been engaged for several

the endless search for truth.

It is

the oldest

and most widely distributed secret society, having an active membership of 1,400,000
2

18

FREEMASONRY
is no reference to the Hiramic legend in Freemasonry until after the formation of the Grand Lodge at London in 1717, more than sixty years after the French Companionage had reached the

centuries, originally with the assistance of

ter builder, for there

bands of traveling builders held a general assembly at Strasburg in 1275, and another nearly one hundred years later, at whicli laws were framed and a fraternity formed. Guilds were composed of apprentices, craftsmen, and masters, had an initiatory ceremony and a sign. Traveling from city to city throughout Central and Western Europe, they constituted the first, or operative Free Masons, so-called because they enjoyed privileges granted by the Church and civil authorities, OAving to
the

Church.

These

height of

its career.

Among
of

various theories as to the origin

their skill in
ter of

modern Freemasonry, the following have had many advocates: (1) That which carries it back through the mediaeval stone masons to the Ancient Mysteries, or to King Solomon's Temple; (2) not satisfied with the foregoing, that which traces it to Noah, architecture and the charac- to Enoch, and to Adam; (3) the theory that

the edifices they built.

When

the

the cradle of Freemasonry

is

to be

found in

churches and cathedrals were completed, the
guilds began to disappear.
guilds,

the

Eoman

Colleges of Artificers of the ear-

In France the which were more directly the out-

lier centuries of
it

the Christian era; (4) that

come
trv,

of the

Eoman

occupation of the coun-

and of the colleges of artificers which accompanied the Eoman legions, were abolished

was brought into Europe ,by the returning Crusaders; (5) that it was an emanation from the Templars after the sujipression of the Order in 1312; (G) that it formed a virtual continuation of the Eosicrucians; (7)

about 153G-39.
arose

Upon
of

their

ruins

workingmen's that it grew out of the secret society creaguilds known as the Companionage. By tions of the partisans of the Stuarts in their 1655 this had spread throughout France, efforts to regain the throne of England; (8) 'divided into three separate fraternities com- that it was derived from the Essenes, and posed of various trades, or, as we would say, (9) from the Culdees. Whatever may have been believed as to unions, the oldest being known as the Sons The other two sprang from Freemasonry being traceable to any of the of Solomon. the Sons of Solomon, and were bitter rivals. foregoing, the results of the investigations One was known as the Sous of Maitre of E. F. Gould, W. J. Ilughan, and Eev. Jacques. Its traditions carried the society A. F. A. Woodford of England, D. Murback to King Solomon's Temple, and in the ray Lyon of Scotland, Albert Pike, G. F. untimely death of Maitre Jacques is found Fort, Albert G. Mackey, Charles T. McClena striking parallel to the story of Hiram. achan, E. T. Carson, T. S. Parvin, Josiah The Sons of Soubise, an offshoot of the Sons H. Drummond, and others in the United of Maitre Jacques, possessed many of the States, '' Masonic authors of repute and dilicharacteristics of the latter. No description gent students of Masonic records,'' make it of the Companionage was made public until j)lain that while the rites and symbols of 1841, nearly one hundred and twelve years Freemasonry have great antiquity, specuafter the introduction of Freemasonry into lative Freemasonry, as an organization, is France from England, notwithstanding the modern, probably not over three hundred
there
a
story of the

new type

building of

King Solomon's

years old.

The Essenes, the only one of the three formed a part of the legends of the Companionage. ancient Jewish sects mentioned in the Bible The foregoing, as pointed out in Gould's which was not referred to unfavorably, has "History of Freemasonry," appears to be been regarded by some as the cradle of anIt had existed "from the earliest account of the death of the mas- cient Freemasonry.
Temple and the death
of Iliram

FREEMASONRY
time immemorial," but disappeared about 400 A.D. The Essenes are said to have perfected the Jewish Kabbala, to have believed
in miraculous cures, to have regarded
etc.)

19

Gould (R. F. ) thinks Freemasonry
been tinged with Rosicrucianism
the

may have
through

influence of Ashmole and them- others, but points to there being no real selves as temples of the Holy Ghost, and to evidence of it aside from the fact that Freehave been '"forerunners of the ^reesiah." masonry presents the double and single triThey had secret means of recognition, and angles, the hexagon, the point within a cirtaught that all things were not for all men, cle, a magical aljjhabet, and a searcli for but there has been no more connection sliown light. The ignorance and superstition of between the ancient Essenes and modern the mass of the people in the seventeenth Freemasonry than that Masonic scholars and century led them to regard the brethren of ritualists may have found something in al- the Rosy Cross, who were theosophists first, leged Essenic rites worthy of assimilation and Kabbalistsand alchemists afterwards, as in latter-day mysteries. The Culdees were dealers in magic and in league with the Those who have favored the theory Apostolic Christians, monks of Eastern ori- devil. They were encountered in Ireland that modern Freemasonry was the outgrowth gin. about the fifth century, and later in Scot- of Rosicrucianism have added that so much They were opposed by 8t. Augus- were the i)ublic inflamed against the Rosiland. tine, and virtually disappeared in the four- crucians that the latter were obliged to shelteenth century. They were teachers of civ- ter themselves under the cloak of Fi-eeilization, church architects and builders, masonry, when they gave to the latter a and it has been claimed they were connected Christian interpretation. By the end of with early Scotch and Irish operative Free- the seventeenth century Europe Avas covered masons. The partisans of tlie Stuarts were with pretended Rosicrucians offering to comThe theory active, and some were prominent Freema- municate the occult for money. sons but while they contributed something that Freemasonry appeared in Europe upon to the rituals of so-called higher degrees, the return of the Crusaders has long been they had no permanent influence upon the abandoned, but its successor was a French institution. The real Rosicrucians were Templar theory of the origin of the institumystics who flourished in Germany, France, tion, and in some portions of Europe it still and England in the latter portion of the finds advocates. It I'ests on a legend that seventeenth century. Contrary to views the Knights Templars, at the destruction of Avhich have been held, it Avas not a society, the Order and the burning of Jacques de and was not concerned merely in an efi^ort Molay, fled to Scotland, Avhere they became The to transform baser metals into gold and to Freemasons and propagated the rite. discover the secret of perpetual youth, which French Ordre du Temple is based upon a synibolized a search for divine truth and modification of this theory, as were the immortal life. The IJosicrucians were un- Strict Observance in Germany, and other doubtedly in advance of their time, but not rites. There is, however, nothing in this too much so to borrow freely from the sym- except the legend, for Freemasonry a.s it bolism of the ancient mysteries and of the existed in England in 1717 has been shown Gnostics. A number of eminent Rosicru- to be the result of the evolution of guilds of cijins were Freemasons, notably Elias Ashoperative stone masons, who, it is needless mole, the antiquary. What Freemasonry to add, could never have derived their rites owes to the Rosicrucians may never be and formuhe from the original Knights The known, although something may be inferred Templars, who were men of rank. by students who are familiar with both story that the Fraternity was founded at the societies. (See Freemasonry, Rosicrucians, building of King Solomon's Temple, and
;

20

FREEMASONRY

has enjoyed an uninterrupted existence ever
since, is

century speculative Freemasonry as distinct one of the myths of the organiza- from the operative Craft, that which intion which has been innocently believed by dulged only in the symbolism of the work many, but which does not merit serious at- jierformed by the earlier Free Masons, was The mystical meanings of Masonic confined to Great Britain alone. Nowhere ten tion references to King Solomon's Temple, not else iu the world was it to be found, and only in the symbolic degrees, but also in the whether the association of learned men with haute grades, have not always been under- the earlier English operative Free Masons The was due to an effort on the part of the latstood, even by members of the Craft. carrying back of the Fraternity to the ante- ter to interest others than those of the Craft diluvian age has been due to an inability to to secure immunity at the hands of the noSo- bility or not, it remains true that profesdistinguish between an idea and a fact. cieties have existed in all ages of the world sional and literary Englishmen, some learned for the propagation of truth, morality, and in astrology, alchemy, and Kabbalistic lore,
.

the practice of that which
universal brotherhood;
ished,

is

involved in a
flour-

theoretic geometricians,
sons,

and architect ma-

have risen,

identified

themselves from time to
declining operative frater-

and

died.

Others have been born,

time

with

the

have borrowed from those which went be- nity. A notable instance was the initiation But he of Elias Ashmole, the antiquary, in 1746, fore, and they in turn have died. and it is not a mere inference that his joinis bold, indeed, who professes to trace an uninterrupted succession or an identity of ing the society was not the only instance of The earlier Eng- the kind. This class of membership was organization for them all. lish associations of operative builders, who honorary at first, whence the term Free and were first called Free Masons in the four- "Accepted" Masons. In 1703 a formal teenth and fifteenth centuries, because of effort was made to change the organization the freedom granted them to work and to from an operative to a speculative fraternity, sell the products of their labor, may or may as the old English lodges were dying out,
not have been the offspring of German stone masons' guilds who built the churches and The cathedrals erected in the Middle Ages.
only seven surviving the eighteenth century
in the city of
sire

London. The professed dewas to found a brotherhood which would

Roman

Colleges of Artificers

who accompa-

build spiritual instead of material temples,
to

nied the imperial armies on their excursions

throughout Europe naturally had an influence on not only the English guilds at the

become Freemasons as distinct from Free Masons who were workmen or ordinary laborers. When a Grand Lodge was formed

time of the Roman occupation of Britain, at London in 1717, there was, so far as but upon the French and German guilds as known, only a single ceremonial or degree But the Freemason knows of that but within six or seven years, or by 1724, well. which could not well have been derived from the three symbolic degrees, Entered Apprenthe medigeval guilds, or from the Roman tice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason, had
;

and naturally inquires as to its made their appearance. The craft guilds the sixteenth century the had contributed the square and compasses During source. German and French fraternities of travel- their patron saint, St. John the Baptist a The reference to King Solomon's Temple the ing builders virtually disappeared. French Compaiiionage (trades unions) was two famous pillars the mystical numbers founded upon the ruins of the latter, but five, seven, and nine words and grips and had no known connection with the forma- a long and honorable record as builders of tion of speculative Freemasonry, so that in English churches and cathedrals under codes the seventeenth and early in the eighteenth of laws for their government, which oral and
Colleges,
;
;

;

;

;

FREEMASONRY
manuscript tradition carried back prior to the teuth century, when, in 93G, it was said that ii generul assembly of Masons was held at York under the patronage of Edwin, brother of Athelstan, where a code of laws
sequent English craft constitutions.

21
its

death of nature in winter, and
spring.

birth in
in the

They

Avere

popular in

Home

earlier centuries of the Christian era,

are said to have

was adopted which became the basis of subNotwithstanding allegations that general Mathereafter,

and had an influence on the Roman Colleges of Artificers, by Avhom they may have been disseminated. The Adoniac
Avhicli

or Syrian mysteries Avere similar, those in

Venus, Adonis, and Proserpine

fig-

sonic assemblies Avere periodically held at

ured, in Avhich Adonis Avas killed, but revived

York

Gould says there

stantial reason for believing that

The Cabiric is no subto point to life through death. more than mysteries (1000 li.c), Avhich disappeared
shortly after the Christian era, Avere practised

one general assembly (the prototype of the Grand Lodge) was held at York prior to The English operative Free Masons 1717.

on the island of Samothrace.
Avas killed

'J'

he

Cabiri Avere gods, and, in the ceremonial,

may

be admitted to have preserved traces of

Atys the Sun
stored to
of one
life.

by his brothers the

the influence of the teachings of the Druids
see) the Culdees, who also claimed have been granted a charter by Edwin; of the Roman Colleges, and of the English Church, with the Holy Bible and altar lights;

Seasons, and at the vernal equinox was reSo, also, the Druids taught

(which

;

to

God and

the lesson of the procession

of the seasons,

and conducted the

initiate

but details of the introdiTction of the Hiramic legend will probably forever remain a
mystery.
it
is

Y"et, Avith

the foregoing in mind,

evident

that

Freemasonry includes

much
old

that Avas not in possession of the four

through the valley of death to everlasting life. The Gnostics are supposed to have included some of the earlier Christians, for their doctrines contain a mixture of ChrisThey tianity and the Persian religion. taught by means of symbols, many of wliich,

London Lodges in 1717. including a secret reference to Deity, the The oldest of the ancient mysteries, those double triangle, the lion, serpent, etc., are practised at Memphis in Egypt, centred familiar to Freemasons. Avill be seen It
about
lesson
Isis,

Serapis,
Avas

and
that

Osiris,

and the

that the Rosier ucians Avere indebted to the

taught through death.

of

regeneration

Gnostics even as they were to the Kabbalists.

Like those Avhich followed,

The

latter

taught a mystical inter-

they presented a dialogue, ritual, and contrasts betAA^een liglit

pretation of the Scriptures, a secret
of treating sacred subjects
bols,

and darkness,

death

method by means of symof the

and regeneration. The candidates had to undergo purification, trial, failure, and even death before being regenerated amid
rejoicings.

and a

peciiliar use of letters of Avords

based upon their A'alues. ancient mysteries,
prior
to
all

The student
all of

or nearly

which
purity,

The

Grecian

or

Eleusinian

their

perversion

taught
fail

mysteries (1800 B.C.) represented Demeter (Ceres) and Persephone, and depicted the

morality, immortality,

and the existence of
to perceive,

a Supreme Being, cannot
if

death of Dionysus

Avith

remonial
death into

Avhicli
life

led

an elaborate cethe neophyte from
Initiates

in a position to judge, that as

Freemasonry and best
in

stands

the

successor or repository of

and immortality.

much
them,

of that Avhich Avas noblest
liut

were taught the existence of a Supreme

Being and invested Avith the signs of and membership in a fraternity. The Mithraic
or Persian mysteries celebrated the eclipse
of the

he also knows of much Avhich this theory does not account for, to explain which one must go to Pythagoras and his
celebrated
school
at

Crotona,

in

Greece,

sun god, introduced the signs of the
of the seasons,

founded a.d. 58G.
initiated into the

Pythagoras, after being

zodiac, the procession

the

Egyptian and Eleusinian

22
mysteries, formed a

FREEMASONRY

secret society of his If a like legend among the French trades own, with three degrees, in wliich, among guilds, or Companionage, for sixty-five years other things, he taught geometry, me- prior to 1717, does not explain where the tempsychosis, and the mystical power of Freemasons of 1717-24 got it, it must be renumbers. From these the Rosicrucians bor- garded as a most extraordinary coincidence. rowed, and from the forms and symbolism Within ten years after the formation of of the Kabbalists, Gnostics, and Pythago- the Grand Lodge of England at London, in reans as perfected by the Rosicrucians, from 1717, Freemasonry had spread throughout the Greek, Egyptian, and Oriental philoso- the United Kingdom and the Continent of phy of the Alexandrian school of Neoplato- Europe, to many of the British colonies, nism, and from the ancient mysteries. Free- and by 1730 to those in America. With the masonry has taken enough to mark it with ap2:)ointment of the Duke of Montagu as the leading characteristics of all ancient and Grand Master, in 1720, the impetus given mystical schools of religion and philosophy the growth of the institution became procircumambulation, the use of aprons, the nounced, and, as one author points out, the forty-seventh problem of Euclid, a cipher, Fraternity almost lost its breath in the race and the lesson taught by the story of the for popularity. Many men distinguished illustrious Tyrian substituted for legends of in the professions, in politics, and as repreOsiris, Adonis, Atys, and Dionysus. That sentatives of the nobility, not only in the Masonic enthusiasts, antiquarians, and rit- United Kingdom, but on the Continent of ualists superimposed these relics npon Free- Europe, became members of the Fraternity, masonry as it had existed for about one hun- and not a few of them were conspicuous dred years prior to 1717, there can be little as its officers. With prosperity there natudoubt. The Fraternity, therefore, presents rally came antagonisms, for some of which three classes of symbols Pagan, derived from see Anti-Masonry. As early as 1724 the the same source as Christianity obtained Grand Lodge of England granted a charter them; those contributed by the operative for a subordinate Lodge at the ancient city Masons, and the exclusively Christian sym- of York, which is presumed to have antagbols. It also shows traces of the Vehmge- onized a Lodge of Freemasons which had richte, or secret society of Free Judges, which existed there since 1705, as shown by its was prominent in Germany in the thirteenth records, and with little doubt for a period century. The latter was formed to pro- ranging far back into the seventeenth centect the innocent from injustice, held its tury. The ancient Lodge thereupon consticourts in the forest at night, and executed tuted itself a "Grand Lodge of all Engits judgments without fear or favor. It land " (1725), but does not appear to have granted audience alike to noble and peas- instituted more than one or two subordinate ant, and few were bold enough to ignore Lodges prior to 1740, when it became dorits summons or treat its judgments with dismant, and remained so for twenty years or Traces of the society in a modified more. respect. But it does not appear to have acform were found as late as the present cen- tively opposed the Grand Lodge of England tury. (See Ancient Order of Freesmiths.) at London, which had been and was still Its oath was of a most solemn character, engaged in chartering subordinate Lodges binding the initiate to "conceal, hold, and at home and abroad. In 1761 the Grand not reveal,"' etc. Its chief symbol was the Lodge of all England, at York, became acarrow, and for a violation of the vow the tive again, and chartered a number of subpenalty was death. The introduction into ordinate Lodges in two counties in England. the ritual of Freemasonry, about 1825, of Ten years before, in 1751, nine subordinate the story of Hiram was a master stroke. Lodges holding allegiance to the Grand

—

:

FREEMASONRY
Lodge of England seceded from that body, on the ground that the latter suffered subordinate Lodges of its jurisdiction to depart from the ancient landmarks and practise that which had previously been unknown in The seceders organized a Freemasonry. " Grand Lodge of England, According to
old Institutions," describing themselves as

23

all

After the revival of the Grand Lodge of England, at York, in 1701, it continued

neutral to the

Grand Lodge

of

England and
death of

that of the seceding body, the Ancients.

Late in the
its

last century, after the

inal

" Ancients," and the members of the origGrand Lodge of England as " Mod-

erns."

The animating
its

spirit of the seced-

ing (Ancient) Grand Lodge was Laurence
Secretary, Avho was an and executive, but an Dermott compiled audacious antagonist. the '* Ahiman Rezon," or Book of Constitutions of the Ancients, in 1756, which he copied from the Constitutions of the original or so-called Modern Grand Lodge, and addressed it to "the Ancient York Masons The rivalry between the two in England."' London Grand Lodges, Ancient and ModThe ern, was keen, and at times bitter.

Dermott,

Grand

able administrator

seceders granted

many

warrants to army

Lodges, which bore good fruit by making Ancient Masons in many parts of the world

where the English army was stationed during the latter half of the eighteenth century.

Dermott was made a Freemason in Dublin about 1740, and testified to his appreciation of the Lodge wherein he was raised by copying its by-laws and using them as the bylaws of the Ancients.

Grand England was discontinued. In 1779 an expelled faction of the Lodge of Antiquity at London (one of the four Lodges which united to form the Grand Lodge of England in 1717), together with a deputation from the Grand Lodge of all England at York, formed another Grand Body under the title, ''Grand Lodge of England south But in 1789 the expelled of the Trent." members of the Lodge of Antiquity apologized to the Grand Lodge of England, and, upon petition, were restored to good standing, whereupon the Grand Lodge of EngWith this land south of the Trent died. and the final disappearance of the Grand Lodge of all England, the way was clear for the concentration of efforts of members of the original and of the seceding Grand Lodges looking to reunion. Negotiations to that end were continued over a series of years, and resulted, in 1813, as pointed out, in a United Grand Lodge of England, since which time the Craft in the United Kingseveral subordinate Lodges, of all

the

Lodge

dom
to

has been undisturbed by schism
It is

or

other serious dissension.
expression

of interest

He

received

the

Koyal Arch degree in Ireland before coming to Loudon, then an unsystematized degree, borrowed presumably from the French,

and afterwards utilized it in the Grand Lodge of Ancients. The Moderns likewise suffered from the mania for higher or more degrees which characterized the latter half of the eighteenth century, and thus it was that at the reunion of the Ancients under the Grand
Mastership of the

Duke

of Sussex with the

Moderns under the Duke of Kent, Ancient Freemasonry was declared to consist of the
three symbolic degrees. Entered Apprentice,
Fellowcraft, and Master Mason,

American Freemasons to note that the "York Rite Masons " has little or no basis; that it is, in fact, a misnomer. There was and is no York Masonic rite, and the symbolic Freemasonry which the world knows did not come from the Grand Lodge of all England, founded at Yoi'k in 1725, but from the Grand Lodge of England, founded at London in 1717. The York Grand Lodge outlived its several subordinate Lodges, and died twenty years before the union of the two great English Grand Lodges from which the world received Ancient Craft Masonry. The expression '* Ancient

York Masons"

is

probably derived

the Holy Royal Arch."

" including from Laurence Dermott's " Ahiman Rezon," which was addressed to " the Ancient

lod. Ter-y

8. Africa.

.i^^__
Explanatory.

B&ham&s.
Greece.
Straits Settlements.

The first Masouic Lodge in France had an English warrant, as did the first Lodge
in Ireland, in Scotland, Spain,
etc. The charter of the Sweden came from France,
first

Germany, Lodge in
first
first

So, Australia.

that of the

Japan.
Liberia.

in

New

in Florida,

South Wales, from Ireland, from Spain, etc.

Borneo.

and others.

GRAPHIC CHART, SHOWING THE SPREAD OF FREEMASONRY, BEGINNING IN 1725, FROM ENGLAND TO SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT
COUNTRIES, STATES, COLONIES, AND PROVINCES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.

FREEMASONRY
The FreeYork Masons in England." masonry of the English schismatics, or Ancients, was more firmly established in Pennsylvania than in any other of the American
colonies,
FIRST MASONIC LODGES.
749 Rhode Island 750 Connecticut Marj;land
7.53
7.")4

25
LOCATION. New|)ort

CHARTERED FROM.
Massachusetts. Massachusetts. MassachuBetta. England.
lingland.

New Haven
Baltimore

V^irginia

York town

New York
North Carolina French (iuiana Curayoa
Virgin Islands

New York
Wilmington Cayenne
Presburg

England.
F'raiice.

where that

7.'>5

jieculiar type

remains

7.")7

Holland.

without change or elaboration, a curiosity to In Pennsylvania, naturvisiting brethren.
ally,

7W
701

Hungary Bermudas

New
762

Jersey

Newark
Mosiiiiito Shore St (Jeorge's (^uay

England. (Jermany. England. New York.
Massachusetts.
Massacliusette. Englan(i.
.

much was

formerly heard of
vogue.

''

Ancient

Dominion of Canada. Quebec Maine Porilaiul
Fort Royal Bencoolen
Cantwell's Bridge
.

York Masons," and
pression

for that reason the ex-

763 Nicaragua

acquired

English Free-

masonry, consisting of the three symbolic degrees, " including the Holy Royal Arch," forms the English, not the Y^ork rite. The

Honduras 764 Grenada 765 Sumatra Delaware 7(!() Guadeloupe 7ii7 China
7i;8

England. Engl. & France, England. Pennsylvania.
France.

China

Florida 769 Java

Grand Lodge of all England (Y^ork), like the rival London Grand Lodges, conferred not only the Royal Arch degree, but that of Knight Templar, as well as detached ceremonials.

Dutch Guiana Ceylon Guiana 772 South Africa
771

British

773 781 783

Dominica

Vermont
Ohio
. .

District Columbia 784 St. Lucia
78.5

Bahamas
Kentucky
St.

With English commerce and the British army, navy, and diplomatic service furnishing currents of communication between England and almost every civilized community, it was not strange, when the jiopularity of Freemasonry in England between 1823 and 1840 is considered, that the Fraternity spread rapidly to almost every quarter of the world. The dates, locations, and origin of first Masonic Lodges in more important countries, states,

Trinidad 800 St. Martin
801 Mississippi

788 792 793 794 796 797 798

Thomas

Louisiana

Michigan

Ten nessee St. Bartholomew

Canton, Hong KongEngland. Cochin France. St. Augustine Scotland. Batavia Holland. Paramaibo Holland. Colombo Holland. (ieorgetown England. Cape Town England. Roseau England. Springfield Massachusetts. Marietta A N. Y. Army L. .Alexandria Pennsylvania. France. England. Lexington Virginia. Pennsylvania. New Orleans Detroit Canada. Nashville North Carolina.

Sweden.
Port D'Espagne
Natcliez
. .

.Pennsylvania. France.

8—
802 804 805 806 807

Kentucky.
Spain. France. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania.
Ireland.

Venezuela
EgyiJt

Caracas Alexandria

Cuba
Illinois St. Vincent

Havana
Kaskaskia
St.

Missouri Indiana Peru
Straits Settlements.

(ienevieve

Vincennes

Lima
Corfu .Penang
City of Mexico
.
.

809 Grei'ce
810 Mexico
811

and provinces, given
one to trace
its

in chrono-

Pennsylvania. Kentucky. France. England. England. Spain.
.

Alabama
.

logical order, enable

extension.

815 Brazil 816 New South Wales. 823 824 825 832
8.33

FIRST MASONIC LODOKS. LOCATION'. 172.T France Paris
17'.iG

CHARTEllED PROM.
Eni;laiul.

Irt'latid

1727 Scotland 1728 Spain 1730 (iermany Pfnns.vlvania India 1731 Notherlands
Hus.><ia

Cork Edinburgh Madrid
Ilambuig..
Pliiladclpliia

Calcutta

Uaguc
St. Poteri-burg.
.

England. England. England. England. England. England. England.
.
.

Arkansas Tasmania Mexico (revival) Wisconsin Argentine Republic Uruguay
Algeria U. S. Colombia

Iluntsville Kentucky. Rio de Janeiro France. .Sydney Ireland. Post of Arkansas. Pennsylvania.
.

Ilobart City of

Town
Mexico

Ireland.

Pennsylvania.

Green Bay .Buenos Ayres Montevideo
Algiers Cartha<'ena

New

York.

Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. France.
Spain.

iMigland.

1733 Ma.ssachusetts 1735 Ncw^llampghire Portugal
Italy

Boston
Portsnioutli

England.
Massachusetts.

834 South Australia Society Islands 835 Texas 840 Chili 841 Victoria 842 West Australia

Adelaide
Tahiti Brazoria

England.
France. Louisiana. France.

Valparaiso Mell)ourne Perth

England. England.
Illinois.

Lisbon

Norway and Sweden. Stockholm

Rome
Savannah
Charleston (Jcneva

Georgia South Carolina 1736 Switzerland
I'oland 1737 .Moiitserrat
17:^8

England. France. England. England. England. England.
ICngland.

Iowa
843 New Zealand 848 California 849 Minnesota 850 Oregon Sandwich Islands
851

Montrose

Akaroa
Sacramento
St.

France.
Dist.

Columbia.

Paul
."

Ohio.
California.

Oregon City
.

. .

llonoUihi

France and Cal.
France. Missouri.

Warsaw
Kingston

Martinique

1739

Jamaica Antigua
St.

Christopher 1740 Prussia Malta Barl)adoe8 1742 Austria
1743 Denmark 1747 St. Eustatius Transviuil 1748 Turkey 1749 Hayti

England. France. England. England. England.
(ierniany.
.'.

Marquesas New Mexico 8.52 Washington 8.54 Kansas 855 Nebraska
Indian Territory.
8."7
.

Nukahiva
Santa V6 (Jlympia

Oregon.
Missouri.
Illinois.

Wyandotte
."

.

.Muscogee
(iuavaquil

Arkansas.
Peru. France.

Charlottenburg
Valetta

Ecuador

Vienna Copenhagen
Pretoria

Constantinople

Sau DoiuiDgo

Enghuul. England. England. (rermany. Prance. England. England. France.

859

Roumania
Queensland Tunis Colorado

Bucharest
Brisl)ane

860 Porto Rico
8()1

Mayaguez
Tunis
(Jolden City Carson City

England. Cuba.
France.

Nebraska.
California.

Nevada Dakota 1863 Montana
862

Yankton Baunock

Iowa. Nebraska.

26
FIBST MASOKIC LODGES.
1863 Idaho

FREEMASONRY
LOCATION. Idaho City

CHABTERED PROM.
Oregon.
Sep. f r. Va. France.

Lodge

of Ireland

is

responsible for the

first

Lodges in New South Wales, St. Vincent, Noumea 1864 New Caleaonia Yeddo England. and Tasmania, but has chartered many 1866 Japan Salt Lake City Nevada. I'tiUi other Lodges in foreign lauds and in BritPrescott Arizona California. Tanojiers France. 1867 .Morocco ish colonics, where some other Grand Body Monrovia Lilieria England. San Jose Costa Kica Spain. had preceded them and the like is true of Wyoming Cheyenne Colorado. 1868 Levuka Scotland. 1875 Fiji Islands Grand Lodges of England, France, Spain, Bolivia Peru. 187- Servia Italy. Belgrade Ilolland, and Pennsylvania. A dispute as Spain. 1880 Philippine Islands ..Manila Asuncion 1881 I'araguay Brazil. to whether the first Masonic Lodge in what Uaatemala Carthagena U. S. Colombia. Costa Rica. 1882 San Sal vator is now the United States was opened at Macassar Ilolland. 188:J Celebes Islands Elopuro England. 1885 Borneo^ Philadelphia or at Boston continued for An accompanying chart makes plain the many years, but the weight of evidence is importance of the work done by the earlier declared, by those who are considered English Grand Lodges and by the United authorities, to favor Philadelphia. The Grand Lodge of England in propagating first Lodge at Philadelphia, 1730-31, is Freemasonry. The English Kite was car- believed to have been a voluntary one, as ried to France in 1725, where it became there is no record of its having been charquite as popular as in England to Ireland tered until a year or two later. It was in in 1726, and to Scotland in 1727. In 1727 it the same year, 1730, that Daniel Coxe of was also taken to Spain to Germany, Penn- New Jersey was appointed Provincial Grand sylvania, and to India in 1730 to the Neth- Master of New York, New Jersey, and Pennerlands and to Russia in 1731 to Massa- sylvania, but he is not known to have ever chusetts in 1733 and to Portugal, Nor- exercised his authority as such. The first way, Sweden, Italy, and Georgia in 1735 so Philadel^jhia Lodge assumed the prerogathat within ten years Masonic Lodges had tives of a Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennbeen established throughout the United sylvania in 1732, and in 1734 Benjamin Kingdom, at nearly all the larger conti- Franklin was elected Provincial Grand Masnental cities, at Calcutta, India, and at ter, to which office he was also appointed in Philadelphia, Boston, Charleston, Wil- 1849 by Thomas Oxnard of Boston, Provinmington, N.C., and at Savannah, in the cial Grand Master of all North America. American colonies. All this was the result In 17G4 the Grand Lodge of Ancients, in of the activity of the Grand Lodoe of Enaf- London, chartered a Lodge in Philadelphia land, with_ the exception of the Lodge at and organized a rival Grand Lodge, which Stockholm, which was instituted by French was evidently possessed of more active Freemasons. Eeference to the chart shows members than the older Pennsylvania Grand that next to English Grand Lodges, body, which discontinued its labors about French Grand bodies were most active in 1793. The Provincial Grand Lodge of creating Lodges abroad after which, in Pennsylvania, formed by the Ancients, was the order named, rank parent bodies in responsible for the activity shown by FreePennsylvania, Massachusetts, Virginia, Ire- masons of that colony in establishing land, Spain, the Netherlands, and Ger- Lodges, not only in the colonies (later the many. Prior to the present century, the United States), but in other parts of the American Masonic doctrine of exclusive world, and continues the governing body of territorial jurisdiction was practically un- the Craft in Pennsylvania to this day. In known and while an accompanying chart 1786, following like action in Massachuindicates the sources of only the first Ma- setts, it declared itself an independent and sonic Lodges, subsequent Lodges were fre- sovereign Grand Lodge. At Boston, in quently of another allegiance. The Grand 1733, Henry Price, claiming authority from
West Virginia
;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

FREEMASONRY
the Grand Lodge of England, as Provincial

27

mington, N. C. A schismatic Grand Lodge Grand Master of New England, opened a of New York ap^ieared in Albany in 1823, Provincial Grand Lodge, and, witii the aid the outgrowth of opposition to holding the of ten brethren, initiated eight candidates. Grand Lodge exclusively at New York city. This Lodge and the Philadelpliia Lodge, Four years later, in 1827, the city and which initiated Benjamin Franklin in 1734 country Grand Lodges compromised their and subsequently met as a Grand Lodge, differences and united. H. C. Atwood and became the Mother Grand Lodges of others were expelled by the Grand Lodge America. The Price, or St. John's, Grand of New York in 1837, for violation of reguLodge had smooth sailing until 1752, when lations regarding public parades, which several brethren in Boston instituted St. led to the formation of a St. John's Grand Andrew's Lodge, according to the old Lodge, all the members of which were This was op- declared clandestine, and remained so usage, without a warrant. posed b}' St. John's Grand Lodge, and re- until the union of 1850. A number of
sulted in a schism which lasted forty years.

Andrew's received a charter from the Grand Lodge of Scotland, which widened the breach. In 1769 it united with several Ancient military Lodges in forming ^Massachusetts Grand Lodge, with Joseph Warren as ''Grand Master of Masons in Boston, New England, and Within One Hundred Miles of the Same." Li 1773 Joseph Warren was appointed, by the Grand Master of Scotland, Grand Master of Masons for the Continent of America. The death of Warren, at Bunker Hill, resulted in the Massachusetts Grand Lodge declaring its independence and sovereignty, thus becoming the first independent Grand Lodge of Masons in America. In 1792 the Grand Lodge for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts was formed by the union of St. John's and the Massachusetts Grand Lodges, since which time the history of the Craft in that State has not been marked by dissension. (See Freemasonry among the Negroes.) Successors to Daniel Coxe, as Provincial Grand Master for New York and New Jersey, did nothLi 1760
St.

seceded from the regular Grand Lodge of New York in 1849, and formed a third, known as the Phillip's Grand Lodge. This schism was the outcome of a disj)ute as to the right of Past Masters to membership in the Grand

other Lodges

Lodge.
of

in 1858, since

The matter was amicably adjusted which time the Grand Lodge New York has not suffered from dissen-

South Carolina, like Pennsylvania, from the rivalry between the Grand Lodges at London, when, in 1787, an Ancient Grand Lodge was established at
sion.

suffered

Charleston.
1808,

The breach continued
the

until

ing

in

an

official

capacity,

so

far

as

has been

learned, except to induct their

successors into office, until 1754, or 1757,

when
in

a subordinate
city.

Lodge was established
Tliis

New York

was about twenty

opposing bodies united, only to separate again in 1809. It was not until 1817, four years after the reunion of the Ancients and Moderns in England, that the warring South Caroliiui bodies finally healed their differences. In Georgia, where Freemasonry was also introduced direct from England, there were rival Grand Lodges between 1827 and 1839, owing to a controversy growing out of t4ie change of the capital of the State. Russia is the only country in tbe world in which Masonic Lodges are suppressed. Austrian prohibition of Masonic gatherings is not enforced in Hungary and only moderately in Vienna. Spanish opposition to the Craft has long since ceased to be active.
Representatives of the reigning family, or
of

when

of England had granted petitions for liodges at Savannah, Ga., Charleston, S. C, and at Wil-

years after the

Grand Lodge

the government, in every European country exce])t Russia, Austria, Belgium,

28

FREEMASONRY
Council of Emperors of the East and West was organized at Paris, with a system
of

and Turkey are members of the Fraternity. The removal of the name of Deity from its lectures by the Grand Orient of France more than twenty years ago, and of the Holy Bible from its altars, was followed by the refusal of English-speaking and other Grand Lodges to recognize members of Lodges chartered by the Grand Orient of
France.

twenty-five degrees, and, as stated by

in some way became possessed " of the Rite of Perfection, Chapter

McClenachan, "

of Clermont,

"and became

its

successor/'

In 1761 the Council of Emperors of the East and West granted a patent to Stephen

France, therefore,

is

outside of the

Morin

to introduce this rite (of twenty-five

^lasonic family.

degrees) into the

West

Indies, after which,

In

the

United

Kingdom, during the

in 1772,

known as the " Old Grand Lodge," which in Master Mason but factional Grand Lodge died four months Templar, and Mark France, very soon after Freemasonry was later. In 1779, or seven years later, the introduced there, many new degrees and Grand Orient officially declared its j)ower rites made their appearance, in peddling limited to the three symbolic degrees, and which their inventors did a thriving busi- that it had no official knowledge of soBetween 1725 and 1775 hundreds of called high grades. In 1786 the Grand ness. what were called higher Masonic degrees Orient organized and promulgated the were evolved and hawked over the Conti- French rite of seven degrees, adding to nent. Some were meritorious, but many the three symbolic degrees four from the soon fell into obscurity, while a few still abundant material floating about the ConThe importance of this is to show exist in collections of curious outgrowths tinent. In 1754, at Paris, the that long prior to the French Revolution of that character. Chevalier Bonneville brought together and the Grand Orient of France neither 230Ssystematized twenty-five of the older and sessed nor claimed to control the Rite of better productions among these high Perfection of twenty-five degrees which grades, as the Rite of Perfection, under appeared in 1754 as a system under the title the title, '^ ChaiJter of Clermont." Some " Chapter of Clermont," and disappeared of them were called Scottish because their with the death of the factional or *''01d legends traced their origin to Scotland. Grand Lodge." In the Rite of Perfection, It would have risked exposure to attribute Chapter of Clermont, one finds the origin them to English ingenuity. They might of the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite, have been given an Irish origin, because thirty-three degrees, which was created their authors had to go as far as possible and first ajDpeared at Charleston, South
;

adoption of century, the higher '' or additional Masonic degrees was limited to the Royal Arch, Knight
eighteenth
''

united with a faction of the Grand Orient (which controlled the first
it

three degrees of Freemasonry in France),

from England and France.
evidently did
so

the

But Ireland not suit the purpose, and degrees were called Ecossais or

Carolina,

in

1801.

Of

this

(F. R.), in his '^History of
(vol. iii.,
:

have been conferred for many years in the north of Scotland. This, too, accounts for the alleged connection of the partisans of the Stuarts with earlier Ecossais Freemasonry,

Scotch, and were declared to

page 273), says Masonic rites, it is at this day (1886) the most j^opular and the most extensively diffused. Supreme Councils or governing bodies of the rite are to be found in almost every civilized country
of the youngest of the
of the world,

rite, Gould Freemasonry" " Although one

some

of its traditions stating that they introduced the degrees into France or were

and
of

in

many

of

only Masonic obedience."
bolic

them it is the The three symFreemasonry

responsible for their creation.

In 1758 a

degrees

ancient

FREEMASONRY
underlie
all

29

Masonic systems or
fact
is

rites,

and

the

reunion of the two

English Grand

upon that
universality
lish Rite

based the claim of the

of

Freemasonry.
itself

The Engto the three

Lodges, the change involving a modification of the degree of Master Mason.

alone confines

Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason, "'including the Holy Eoyal Arch," but upon it have been erected the many Masonic systems or rites which daring the past one hundred and sixty years have attracted the interest of
degrees of
the Craft.

The Rite of the Grand Lodge of 1777. Three Globes is practised by more than two hundred German Lodges. It consists of the three symbolic degrees and seven others, which are modifications of the Gernum Strict Observance Templar and various
Scottish Rite grades.

Students will find extended

lists

of the

more important Masonic

rites or

systems of

degrees, living and dead,

in the

works of

but nowhere, so far as learned, has there been given a brief, chronological account of them and their
historians
;

many Masonic

under the patronage of royalty. It is a mixture of the English and French Rites, of the Templarism of the Rite of Strict Observance, and of
it is

The Swedish Rite 1777. Norway and Sweden, Avhere

exists

only in

Rosicrucianism.
1783.
in

The
a

Rite of Swedenborg

is

preIt
is

characteristics so as to enable the

young served

few French Lodges.

craftsman to distinguish between those which have passed away and those which are still practised. There are ten Masonic Two of them, the Engrites in use to-day.
lish,

founded on Peruetty's Rite of Avignon, which appeared in France in 1769. It involves, like Pernetty's system,

much

of the

bolic degrees,

which includes the first three or symand together with the Royal

mysticism of Swedenborg, who, by the way, was not a Freemason.
1786.

The French,

or

Modern

Rite, as

Arch forms the basis of all systems or rites, and the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite of
thirty-three degrees, are ranked as universal.

exi:)lained, consists

of the English system,

The American
and
is

Rite

is

next in impor-

tance,

j^ractised in the

and the Dominion
to be

of

United States Canada, where are

upon which are superimposed four degrees formed from some of the many unsystematized ceremonials practised on the Continent of Europe in the latter half of tlie last century.

found three-fourths of all the Freemasons in the world. The Rite of the Grand Lodge of the Three Globes, Germany, is third in importance, after which follow the French Rite, the Swedish Rite,
or Rite of Zinnendorf,

1801. Schroder's Rite

is

still

cultivated
at

by a few German Lodges, notably
burg.
It is

Ham-

confined to the three ancient

craft degrees

of Master

and a Select Historical Union Masons for the study of the iihi-'
Scottish

Schroder's Rite (in
the French

losophy of Freemasonry.
1801.

use by a few

German Lodges),

The Ancient, Accepted

Order of the Temple, the Rite of Memphis (in Roumania, Spain, and Egypt), and the Rite of Swedenborg.
1724.

Rite, referred to elsewhere.

1810.
as
it

exists to-day,
first

The American Rite, may be said

substantially
to date

from

The

English, erroneously called

the

the
of

York Rite, is composed of the degrees Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason, the three ancient, symbolic degrees which were practically perfected and conferred as a system about 1724, or shortly after, to which was formally appended the Royal Arch degree, in 1813, at

decade of the present century. It is referred to under a separate liead. 1839. The Rite of Memphis, youngest of living Masonic systems, is described under
that
title.

There are more than 1,400,000 active Freemasons in the world, all of whom, of
course, are
practically familiar with

the

;

30

FREEMASONRY
Of the

three degrees of the English Kite.
total,

Knight
of

of the Sun,

now

the twenty-eighth

probably 125,000 are in possession of the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite, and 118,000 of the American Rite us conferred
manderies.

and ComThere are 27,000 members of the French Rite, 4,000 of the Swedish Rite, 20,000 of the Rite of the Grand Lodge of the Three Globes at Berlin, but only a very few who practise Schroder's Rite, the Rite of Swedenborg, or the French Order of the Temple. The more important among extinct Masonic Rites are twenty-two in number, thirteen of which appeared in France, six in Germany, and one each in England, Belgium, and Italy. 1748. Rite of Vielle Bru, France, an inin Lodges, Chapters (Councils),

Accepted Scottish Rite. His Rite of Avignon had great influence on several which followed it. 1770. Rite of Martinism, France, a combination of Scottish degrees with the specuthe Ancient,
lations of the mystics.

1772.

Reformed

Rite, a

German

modifica-

tion of the Rite of Strict Observance.

1773. Rite of Philalethes, France, based

on the Rite of Martinism. twenty years.
1775.

It lived

about
Rite,

The

Philosophic

Scotch

France, was a revival of Pernetty's Rite of Avignon, combined with Rosicrucianism

vention
killed

of

the adherents of the Stuarts

while in exile.
it

The Grand Orient
it

of

France

by refusing
to.

recognition.

1754. Rite of Perfection, Paris, France;

already referred
1754.

Von Hund's

Rite of Strict Observ-

ance,

Germany, was based on the Templar

theory of the origin of Freemasonry, the legend of which taught that every Free-

Knight Templar. This Rite, drawn from the earlier French sophers. After a career of monumental Scottish Templar degrees, which ultimately effronter}^ decej^tion, and dishonesty, he were formed into the Rite of Perfection, was sentenced to death in 1789 at Rome by into which Von Hund was received in the Holy Inquisition, and his manuscript, Paris, exercised considerable influence over "Maconnerie Egyptienne," was publicly succeeding systems. burned. The Pope commuted his sentence 1758. Emperors of the East and West to imprisonment for life. He died in prison

mason

is

a

and suggestions from the Pythagoreans. 1776. The Rite of the Elect of Truth, France, was jihilosophical. 1777. The Egyptian Rite, of Cagliostro, was the work of that prince of adventurers and impostors. Cagliostro was made a Freemason in London in 1776, and immediately set to work to form a '' Masonic '' system of his own, into which he introduced the search for the philosopher's stone, and physical and moral regeneration. He traveled through Europe, establishing Lodges and selling degrees, often to princes, prelates, and philo-

whicli was

already referred
1765.

to.

in 1795. of

The

Rite

Elected

Cohens
at

1780.

The Primitive

Rite of Philadelphes

was based on the mysticism of the Jewish Kabbala.
(Priests), France,

(Primitive Rite of Narbonne) was founded

1766.

The Rite

of the Blazing Star re-

vived the legends and ceremonials of chivalry.

1767. Rite

of Chastenier, France, theo-

sophical and mystical, was introduced into

England, but did not

live long.

Narbonne, France, by pretended " Supethe Order of Free and Accejjted Masons." Its degrees were divided into three classes, in which were treated the occult sciences and the rehabilitation and reintegration of man in his primitive rank and prerogatives.
riors of

1769. Pernetty's Rite of Avignon, France,

1780.

The Rite

of Brothers of Asia, Ger-

was a revel in mysticism. Pernetty is said to have been the author of the degree of the

man, was composed of a mixture of religious faiths, science, and the reveries of the mystics.

,x\

THE AREA OF THE
CP^

ENTIRE CIRCLE REP"/>
o5^E>.

Yr^ \<^^ ^"-1^.

'^'>"^^.

^

RESENTS

THE

1.400.000

ANCIEHT
AFFILIATED

MASTER

MA-

ACCEPTED

SCOTTISH RITE
J25.000.

SONS

IN

THE WORLD, MEMOF THIS

BERS OF THE ENGLISH

(OR "YORK") RITE.

TOTAL ONLY

128^000

HAVE RECEIVED THE SCOTTISH
RITE, 27.000

RITE, 118.0OO

THE AMERICAN
RITE.

THE

FRENCH

AND ABOUT
RITES.

lO.OOO

OTHER

CHART SHOWING THE RELATIVE MEMBERSHIP OF LEADING LIVING MASONIC

RITES.

32 1T82.

FREEMASONRY
The
Beneficent

Knights

of

the

Holy City, France, included some of the mystical speculations for which the last century was noted, and the early Scottish degree of Templarism.
1783. Fessler's Eite,
of nine degrees, based

judged from the point of view of the FreeThe Orange Institution of that day. appeared at the close of the last century, an open imitator of the Masonic Fraternity so far as some of its forms and ceremonies are

mason

on the Golden Eose Croix, the Eite of Strict Observance, and
It professed to

American Germany, consisted concerned. Lodges after the close
be

Provincial
of the

Grand
of the

War

the Eite of Perfection.
abstrusely learned.
1784.

Eevolution declared their independence of English mother Grand Lodges, and at the

The

Eeformed Helvetic Eite, Ger-

many, was a modification of the Eeformed Eite of 1772, and was used in Poland. 1787. The Eite of African Architects was the successor of a rite with a similar name, It appeared in Germany and was 1767.
patronized by Frederick
II.

Its

objects

were to rescue Freemasonry from innovation and to study philosophy.
1805.

The

Eite of Mizraim

is

referred to

elsewhere.
degrees, Belgium, was based

1818. Primitive Scottish Eite, thirty-three on the Eites of

end of the century an effort was made to form a Supreme Grand Lodge of the United States with Washington as Supreme Grand Master. Washington's death prevented the success of the plan, and when the subject was brought up again in 1822, it was reBetween 1827 and ceived with less favor. 1840 the Craft suffered from political persecution and unreasoning warfare which but grew out of the " Morgan excitement beginning in 1843, it grew and prospered beyond all previous records until its growth was checked by the Civil War. Since 1865 its popularity and prosperity in the United
; '''

Perfection and Strict Observance, and fol-

lowed the Adonhiramite theory as to the principal officers at the building of King

colonies,

Canada, Great Britain, the British and elsewhere throughout the world have been beyond all precedent.
States,
Tlie

Solomon's Temple, which characterized so

American

Eite.

— Practised
adds
to

only in

many

of the Continental rites in the latter

the L^nited States of America and the Do-

still has an insome of the minor living rites. It never Avent beyond the city of its birth. Freemasonry in the eighteenth century was characterized by its rapid spread from England throughout the world, by the avidity with which able and learned men inter-

part of the last century, and
fluence in

minion of Canada.

It

the three

symbolic degrees of the English Eite, first, the degrees of Mark Master, Past Master,
son,

Most Excellent Master, and Eoyal Arch Mawhich are conferred in Eoyal Arch Chapters federated into Grand Chapters, and a General Grand Chapter of tlie United ested themselves in it, in many instances States of America; second, the degrees of only to extend, elaborate, or embroider its Eoyal Master, Select Master, and of Superand ceremonials, and by the schism Excellent Master, conferred in Councils of England which lasted from 1751 to 1813. Eoyal and Select Masters, which have a sysIt met with the antagonism of pope and tem of state and general government similar pamphleteer, and the exiled Stuarts vainly to that of Eoyal Arch Chapters; and, third. sought to use it in an effort to regain the Companion of the Illustrious Order of the English throne. The Order of Odd Fel- Eed Cross, Knight Templar, and Knight of lows' made its appearance in London be- St. John and Malta, under the authority of fore 1740, a variety of democratized Free- chartered Commanderies of Knights Temmasonry, and was followed by the Druids plars. There are no very marked differin 1760 and by the Foresters in 1780, types ences between the Entered Apprentice and
ritual

in

of

the

sincerest

form

of

flattery,

when

Fellowcraft degrees

as

conferred

in

the

FREEMASONRY
United States and in England; but while
the peculiarity which marks the third degree
is met w'itli in every Masonic Lodge, American Lodges have taken marked liber-

33

Several so-called essentials are ties with it. omitted altogether, and the one which should be universal, if any ])ortion of the degree is to be, is totally unlike anything communicated under that name in many

where Freemasonry was introduced prior to 1751, visiting American and English Freemasons find a singular and, to some, inexplicable reversal of what they were taught. The honorary degree of Past Master is conferred only on Master Masons who have been regularly elected and installed Masters of Lodges. It did not take the form of a degree until early in the present century in
the

foreign Lodges.

American Lodges tend

to

United

States.

It

emphasize the dramatic possibilities of the Master Mason degree, while in England and on the Continent the greater portion of the
characteristic part of the degree
is

actual Masters of Lodges
ters early in the last

was conferred on and on Past Mascentury, merely as a

ceremonial, and in 1744 began to be referred
to
Its place in as "passing the chair." Royal Arch Chapters in the L^nited States

commu-

nicated.

The claim
rests

of universality for the
its

English Rite

on

substance rather

is

referred to hereafter.

than form; for certain "accompanying" words, the letter G, and a most important Where sign are far from being universal.

Chapters of Royal Arch Masons in the United States confer the capitular degrees of Mark Master, (virtual) Past JMaster, Most this rite exists, it is recognized by Supreme Excellent Master, and Royal Arch Mason Councils of the Ancient, Accepted Scottish upon such Master Masons as apply for and This system, Eite, which thereupon begin their labors are elected to receive them.* In countries Avhere culminating in the Royal Arch, is a purely with the fourth degree. the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite pre- American arrangement, and is found only ceded the English Rite, the former presents in the United States, the Dominion of Canthe three symbolic degrees of a genuinely ada, and in the relatively few Chapters in universal type. In Germany and elsewhere Mexico and elsewhere abroad chartered on the Continent the work in the third de- from the United States. The Royal Arch gree has, in some systems or localities, been degree in England was originally conferred, abused by the infusion of the Adonhiramite probably as early as 1740, in some of the theory which made Adoniram rather than seceding Lodges of 1739 wdiich united in Hiram the conspicuous figure. The growth 1751 and formed the Ancient Grand Lodge; of this heresy in the eighteenth century was for, even in 1740, twenty-three years after due to a confusion of philological and his- the formation of the Grand Lodge of Engtorical data and to the ignorance of those land in 1717, several rebellious Lodges responsible for it. But this alteration, like claimed to have secrets in reference to the American changes in the English Rite, has Master's degree which were unknown in become a part of the tree on which it Lodges loyal to the mother Grand Lodge. was grafted, and constitutes something in It must, therefore, have been in Lodges The arrangement which in 1751 formed the schismatic Grand the nature of local color. of the Words in the first and second degrees Lodge that the Master's degree was mutiwas reversed by the Ancient, or schismatic, lated to form the Royal Arch, because as early Grand Lodge of England, in order to de- as 1735 all of the original essentials of the tect visitors from the rival obedience. The Master's degree remained intact. While gendominance of the Ancient Grand Lodge in erally conferred in Lodges as a supplement the American colonies naturally brought the * The exception is in Pennsylvania, where the variation into Lodges here; but in Germany, Grand Chapter rejects the Mark and Most Excellent France, Norway, and some other countries Masters' degrees.

34
to the

FREEMASONRY
Master's degree
for

several

years

Arch Chapters ultimately came into existence, and afterward The Ana Supreme lioyal Arch Chapter. cients announced the existence of the Royal Arch degree in its " Ahiman Rezon," or
after the schism, Royal

and utilized, as otherwise related, and historical records. The degree is traced to Dunham, England, 1774, when it was conferred in symbolic Lodges as
their work,
in legendary

a side or unsystematized ceremonial.

It be-

book of constitutions, in 1750, but as late as 1758 the Moderns denied all knowledge of it. Dunckerly, the celebrated ritualist, introduced the Royal Arch degree to the Moderns, or mother organization of modern Freemasonry, in 1770, by which it was adopted
in 1779, together with a system of subordi-

came popular and spread throughout the Kingdom, but the United Grand Lodges of England (1813) refused to recognize it. Gradually it separated from symbolic Lodges
andAvas conferred in Mark Lodges. In 1856 the English Grand Lodge of Mark Master

nate Chapters afterward governed by a Supreme Royal Arch Chapter. At the union of the rival English Grand Lodges in 1813 the Royal Arch of the Ancients was made soon after appeared as a detached degree supplementary to the degree of Master Ma- in other American Lodges. The Past Master's degree, as such, which son, and in 1817 the rival Supreme Chapters united. From that day to this the English is of American origin and forms the fifth Rite has conferred the Royal Arch on Mas- degree of the American Rite, did not apter Masons elected to receive it, in contrast pear until the second decade of the present with the American system, which requires century. Prior to that time Past Masters a Master Mason to first receive the degrees were those who had actually presided over of Mark Master, (virtual) Past Master, and Lodges or who had received dispensations Most Excellent Master, prior to being '^ ex- from Grand Masters permitting them to Before the Moderns adopted the assume the title to render them eligible to alted." Royal Arch degree the Ancients had been the Royal Arch degree. The advisability

Masons was formed, which maintains correlations with American Grand Royal Arch Chapters. In 1792-93 St. Andrew's Royal Arch Lodge, Boston, incorporated the Mark Master's degree, and the latter
dial

conferring

it

only on Masters of Lodges; but

of the introduction of the degree into the

American capitular system has often been and still is seriously questioned. latter portion of the eighteenth century, not The Most Excellent Master's, or sixth deonly actual Past Masters, but those made so gree of the American Rite, an American inby dispensation of a Grand Master for that vention, is supposed to have first appeared at purpose. This practice was brought to the Albany, N. Y., in 1795 to have been the American colonies by British army Lodges invention of John Hanmer, an accomplished and explains the existence in the American Masonic, ritualist of England then visiting Royal Arch Chapter of the degree of virtual the Craft, and to have been elaborated by Past Master. Thomas Smith Webb, Past Grand Master The Mark Master's, or fourth degree of of Rhode Island, the well-known Amerithe American Rite, is of undoubted English can Masonic ritualist, who left so deep an origin, and while conferred only on Master impress on the formation of what has beMasons, forms a graceful appendage to the come the American Rite of Freemasonry. degree of Fellowcraft. It is based on the It celebrates the completion and dedication practice of ancient operative Freemasons of the first Temple, and so supplies a link of selecting particular marks which they between the Master JNIason and the Royal could no more alter or change than they Arch degree, of Avhich it is the immediate could their names, with which they marked predecessor.
popularize the degree, admitted during the
;

both the Moderns and Ancients, in order to

FREEMASONRY
essentials of the original Master Maare believed to have appeared in degree son new form, in tliat which became the Royal

35

The

Freemasonry.
ish

Gould presumes the

refer-

ence to Kilwinning was a rhetorical flour-

due

to his Scotch origin

and familiarity

whether or not a compliment to the distinguished has been shown in many ways, notably company he was addressing, was only a theThis address in an old French print illustrating an im- ory, for it had no foundation. portant ceremony in the third degree, in had unlooked-for and somewhat remarkable The origin of results. Its first effect was to furnish an which a Name appears. the Royal Arch has often been erroneously alleged authority for the legends of many attributed to the Chevalier Ramsay, one of the Scottish degrees Avhich appeared in of the learned Freemasons of the first half France within the next few years, for the of the eighteenth century and an alleged cultivation of the Templar theory of the The only rea- origin of Freemasonry which they presented, partisan of the exiled Stuart. son for believing that Ramsay had anything and for their supposititious Scottish origin. to do with it was the fact that he had the A second result was the charge that Ramsa}' ability to construct such a ceremonial, and was himself the inventor of Scottish degrees, Avas for a brief period associated with the owing to his friendship for the young Preyoung Pretender. Beginning about 1738-40 tender, and that the ulterior purpose of French Masonic ritualists and others began those degrees was to draw adherents to, and
delicate

Arch, in France, between 1838 and 1840. That the Master's degree prior thereto contained something which gives the Eoyal Arch its distinctive connection with it,

with Scotland, for the statement requires no His theory as to the chivalric refutation.
origin of Freemasonry,

the construction of additional degrees called
Scottish,

gain

money

which

they superimposed upon

throne.

for, the claimant of the British This was almost universally be-

the three symbolic degrees.

The Chevalier

lieved by otherwise well-informed students
of the origin of the Scottish degrees of 173950, until Gould, in a careful examination of the subject a dozen years ago,

Ramsay, born at Ayr, Scotland, in 1786, was made a Freemason at London about He was a tutor to the sons of the 1728. Pretender in Rome for fifteen months, between 1725 and 1727, after which he returned to England, and was prominent among London Freemasons and literary men until 1737, when he went to Paris. In the same year he delivered his now famous speech on Freemasonry, in which he merely elaborated Anderson traditions as to the oriNowhere did he gin of the Fraternity. speak of Templary, but he did advance a theory that some of the Crusaders under Prince Edward, son of Edward IIL, who had become Knights of St. John in the Holy Land (not St. John of Malta), returned to England, and, under the patronage of the Prince, took the name of Freemasons. He declared that a Lodge was established at
Kilwinning, in Scotland, in 1286, but that it afterward declined, and that it was the English Masonic Crusaders who perpetuated

showed

its

absurdity.

Ramsay was

a liberal Catholic,
Jesuits,

and was antagonized by the
of

who
is

were connected with the earlier fabrication

some

of the Scottish degrees.

There
is

absolutely no proof that
that he did not.

Ramsay sympa-

thized with the Stuarts, and there

much

That he ever invented any Masonic degree has never been shown. That his speech was used by French degreemakers between 1740 and 1750 to give a status to tlieir creations, and that his name was used for the same purpose, require no argument. After writing two letters to Cardinal Fleury, the French Prime ^[inister, ^larch 20 and 22, 1737 (see Gould's " History of Freemasonry,"
338),
ui-ging
official

vol.

ill.,

pp. 337,
of

protection

Freeall

masonry, which might well be read, in
sincerity,

by Pope Leo XIII., Ramsay returned to London and was not heard of

36

FREEMASONRY
The mit and
in

again publicly until his death in 1743.
early Scottish degrees

perfection of symbolic Freemasonry.

which appeared

It is conferred

on no more or

less

than three

France, fabulously attributed to Scotland, though dissimilar in one respect, had a

persons at the same time, and treats of the
destruction of the first Temj)le at Jerusalem and the building of the second Temple, together with important discoveries made on the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity. Prior to 1795, the Mark, Most Excellent, and Eoyal Arch ceremonials were conferred in America as detached degrees, generally in Lodges, that last named sometimes in Chapters held under cover of Lodge warrants. The Eoyal Arch Chapter was convened at Philadelphia in 1795 by James Molau, in which the four capitular degrees were for the first time conferred as at j)resent,

legend in

common

—that of the discovery of

a long lost and Ineffable AVord in a secret

In this is vault by Scottish Crusaders. found the germ of the Eoyal Arch degree, not only that of Enoch, the earlier Scottish
degree sublimated into the thirteenth of theAncient, Accepted Scottish Eite of to-day, but of the English or Royal Arch of Zerubbabel.

These (French) Scottish degrees,

with the vault and Arch, one or more of

them, were carried into England, and first heard of at York, in the independent Grand Lodge at that city, Avhence Kilwinning
Lodge, Dublin, received
it

in regular order,

Mark Master, Past

hands of Master, Most Excellent Master, and Eoyal In 1798 delegates from nine a visiting brother prior to 1744. Laurence Arch Mason. Dermott was made a Freemason at Dublin Eoyal Arch Chapters, six from New Engin 1744, and received the Eoyal Arch degree land, and three from New York State, met He modified and introduced at Hartford, Conn., and formed a Grand there in 1746. at London. The re- Eoyal Arch Chapter of the Northern States Lodges seceding it into sult was the English or Eoyal Arch of Zerub- of America, which, in 1806, became the babel in distinction from the Eoyal Arch of General Grand Chapter of Eoyal Arch MaEnoch, now the thirteenth degree of the sons for the United States of America, Ancient, Accepted Scottish Eite, into which which meets triennially to this day, and is the Eoyal Arch became incorporated through the governing body of American Grand having been absorbed into the French Eite Eoyal Arch Chapters, except Grand Chapof Perfection in 1754, and by the Emperors ters in Pennsylvania, where the Grand Chapof the East and West in 1758, from which ter is subordinate to the Grand Lodge; in we get the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Eite Virginia, founded in 1808, and in West VirBritish army Lodges, most of ginia (1871), where they remain indepenof 1801. from the schismatic Grand dent. In Virginia and West Virginia what hailing them
at the

Lodge, brought this degree, as well as the

are

known

as the Council degrees, elsewhere

Mark,
that

to the

American

colonies.

The

first

the eighth and ninth of the American Eite
ferred in Eoyal

Eoyal Arch Chapter held here was under title, " No. 3," at Philadelphia, but the
degree was
first

(Eoyal Master and Select Master), are conArch Chapters. The hon-

conferred in St. Andrew's

orary Order of

High Priesthood,
is

first

heard

Eoyal Arch Lodge, Boston, afterward St. Andrew's Eoyal Arch Chapter, in 1769, and soon after it was found in Xew York city and at various points in Xew England. The first Eoyal Arch Chapter in New York
city

of in Pennsjdvania in 1825,

conferred by

High Priests on Eoyal Arch Masons who have been regularly elected to preside over Eoyal Arch Chapters. The eighth, ninth, and tenth, the Cryptic
Past

vincial

degrees of the American Eite, are the Eoyal Grand Master George Harrison in Master, Select Master, and Super-Excellent The Eoyal Arch degree, the seventh Master respectively, and are so called be1757. of the American Eite, constitutes the sum- cause the first two treat of a secret vault.

(independent) was chartered by Pro-

FREEMASONRY
They
are conferred in Councils of Eoyal and
native.
It

37

has no connection with the two

it, and is an elaboration of Grand Councils and a General Council of tliat portion of the Royal Arch which reWith few lates to the destruction of the first Temple the United States of America. exceptions, Grand Commanderies of Knights by Nebuzaradan. There liave been various theories as to 'I'emphxrs do not require the possession of the Cryptic degrees by candidates for Orders the origin of Masonic Knights Templars, conferred in Commanderies. The Cryptic and it is surprising that only within the last degrees are also worked in Enghxnd andt thirty years have Knights Templars themCanada, where they were taken from the selves made the necessary investigation to United States, and form interesting supple- learn that they never had any connection ments to the Master's and tlie IWal Arch with the Ancient Military and Religious The Koyal and the Select Masters' Order of the Temple. The like is true, degrees. degrees, formerly unattached, honorary, also, with reference to the Masonic Order of Scottish Rite degrees, were introduced into Knights of St. John and Malta. Among America, probably at Albany, in 1767, by the theories to explain a direct connection Francken (see Ancient, Accepted Scottish between modern Knights Templars and the

Select

Masters which

are

federated

into

which precede

Kite);

into Charleston in 1783 by Scottish

ancient order, the oldest

is

that having ref-

Masons who received them from Francken into Georgia in 1796 and into Xew York in 1808, where in 1810 a Grand Council was formed. They were originally conferred at will upon Royal Arch IVIasons by those empowered to do so, and after 1820 gradually found their way into separate bodies called Councils, convened by Royal and Select Masters for that purpose, althougli the Supreme Council, Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Masonic Jurisdiction, United States of America, claimed
Rite
; ;

erence to the Charter of Larmenius.

When

JacquQS de ]\Iolay, Grand Master of the Templars, was in prison, he is said to have
sent for Larmenius just prior to his death,

and

to

have given him a charter ajipointing

him own

his successor with

power

to

name

his

successor and so perpetuate the Order.

In 1682, three hundred and sixty-four, years
afterward, a society was organized at Paris,
called
Its

La Petite Resurrection des Templiers. members were bo/i vivants among the

without exercising
the degrees, until

much jurisdiction over 1870, when it relinquished

younger element at the French court, and the organization became so luuch more conspicuous for the cultivation of licentiousness

authority over them to Grand Councils of

than the knightly virtues, that
pressed by
the

it

Royal and Select Masters, which had grown

king.
its

In

1705,

was supperhaps
twelve
intro-

up

inucli the

same

as did the earlier

Crand

twenty years after

suppression,

Chapters of Royal Arch Masons.

In \\r-

years before the revival of Freemasonry in

ginia and Maryland both degrees are conferred in Chapters prior to the Royal
degree.

England, and twenty years before

its

Arch
repre-

duction into France, the society was revived

by Philip, Duke of Orleans, as a secret political organization, and declared a direct ram, prior to the tragedy of the third de- continuation of the Order of the Temple gree, for that which was to be the reward which was overtlirown and dispersed by of faithful craftsmen. In the following Pope Clement V. and Philip the Fair in degree the deposit is made by the master 1314. The authority for this was the charbuilder which was brought to light at the ter of Larmenius, then first nuide public, Avith building of the second Temple. The origin a list of signatures following the name of Larof the honorary degree of Super-Excellent menius, as alleged succeeding Grand MasMaster is unknown, but is believed to be ters. The Duke tried to obtain recognition

The Royal Master's degree

sents the search

by the Fellowcraft Adoni-

38
for his Order

FREEMASONRY
and for the charter from the
legends which have been repeated so often

defeat at Culloden, although it has been so Order under the new title. often stated that he was elected Grand MasFailing in this, the Orleans-Larmenius Order ter of the Order of the Temple in Scotland It was in 1745, that the story has been looked upon of the Temple fell into obscurity. English modern Templary is said last heard of as the Societe d'Aloyau (Beef- as true. The Revolution is to have been derived from Baldwyn Encampsteak Club) about 1789. supposed to have finished it. In 1804-5 ment at Bristol, which had existed "from several clever, learned, but unscrupulous time immemorial," or from one or more anmen came into the possession of the cha^rter cient Encampments at London, York, Bath, of Larmenius through having purchased a and Salisbury, where refugee Knights of the jDiece of antique furniture in which it had ancient Order made their headquarters; but been secreted. It was an easy matter to in the light of modern historical evidence it bring the charter down to date, by adding would be difficult to show that these English names of alleged Grand Masters, after which centres of ancient Templarism shielded any the Order of the Temple was again revived genuine Knights Templars four hundred (or created), and exists to this day, claiming years after the death of De Molay; that the to be the only true continuation of the orig- haughty survivors of the ancient Order in Its progress was not rapid England united ^vitli the operative Freeinal Templars. in the first quarter of the century, and with masons of the sixteenth and seventeenth the introduction of Freemasonry into France centuries, or that either as Knights or Freethese French Templars incorporated the masons they survived until after the middle three symbolic degrees as the foundation of the eighteenth century, when Masonic The German Rite of the Templar degrees began to make their apof their rite. Strict Observance obtained its Templar Or- pearance from France. The earliest recorded Temple degree at der, as stated in its own legend, through Peter Aumont, one of De Molay's associates Baldwyn Encampment is not traced beyond who fled to Scotland. This statement and 1779 or 1780, ten years after some sort of the fact that Von Hund, who founded the Templai'y had appeared in the United States English Masonic Templary, rite, had received the earlier (French) Scot- from Ireland.
to continue their
tish degrees in Paris, prior to establishing

Portuguese Order of Christ, said to have been formed by a number of De Molay's followers wlio escai')ed to Portugal and secured the protection of the king, with permission

There was no Knight Templary in Scotland when the young Pretender went there prior to his
as to finally gain credence.

including the degree of Knight of
of Rhodes, Palestine, of

St.

John

his rite, are sufficient to

show the fabulous character of the Aumont story. The Swedish Rite attributes its Order of the Temple to Count Beaujeu, a nephew of De Molay, who, it declares, became a member of the Order of Christ in Portugal, went to Sweden, and there revived the true Order of the Temple. This story also is its own authority.

and Malta (the union

which Orders legend-makers have ex-

plained as due to the association of the early

Templars and Knights of Malta in Scotland),
took sliape in 1791, six years prior to the formed in the first Grand Encampment

The Scotch claim

that the

modern

Scotch Templars descended from Knights
of the ancient
after the death of

Order who fled to Scotland De Molay, and joined the ancient Masonic Lodge of working Freema- K. D. S. H. of St. John of Jerusalem, Palsons at Stirling. This also is one of those estine, Rhodes, etc." This reference to

United States, a General Conclave having been organized in that year by Dunckerly, In 1809 the well-known English ritualist. the title was *' The Royal, Exalted, Religious, and Military Order of H. R. D. M., Grand Elected Masonic Knights Templars,

FREEMASONRY
Heroclem and to Kadosch points quite conclusively to the absorption of earlier (French)
ciation, the first being
ritual,

39

from the Dunckerly

the second that imported from the

Scottish

degrees.

At

that

period,

too,

" Lodges of Craft ^Easons and Chapters of the Koyal Arch," it was declared by authority of the Eoyal Grand Patron, " pretend, by
virtue of their respective Charters of Con-

French Order of the Temple, and the third from Russia. In 1846 the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite having finally been introduced into England, the Rose Croix and

admit Knights of the several Orders mentioned, and to confer the Degrees of RosEe Crucis to the said Orders annexed and thereon dependent; " and, says Hughan, '"means were taken to prevent such irregularity." The clash between the English Supreme Body, which chose to absorb the chivalric degrees, and Lodges and Chajjters which, as admitted, had long been conferring them without special authority, would seem to further show that these high grades were derived from the early Scottish degrees and their successors (from which it is admitted English Lodges received the germ of their Royal Arch), and not from surviving ancient Templary in England or Scotland. The Duke of Sussex became Grand Master of the exalted Orders in 1812, and constitution,
to

Kadosch degrees were " gradually restored " rite. The English Religious and Military Order of the Temple spread throughout the Kingdom, and in 1873 the
to that of the

Prince of Wales was installed frraud Master Convent General (founded in 1872),

since

composed of the Great Priories of Engf raters

land and AVales, Ireland, and Canada.
Scottish

declined to join the

The new orand

ganization.
still insists it

Canada withdrew

in 1883,

represents a continuation of

the ancient Templars.
It

was in the early (French) Scottish de-

grees of 1739-50, which multiplied and be-

came popular, that a second series of liigher grades appeared, those in which Templar
and
Malta degrees were revived. The (French) Scottish Masters assumed prerogatives not possessed by ordinary ^Master Masymbolic Lodges,

sons, such as to sit covered in Lodges, to control elections of officers of

tinued to act until his decease in 1843, Colonel Kemeys-Tynte succeeding him in
1840.

The Duke

satisfied

of Sussex was evidently not with what he received in the way of

Masonic Templary from Dunckerly, for he asked for and obtained the ritual of the French Order of the Temple, which he used,
as ^lackey says, only once. to

He

also applied

Alexander

II. of

Russia, nominal head of

a surviving remnant of the ancient Knights of Malta in Russia, and obtained authority to create Knights of that rank in England,

which constitutes the nearest approach the English body can claim to any connection with the ancient Knights of Malta. The revival of the English Language of the ancient Knights of St. Jolin, Malta, etc., in England, in 1831, where it had been extinct for nearly three hundred years, brought to life an aristocratic social institution representing the fourth inroad of Maltaism into the modern English Temple and ]\[alta asso-

and even to usurp the functions of a Grand Lodge; and with the fabrication of a ^lasouic Knight Temjilary, in which the novitiate was told that the Ancient Templars fled to Scotland in 1314 and there became Freemasons, was introduced another field of exploration for those who had already delved dee]) into the arcana of symbolic and Scottish degrees. As Gould says: '"Some of these Scots Lodges would appear to have very early manufactured new degrees connecting these very distinguislied Scots Masons with the Knights Templars, and thus
giving
rise to

plarism."
France.
plars,

the subsequent flood of TemThe Kadosch (Templar) degree
;is

was invented as early

1741 at Lyons,

It typified the revenge of the
it

TemAc-

and a modification of

constitutes the

thirtieth degree of the existing Ancient,

cepted Rite.

By 1745 Masonic Templary
finally

had spread over Europe,

securing

40

FREEMASONRY

next thirty years it is traced to Charleston, England. Philadelphia, New York city, and to other It is to this source, then, rather than to points in the United States, generally being Larmenius, Aumont, Beaujeu, or survivors conferred under Lodge, sometimes Chapter Prior to 1797, there were no of ancient Templars who fled to England warrants. and Scotland that one must look for the American Knight Templar associations Masonic Order of the Temple as we have authorized to grant warrants for Encampments, as Commanderies were called prior it in the United Kingdom and the United The Order appeared in Ire- to 1856, so that nearly all earlier Templar States to-daj. land prior to 1779, but just how long before bodies here were self -created. There were cannot be stated. It was only natural that Knights Templars in New Y'ork city as it should be popular in the Catholic city of early as 1785, and in Philadelphia in 1794. Dublin, when one considers the evolution Temple and Malta rituals, as used in Amerof symbolic Freemasonry, originally Chris- ican Commanderies, are purely American, tian, into a unitarian and cosmopolitan and show something more than a trace of The definition of Masonic the Eose Croix (eighteenth), the Knight of institution. Knighthood, by T. S. Parvin, in the Ameri- the Brazen Serpent (twenty-fifth). Comcan aj^iiendix to Gould's " History of Free- mander of the Temple (twenty-sixth), and masonry " (vol. iv., p. 557), is as follows: It the Knight Kadosch (thirtieth) degrees of " is a society eminently Christian, purged the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Eite, to

recognition in both the York, independent,
of

and the Ancient Grand Lodges

heathen rites and tradi- which the American Temple and Malta and to which none are admitted but rituals virtually owe their origin. American records of the Eed Cross demembers of a Masonic body, and such only as profess themselves to be Trinitarian gree, now the eleventh, and the Knight of Hugh McCurdy, Past Grand Malta, the thirteenth and last of the AmerChristians." Master of the Grand Encampment of ican Eite, are few and far between, jDrior to Knights Templars, United States of Amer- the present century, but both are known to ica, in an address at the Triennial Conclave have existed at Charleston as early as 1783. The Eed Cross is a fabrication by chiefs of at Boston, in 1895, said: Modern Templary is a Christian association of the Scottish Eite of an earlier period from Freemasons adhering sacredly to the traditions of what are now the fifteenth and sixteenth the military Orders of the Crusades, strictly follow- grades of that rite. It was formerly pracing, so far as possible, their principles and customs, tised under the title ''Babylonish Pass,'' has yielding obedience to their teachings, and accepting a Jewish and Persian legend, and supplelaneonditionally their Trinitarian doctrine. The ments the Eoyal Arch. It has no place in teachings are founded upon the Bible, and a Tempany Templar system and should not have lar must be a Christian; for, it is said, the practice of Christian virtues is their avowed purj^ose of affilia- been incorjDorated in one. tion. Non noiis, Dotnine," is their motto, and The Malta degree is out of place in any " In 7ioc signo vinces" is still their legend. The Ancient Knights secret organization. In Kilwinning Lodge, Dublin, the degree of Malta did not constitute a secret society was conferred on Eoyal Arch Masons under and Avere bitter rivals of Knights Templars. the title "High Knights Templars," whence In 1856 the Grand Encampment of Knights Templars of the United States declared that it went to Scotland, and, strangely, long before 1779, the earliest record of it in Dublin, the incorporation of the Order of Malta with to America, through an Irisli military Lodge. that of Knights Templars, and the making
of all the leaven of
tions,
^'

The

earliest

known record

of conferring this

Masonic Order anywhere is dated 1769, in St. Andrew's Chapter, Boston. During the

the one person the possessor of both degrees, was a violation of historic accuracy, and the

Malta de2:ree was discarded; but in 1862

it

)

FREEMASONRY
was restored,
to be

41

body produce an Order of Malta is evident from the fact that in 1720 the "History of plar. The earliest notice of a Malta degree or the Knights of Malta," by De Vertot, was ceremony in Scotland is that on ^two old published in Paris and that from 1495 to brass plates, said to have been in possession 1735 there were no less than thirty publicaof Stirling Ancient Lodge, but now lost. tions treating of the statutes, ordinances, One related to the first two degrees of Free- and ceremonies of the Hospitaller Order of masonry ; the other displayed Master's em- St. John of Malta. The dramas of the day blems on one side, and on the reverse, at the also characterized the ceremonies of the

communicated

after the

able this independent Scotch-Orange
to

candidate luid been created a Knight

Tem-

;

top, the

Red Cross

or ark

a series of concentric rings

at the bottom which suggested
;

Order,

and
of

"Knight

a rainbow, except for a keystone, indicating

at initiation

in Beaumont and Fletcher's Malta" (1646), the ceremonies and degradation are illustrated

an arch the sepulclire, Knight of Malta, and Knight Templar. The plates could scarcely have dated back farther than the middle of the eighteenth century, judging from reference to the Red Cross. Scotch Masonic Lodges became acquainted with Templar and Malta ceremonies through Irish brethren who belonged to regiments serving in Scotland about the close of the These degrees were then last century. known as "Black Masonry," and were propagated through charters issued by the High Knights Templars of Kilwinning Lodge, in Dublin. From Dublin Kilwinning arose the early encampments of L'c;

and exemplified. Masonic Knight Templary, tlien, is connected with the ancient Templars only in name, and tlirough its use of Temi)lar emblems and the names of ancient Grand Masters of the Templars, and of sites rendered historical by them as titles for Commanderies. The American Templar ceremonial is exclusively Masonic in method and arrangement, repi'esenting the second,
or Christian, in cratrast with the
first,

or

Jewish, dispensation.

It docs

not incorpo-

rate the ritual of the ancient or of English It is doubtful whether there was much of any ceremonial in American

Templars.

and subsequently tlie early Grand Encampment, which chartered Lodges in Scotland and England. The refusal of Baldwyn Encampment, England, to confer the Temple and Malta Orders on any but Royal Arch Masons, which rule obtains in
land,
like

Templar bodies
of

until in the second decade

the present century.
are

Early American
to have

Encampments
else

known

had

little

than distinctive uniforms, emblems, and an obligation. Bi\t in 1814 the Sovereign Grand Consistory of the ancient Scottish Rite of

Masonic bodies

to this day, has

been

declared to have given rise to the formation
of

York
more

city in

Ilerodem, established at Xew 1807 by Joseph Ccrneau, a

Encampments

in Ireland separate

from

spurious Scottish Rite body, whicli had no
to

the influence of the Masonic

Fraternity.

do with the independent Templar

These Encampments became identified with the Orange bodies early in this century, and subsequently extended their influence to America, through an "Imperial Parent, Grand Black Encampment" of Scotland, u "Grand Lodge," organized about 1844, claiming supreme jurisdiction over a religious and military Order of Malta. (See Non-Masonic Orders of Malta. That there was abundant material to en-

Encampments of that day than with the New York Chamber of Conjmerce, presumed to, and actually did, constitute a Grand Encampment of Knights Tem]>lars and Appendent Orders for tlie State of New York. It was the early Ccrneau Masons who. without authority, constituted a Grand

Encampment of Knights Temjdars, a body of which they officially knew nothing, and who
filclied

from four Scottish Rite

dcirrecs that

42

FREEMASONRY
of Canada, as well as EncampKnights Templars, but no Councils of Royal and Select Masters, unless the bodies in New Brunswick are active. There are a few Councils of Royal and Select Masters in the United Kingdom, where the Order of the Temple is also found, with a total membership of about 4,000, as comjjared with nearly 113,000 in the United States. Out of 768,511 Master Masons in the United States in 1897, 193,639, or 25 per cent., were Royal Arch Masons and of the latter, 43,478, 5.6 per cent, of the total number of Master Masons and 22.5 per cent, of the Royal Arch Masons, were Royal and Select Mas-

sive

which, with modifications, gives an impresand sacred character to the American

Dominion
of

ments

Temple and Malta ceremonials.

A

Grand

Encampment

of Pennsylvania

was formed

in 1794, twenty years before that in New York, and a second one in 1797, in which

Grand Chapter, as well as Grand Commaudery, recognizes a higher authority iu the Grand Lodge. The United States Grand Encampment, that of Massachusetts and Ehode Island, was formed in 1805. In
State the
1816, two years after the formation of the

Grand Encampment

of the State of

New

;

York, which was not even recognized by

Encampments
(five

in that State for five or six

years, a convention of eight

Encampments

England, and three from ters. The latter degrees are not generally New York State) was held at Hartford, made essential to gain admission to the Conn., and the Grand Encampment of Templar Order, which explains their comKnights Templars, U. S. A., was organized. paratively small membership. Six AmerThere were also in existence at that time ican Royal Arch Masons out of ten, however, six other Encampments, which did not take are Knights Temj^lars, and one Master

from

New

part in the organization of what finally be-

Mason out

of seven.

The

strongest

Grand

came the Supreme Ameftcan Templar body,
one each at Philadelphia, Pittsburg, New York, Wilmington, Del., Baltimore, and Prior to 1865 the growth of Charleston. the Order in America was slow, but since

Lodges numerically are those of
including about one-eighth of
;

New York,

all the MasMasons in the country Illinois, onefifteenth and Pennsylvania, one-twentieth in all, 23 per cent, of the members of the the Civil War the organization has been Fraternity in the United States and TerriNew York also reports the largest very popular, numbering forty-three Grand tories. Commanderies and 115,770 members in 1898, number of Royal Arch Masons, about oneout of about 120,000 in the United States, tenth of the grand total Pennsylvania being United Kingdom, and in Canada. Eighty second, with one-twelfth and Illinois third, The years ago there were probably not more with nearly as large a |)roportion. than 500 Knights Templars in the fourteen Cryptic Rite, including the degrees of Royal Encampments in existence iu the United and Select Masters, is most popular in States, when the Grand Encampment of Massachusetts, where one-eighth of all who have those degrees are to be found. Ohio the United States of America was formed. An accompanying table of total mem- ranks next, with one-tenth; Michigan third, bership of the American Eite, members with nearly as large a total, and New York The Grand Commandery of Lodges, Koyal Arch Chapters, Councils fourth in order. of Royal and Select Masters, and Command- of Massachusetts and Rhode Island reports eries of Knights Templars, is presented more than one-tenth of the total number of so as to show comparative statistics for Knights Templars in the United States, countries, provinces, etc. The American Pennsylvania about one-tenth, and New

ter

;

—

;

;

Rite

exists

in

its

entirety

only in the

York

a slightly smaller proportion, after

United

There are Royal Arch which rank Illinois and Ohio, with about Chapters on the American system in the one-twelfth and one-fifteenth, respectively.
States.

.

—

FREEMASONRY
TOTAL ACTIVE MEMBERSHIP OF THE AMERICAN RITE OF FREE AND ACCEPTED
MASONS.

43

Total Active Membership,
1897.

32
o o

as

Maine

5,89
S,9(i3
9,(i94

New

Hiimpsliire

3,335
2.t!50

Vermont
Massacluisctts Rlioile Island

3r,4G0 4,890
lfi,813

Connecticut

New York New Jersey
Pennsylvania

90,874
1(>,094
49,.')89

13,944 2,347 5,433 19,400 3,234
15,95'
59,

2,189 1,416 1,056 5.294 1,215 3.212 3,932

3,153 2,060 1,499
11,789
2,363 11,037 1,779 11,218
8,071
3,.526

Ancient, Accepted Scottuh Rite, 33°. Mackey, in his " EncjclopEedia of Freemasonry (p. G97), says of the Rite " Although one of the youngest of the Masonic rites, having been esta])lished not earlier than the year 1801, it is at this day the most popular Supreme and most extensively diffused. Councils or governing bodies of the Rite are to be found in almost every civilized country of the world, and in many of them it is the only Masonic obedience." It was con''
:

structed at Charleston, S.

C,

in 1801, out of

413
1,815

the twenty-five degrees of the Rite of Per-

Delaware Ohio
Indiana
Illinois

2,077 40,839
~>8.430
.'•)-2,,-iU9

Missouri

Michigan Kansas Kentucky Colorado Wisconsin Minnesota

30,(i06 .38,608 19,.595

18.367 7 2i
16',4b8
l.-),428

Iowa Nebraska South Dakota North Dakota Montana

26,890
11,8;!6

13,373 6,479 10.414 6,681 12,077 5,057 2,826 2,456 1.077 4,615 7:046 3,042
1,.529

2,828 704 4,006
79'
7.52

9,518 4,237
5,.52;i

Chapter of Clermont, Paris, 1754, which were absorbed by the Emperors of the East and West, 1758, which body granted a patent in 1761 to Stephen Morin
fection,

3,234 2,020 1,667 2,902 2,448 4,343 1,769

to introduce the Rite of Perfection, twenty-

4,213
2..5;i,-)

2,()20

765 663
1,602 2,407 1,115

Wyoming
Maryland
Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina

1.023 7,310 12,052
.5,867
10,8:3!)

750 426 34S 319
1,132
1,481

818
591 3,266

Georgia
Florida

.5,72 17,31'
...

Alabanui
^Mississippi

.

Louisiana.

Texas
Tennessee.
.
.'

Arkansas
California

.

.

.

District of

Columbia.

Oregon Nevada Washington
Idaho...

4.393 11,113 9,110 5,363 30,567 17,082 13,204 5,118 18.208 4,874

675
1,007
1,:

951 347 89 133 t... '7i9 514 72
' "

Amerand progress of the fabrication of so-called higher Masonic degrees in France and elsewhere on the European Continent may be found in the outline of Masonic rites and the discussion of the origin of the Royal Arch and Knight Templar degrees. McClenachan declares *
five degrees, into
ica.

the West Indies and
rise

Reference to the

':i82

434
20'

441

that Morin's patent was probably the

first

1,005
.5,681

320
2,115
1,091

2,755
1.89'

2,192
.5.178

1,238

901 189

122 1,534 3.033

415 626
122 123

948
4,991 1,152

228
1,141

Masonic document of the kind ever issued. The best informed Masonic students admit Accordthat such a document was issued. ing to the existing copy, it empo^-ered Morin to confer the twenty-five degrees and appoint Inspectors of the Rite of Perfection. Morin was an Inspector and a Sovereign

Arizona Indian Territory New Mexico

569
2,908 894
7(i3

179 581

Utah

Oklahoma
+ Attached
to

1.085

Prince Mason (then the twenty-fifth,
963
1,562
112,891

now
In-

General

Grand Bodies
Totals, I'nited States
768,511
23,351 3,519 1.774 3.351

the thirty-second degree).

The

title

43,478

spector referred to an office and not a degree.

Ontario

Dorm 'I
None

The Morin patent was signed by
tives of

representa-

Ouebec New Brunswick

No etat.
None

Nova Scotia Prince Kdward Newfoundland
Manitoba
N.

Island.

515
2.413
1,272

East

the Council of Emperors of the and West and by officials of the

W.

Territory

British

Columbia

Totals, Canada.

36,195

6,538

1,548
79;

National Grand Lodge of France who were members of the Council of Emperors. In 1772 the Council of Emperors united with
a

England and Wales
Ireland

See

None

Another
Exhibitt

None

Scotland
Victoria, Australia.,

2.366 968 525 76

faction of the

Grand Lodge

of France,

and died a few months later. The Grand Lodge of France declared, in 1779, that it
* American

Grand Total

1,324,000

200,16;

44,275

118,374

Appendix

to Gould's History of Free-

t Attached to (inmil Encami)nient.

masonry,

vol. iv., p. 626.

"

44

FREEMASONRY
quet an Inspector in 1798. From the latter, Potet received the Rite in 1799, and Du
Potet

knew nothing of ''high degrees/' and in 1786 formed the French Rite by adding modifications of four borrowed Scottish Rite degrees to the three symbolic degrees, which The imporsystem it practises to this day.
tance of this,

Du

made Joseph Cerneau Deputy Inspec-

tor, 25°, at

Baracoa (1806), "for the northern part of the Island of Cuba.'' In 1783
a third Grand Lodge of Perfection was estab-

which

is

except partisan chroniclers
to grind, or are in

admitted by all who have axes
lies in

lished at Charleston by Isaac

Da Costa, who

had been made Deputy Inspector by Hayes, fact tliat existing spurious Scottish Rite and in 1792 a fourth like body was formed In 1788 bodies in America claim authority for using at Baltimore by Henry Williams. the Rite of Perfection from the Grand Ori- a Council of Princes of Jerusalem (fifteenth Morin landed in San Do- and sixteenth degrees) was instituted at ent of France. mingo in 1762 or 1763, and in the same year Charleston by Joseph Myers, Deputy Inestablished a Council of Princes of the Royal spector with authority from Hayes, and Secret, 25°, and created Henry Andrew in 1799 the first Grand Council of Princes Francken Deputy Inspector for North of the Royal Secret, 25°, was formed at America, 25°, who, in 1767, organized a Charleston by Hyman Long and others, Lodge of Perfection at Albany, N. Y., thus acting under authority of the chiefs of the introducing the Rite of Perfection on the Rite at Kingston, Jamaica, which action American Continent. This Lodge was dor- was approved by the latter in the same mant from 1774 until 1821, w4ien it was year. In 1797 Huet La Chelle, Du Potet, revived, and is still in existence, the oldest and others opened " La Trij^le Union high-grade Masonic organization in the Sovereign Chapter Rose Croix of H. R. The next body to confer Sublime or D. M., of Kilwinning, Scotland, at New world. This was not the Rose Croix Scottish degrees in this country was a Lodge York city.
need of dupes,
the
of Perfection at Philadelphia in 1781.

The

(eighteenth degree) of the Rite of Perfection,

work
of

of creating Inspectors, 25°, of the Rite

which

is

now

the eighteenth degree of

Perfection, progressed

rapidly,

and by

the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite, but the second degree of the Royal Order of

the end of the century, in addition to nu-

American chiefs of Scotland. La Chelle came to New York the Rite, introduced here by Morin through from San Domingo and is not known to Francken, there were some who were merely have had any authority to establish a Kilpeddlers of degrees, who traveled about winning Rose Croix Chapter, except by the country making twenty-fifth degree virtue of some old ritual which may have Freemasons " at sight,"'' for a price. Ref- fallen into his hands.
merous representative
erence to

an accompanying

chart shows

that the filiation of powers over the Rite
of twenty-five degrees

coming from Morin,

took

two

courses in the Western world.

At Charleston, S. C, May 31, 1801, John Mitchell and Frederick Dalcho, as General, Inspectors Grand Sovereign opened a Supreme Council of the thirtythird

the one hand it descended through Francken to Hayes (1767-1770), with power covering North America, and thence to Spitzeras Deputy Inspector (1781), to Cohen (1781), Jacobs (1790), Long and Mitchell (in 1795), and to De Grasse Tilly in 179G. On the other, Prevost, who was created Deputy Inspector by Francken (1774), conferred the office on Du Plessis (1790), who made Hac-

On

degree

for

the

United

States

of

America.
five

The

Rite of Perfection, twenty-

degrees, was used as a basis for the new, the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite, The twentyeight degrees being added.

third degree in the old Rite,

Knight

of the

Sun, became tlie twenty-eighth in the new one the twenty-fourth. Knight Kadosch,
;

became the

thirtieth

;

and the twenty-fifth.

FREEMASONRY
Prince
the
of

45

the Royal

Secret,

became the
in

ton, established a

Lodge

of Perfection.

In

thirty-second.

The added
Avere

degrees (except
part
as

thirty-third)

selected

from existing material, and now rank
the twenty-third,
fifth,

February, 1802, Count A. F. A. De Grasse Tilly was granted a patent by tlie Supreme Council A. A. S. E., 33° (mother Council
of the world), to constitute, establish, direct,

twenty-fourth,

twentyof the

twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh, twenty-

and inspect Masonic bodies
spheres.

in

two hemiin San beyond

ninth,

and
of

thirty-first.

Members

Under
in 1802

this

he organized a SuS.

thirty-third aud last degree constitute the
chiefs

preme Council A. A.

E., 33°,
live

the Eite.

The new Supreme Domingo
1804.

(which did not
Tilly

Council recognized Morin's patent and created Morin a Sovereign Grand Inspector,
33°.
It also

1803), and another, the third, at Paris, in

The De Grasse

recognized the Grand Consti-

Council continues

to this

French Supreme day the governing

body of the A. A. S. E., 33°, in France. warded to Morin after he left France, a copy It carried back to France the new rite of of which Morin gave Francken, and was left thirty-three degrees, founded on the old by the latter in Albany in 1767 and the Scottish (French) Eite of Perfection, twentySecret Constitutions of May 1, 1786, by five degrees, as something entirely new and which Frederick the Great was made the distinct, a Masonic Eite, as such, of which founder of the Aucient,Accepted Eite, 33°, France had no previous knowledge. De supreme power descending from the Em- Grasse Tilly, on his arrival in Paris, found peror of Prussia to nine brethren of each Germain Hacquet, 25° (see chart of powers nation to act as Grand Commanders or Sov- of filiation), who had established the Scotereigns of Masonry. By these constitu- tish Eite of Herodem, an offshoot of the tions it was provided that there should be unauthorized Kilwinning Rose Croix of one Supreme Council, 33°, for each state or Herodem, founded in New York by La kingdom in Europe, one for the West Indies, Chelle and others in 1797, a degree of the one also for the French West Indies, and Eoyal Order of Scotland, having no connectwo for (the United States of) North tion with the Eite of Perfection, and, of America. In this one finds the origin course, none with the A. A. S. E. of 1801. of the power in the rite possessed by active To the founding of the new French Supreme thirty-third degree Freemasons. The Secret Council, Hacquet and his Eose Croix proConstitutions have frequently been at- ject offered an obstacle and were promptly
;

tutions of 1762, supposed to have been for-

tributed to the Charleston creators of the

absorbed.

The

old

Eite

of

Perfection

and good reasons have to show that Frederick of heard of them, although Pike argument in favor of their
rite,

had been forgotten in France, and came Prussia never back with eight more degrees an absolute makes a strong stranger. The right of Mitchell, Dalcho, royal origin in and others to organize a new rite of thirtybeen adduced

—

Prussia.

AVhatever the facts,

the

legend

three degrees
tion.

may

hardly be called in ques-

continues as virile and yet as innocuous as
that which attributes so

The

old Eite of Perfection had no

much

to

our ancient

Grand Master, Solomon, King of Israel, in symbolic and Eoyal Arch degrees. By the end of 1801 the full number of Sovereign Grand Inspectors General was completed, but the new rite was not formally announced
to the

body, had been forgotten in Europe, and a new rite had been created aud carried to France, where the Grand Orient, governing a French system of seven degrees,

governing

world until 1803.

In 1801

a Council of Princes of Jerusalem, subordi-

nate to the

new Supreme Council

at Charles-

was the only Grand Body in existence. The Grand Orient, alarmed at the prestige of and the prospects for success of the new rite of thirty-three degrees, a system containing more degrees than had ever been constructed

46
before,
larly as

FREEMASONRY
made
it

overtures for harmony, particuutilized in its

under the authority of a Supreme Council
created by the Charleston mother

had

own

system,

Supreme

without warrant, a modification of the old Kite of Perfection Kose Croix degree, the eighteenth in both that and the A. A. S. R.
It certainly could

Council, and his

New York

Consistory was

afterwards
body.

made

regular by the Charleston

In 1807 Joseph Cerneaii, a French

have no claim to
oflBcially,

all

of
it

immigrant, who had received the twentyfive

the thirty-three degrees, seven of which

degrees of the Rite of Perfection from

and one, nothing about whatever. The result was a concordat, December 5, 1804, by which the Grand Orient was to have the right to confer the first eighteen degrees but in 1805 the Grand Orient broke the agreement
;

knew nothing about

Mathieu du Potet
1806,

Cuba, in at Baracoa, organized a " Grand Consistory of
of the

Sublime Princes
''Scottish

Royal Secret'" of the

utilized the

Cerneau Rose Croix Chapter '"'La Triple Union " of 1797, which was not a Scottish
Rite
of

Herodem."

Rite body, in building up his Consistory. and a long Reference to an accompanying chart, and to quarrel followed. In 1814, the Supi-eme Cerneau's patent, shows that he had only Council being weakened by the loss of many the twenty-five degrees of the Rite of Permembers (Bonapartists), the fection when he did this. For that matter, influential Grand Orient, by a coup d'etat, usurped he did not, at that time, claim to have the control of the thirty-three degrees, where- thirty-three degrees of the Ancient, Accepted upon the Supreme Council retaliated by Rite. In 1808 the Bideaud body issued to resuming control of all the degrees from J. G. Tardy a patent as Illustrious Commander, etc., under the statutes, etc., of the the fourth to the eighteenth, inclusive. Political conditions in France resulted in Supreme Tribunal of Sovereign Grand Inthe Supreme Council becoming dormant spectors General, which, while Bideaud was between 1814 and 1821, during which in- not authorized to do so, is important as showterval and subsequent thereto the Grand ing that the sublime degrees, as created by Orient claimed to control thirty-three de- the A. A. S. R. Supreme Council at Charlesgrees, until 1862, when peace was restored ton, were being conferred in New York and the Grand Orient retired to its proper city at that date. In 1812 Joseph Cerneau The action of the Grand Orient organized at New York a Supreme Council sphere. between 1814 and 1862 may be likened to of Sovereign Grand Inspectors General, an attemjit by the Grand Lodge of New 33°, for the United States of America, its York State to confer the degrees controlled Territories and Dependencies, with himself by the Grand Chapter or by the Grand as Most Puissant Sovereign Grand ComCommaudery. mander, and from this assumption on his In 1806 Antoine Bideaud, 33°, created part grew the dissension in Scottish Rite a Sovereign Grand Inspector General in Masonry in the United States which marked Even a tyro at the Supreme Council instituted by Count many succeeding years. De Grasse Tilly at San Domingo, in 1803 controversy might well ask where did the (but without authority to act on the man of the twenty-five degrees of the Rite of continent of North America), organized a Perfection get his title, " Sovereign Grand Sovereign Grand Consistory, S. P. E. S. Inspector General," and his ''thirty-third 32", at New York city, of which notice degi'ee" ? As a matter of fact, he assumed was sent to the mother Supreme Coun- them with the same effrontery that Caglicil at Charleston. Bideaud had no right ostro, after receiving the three symbolic to organize a Masonic body in New York, degrees, invented his "ancient" Egyptian but he was a thirty-third degree Mason Rite, with the sole difference that the Italian

and claimed the right degrees. This was

to control thirty-three

resisted,

.

FREEMASONRY
impostoi'

47
Consistory,

bad the decency

to create

some-

The Cerneau body, a Sovereign
at first produced its

thing instead of pretending to possess degrees which did not belong to him and which
he did not have. Ccrneaii dupes, and others,

ment

in 1812.

It

Supreme Council attachwas more active than the

have declared
Morin,'' who,
recalled by the

that

Cerneau received his

patent from one Martin,

"a

successor of

they allege, had his patent

Emperors

of the

East and
itself
is

West

in

176G.

Cerneau's patent

sufficient refutation,

but just what advanif

Motta body. It naturally ignored the Charleston Supreme body, and corresponded with the Grand Orient of France at a period when that body was most anxious to recognize a claimant of any Masonic rite, as it was engaged in an effort to disrupt the Su])reme Council of France and so monopolize the
la

De

tage would have been gained by Cerneau
it

latter's

system of thirty-three degrees.

The

Martin is unknown to the Masonic world other than to purveyors of Cerneau gold bricks. Cerneau received his patent as Inspector, 25°, from Du Potet, and Du Potet his from Du Plcssis. Du Plcssis was made a thirty-third
so, is

had been

not clear.

body of 1814 is illustrated by its presuming to organize the Grand Encam])ment of Knights Templars of New York. Notwithstanding neither the Supreme Council, Northern Jurisdiction, or the Cerneau body made much effort
character of the Cerneau
to popularize the rite prior to 18C0, the latter

degree Freemason

b}"

Du

Grasse Tilly, in

1802, three years after he had created
fore

Du

skilfully advertised itself,

going so far as to
into accepting of-

Potet an Inspector, and fully four years bedid

deceive
fice,

De Witt Clinton
filling it

Du Potet gave Cerneau his patent. Why Du Plessis feel it necessary to get an?

a position which he held several years

other patent in order to secure the thirtythird degree of the A. A. S. R.
Plessis

Yet Du

was

the

Masonic grandfather of

Cerneau.
body,
J.

The chiefs of the Bideaud (New York) among others, were J. G. Tardy, J. J.

explains that Clinton "unwittingly complicated" with the spurious (Cerneau) "Consistory," and states how, but "took no active part "in it, and soon " withdrew from all connection with it." A chronological synopsis of the

without ever at a meeting.

or ever being present

Mackey

became

Gourgas, and J. B. Desdoity, to whom Bideaud gave the thirty-second degree ; yet they soon found they Avere not regular, because of Bideaud's lack of authority in

more important events Supreme Councils prior
follows
:

in

the careers of
is

to 1863

given as

New
A. A. S.

York, and were healed at Philadelphia, in 1807 and 1808, by Du Plessis, who received the thirty-third degree in 1802, from De Grasse Tilly. It was in 1813 that Emanuel De la Motta, a Sovereign Grand Inspector General of the mother Supreme Council,
A. A.
in
S. R., 33°, at

R.—U.

S.

A.

IRREGULAR SCOTTISH
RITE BODIES.

Southern Jmisdiction
1801.

Charleston, S. C, Supreme Council of the I'uited States, foriiK'd by Count A. F. A.

De (irasso Tilly, John Mitchell, K. I)elaho>ru(', and Frederick I)alcho Mitchell, Grand
J.
;

Charleston, S.

C,

arrived

Commander.
1802.

New York with full power from the mother Supreme Council, when, with the aid of those who had been connected with the Bideaud body, he organized the Supreme
Council, A. A. S. R., 33° (the second in the

Tableau that year showB nine Sovereign Grand Inspectors General.
1807.

Seven Sovereign Grand Inspectors General.
1811.

Northern Jurisdiction, with Daniel D. Tompkins, afterward Vice-President of the United States, in the
States), for the

United

Orleans. Grand Consistory P. K. S. ;£2°, oreanizc<l hy^ regular Supremo Council at

New

Grand

East.

Kingston, preceding Cerneau invasion of the South.

;

48
A. A. S. R.-U.
S.

FREEMASONRY
A.

IRREGULAR SCOTTISH
RITE BODIES.
1813-55.

A. A. S.

R.-U.
1811.

S.

A.

SCOTTISH RITE OF HERO-

Southei'n Jurisdiction.
.

Noi'thern Jurisdiction.

DEM— U.

S.

A.

1813.

Commissioned Emanuel De Motia to organize a Supreme Council at New York
la

city for

Northern Jurisdiction,

wHicli

was done.
1822.

New Orleans. A Cerneau Scottish Kite body appc:ucd in 1813 (two years after the Kingston Rose Croix Chapter). After a fight of forty years (during
which, in 1830,

New

Orleans.

Chapter of

Rose Croix, established by authority from the Supreme
Council at Kingston.
1812.

Corresponded with Northern
Council through Supreme Bouse and Holbrook. Committee on Correepomlence.
1823-24.

became independent), in which it antagonized the Grand Lodge of Louisiana by assuming to warrant Lodges and confer the
"it

Supreme Council, Sovereign Grand Inspectors Gteneral, 33°,
for United States of America, their Territories and Dependencies, formed two years before hearing from the Grand

sistory at

Frederick

Dalcho,

Grand

Commander.
1825.

symbolic degrees, it three united with the regular ConNew Orleans, formed by the Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction, at Charleston.
1813.

Orient of France, from which Cerneau, after 1814, claimed to have received the thirty-third
degree.

New York

city.

Bideaud

G. F. Yates created a Sovereign Grand Inspector General.
1827.

Acknowledged receipt of documents from Northern Supreme Council and partitioned
ITnited States
cil.

Consistory organized into the SuJurisdiction Northern premeCouncil Sovereign Grand 33°, by auGeneral, Inspectors thority of Charleston Supreme Council.
1822.

between

itself

and Northern Supreme Coun1828-32.

Letter received from Committee on Correspondence of Southern Supreme Council by

D. D. Tompkins of Northern

Corresponded with Grand Orient of France until 1832.

Supreme Council.
1825.
J. J. J. Gourgas, actineMost PuissantSovereign GrandCommander.
1826.

(Dormant 1832

to 1844.)

1844.

Alexander McDonald, Grand

Commander.
18.%.

Northern Supreme Council

John Henry Honour, Grand Commander.
1856.

received oaths of fealty

Camague,
others.

Lawrence,
1827.

from and
1827.

Orleans. Poulhouze'e spurious Consistory formed
short-lived.
1859.

New

Southern Supreme Council acknowledged receipt of documents from Nortliern Supreme
Council.
1827.

Cerneau body became dormant and was allowed to die.

Albert

Pike,

Grand Com-

mander.
1892.

Southern Supreme Council recognized States north of Mason and Dixon line and cast of the Mississippi River ae territory of the Northern Supreme Council.
1'828.

James C. Batchelor, Grand Commander.
1893.

Philip

C.

Tucker,
1897.

Grand

Commander.

Northern Supreme Council

Thomas H. Commander.

Caswell,

Grand

received oath of fealty from G. P. Yates of Southern Supreme Council.

A. A. S. R.—U. S. A. Northern Jurisdiction.
1806.

SCOTTISH RITE OF HERO-

DEM—U.

S.

A.

Alliance between the Grand Orient of France and the Northern and Southern Supreme Councils.
1830.

Cerneau.

New York
sistory,

city.

Grand Con-

P.

R. S. (by A. Bi-

deaud of San Domingo Supreme Council, established by

Cerneau's name struck from the Tableau of the Grand Orient of France.
1832.

De Grasse Tilly of

the Charleston Supreme Council), afterwards regularized by Southern Supreme Council.
1807.
city. Joseph Cerneau opened a Sovereign Grand

New York

Revived by A. Laurent of France as United Supreme Council, etc., for the Western Hemisphere, and confederated with Supreme Council of Brazil. Elias Hicks, Most Puissant
Sovereign Grand Commander.
1836.

Consistory, P. R. S., 25°, which claimed to revive a preexisting Rose Croix Chapter, Royal Order Scotland.
1844.
city. Council, Jerusalem, estabPrinces lished by Abraham Jacobs. New York city. Aurora Grata

Alleged confederation with

Supreme Council of France.
Northern Supreme Council revived ; J. J. J. Gourgas, Most Grand Sovereign Puissant Commander. (Met annually
thereafter.)

New York
of

Grand Lodge of

Perfection.

FREEMASONRY
U. S. A. A. A. 8. Northern Jurisdiction.
1845.

49
A. A. S. R. Northern A. A. S. H. Southern
.Masonic
Jurisfliction.

R—

SCOTTISH RITE OF HERO-

DEM-U.

8.

A.

"Scottish CekneauRite, Rites" AMONG "Scottish." Negroes.

Masonic
Jurisdiction.

Northern Supreme Council
issued charter for a Council for England.

Supreme
1846.

New York. (Without auUnited Supreme Council dissolved went otit of existence, and divided funds among four out of the Ave remaining members. (Genuine Cerneau bodies
;

Charleston, S. C.
1801
(created).

thority.) 1806.

New

York.

(Authorized.)
1813.

terminate here.)
1860. 1850.

Gourgas resigned and

ap-

pointecf Giles Fonda Yates Most Puissant Sovereign Grand Commander.

C. Atvvood (an expelled Master Mason, who claimed to have receiveil thirty-third degree patent from a traveling Scottish Kite lecturer *) organized a Supreme Council, etc., for the United States of America, Territories, and Dependencies, without cooperation of any member of the Hicks
IT.

body.
1851.
1851.

G. F. Yates resigned and appointed E. A. Raymond Most Puissant Sovereign Grand Commander. The Grand East

Cross
self

J. L. of Southern Supreme Council, who soon found him-

Atwood succeeded by

o "
o

« o

ME
1-1 *:;

misplaced and withdrew.
1852.

was removed from
city to Boston.

New York
Atwood succeeded Cross and changed the name to Supreme
Council, etc., for the Sovereign, Free, and Independent State of New York.
1854.
f5

oO

Name

again changed to Suetc.,

preme Council,
1857.

for

the

United States of America, Territories, and Dependencies.

Northern Supreme Council recognized the Supreme Council of V'enezuela.
1858.

Schism.
ISfiO.

for the fifth time, to Supreme Council, etc., for Western Hemisphere.
1860. 1860.

Name changed

186.3.

18«.3.

i

o
Boston. Northern Supreme Council (owing to dissensions) declared closed sine die by
E. B. Hays, by appointment of Atwood, succeeds latter at his death.

2

=
Rcor^ani- =

i
Seymour's Spurious Cerneau Rite,
N.Y.City, 1879.

zatioii,
186*;.

3
=

Raymond, August
Boston.

25Jd.

Consolidation.
1867.

Raymond

(with

RobiuMon) rcorgiinizcs a Northern Siiprcnie Council.
1861.

Hopkins
Thomj)son Bodv,
NY'.,i881.

Rjiyinoiid deposed as Sovereign Grand Coniniander by the Provisional Supreme Conricil.
1862.

Van
Grand

Rensselaer, Lieutenant Commander, elected

Sovereign Grand Commander, vice Raymond deposed.
* William Sewall (Jardner, *}", Massachusetts, in appendix to the Proceedings of the Northern Jurisdiction, on spurious Supreme Councils in the Northern Jurisdiction, says that H. C. Atwood (as well as K. B. Folger) went to Trenton, jjiior to 1840, among a p.'irty, all of whom paid ten dollars and got the thirty third degree from Abraham .Jacobs (e.xpt'lled), who had spent nearly forty years peddling Scottish Hile degrees il-

They went to Trenton, because Jacobs had agreed with the Cerneau i>eoi)le for a price not to peddle his desrrees within sixty miles of New York. Atwood is said to have'- inherited " Jacobs' trunk of rituals. Here, then, is the probable origin of the Cerneau Kite of 18f)0-180)i, for Atwood started it as Its comniaiKler, without an officer of any preceding Cerneau body to legitimatize him.
legally.

Neuro

"Cekneai'"

"Scottish "Scoltisli Rite "Bodies. Rite" Bodies. (Irregular.) (Unauthorized.)

Anc. .\ccepted Scottish Rite. Northern Southern Jurisdictions, U. 8. A.

White and Negro Spurious
Bodies, recognized nowhere.

Regular Bodies, universally
recognized.

Stephek Mohim,

25°,

Inspector for America, Rite 1 of Perfection, Paris, 1761.
1761 1761

Hekbt
1762

a.

Franceen,

25',

Jackmel, Jamaica, 1762.

Dep. Inspector (or

North America.

M. M. Hays, 25\ Boston, 1767-70, Dep. Ids. for North America.

Aug. Prevost, 25°, Dep. Jamaica. 1774.

Ins.,

1774

1781

•

B. Spftzer, 25', Dep. for Georgia,
Pliila. I

1781.

'

M. Cohen, S5°,'Phlla., 1781.

P.

Le

B. Du Plessis, 25°, Dep. Ins PUlla. 1790.

Abr. Jacobs, 25°, Jamaica," 1790.

1790

Hym.
John Mitchell,
25°, Dep. for S. C. Charleston, 1795.

I.

Long, 25°, Phila., 1795.

1796

A. F. A. 1798

De Grasse TiUy,

25»,

Chwleston
1796

Germain Hacquet, 25°
Phila.
1798.

1799

Mathieu Du Potet, 25°
Port Republic, 1799.
Fred'k Dalcho, 33°, S. Q. CharlestoB, 1801.
I.

G

1801

A. F. A.

De Grasse

Tilly. 33°: S. G.

G. Charleston, 1801.
I.

•" ^-

^

^"

^"^"''^Z'/Charleston, ^2,•, 1801.
Le
B.

,^-

Antolne Bideaud. 33°,
1808

S.

G.

I.

G.

P.

Du

Jamaica

1802,

PhUa.

Plessis, 38° S. G. 1 1802.

I.

G.

1803

n.
Joseph Cerneau,
1806
25°,

O.

Tardt, GouRGAS, and

^

'Tardv, Gooroab, and Desdoity,

J. J. J.

Baracoa, July, 1806.
J. B.

NewYork
1806.

1807-8.

Desijoity, 32°.
,

Deo. Insp.,
1808

New York

M.

L.

M. PeUotto,

82°.

N.

Y., 1806.

1808

CHART SHOWING THE SUCCESSION OF AUTHORITY AMONG THE ORIGINAL. CHIEFS OF "SCOTTISH" FREEMASONRY IN THE UNITED STATES, AND AMONG THE EARLIER POSSESSORS OF THE 33d DEGREE, ANCIENT ACCEPTED SCOTTISH RITE.

FREEMASONRY
In 1862 there were four Supreme Councils in

51

the United States

— that of the SouthRaymond
;

ern Jurisdiction, at Charleston, the originator of the rite of thirty-tiiree degrees;

Supreme Councils were then held ad vitam, and that at the union those oflBces were vacated and refilled, after which the incumbents were duly installed.
plete

No more comcould

the

Van

Rensselaer and the

rival

chiiming to be the Supreme Council for the Northern Jurisdiction and,
bodies, each

have been taken to emphasize the fact that the union Supreme Council of 1863 was a newly
regarded
its

or perfect action

fourth, the Cerneau

Supreme Council, "for formed body.
its

the United States of America,

Territories

Whether its members then authority as based on Cerneau's

and Dependencies."

The

first

three held

assumption of power in 1806, or on
at

De

la

fraternal relations with like bodies in

Eng- Motta's action

New York

in 1813, is

im-

material. By 1865 the Civil War had and South American coun- ended, and the rival Supreme Councils at tries. An active warfare was in progress the North the Van Rensselaer and the between the Van Rensselaer and Raymond united Cerneau-Raymond bodies were anxCouncils, with the former apparently the ious for recognition from the mother more successful in creating subordinate Supreme Council at Charleston if for no bodies and obtaining new members. On other reason, to secure regularity and exApril 2, 1862, the Cerneau body made clusive territorial jurisdiction. It was in overtures to the Raymond Supreme Coun- this year, too, that Harry J. Seymour was cil looking to union, though some chrondefeated for office in the Cerneau-Raymond iclers (Cerneau members) say the Raymond Supreme Council and afterward expelled In any event, for cause. people made the advances. Following this, two committees each side appointed a conference committee, were appointed, one to visit the Supreme which committees met and reported in favor Council at Charleston, witli a view to securof union, whereupon the committees were ing recognition, and the other to consider continued with full power to act. On the advisability of changing the name of the April 13, 1863, complete union was effected body from "for the United States of Amerunder the title by which the Cerneau body ica,*' etc., to Northern Jurisdiction, for it was had been known. Supreme Council for the realized that no overtures to the Supreme United States of America, etc., with E. Council, Southern Jurisdiction, would be reB. Hays, who had been at the head of ceived from a body claiming jurisdiction the Cerneau body, as the Grand Com- throughout the country. On October 22, mander of the union Council. The contin- 1865, the latter committee reported in favor uation of the name Supreme Council for of that change in name, and the rejjort was the United States of America, etc., with unanimously adopted. Hopkins Thompson, Hays at the head of the new Supreme who, in 1881, led a revolt over this very Council, should not be regarded as an evi- point, was present. That the action was dence that the Cerneau organization swal- taken in order to secure recognition from lowed the Raymond body. This is plainly the Southern Supreme Council, and thus shown by all the members of both the unit- pave the way to self-preservation, is shown ing bodies taking an oath of fealty, and all by the united Supreme Council at its next the subordinate organizations of the Cer- session receiving and welcoming a visineau and of the Raymond Councils sur- tor from the Southern Supreme Council. rendering their old charters to, and takLate in the same year the committee to ing out new charters from the new, or visit the Cluirleston Supreme Council reunited Supreme Council. More than this, ported that the latter declined to recognize

land, Scotland, Ireland, France, Belgium,
in Central

and

—

—
;

it

will be recalled that offices of

both the

Hays,

who

represented an illegal (the Cer-

52
iieau) boch',

FREEMASONRY
The reorganized CerneauRaymond Council thus honestly acquired
and deception. what
it

and that it did not regard the union of 18G3 as legal, because Eaymond (who had died in 18G4) had been illegally deposed as the Sovereign Grand Commander of the only legal Northern Supreme Council (by the Van Eensselaer body in 1861), and that Kobinson alone (Lieutenant Grand

the year before, the
diction,"
in
its

had unanimously resolved to secure title "Northern Jurisplace of

"United

States

of

America,

Territories and Dependencies,"
at

That the action

Boston in 1866 was not
in order or Ray-

Raymond body), now regarded by those present as a coiqj, Lieutenant Grand Commander of the united to merely revive the old Northern,the old

Commander of

Cerneau-Raymond body, could succeed Raymond. Hays thereupon resigned his office, and was succeeded by Robinson in the presence of a majority of all the officers and members of the Supreme Council. But this was not to suffice. The Van Rensselaer schism was in existence and prosperous, numbering among its officers several former ad vitam officials of the Raymond Supreme Council of 1860, the only Supreme Council the Southern body could recognize. Complete union

mond, Supreme Council and swallow the Cerneau-Raymond Council, is shown by the
fact that all the officers of the latter were reelected,

and that no oaths

of fealty were re-

quired.
to a

Overtures were then made looking

was therefore necessary, and
it,

to

accomplish

reorganization of the Cerneaunecessary.

Raymond body was
special

Robinson,

therefore, as successor of Raj^mond, called a

meeting of the old Raymond Council

at Boston,
officers of

December

11, 1860.

]\rostof the

Van

of the Rensselaer Council, and naturally de-

the latter were

members

clined to be present, where ajDon Robinson,
in strict accord with his prerogative, filled

union with the Van Rensselaer Supreme Committees to consider the project were appointed by each body, which met at Boston in 1867, just prior to the annual session of the Van Rensselaer Supreme Council. After prolonged conference, during which it seemed at times as if the outcome could only be failure, a treaty of union was agreed to, which Avas ratified by both Supreme Councils and approved by all the honorary members. After rescinding acts of expulsion based on former differences, the two Supreme Councils ratified each other's acts, and Josiah H. Drummond of Maine was elected Most Puissant Sovereign Grand
Council.

Commander of the (consolidated) Supreme among the twelve active Council, Northern Jurisdiction, by concurand ten honorary members of the united rent vote of the two bodies, which came toCerneau-Raymond Supreme Council who gether as one. The oath of fealty was then were present. Men of whom the Avorld at taken to the consolidated Supreme Council large has never heard, to whom self rather by eighty members present. The career of than fraternity has been a creed, who have this Sujireme Council ever since has been hankered for Masonic office and the oppor- one of harmony and prosperity, and it is
the vacancies from
tunity to peddle degrees and titles rather

to-day the largest body of the kind in the world, numbering more than 25,000 thirty-

than for the union and prosperity of the Craft, have held that this action of Robinson at Boston amounted merely to the dissolution of the

second degree members, about one-fifth of
the total

number of Scottish Rite Freemasons

Cerneau-Raymond Council.
it

in the world.

Among

Sovereign Princes of

As

a matter of fact,
it,

was not only a
to

disso-

the Royal Secret, 32°, and Sovereign Grand
Inspectors General, 33°, of the Northern and
Jurisdictions,

lution of

but a reorganization of the

Cerneau-Raymond body in order

make Southern

the latter regular under the statutes and
regulations, the recognition of honesty in
fraternity politics as opposed to assumption

Abierica, are to be found
illustrious of those

many

United States of of the most

fessions, the

who re2)resent the proarmy and navy, and financial.

FREEMASONRY
The two life. Supreme Councils who now divide between them the United States of America, its territories and dependencies, hold amicable relations with Supreme Councils of the A.
commercial, and industrial
British Freemasons.
fect,
is

53

The Grand Elect, Perand Sublime Mason, fourteenth degree,
of the East

eligible to receive the historical degrees,

Knight

of Jerusalem, tlie fifteenth

A.

S.

R. for England, Scotland, Ireland,

and Sword, and Prince and sixteenth, respectively, of the system. These relate to
the rebuilding of the second holy

France,

Belgium,

Spain,

Portugal,

Italy,

Temple

at

Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Peru, United States of Colombia, Chili, Central America, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominion of Canada, Egypt,
Greece,. Switzerland, Brazil,

Jerusalem under the authority of King From Cyrus and Darius his successor. them the modern framers of the ritual of
the degree of Companion of the Red Cross,
conferred in Commanderies of Knights

and Tunis.

Tem-

The degrees
Scottish Eite,

of

the

Ancient, Accepted
to the thirty-

plars,

have borrowed

freely.

from the fourth

second, inclusive, are conferred in the North-

Rite,

ern Masonic Jurisdiction, United States of

The philosophical degrees of the Scottish Knight of the East and West, and Knight of the Eagle and Pelican, or Rose
Croix, the seventeenth and eighteenth, are

America, in four bodies, and make of the Master Mason a Sublime Prince of the Royal Grand Lodges of Perfection, not Secret.

conferred in Chapters of Rose Croix and

"

relate to the building of the third

Temple,

Grand Lodges

in the ordinary sense of the

words, induct candidates into the mysteries
of eleven ineffable degrees, fourth to four-

'one not made with hands,' within the heart of man." In the Rose Croix degree,
Scottish Rite Freemasonry reaches its summit as a teacher of the sublime truths of Christianity, and it is from this degree, as well as others of the Rite, that the American Templar ritual draws some of its more The degrees from impressive ceremonials.

teenth, inclusive, of

which the

first

nine are

additions to and explanations and elaborations of the second section of the Master's

degree, so familiar to

all

Freemasons.

The

names of the thirty-three degrees of Scottish Rite Freemasonry are given in full in an accompanying chart of the English, Scottish, and American Rites. The thirteenth and
fourteenth degrees of the Scottish Rite, form-

the nineteenth to the thirty-second, inclusive, historical

and philosophical, are con-

ferred under the sanction of a Consistory or

ing the summit of work

jierformed in

Grand

Lodges of Perfection, correspond to, but are in no sense identical with, the English Royal Arch degree as worked in Royal Arch Chapters in the American Rite. They are founded historically on the royal arch of

Knights of Kadosch. and last degree of Ancient, Accepted Scottish Masonry is conferred upon thirty-second degree Freemasons who
Areopagus
of

The

thirty-third

have rendered long or distinguished service
to the

Craft.

It is executive in its func-

Enoch
babel,

instead of

tiie

royal arch of Zerubbasis of the English

being members of the Supreme Council, or governing body, of the
tion, recipients

which forms the

royal arch degree.

Many among

those com-

In the Southern Jurisdiction in the L^nited States there is an intermediate grade
Rite.

petent to judge favor the theory elsewhere
outlined,
tliat

the English royal arch of
earlier,

Zerubbabel was an outgrowth of the
continental royal arch of
1740, and that

Enoch

of about

much

to

Laurence Dermott had as do with the changes made as he
this ampli-

had with the introduction of

fication of the old Master's degree

among

between the thirty-second and thirty-third degrees, known as the Court of Honor, composed of (a) Masters of the Royal Secret, and (b) Inspectors General (thirty-third emeriti, and honorary. active, degree), There is also the rank of Knight of the Court of Honor, consisting of two grades, Knight Commander and Grand Cro^?s of

54

FREEMASONRY
spurious Supreme Councils
in

eral,

Honor. Sovereign Grand Inspectors Genby which title members of Supreme Councils of the Kite are known throughout
the world, are classed, practically, as active,
emeriti,

"A. A.

S.

R."

and honorary.

Only those

in the

first class

are permitted to be present at ex-

ecutive sessions of

Supreme Councils, and

''actives'' alone create thirty-third degree

United States, one of which is founded on fraud and the other on misrepresentation and personal pique. Neither numbers many adherents, and each is only nominally or locally active. Both claim the name, authority of, and regular descent from Cerneau, and the founders of both
the

members. The total number of active thirty-

know
tion.

that their claims are without founda-

members is very small, probably not exceeding one hundred in North America, and not exceeding three hundred in all
third degree

The

older calls itself

"the Supreme

Council of the thirty-third and last degree of A. A. S. R. Masonry, organized by T. I.

There are fewer than fifty in Northern Jurisdiction in the United States north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi Rivers and still fewer in the remaining States. The list of emeriti Sovercountries.

Joseph Cerneau, M. P.
27, 1807, for the

S.

G.

C,

October

the

U.

S. A., its Territories

—

—

eign

Grand Inspectors General
title implies,

is

very short,

and, as the

includes the few

from the labors honors and advancing years. The custom of creating honorary Sovereign Grand Inspectors- General is one which has grown up within a generation, as a means of advancing and rewarding enthusiastic and active Sublime
retired
of the governing

" actives " who have

body

full of

and Dependencies." Its real founder was Harry J. Seymour, who was expelled from the Cerneau-Raymond Council in 1865, for reasons which should have caused his name to be struck from the list of acquaintances Seyof every self-respecting Master Mason. mour was once well-to-do, but afterward felt
compelled to follow in the footsteps of Abraham Jacobs, whose name is on the chart of
filiated powers accompanying this sketch.* Jacobs was a notorious peddler of degrees, who was expelled for illegal assumption of

Princes of the Royal Secret one step nearer
the goal which, of course,
all

Masonic authority.
into the Rite of

may

not reach.
of hon-

Seymour was initiated Memphis in Paris in 1862,
from the Scottish

There are nearly

six

hundred names

and

after being expelled

orary "thirty-thirds" in the Nortlieru and nearly four hundred in the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States.

Rite in the United States in 1865, started

out for himself by organizing alleged Scottish

A

full list of

Rite bodies in

New York

city,

into

which well-meaning Master Masons were and honorary Sovereign Grand Inspectors inducted, at so much apiece, by himself as General, 33°, in the United States, January hierophant and purveyor of regalia and paraSome 1, 1898, may be found in an accompany- phernalia at cent-per-cent prices. ing Masonic Directory. Official position in who were duped by him, who have since a Supreme Council was formerly for life, joined regular Scottish Rite bodies, vouch and in nearly all, except the Northern Ju- for this statement, and for the fact that at risdiction, where the term is three years, it one time he used a condensation of the Rite
the
of residence of active

names and places

continues

so. But even in the Supreme Council of the Northern Jurisdiction fitness

of

Memphis

as his

"Cerneau Rite."

In

1879 he organized a Supreme Council, claiming to have been constituted the head of the

for the position insures continued reelection
at

every triennial meeting, so that where

nothing transpires to make a change desirable, the kingly prerogative of life tenure in
office is still in force.

member

Cerneau Rite by Hays, who died in 1874 of the consolidated Northern Su* See footnote to chronological events
in

the

career of the Southern,

Northern, and Cerneau

It

remains to be related that there are two

Supreme Councils.

"

FREEMASONRY
preme Council. So transparent a fraud would seem to have been apparent to an)^
sane
ber on

55

whom

the

consolidated

Northern

Supreme Council had refused
thirty-third degree, eleven in

to confer the
all.

man

over

Cagliostro found his victims,

twenty-one years of age. Jacobs his,
several of his

When
to

the full proceedings of the action of the

and Seymour evidently had
own.

Cerneau-Raymond Council leading up
1881,
all of

The descent is precipitant but manifest. Enough material in the way of new members has been secured by Peckham,
Gorgas, Hibbs, and other successors of Sey-

the consolidation of 1807 were published in

which had been known

at the
dis-

time, these

men

claimed to have just

when Robinson dissolved the mour to enable them to go through the mo- Cerneau-Raymond Council at Boston in tions of maintaining so-called Consistories 18G6, and reorganized it under the name in New York city and Jersey City, and, in Northern Jurisdiction, that they were therecovered that

former years, at a few other cities, and to report having held annual sessions of a Su-

preme Council.

The only

regret

is

that a

few hundred innocent and honest Master Masons have been taken advantage of and induced to part with their money and interest for nothing. This Seymour-Cerneau organization is repudiated by Supreme Councils throughout the world, and its adherents must place themselves in the category with

—

those

who

find themselves deceived becaiise

they failed to examine before buying.
large precentage of the

A

Grand Masters of Grand Lodges, Grand High Priests of Grand Chapters, Very Eminent Commanders of Grand Coramanderies of Knights Templars, Supreme Councils in the Avorld. Its total their asoociate officers, past and present, active membership does not number more and thousands of other members of the Craft than a few hundred. Many who have joined throughout the United States are members it have discovered they were deceived and
of Scottish Rite bodies holding obedience to

by absolved from their oaths of fealty to the union Council of 1863. They, therefore, with Hopkins Thompson as the alleged successor of Cerneau, et ah, claimed to revive the old Cerneau body, that which united with the Raymond Supreme Council in 1863. Their oaths of fealty to the consolidated Supreme Council of 1867 Avere repudiated because, as alleged, they were obtained by keeping them in ignorance of all the facts. Their antagonism to the Seymour organization is bitter. Naturally the Thompson party repiidiates the Southern as well as the Northern Supreme Councils, and continues an existence on jiaper, isolated from all other

have
at

retired.

Its
city,

centres of activity are

Supreme Councils, the Northern and Southern Jurisdictions. The uninformed Master Mason has only to inquire to
the legitimate
learn.

Columbus, 0., Washington, D. C, and ]\Iiuneapolis, Minn. In
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania,

New York

Ohio,

Iowa,

was the second existing "A. A. S. R. formed, fourteen years after the union of 18f)T. It was organized at New York by Hopkins Thompson (an emeritus thirtythird of the Northern Supreme Council, who was not ji resent at Boston when Robuntil 1881

Not

spurious Supreme Council

and Nebraska, Master Masons render themselves liable to suspension by joining Cerneau Scottish Rite bodies, and the Grand Lodge in Ohio has been sustained by the courts in its position on this point.

MASONIC DIRECTOllY.
Secretaries of Sovereign

inson

Cerneau-Raymond Council, but who was present at and swore
reorganized
the aided by a few

Grand Lodges of Free and Accepted Masons in the Uiiited States.
H. C. Armstrong. .Montgomery. .Tucson. G. J. Roskruge
.

fealty to the consolidated Council in 1867).

Alabama
Arizona Arkansas
California

.

honorary thirtythird, and one thirty-second degree mem-

He was

F.

Hempstead .Little Rock. Sau Francisco. G. Johnson
II.

. . .

. . . . . . . .

56
Colorado
(Connecticut

FREEMASONRY
Ed, C. Parraalee. Denver.
Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite.

John
B. F.

II.

Barlow.. Hartford.
. .
•

Delaware
District of

Bartram

Golum. W. R. Singleton

.

Wilmington. Washington.
Jacksonville.

Supreme Council, Sovereign Grand Inspectors General, 33°, Southern Jurisdiction (south of Mason and Dixon line and west of the Mississippi River),
U.
S.

Florida

W.

P.

Webster

.

A.

Georgia Idaho
Illinois

.Macon. A. M. Wolihin. Theop.W. Randall .Boise City.
.

Thomas H. Caswell, 33°, Most Puissant Sovereign Grand Commander, San Francisco, Cal.
Frederick Webber, Illustrious Grand Secretary General, 33°, No. 433 North 3d Street, Washington, D. C.

J. H. C. Dill W. H. Smythe. Indiana Indian Territory. J. S. Murrow T. S. Parvin Iowa Albert K. Wilson. Kansas
. .

Bloomington.
Indianapolis.

Atoka.

Cedar Rapids. Topeka.
Louisville.

The complete list of active thirty-third degree members of the Supreme Council, Sovereign Grand
Inspectors General, Southern Jurisdiction, 1897,
as follows
:

Kentucky
Louisiana

H. B. Grant
R. Lambert

New
. .

is

Orleans.

Maine Maryland
Massachusetts
.
.

Michigan Minnesota
Mississippi

Stephen Berry J. H. Medairy S. D. Nickerson J. S. Conover
.

.

.

Portland.

.

.

.

Baltimore.
Boston.

Adams, Samuel E Carr, Erasmus T
Caswell,

Minneapolis, Minn.
Miles City, Mont.

.

.

Coldwater.
. .

Thomas

H

San Francisco,
Galveston, Tex.
St. Louis,

Cal.

T.
J. J.

Montgomery L. Power
D. Vincil

St.

Paul.

Jackson.
St. Louis.
.

Chamberlain, Austin B Collins, Martin Cortland, J. Wakefield
Fellows,

Mo.

Missouri

Asheville, N. C.

Montana
Nebraska

Cornelius Hedges

Helena.

John

Q.

A
L

New

Orleans, La.

W.
.

R.

Bowen
Noteware.
.

Omaha.
Carson City.

Fitzgerald, Adolphus

Nevada New Hampshire

C. N.

Fleming, Rufus
Foote,

E

Eureka, Nev. Fargo, N. D.

G. P. Cleaves.... Concord.

New Jersey New Mexico New York
North Carolina North Dakota
. . .

Redway Trenton. .Albuquerque. A. A. Keen
T. H. R. E.

Frank M Hayden, James R Henry, James A
Levin, Nathaniel

Evanston, Wyo.
Seattle,

Wash.
S. C.

Little Rock, Ark.

M. L. Ehlers. New York. John C. Drewry... .Raleigh.

Charleston,
Charleston,

F. J.
J.

Thompson
Hunt

.

.

Fargo.
Cincinnati.
Stillwater.

Ohio

H. Bromwell.

.

Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania.
.

J. S.

.

.

Rhode

Island.

.

.

James F. Robinson .Eugene City. William A. Sinn Philadelphia. E. Baker Providence.
.

South Carolina South Dakota. Tennessee Texas

.

C. Inglesby

Charleston.

Long, Odel S McLean, William A Mayer, John F Meredith, Gilmor Moore, George F Nun, Richard J Parvin, Theodore S Pierce, William F
Pratt, Irving

W. Va.

Jacksonville, Fla.

Richmond, Va. Baltimore, Md. Montgomery, Ala.
:

Savannah, Ga. .Cedar Rapids,
Oakland, Cal.
Portland, Ore.

la.

.

.

G. A. Pettigrew.

Flandreau.

W
D

Utah Vermont
Virginia

John B. Garrett. Nashville. John Watson .... Houston. C. Diehl Salt Lake City.

Richardson, James

Murfreesboro, Tenn.

Sherman, Buren
Teller,

R

Vinton,

la.

W.
G.

G. Reynolds.. Burlington.

Henry M Todd, Samuel M
Webber, Frederick

Central City, Colo.

New
is

Orleans, La.

W.
W.

Carrington Richmond.

Washington, D. C.
a complete
list

Washington West Virginia
Wisconsin

T. M.
. .

Reed
Laflin

Olympia.

The following
cil,

of

honorary

G.
J.

Atkinson.. Wheeling.

thirty-third degree

members

of the

Supreme Coun-

W.

Milwaukee.

A. A.

S. R.,

Southern Jurisdiction of the United
:

Wyoming

W.

L. Kuykendall Saratoga.

States, for 1897
Billing,

Alabama.

Fay McC

Montgomery.

General Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, U. S. A., General Grand Secretary, Christopher G. Fox, Buffalo, N. Y. General Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters, U. S. A., General Grand Recorder, Henry W. Mordhurst, Fort Wayne, Ind. • General Encampment of Knights Templars, U. S. A., Grand Recorder, Wm. H. Mayo, St.
Louis, Mo.

Arkansas. Kramer, Frederick Little Rock. Rosenbaum, Charles E Little Rock. Little Rock. Rickon, Frederick J. H
Arizona.

Freeman, Merrill P Kales, Martin Roskruge, George J

W

Tucson. Phoenix. Tucson.

FREEMASONRY
California.

57

Baldwin, Aaron

Hobe, George J

Goodman,

'J'heodore II

San Francisco. San Francisco.
Oakland. Oakland. Oakland. Eureka.
Marysville.

Woodman, Francis J
Goldsmith, Louis
Naylor, Allison, Jr
Ball,

Sherman, Edwin A Spaulding, Nathan Daugherty, Charles Buck, Silas M
Stone, Charles
Merritt,
Gillctt,

W
M

Robert

Willis,

Edward

M
Florida.

Washington. Washington. Washnigton. Washington. Washington. Washington.

E

James B
Charles

E

Petrie, Williain

M
A

Davies. William

Oakland. Oakland. Sacramento. San Francisco.

Perry, Robert J

Key West.
Georgia.

Blackshear, James

E

Wolihin,

Andrew

M
C

Savannah. Macon.
Atlanta.

Waterhouse, Columbus

De Clairmont, Ralph Rosenstock, Samuel Lloyd, Reuben H Levy, Samuel

W

W

San San San San San

Francisco.

Stockdell, Ileniy

Francisco.

Cavanaugh, John

H

Savannah.
Islands.

Francisco.
Francisco.
Francisco.

Hawaiian Williams, Henry II
West, Gideon

Honolulu.

Patterson, George

Oakland.

Crocker, Charles
Daniell,
Cline,

F

William

H

Henry A Rader, Frank Lee, James G. C Fletcher, LeRoy D
Pallon, Charles Davis, Jacob

San Francisco. Northampton, Mass. San F'rancisco. Los Angeles. San Francisco.
Oakland.

Lidian Territory.
Hill.

Robert

W

Muscogee.

L

Pierce, Charles L. J.

W

San Francisco.
Oakland.

Ashton, George Cotton, Aylett R Parker, George

W W

Iowa.
Lyons.

San Francisco,
Lyons.

Cal.

Z

Wagner, Charles W. A. Lask, Harry J
Jones, Florin

San Francisco. San Francisco. San Francisco.
Pasadena.

Van

Morton, James Deventer, James

T

Cedar Rapids. Knoxville, Tenn.
Clinton.

Lamb, Artemus
Bever, George
Ellis,

W
F

Cedar Rapids.
Lyons.

L

Lyman A
Wilbur F

Fidlar,

Langdon, Frederick S
Colorado.
Greenleaf, Lawrence

Los Angeles.

Davenport.
Clinton.
Clinton.

Curtis, Charles

Woodward, Benjamin S
Denver.
Denver.
Blakely, Frederick

N

L

Parmalce. Edward C Pomeroy, Richard A

Gardiner, Silas Wright

Lyons. Lyons.
.Clinton.

New

Iberia, La.

Orahood, Harper Gove, Aaron
Hill,

M

Denver. Denver.

Frank B

Denver.
District of Columbia.

Ingle, Christopher

Washington.

Brown, Joseph T Bennett, Clement Singleton. William
^lacGrotty,
Somerville,

New

Roehelle, N. Y.

Wadleigh, Leroy B Watson, William P Macy, John C Percival, Frederick Park, William A Head, Albert Gage, Elbridge F Ray, Frank G
Parvin,

Vinton.

A

Des Moines. Des Moines. Des Moines. Des Moines. Cedar Rapids.
Vinton.

W
R

Edwin B

Washington. Washington. Washington.
Wa.shington.

Newton R

Cedar Rapids.
Council Bluffs.

Lacey,

Thomas B
Japan.

Schmid, John E. C

Thomas C

Langfelt, August
Keil, Oscar

Roome, William Oscar
Taylor, Joseph

Roose, William S

Loockerman, Thomas Lansburgh. James
Duiicanson, Charles Taylor, Leroy

G

C

M

Balloch, George

W

No yes,

Isaac

P

Washington. Washington. Washington. Washington. Georgetown. Washington. Washington. Washington. Washington. Washington.

Yokohama. Yokohama.
Kansas.

Sherman, Adrian C Freeling, Peter J
Miller,

Rossville.

Matthew

M
C

Carpenter, John

Langdon, Burton E Emmons, Alonzo C
Davis.

Evan

Leavenworth. Topcka. Leavenworth. Louisville, Ky. Leavenworth. Lawrence.

58
Kansas. Jeremiah S Smith, Jeremiah G Cunningham, Harper S
Cole,
Seilz,

FREEMASONRY

— Continued.
Freeport,
111.

Wiesenfeld, David

Baltimore.
Baltimore.

Shryock,

Thomas

J

Wichita.

Larrabee, Henry

C

Baltimore.
3Iinnesota.

Oklahoma, Okl.
Salina.

John G. Liepman, Joseph H McDermott, Fcnton

L

Fort Scott. Fort Scott.
Wichita.

Hayden, Francis
Nash, Charles
Hotchkiss,

W W

A

Chicago,
St.

111.

Paul.

Jones, Charles

M
D

Edward

A

Minneapolis.
Minneapolis.

Goldberg, Edward Loomis, Henry C

Wichita.
Winfield.

Williams, James

M
H

Whitman, Ozias
Merrill, Giles

Red Wing.
St.

Norton, Jonathan
Passon, David
Hass, James

H

Topeka. Lawrence. Topeka.

Paul. Paul. Paul.

Thompson, Joseph Ferry, John C
Metcalf, George

Minneapolis.
St. St. St.

R

Kentucky.

Gray, Henry Freeman, Ambrose Reinecke, William
Hall,

W

Louisville.

Wright, William H. S Hugo, Trevanion

Paul.

W

Duluth.
Minneapolis.
St.

W

St. Louis,

Mo.

Schlener,

John

A
P

Louisville.

Jewett, William
Metcalf, Oscar

Paul.

Edwin G

West

Side, Cal.

Levering, Anthony Z

Minneapolis.
St. Paul.

Ryan, William
Levi Smith, Kilbourn Vogt, Charles C
Sloss,

Louisville. Louisville.

M
H
E E

Powell, Milton

W

Louisville.
Louisville.

Dobbin,

E Joseph L

Redwood

Falls.

Minneapolis.

Randall, John

Minneapolis.
Minneapolis.
Minneapolis.

Fisk, Charles
Miller,

H
T

Covington.
Covington.
Louisville.

Higbee, Albert

Robert

Kilvington, Samuel S

Dudley, Thomas U Johnson, Frank H

Richardson, William

Duluth.

Louisville.
3Iisso%iri.
.

Thomas, Warren La Rue.
Livezey,

.

.Maysville.

Thomas E

Covington.
Louisville.
Louisville.

Loker, William
Garrett,

N
D

St. Louis.

Wilson, David

H
R

Thomas E

St. Louis.

Johnson, William Kopmeier, George
Staton, James
Pruett,

Thacher, Stejjhen Parsons, John R

Kansas

City.

St. Louis.

Louisville.

John

W

W
G

Brooksville.

Frankfort.

Witt, Bernard

Ranshaw, Henry Robinson, Eugene

Henderson. Covington.

A

Maysville.

Louisiana.
Craig,

Morrow, Thomas R Altheimer, Benjamin Stowe, James G Harvey, William Stewart, Alphonse C Mayo, William H Nelson, Benjamin F

Kansas
Kansas Kansas

City.

St. Louis.

City.

City.

St. Louis. St. Louis.
St.

Louis.

Emmett

Isaacson,

DeW Alfred H
G

Brice, Albert

Soule, George

Hero, Andrew, Jr Kells, Charles Edmund

New New New New New

Orleans.
Orleans.
Orleans.

Mississipjii.

Speed, Frederic

Vicksburg.

Orleans.
Orleans.

Montana.
Hedges, Cornelius Major, John C
Guthrie,

Helena.

Helena.
Helena.
Butte.

Norwood. Abel J
Quayle, Mark Buck, Charles

F

Lambert, Richard Schneiden. Paul Pinckard, George J Collins, William J

M

Coulter,

Henry

W

Pratts, Jose

Alaban y

New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans.
.

Henry H Frank, Henry L Fowler, William C
Hitman, Cyrus

Genesee, Ida.

W

Livingston.

Lashorn, Millard

H

Livingston.

Nebraska.
Furnas, Robert

W
Jr

Brownsville.

George C Deuel, Harry P
Betts,

New

Jersey.

Maryland.
Jenkins, Benjamin
Cisco, Charles

Monell, John
Fulleys,

J.,

W .....

.Baltimore.

T

Baltimore.

James A Oaklev. Roland H

Omaha. Omaha. Red Cloud.
Lincoln.

FREEMASONRY
Nebraska.
Rawalt, Benjamin

59

— Continued.
Dubois, Colo.

F

Young, Frank II. Duke, Elbert T Warren, Edwin F Cleburne, William
Sewell,

Broken Bow.

South Dakota. William Yankton. Huntington, Eugene Webster.
Blatt,

Omaha.
Nebraska City.

Cummingg, Daniel
Leroy, Lewis

E

G

Dead wood. Webster.
Deadwood.

Omaha.
Lincoln.

Maloney, Richard

M

Thomas

Huntington, Charles S Webster, Edward C Akin, Henry C France, George B
Mercer, John J

Omaha.
Hastings.

South Carolina.

Omaha.

John S Ficken, John F
Buist,

Charleston.
Charleston.

Mordecai,

Thomas

M

Charleston.
Charleston. Charleston.
Tennessee.

Sudborough, Thomas K Kenyon, William J. C Anderson, Leverett Wheeler, Daniel H Korty, Lewis H

M

Newell, Henry
Hall,

Omaha. Omaha. Omaha. Omaha. Omaha. Omaha. Omaha.
Lincoln.

Buist,

Samuel S

Pankin, Charles

F

Frank

M
McL
Nevada.

Eastman, Charles H Plumacher, Eugene H Wright, Pitkin C Sears, John McK Weller, John J
Texas.

Nashville.

Maracaibo, Venez'la.

Memphis. Memphis. Memphis.

Keene, Louis

Freemont.

Laughton, Charles
Buttlar, Charles J.

E

Carson City.

Harmon, Fletcher
Hall. David

R H

H

Torre, Giovanni

Oakland, Cal. Eureka. Eureka. Eureka.

Gunner, Rudolph Openheimer, Louis Morst, Charles S Ashby, Joseph K Martin, Sidney
Hotchkiss, Charles

Dallas.

M

Austin.
Corsicana.

Fort Worth. Fort Worth.

A

Dallas.

North Dakota.

Andrew H Paxton, Thomas C
Burke,

Duluth, Minn.
Minneapolis, Minn.

Hamilton, Benjamin Gelbough, Frederick Hunter, Craig

Galveston.

M

Galveston.

Temple.

Thompson, Frank J Twamley, James
Darrow, Edward McL Plumley, Horatio C
Kneisley, Charles
Guptil, Albert

Fargo.

United States Army.

Grand Forks.
Fargo.

Head, John

F
I

Bailey, Elisha

Washington, D. C. San Francisco, Cal.

Fargo.
Davenport,
la.

Wood, Marshall
Hall, Robert 11

W

Boise Barracks, Ida.

C

Schwellenbach, Ernest J

Jamestown.
Fargo.

B B

Dudley, Edgar S. Woodruff, Carle A
Page, Charles
Lee, James G.

Columbus, 0. Fort Warren, Mass.
Baltimore, Md.

Knowlton, Roswell
Nash, Francis
Scott, William

W
Oregon.

Fargo.

A

Fargo. Fargo.

C
M.

San Francisco,
Alliance, O.

Cal.

Rockefeller, Charles

Sanno, James M. J McConihe, Samuel
Portland.
Portland.

Ft. Snelling, Minn.
Ft.

Leavenw'th.Kan.

Dolph, Joseph
Foster,

N N

John R Shurtliff, Ferdinand
Pope, Seth
Roberts,

Virginia.

Olney, Uervey
Craighill,

A A

Tilbury, Can.

Portland.
Portland. Portland.

L

Edward

Lynchburg.
Norfolk.

Andrew
..

Greenwood, Frederick
Turner, Daniel J., Jr Nesbitt, Charles A

Portsmouth.

Malcolm, Philip S Whitehouse, Benjamin G. Withington, George E Clark, Louis G Tuthill, David S Mayer, Jacob Chance, George H. Hoyt, Henry L
cook, James

Portland.
.Portland.

Richmond.
Riciiniond.

Ryan, William
Carmichael, Hartley
Williams, Richard

Portland.

Riclimond.

Portland. Portland.
Portland.
Portland.

P

Montgomery, Ala.

Washirigton.
O'Brien, Rossell

G

Portland.

Reed.

Thomas

M

W

Portland.

Zeigler, Louis

Olympia. Olympia. Spokane.

60

FREEMASONRY
Washington.

— Continued.
Spokane. Olympia,

Paige, Clinton

F

Bingham ton, N. Y.
Milwaukee, Wis.

Rundle, Nathan

B
J.

Gowey, John F Thompson, Walter
Hare, Edward
Snodgrass,

Palmer, Henry L Patterson, Robert
Perkins,

E

Philadelphia, Pa.

Tacoma.
Tacouia.

Marsh

Windsor, Vt.
Chicago,
111.

(Deputy.)

R

Pettibone,

Furman E

Spokane.

Quinby,
Shirrefs,

Amos Henry B

Lakeport, N. H.
Indianapolis, Ind.

West Virginia. Fairmount. Walker, Kephart D Wellsburg. Applegate, William J Wheeling. ^Morris, John Wheeling. Parrah, Thomas Wheeling. Birch, John Wheeling. McCahon, James

Ruckle, Nicholas
Siekels, Daniel

R Robert A

Elizabeth, N. J. ^Deputy.)

Brooklyn, N. Y.
Toledo, 0.

W

M

Smith, Barton Smith, John Corson Smith, Joseph
Stettinius,

Chicago,

111.

(Deputy.)

M

W
L

Indianapolis, Ind.
Cincinnati, 0.

John

Stevens, Walter

A

Chicago,

111.

Wyoming.
Knight, Jesse
Dickinson,

Tracy, David
Tyler, George

B

Detroit, Mich.

.Evanston.

Burlington, Vt.

Edward
Council,

Laramie.
Sovereign Grand Inspectors

Ward,

J.

H. Hobart

Brooklyn, N. Y.
Boston, Mass.

Supreme

Wells, Samuel

General, 33°, Northern Jurisdiction (north of Mason and Dixon line and east of the Mississippi River):

Woodbury, Charles Levi.. Boston, Mass. (Deceased.)

The following

is

Henry L. Palmer, 33°, Most Puissant Sovereign Grand Commander, Milwaukee, Wis. Clinton F. Paige, 33°, Illustrious Grand Secretary General, Stewart Building,

thirty-third degree

a complete list of honorary members, Sovereign Grand In-

spectors General of the
R.,

Supreme Council A. A.

S.

New

Northern Jurisdiction of the United
:

States, for

York.

1898
of
is

The

list

of active thirty-third degree

members

3Iaine.

the Supi'eme Council, Northern Jui'isdietion,
follows:

as

Locke, Joseph Waite,

A H
B

Portland.

Almon C

Portland. Portland.

Arnold, Newton
Balding,

D D

Providence, R.
Cleveland, 0.

I.

Hinkley, Ruf us

Babcock, Brenton
Barnard, Gilbert Bentley, George

Thomas E

Milwaukee, Wis.
Chicago,
111.

W W
I

Marston, Arlington Berry, Stephen
Russell,

Bangor. Portland.
Portland.

John S

Brooklyn N. Y.
Pittsburgh, Pa. (Deputy.)
Saco, Me. Indianapolis, Ind.
Cincinnati, 0.

Chase, Albro

E

Portland.
Portland.
Portland.

Buchanan, James

Shaw, George
Mallet,

R
Jr

Burnham, Edward Caven, John Carson, Enoch T
Carter, Charles

P

Bearce, Samuel

F Edmund B.,

Preeport.

(Deputy.)

W
W
M
.

Farnham, Augustus
Penley, Albert

B

Bangor.

Codding, James H Cottrill, Charles Currier, George Daine, Charles C
Frazee,

Drummond, JosiahH. Andrew B

.

Norwich, Conn. (Deputy.) Towanda, Penn. Milwaukee, Wis. (Deputy.) Nashua, N. H. (Deputy.) Newburyport, Mass. .Portland, Me. Camden, N. J.
Pittsburg, Pa.

M

Auburn.
Lewiston. Portland.

Burnham, William J Merrill, Jonathan A Hastings, Moses M
Mason,

Wm.

Castein

Harris, Herbert

Guthrie, George

W
M

Day, Fessenden I Heath, Elbridge G
Hicks, Millard

Bangor. Bangor. East Machias Lewiston.

Auburn.
Portland.

.Dixon. 111. Hawley, James H. Higby, William R Bridgeport, Conn. Highly, Francis Philadelphia, Penn. New York City, N. Y. Homan, William Hutchinson, Charles C. ..Lowell, Mass. Ide, Charles E Syracuse, N. Y. (Deputy.) Kenyon, George H Providence,R.I. (Deputy.) King, INIarquis F Portland, Me. (Deputy.) Kinsman, David N Columbus, 0. Lawrence, Samuel C Boston, Mass. McCurdy, Hugh Corunna, Mich. (Deputy.) Metcalf, A. T Kalamazoo, j\Iich.
.

.

.

.

F

Raymond, George E Burr, Thomas

Portland.

W

Treby, Johnson

Bangor. Augusta.

Atherton, Henry
Fellows, Joseph

New B

Hampshire.
Nashua. Manchester. Concord. Concord. Nashua. Nashua.

W

Cleaves, George P Webster, John F Shattuck, Joseph Webster, Charles H

FREEMASONRY
New Hampshire, — Contitmed.
Danforth, Charles
Perkins,

61

Henry P

Lowell.

C

Concord.

Smith, Henry

Sanders, Frank

B L Hunt, Nathan P

Nashua.
Concord. Manchester.
Greenland.
Lancaster.
Littleton.

Hatch, John Kent, Henry Hatch, Oscar C
Clark, John

Welch, Charles A Weld, Otis E Alger, William R Walbridge, Frederick Wright, Edwin

Boston. Boston.
Boston.

G

Boston.
Boston.

Waterman, Thomas
Smith, Albert

Boston.

C

Boston.
Springfield. Springfield.

H
N

Towle, Charles

Hayes, Charles C Marsh, Henry A
Fletcher,

Thomas

M

Wait, Albert S

Nashua. Concord. Manchester. Nashua. Alder Brook. Newport.
Vermont.
Burlington.

Spellman, Charles C
Spooner, Samuel

B

Stevens, William J

Carpenter, George S
Doolittle, Erastus

Kingston, N. H. Boston.
Boston.

H

Young, E. Bentley
Seward, Josiah L Lakin, John II Buckingham, George
Rowell, Benjamin

Boston.
Lowell. Boston.

Underwood, Levi
Paine, Milton

K

Windsor.

B

Worcester.
Boston. Boston.
Boston.
.

Heaton, Charles Johnson, IMiron
Hill,

W
G

H

Montpelier.

W
H
II

Burlington.

Savage, Mi not J

Howard F

Fisher, Frederick S

Nichols, Albro

F

Concord, N. H. Deposit, N. Y. St. Johnsbury.
Burlington. Burlington.
Barre.
St.

Work, Joseph

W
H
E
C

Richardson, Albert L. .....
Spring, Frederick

.Boston.

Boston. Boston.

Reynolds, Warren
Kinsley, George

Richards, Eugene
Allen, George

H

Lynn.
Lowell.
Pittsfield.

Jackson,

J.

Henry
Silas

Livingston, William
Cutting, Walter

Cummings,

W
W
A

Albans.
Albans.

Nichols, Sayles

Burlington.
St.

Hersey, Freeman
Stickney, Horace

Salem.
Boston. Boston.
Boston.

Hall Alfred A Wing, George Whitcomb, Charles Wright, Robert J

W
H H
P

W

Montpelier.

Young, James

H

Cavendish.

Collamore,'\Iohn

Newport.
Burlington.

Emmons, Theodore
Kendrick, Edmund Welch, Albion F

Boston.
Springfield.

Nicholson, Daniel

N

Calderwood, Charles

Thompson, Jesse E Whipple, John H
Taf t, Elihu B Babbitt, George

Johnsbury, Rutland. Manchester.
St.

Hubbard, Samuel F Temple, Thomas F
Fitts,

Danvers. Boston.
Boston.
Haverhill'.

Burlington.

Edward A

H

Bellows Falls.
Brattleboro.

Pollard, Arthur

G

Lowell.

Webster, Daniel P

Gates, Albert

F

Worcester.

Holton, Eugene
Massachusetts.

A

Boston.

Hathaway, Nicholas Lawrence, Daniel
Marshall,
P'reeland,

Fall River.

W
. .

Medford.
Boston.

Wyzeman

Kelsey, Albert
Hall,

H
H
A A

James John K

.North Cambridge. Boston.
Boston.

Thomas Plummer, j\Ioses C Holmes, Edwin B Nichols, Edward W. L
Kellough,

East Boston.
Boston. Boston. Boston.

Smith, William
Fo.x,

Worcester.

Lawrence, William B Bowen, Seranus Raymond, John M
Trefry, William D.

Medford. Roxbury.
Salem.

Richardson, William

Washington, D.
Boston.

T

Marblehead.
jMalden.

C.

James

A
L

Flanders,

Dana J
S.

Bush, John
Gleason,

Everett, Percival

F

Boston. Boston.

Boston.

Niekerson, Sereno
^Nfullikcn,

D
A

James

Boston.
Boston. Boston.

M
L

Henry

Carpenter, George

Rhodes. George H Thorndike, Samuel

Taunton. Cambridge.
Lowell.

Gould, Benjamin
Endicott,

Young,

Cliarles

F

Henry

Cambridge. Cambridgeport.

Rhode Island.
Chaffee, Albert II
Bra>-ton,

Chessman, William Guild, William H

H

Boston.
Boston.

Worcester, Mass.

James B

Newport.

62

FREEMASONRY
Rhode Island. Eugene D

— Continued.
Providence.
Providence.
Providence.

Robinson, John C
Bartlett,

Binghamton.
Buffalo.

Burt,

John S

White, Stillman
Earle, Josepli

Cook, Abel G Ten Eyck, James
Gilbert, George
Telfair,

Syracuse.

Albany.

Underwood, William J
Shepley, George
Field,

Newport.
Providence. Providence.

W

New New New

York.

L

Jacob

R
L

Staten Island.

Henry C

Ehlers,

Edward M. L

York.

White, Hunter C Ilusband, William

Providence.

Sage, William

Boston, Mass.

E

Providence.
Providence. Providence.
Pi-ovidenee.

Paterson, William S

Eddy, Andrew

B
C

Macomb, John
Russ,

N

Newhall, Charles
Vincent, Walter

Peters, Augustus

W

Mumford, Charles C

Herman

H
B

B

Providence. Providence.
Providence.

Torrey, Charles

W
H

York. Lawrence, Kan. New York. Albany.
Staten Island.

Burnham, George H Studley, J. Edward

Eakins, Joseph

Heyzer, Charles

New New

York. York.

Connecticut.

Allen, Marciis

C

Wood, Austin C Steele, Samuel C
Clark, Charles

Syracuse.

Rochester.
Syracuse.

Bridgeport.

Parker, Henry

Gould, Baldwin, Nathan A Billings, Charles E
Skiff, Charles

L James L

Norwich.
Bridgeport.
Milford.

P
.*

Thacher, John Boyd
Berry,

Albany.

Hiram B.

Warwick,
Corning.

Fuller, George

Hartford.

W
A

W
.

Kirker, James.

Waldron, Frederick Seeley, William E Bronson, Samuel M Brewer, Arthur H
Bronson, Horatio
Quintard, Eli S

H

Danbury. Norwich. New Haven.
Bridgeport.

Pearce, Willard

Hartford.

Norwich.

Simmons, J. Edward Flagler, Benjamin Brodie, William A Millar, George Lawless, William J

New New

York. York.

Suspension Bridge.
Geneseo.

W

New New

York. York.

G D

New Haven. New Haven.
Bridgeport.

Becker, Albert, Jr
Ely, Foster

Syracuse.
Ridgefield, Conn.

Button, Alpheus
Sevin,

Nathan

D

Norwich.

Knowlton, Julius
Lines, H.

W
L

Trask. Wayland Ward, Charles S Richardson, John
Abel, Joseph

Brooklyn.

New

York.

Bridgeport.

W

Wales

Meriden.

P

Brooklyn. Brooklyn.
Syracuse.

Hubbard, Charles Root, John G

Norwich.
Hartford.
JMiddletown.

Parker, Richard

Lawrence, Frank

Woodward, Henry
Spencer, Frederick
Porter, George

A

Waterbury.
Bridgeport.

L
Jr

Plumb, Hiram Ferguson, James F Fitch, William E

W

H R

New

York.

Syracuse.

Central Valley.

Chapman,

Silas,

Hartford.

McGown, George
McDowell, Simon
Thrall,

Albany. Palmyra.
Rochester.

Lippitt, Costello

Norwich.

V

Edwin

A
F

Brooklyn.

Neiv York. Brooklyn. Jennings, Joseph J Brooklyn. Vining, Harrison S Brooklyn.

Woodhara, Alfred

Walker, Sidney McGee, James
Clarke, Geoi'ge

Brooklyn.

Brooklyn.

H

Rochester.

Hubbard, Warren C
Jones,

Rochester.

Cole, Otis

Rochester.

Edward F
Byron S

Binghamton.
LTtica.

Anderson, John R Gardner, George J

Le Roy.
Syracuse.
Syracuse.

Frisbie,

Seymour Loomis, Edwin Williams, John
Stone,

H
J

Benson, Frederic A MacLellan, Daniel M
Shafer,

Norwich.
Elmira.

D

John F Lombard, Thomas

Binghamton. York. Menands, Albany.

New

R

Fleming, Walter Northrup, Aaron
Sage, John

M
L

New New

York. York.

Lorillard, Pierre

L

Rochester. Troy.
Skaneateles.

Anthony, Jesse B Stiles, Benjamin F

Knowles, Edwin MacArthur, Arthur Story, William Affleck, Stephen D

York. York. Brooklyn.
.

New New

Troy.

New

Albany. York.

FREEMASONRY
New
Griffith,

63

York.

— Continued.
York. York. York. Hoosick Falls.
Buffalo.

Potter,

Henry C

New York.
T
Brooklyn.

Charles

T

Moore, Thomas

Washburne, Pldwin
Lambert, J. Leavitt Day, David F Sherer, William
Tallcott,

D

New New New

Dunwell, Charles

Dumary, T. Henry Ward, Francis G
Prescott, Joel H., Jr

Albany.
Buffalo. Buffalo.

Brooklyn.
Syracuse.

Edwin

Hinc, Omar A Wright. Alfred G White, William II Van Buskirk, George
Ellison, Saruni

Canton.
Rochester.

Anderson, Jolin Johnson, David Sisson, William Hand, Walter M
Sickels, f 'harles

M

W
E
E

Binghamton. Binghamton. Binghamton. Binghamton. Brooklyn
Brooklyn.

W

.

.

.

R

Duncan, W^illiam J
Burdgc, Dwight Rowell, George A

Edward Brown, Elon G
Quantin,

11

York. .New York. New York. New York. Brooklyn. Brooklyn, Brooklyn.
Utica.

New

Luscomb,

(^harles II

Demarest, William Barker, George T
Eaton, Calvin

New

York.

Brooklyn.

W
E
T

Albany.
Buffalo.

Hayes, Charles
Newell, John
Curtis, Dexter

Ogdensburg,
Elmira.
Rochester,

D

Brooke,
Stowell,

Thomas
Henry

Duncan, John II Sutherland, William A Sturtevant, Stephen Y
Crawford, Charles

Syracuse.

Troy.

Rochester.

West Troy.

New
II

York.

Armatage, Charles
Goble, Frank

Neiv Jersey. Edwards, George B Jersey City, Goodwin, William Camden,

Albany.
Rochester.
Buffalo.

W

B

Bechtel, Charles

Trenton.
Jersey City.
Paterson.

Cushman, Charles Edwards, Amos S
Williams, Robert
Stewart, John

W
D

Syracuse.

Albany.

Wood, George
Matthews, William J Stiles, Robert B
Hall,

New York. New York. New York.
Lansingburg.
Syracuse.

Higginbotham, Marcus Scott, George Borden, Jerome B Steed, George

Somerset, Mass,

W

Mills,

Edward

Camden. Camden.
Paterson.

Winfield, Albert
Tice, Josiah

D
F

New

Brunswick.

Edwin C

Stone, Horace

G
C

Smith, Stephen Watson, Thomas

Jersey City. Jersey City.

Syracuse.

Griimniond, Fred

W

Binghamton.
Corning.
Corning.
Buffalo.

Moore, Joseph
Kendall,
Brothers,

Roome, Henry C Schoder, Anthony
Stevens, Albert

Jersey City.

Woodbridge.
Pater.son.

Hugh
John

H
L

C
II

Noble, Horace

A
C

Durand, James
Tillou,

Railway.
Elizabeth.
Jerst>y City,

Edward L

Buffalo. Buffalo.
Buffalo.

Brown, George L
Titus, Robert

Tilden, Thonuis

W

Pennsylvania.
Vallerchamj), John

Newell, George
Vick, Frank
Sisson,

A
F

^Medina.

Harrisburg.

H

Rochester.

Knapp, Christian F
Lutz, Isaac
Ilunn,

Bloomsburg.
Harrisburg.

Beatty, Claudius

John

W
K

Stevens, T. Jefferson Sloan, Augustus

Weaver, William II Smith, J. Hungerford Hatch, Edward

York. York. Brooklyn. Brooklyn. Albany.
Rochester,
Buffalo.

New New

D

Townsend S

Earley. Charles

R R

York. Ridgeway.
Ilarri.'^burg.

New

Egle, William II

Muckle, Mark
Patton,
Sartain,

R

Phihulelphia,

W

Thomas
John

Philadelphia,
Philadoljjhia.

Woodward, Clarence L Delavan, Erastus C
Pritchard,

Syracuse.

Binghamton,
Corning.
Troy.
Gloversville.

Wyckoff, Edward S Hopkins, James H
Barber, James S
Carroll, De\Vitt

Philadelphia.

Washington. D. C.
Philadelphia.
Pittsburg.

Truman S
II

Lloyd, James

C

McKee, J. Frank Bingham, Charles D Greenwood, Marvin I

Garrigues, Franklin

Philadelphia.
Pittsburg.
Pittsburg.

Watertown. Newark.

Balmain, George P Eichbaum, Joseph

64
Pennsylvania.
Meredith, William
Clapp, John Lyte, Eliphalct
Francis, Charles

FREEMASONRY

— Continued.
Kittanning.
Tidioute.
Millersville.

B

Buechner, William L Gordon, Theodore P

Youngstown. Columbus.
Cincinnati. Cincinnati.
Garretsville.

M

Ncmbach, Andrew
Sage, George
Fasold, Eli
Caldwell, John

R
D

K
N

Philadelphia.

Whitaker, Ej)hraim S

Ciimniiugs. Charles 11

Maiieh Chunk.
Pha^iixville.

Dayton.
.

Vosburgh Lyte, Joshna L Wray, Samuel
Shaffer,

Lancaster.
Philadelphia.

W
H

........ Patton, Alexander G Houck, Martin J
Chambei'lin, John

.Cincinnati.

Columbus. Dayton.
Tiflfin.

Henderson, Matthias
Slack, William

H

New

Castle.

W
McK
C

Allegheny City.
Pittsburg.

Kerr, James, Jr

Yance, Alexander F., Jr Hauipson, Robert Y
Halladay, Calvin

Urbana.
Salem.

Arnold, John

B

Aurora,
Erie.

111.

Lima.
Athens.
Cincinnati.

Eaby, Joel S

Lancaster.

Kennedy, Samuel B Thompson, Caleb C Smith, Lee S Himrod, William
Gary, Charles

Goodspeed, Josei^h Melish, William B
Briggs,

Warren.
Pittsburg.
Erie.

Sam

Cleveland.

Wiiiegarner, David

Shepard, William
Cutler,

Newark. Columbus.
Cleveland.

Philadelphia.

Dunnell, Henry
Bates, Stockton

N
. .

Scranton.
.Philadelphia.

Page,

Eben J Edward D

Cleveland.
Cincinnati.

Kendrick, George W., Jr.
Sprenkel, Peter

Gwyini, Robert
Pelton, Frederick

Philadelphia.

W

Cleveland. Cleveland.

K
Y

Harrisburg.
Pittsburg.

Akers, W^illiam J

Holmes, Americus

Kuhn, Henry
Steffe,

H
B

Somerset.

McClees, Levi

Germantown,

Phila.

King, David L Brown, Huntington Moore, Sidney

Akron.
Mansfield.

Delaware.

Christian

G

Reading.
Philadelphia.
Pittsburg.

Linden, Robert J Wigley, Arthur B
Stevenson, David

Dunn, Joseph H Harris, John T

Columbus. Columbus.

A

Pittsburg.
Erie.

Barkey, Peter
Hall,

Amos H

Philadelphia.
Philadeljihia.

Chamberlain, Charles Matthews, Edward Armstrong, Clax'ence E Stipp, Joseph A

W

.

.

.

.Dayton.

W

Cambridge.
Toledo.
Toledo.
Cincinnati. Cincinnati.

Smith, Edgar
Gilroy,

F

Flach, Charles

H H

John J McKillip, Harvey
Williams,
J.

Philadelphia.

Michie, William

A
C

Bloomsburg.
Philadelphia.

Tucker, Charles

Cleveland.

H A

Williams, Samuel S

Newark.
Gallon.
Springfield.

Johnstone, George

Allegheny.
Philadelphia.

Hays, Otho
Jeffers,

L

Sweigard, Isaac

Parsons, John

W
B

Boone, Edwin

Reading.

Allen

Brown, James
Hale, George

W
Ohio.

Pittsburg.

Senter, Orestes A.
Collins,

Dayton. Columbus.
Cincinnati.

Bishop, Alfred S

Pittsburg.

^ames

A

Philadelphia.

Morse, Fred A Lyttle, La Fayette
Bell,

Cleveland.
Toledo.

John

N
R

Dayton.
Cincinnati.

Cunningham, William M.
Hoadley, George

.

.

.Newark.
Cincinnati.

Goodale, Levi C

Lemmon, Reuben C
Avery, William Rickley, R. R
Spencer, Joseph

Toledo.
Cincinnati.

Woodward, Charles A Keifer, Charles C Totten, James S Ross, ApoUos M
Huston, Alexander Urner, Henry C Mack, Max J
Parsons,
Sickels,
J.

Cleveland.

Urbana. Lebanon.
Cincinnati.

Columbus.

M

Toledo.
Cincinnati.

Walden, John
Morris,

M

B

Cincinnati.

Cincinnati. Cincinnati.

Melish,

Evan Thomas J

Girrard.
Cincinnati.

Andrews, Allen
Baldwin, Charles
Burdick, Leander
Sands, Stephen

B

Cleveland.

F

Hamilton. Mt. Yernon.
Toledo.
Cincinnati.

Sheldon

Cleveland.

Collins, Charles

A

Akron.

P

FREEMASONRY
Ohio.
Perkins,

65
Detroit.

— Continued.
Akron.
Cincinnati.
Cincinnati.

Davis,

James E
James

Henry

Livingstone, William, Jr
Findlater,

Detroit.
Detroit.

Cotterall, Joseph W., Jr Buchwalter, ^Morris L

Smith, George
Fifield,

D

Butler, Charles

R
P

Cleveland.

Eugene

Muskegon. Bay City.
Detroit.
Detroit.

Squire,

Andrew

Cleveland.

May worm, Joseph
Fowle, George Meigs, Alfred E

Mcintosh, Henry
Blyth. John

Cleveland.

W

Bucyrus.

Detroit.

Boone, William

K

Schaus, Lewis
Pfafflin,

P

Lima. Newark.
Cincinnati.

Herman C

Henry Duncan, John Gerow, John A
Bolton,

Alj)ena.

Calumet.
Detroit.

Horace A Jackson, Mervin Stull. John M Bromwell, Jacob
Irvin,

Dayton.
Toledo.

Williams,
Stiles,

Thomas

H

Jackson.
JacLson.
Crystal Falls.

Albert

Warren.

H
A

Cincinnati.

McGee, Michael B. Munroe, Thomas
Winsor, Lou

Keiniedy, Henry
Sater,

Canton.

B

Muskegon. Reed City.

John E McCune, John P
King,

Edmund B
J.

Columbus. Columbus. Sandusky.
Dayton.
Springfield.

Montross, Richard
Jewott, William

W

Galien.

E

Adrian.

Heald, Charles
Harris, L.

M

Johnston,

Russell

D

Grand Rapids. Grand Rapids.
Kalamazoo.
Indiana.

Bushnell, Asa S

Osborn, James

W

Lewis, Charles
Bates, William

T L

Toledo.

Dayton.
Cincinnati.

Kite,

Thomas

Hess, .James
Fish, George

W
H
F

Indianapolis.

Michigan.

Bonsall. Nathaniel

New York City. New Albany.
Plymouth.
Indianapolis.

Brown, Charles H Tabor, Augustus B Kellogg, Andrew J
Bury, Richard
Hills, Charles

Grand Rapids.
Detroit.
Detroit.

Thayer, Henry
Davis, Gilbert

W
W W

G

Rice, Martin II

Indianapolis.
Evansville.
Indianapolis.

A
T

Adrian.

Muskegon.

Douglas, Sydney Smith, Jacob
Vail,

Shipman. Ozias Fox, Perrin V Haxton, Benjamin

W
F

Detroit.

Walter

Michigan City.
Vincennes.

Grand Rapids.
Detroit. Detroit.

Thorp, Darius D Baxter, William H Striker, Daniel Henderson, Frank Pomeroy, Charles H Swart out, Richard D
Corljss,

Detroit.

Hastings.

Kalannizoo. East Saginaw.

Grand Rapids.
Detroit.
Detroit.
. .

John

B

John L Robie William J Brown. Austin II Elliott, Byron K Brush, John T Adams, Henry C McKinley, Thomas S Sweet, Samuel B Smythe, William H
Butler,
,

Richmond.
Indianapolis.
Indianapolis.
Indianajwlis.

Indianapolis.

Terre Haute.
Fort Wayne.
Indianapolis.

Coulson, Nicholas Chamberlain, M. Howard.
Gilbert,

Cole, Cyrill

B

Seymour.
Terre Haute.

.Detroit.

Cruft,

John

W
L

Frank

Bay City.

Smith, Joseph
Safford,

Richmond.
Craflou, Pa.
Indianapolis.

Moore, Francis Sharp, Edgar M
Steerc, Joseph

M

Marquette.

James B

Bay

City.

Maybury. William C

Detroit.

H

Sault Ste. Marie.
P^ast

Emery, Temple

Tawas.

Dunham, William Ellis, Waring H
Conover, Jefferson H Hudson, William G
Wlieeler,

Grand Rapids.
Detroit.

Coldwater.

Ludington.
Manistee.
Detroit.

Palmer,

Edward D Thomas

W

Hawkins, Roscoc Nye, Mortimer Long, Thomas B Moycr, Henry A Manning, Jo.seph A Pixley, George Geake, William Farrington, George Leighty, Jacob D

La

Porte.

Terre Haute.

Kendall ville.
^lichigan City.

W

Fort Wayne.

E

Fort Wayne. Terre Haute.
St. Joe.

Ilutciiinson, Charles

L

Indianapolis.

Stephenson, Samuel
5

M

Menominee.

White, Ahira

R

Indianapolis.

66 Jndiana.

FREEMASONRY

— CotiHnued.
Indianapolis.

McKee, William J Niblack, Mason J
Butler, ]\Ijih]on

Vincennes.
Indianapolis.
Lafayette.
Indianapolis.

D

McLellan, Archibald Works, Charles A Walshe, Robert J Lorimer, George C
Wiltse,

Chicago.

Rockford.
Chicago.
Boston, Mass.

Lancaster, Ilcnrv
Sciiinidt,

H

Hiram L

Chicago.

W.

II

Spring, Sylvester

O

Peoria.

Sloan, George

White

Indianapolis.

Smith, Robert

A

Chicago.

Ilulliday, J. 11

Indianapolis.

Nathan Kelley James P Bass, John H Wood, Julius C Nichols, Alonzo S Gillett, Simeon P
Elliott,

Terre Haute.

Coulter,

Aurora.

Fort Wayne. Muncie.
JMiehigan City.
Evansville.

May, John A Norton, John E Blocki, William F Knight, William M McFatrich, James B
Drake, Chester

Chicago, Chicago.
Chicago.
Chicago.

Chicago.

T

Chicago. Chicago.
Centralia.

Mordhurst,
Marshall,

II.

W.

Fort Wayne.

Thomas

R
Illinois.

Columbia City.

Turner, William Ranney, Ilenry C
Gale, William

H

Chicago. Chicago. Chicago.
Boston, Mass.
Freeport.

Goddard, Leroy A Rhodes, Henry L Rankin, Charles S Roundy, Frank C Ramsay, Frederic Montgomery, Isaac S

Chicago.
Chicago.
Chicago.

M

Rockford.
Peoria.

Haskins, Seth

H

F

Patrick, Benjamin F Munn, Loyal L Myers, Eugene B

Wisconsin.

Chicago.
Chicago.

Egan, Wiley Purdy, Warren
Pond, Ilenry
Cregier,

M
G
11

Youngs, Melvin L Palmer, William T Greeley, Samuel F
Wilkinson, Francis

Milwaukee. Milwaukee.
Chicago,
111.

Chicago. Chicago.
Chicago. Chicago.

Getty, Ilenry PI

DeWitt C

Skinkle, Jacob
O'Neil,

W

Chicago.
Chicago. Chicago.

John Brad well, James B Clarke, Haswell C McLaren, John
Russell, Alfred

Kankakee.
Chicago.

Chicago.

Church, James

E

Chicago.
Peoria.

Milwaukee. Haisler, Michael J Milwaukee. Suessmilch, Frederick L. von Delavan. Rogers, Charles D Milwaukee. Milwaukee. Bracken, Henry S Milwaukee. Benzenberg, George H Brazier, William H Milwaukee. Libbey, Oliver Green Bay. Milwaukee. Crosby, Francis J Milwaukee. Watrous, Jerome A Milwaukee. Cole, Sidney H
Stark,

M

Bannister, James

Edwards J

Johnson, Robert
Pace,

M
E

Chicago.
Chicago.
Ashley.

Jackson, E. Gilbert
Fifield, Samuel S Bingham, Joel Storke, Eugene F Laflin, John Golley, Frank B

Poulson, W^illiam

Edward Coleman

W

Pearson, John Mills
Miller,

Godfrey.
Chicago.

Hitchcock, Charles Freeman. .Peoria.

W

De Laskie
.

Milwaukee. Oshkosh. Ashland. Milwaukee. Milwaukee. .Milwaukee. Milwaukee.

Milligan, William

Lee Roy. .Ottawa.
Chicago. Chicago.
Peoria.

Miller, Daniel

McL

Oconomowoc.
Milwaukee. Milwaukee. Milwaukee.
Milwaidcee.

Moulton, George Bliss, Eliakim R Edwards, Isaac C Warvelle, George Herrick. Charles Gunther, Charles F MuUiner, Edward S Stoskopf, Michael

M

Caufy, Luther
Daniels,

L Norman C T

Leuzarder, Benjamin

W

Chicago.

K

Chicago.
Chicago.

Wagner, Adolph H Hooley, George T
Wechselberg, Julius
Littlejohn,

Milwaiikee.

Quincy.
Freeport.
Centralia.

Newton Whitney, LeRoy C
Kenny, William

M

Stoker,
Spies,

Eugene Le C

P
C.

Milwaukee. Whitewater. Milwaukee. Milwaukee.

Joseph Curtis, George McLean, Alexander

Chicago.
Peoria.

Non-resident Honorary Ilembers.

W

Wadsworth, James
Filmer, William
Stevens,

L

Macomb.
Chicago.

San Francisco, Cal. San Francisco, CaL
Southport, N. C.

Luce, Frank

M

Enoch B

;

FREEMASONRY" AMONG THE CHINESE
Millard, Alden

67
S. R., U. S. A.,

C

Iiulej)oiulcnce,

Mo.

Supreme Council, A. A.

North-

Wheeler, Frederick

A D

Baltimore, Md.

ivestern Jurisdiction (Xegro).

M.

F. Fields,

Grand

Brown, Edward H Richardson, Lloyd

Grass Valley, Cal. Hot Springs, Ark.

Commander,

Concordant Orders.
Provincial Grand Order of Scotland. Lodge, U. S. A., W. Oscar Roome, Washington,

Mo. Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine of North and South America (Xegro). AdJohn G. Jones, dress Robert Hncless, Xew York
St. Louis,
;

Royal

Chicago.

" Freemasonry " among the Chinese. is no such thing as Freema.sonry Knights of the Red Cross of Constantine. Chapamong the Chinese, although there are ChiSecretary General, Chas. K. ter General, U. S. A. nese secret societies in the United States Francis, 425 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Knights of the Red Cross of Rome and Constan- which have been described as organizations Registrar General, of Chinese " Freemasons." This is because tine, Sovereign Grand Council Thomas Leahy, Rochester, N. Y. the word Freemasonry has been associated so many years in the minds of the public with Non-Masonic Bodies to which only Freemasons a particular secret society that it has become ARE Eligible.
D. C.

— There

;

;

Thomas J. of Rosicrucians. Shryock, Treasurer General, Baltimore, Md. Ancient Arabic Order of Xohles of the Mystic
Modern
Socieli/

almost generic or descriptive of all things !Mauy terms and regarded as similar.
j^hrases

have crept out of Masonic Lodges
of

Shrine.

Imperial Recorder, Benj.

W.

Rowell, 28

and into the American vernacular,

which
illusitself
is

School Street, Boston, ^lass. Sovereign College Allied Manonic Degrees. Grand Recorder General, Charles A. Xesbitt,Richmond, Va.

"On
"

the square,"

"A

square

man," and

On

the level," are perhaps the best

Mystic Order, Veiled Projihets of the KncJianted Realm. Grand Secretary, Sydney D. Smith, Hamilton, X. Y. Independent International Order of Owls. Address John M. Sears, Xashville, Tenn.

trations.

Even the word Freemasonry

has acquired a specialized meaning, and

frequentl}^ iised to characterize associations

private

Irregular or Spurious Masonic Bodies.
Various Grand and Subordinate Lodges, "Ancient and Honorable Order, Free and Accepted Masons''; Grand and Subordinate Chapters of Royal Arch Masons, and Grand and Subordinate (See FreeEncampments of Knights Templars. masonry among Xegroes.) Enoch R. Spaulding, Most Worshipful Grand Master, Oswego, X. Y. Edward B. Irving, Past Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the State of Xew York, and John H. Deyo, Grand Secretary, Albany. Supreme Council, A. A. S. R.. ^^ Northern Jurisdiction," U. S. A. (Xegro).
S. C. Scottron,

which are secret, members of which have means of making themselves known to each other, and to explain why those engaged in a similar work or profession, or
those having like training or sympathetic

temperaments, are so quick to recognize the Thus it is that whether referring to a fact. Russian, Hottentot, or Arabic secret society

one finds the average essayist describing them There are Masonic Lodges in as Masonic. China, but they Avork under foreign warrants, and are made up almost exclusively, of others than Chinese. if not entirely, Grand There is, however, a shadow of an excuse
for referring to

Commander, Brooklyn, X. Y. Supreme Council, A. A. S. R., for the U. S. A., its Territories and Dependencies (Seymour-Cerneau Charles II. Benson, Grand Commander, rite).
Jersey City, X. J.

some Chinese

secret societies

as Chinese "Freemasonry," owing to the striking resemblances between their rites

Supreme Council, A. A. S. R., U. S. A., its TerJ. ritories and Dependencies (Thompson-Cerneau). G. Barker, Grand Secretary General, 63 Bleeeker
Street,

Xew

and ceremonies and those of the FreemaThis is the more remarkable when sons. one recalls the antiquity of both, and the lack of opportunity for either to have patterned after the other.
pire
is

York.

Supreme Council, A. A. S. R., U. S. A., Southern Thornton A. and Western Jurisdiction (Xegro). Jackson, Grand Commander. Washington, D. C.

The Chinese Emsecret societies,

honeycombed with
all

nearlv

of

which are revolutionarv. hav-

"

"

68

FREEMASONRY " AMONG THE CHINESE
offspring, the Kolao Hui, meet in remote and heavily wooded mountain districts. On

asty, a

iag in view the downfall of the T'sing dynmost efficient incentive to secrecy.

There

is

generally present a nominally ben-

evolent or philanthropic object, veiling the
political

ends of these organizations, the

names

of the best

known

of

which are the

members proceed to the first, or Heaven-screen Pass, next to the Earth-net, and thence to the Sun-moon Pass, after which they cross a bridge to the Hall of
entering,
Fidelity

Hung

League, from which came the Kolao

and Loyalty,

to the shrines of the

on the right a council room "Do Nothing" Association; the Society of and on the left a court. This account, conHeaven, Earth, and Man the Triad Soci- densed from the one "discovered by Proety ; the Yellow Caps and the Golden Lily fessor Schlegel," adds that from the court Hui, which are arranged in military form extends a long road, between mountain and under four flags, whence they have come to sea, leading to the Moss Pass, or Pavilion of be known as the "White Flags, " "Black the Black River, and thirteen Chinese miles farther is the Golden Sparrow frontier, Flags," "' Eed Flags," and " Yellow Flags. It was due to the action of the Hung League where there are four buildings, the last of that the Mongol dynasty of Genjhiz Khan which is " the Lodge," or " city of willows.
Hui, the White Lily, or White Lotns, or
five ancestors,
;

;

present or

was overthrown, and without British aid the Manchu dynasty would probably

Recruits, sometimes secured under threats
to kill for refusal to join the society, are

have come to an end at the time of the strugThe most powerful of these societies is the Kolao Hui, which
gle with the T'ai Pings.

received into the

Lodge by "passing the

bridge," marching under an arch, or bridge,

formed by the swords of the brethren, when numbers more than 1,000,000 members, as they are addressed as to the objects of the related by a writer in " Blackwood's Maga- association and listen to a lengthy catechism, zine " in 1896, recruited from the dregs of in Avhich they are supposed to make the reThe questions and answers are sigsociety, " time expired soldiers," unem- plies.
ployed
thieves.

laboring

people, and professional This accounts for the disorder,
it

nificant of the aims of the society,

abound-

ing in acrostics and Kabbalistic meanings

crime, and violence for which

is

noted.

which are employed

as

passwords.

The

The
rites

sect

known

as the Vegetarians,

with

candidates wash their faces, and after being
divested of their ordinary clothing are attired in

and
is

ceremonies

"some
ity,"

early

showing traces of and debased form of ChristianIt

white robes.

Then

follows a long

responsible for several massacres of

Christian missionaries.

was after being

hard jsressed by the authorities that it endeavored to sink its identity under the name The Kolao of the "Do-Nothing Party."

Hui

ingly inscribes

governed by three chiefs, and mockthe words "Faith" and " Eighteousness " upon its banners. The religious claims of this and like societies have induced the Chinese Government from time to time to proscribe as dangerous organizations all religious sects (except Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism), notably the Roman Catholics, by the Emperor Yung Ch'eng. Lodges of the Hung League and of its
is

which are invoked Father Heaven, Mother Earth, the three lights sun, moon, and stars the gods, saints, genii, Buddhas, and all the star jirinces, to keep and perform which the candidates bind themselves under a series of "dire pains and penalThe oath is confirmed by drinking ties." tea and wine from a bowl in which are mixed a few drops of blood pricked from The the middle fingers of the candidates. oath is registered by burning a copy of it
oath, in

—

—

that the

testimony.

smoke may ascend to the gods as Each newly-made member re-

ceives a cryptographical certificate of
bershiiJ

mem-

which is held to possess talismanic powers, and is enjoined to " learn the secret

:

"FREEMASONRY" AMONG THE CHINESE
signs

69

and mystic sayings by whicli the breth-

an

ren are

known

to one another

— how to

intelligible idea of secret societies of Chi-

lift

nese in the United States,

members

of

which

his tea-ciip witli tliree fingers, place his feet
in certain positions, liow to

wind his hand-

have been refen-ed to as Chinese Freemasons. An Associated Press despatch from

kerchief round the end of his umbrella, to

San Francisco, November
part as follows

14, 1894, read in

ask and answer mysterious catch questions,
to

speak of the government as " the enof

emy,"
of

government

soldiers as

" a storm,"

The

police have obtained evidence of the exis-

tence of a lawless and strongly organized band of

men

as

objects in

"horses," and of other common Hui slang. The Triad Society

Chinese Highbinders, said to be 3,000 in number, in this city. This society is not only an organization of blackmailers, murderers,

be the oldest existing Chinese secret organization, dating " back to 16G4
claims to

and

thieved,

but

also has for its purpose the overthrow of the present

A.D,"

It Avas the cause of the T'ai

Ping

Tartar dynasty.

rebellion,

which was suppressed by Li

Hung
Its

Chang aided by ''Chinese" Gordon.

This suggests what is well known to many on the Pacific Coast, that whether the Highbinders, as they are called, are

secret ceremonies are similar to those of the

members

of

League, and among the penalties for treason, one is to have the ears lopped ofE,

Hung

the Kolao

Hui

or of the Triad Societies or

and another the head cut off. Members always halt on entering a house, and then
proceed with the
their heels apart.
left foot first.

not^ they are gradtiates of the same school, and many members of the Triad Society and Kolao Hui are evidently associated with the

When

sit-

Highbinders.

The

different associations of

and it is said They also recognize one that some reputable Chinese belong to them another by the way they place their tea- in order to secure protection from " levies " cups on the table and the manner in which by rival Tongs. Business disputes and jealting, they place their toes together

and spread

the latter are knoAvn as Tongs,

they hitch their trousers.

Their motto
Societies

is,

ousy lead to fights between Tongs, in which
(never nickeled) 44-caliber Colt revolvers, carried in the

"Drive out the Tartar."

The "Black- blued
in

wood"

article

on

"Secret

ample

sleeves of the

China," reprinted in the St. Louis "Globe Democrat," .January 17, 1897, says further:
It is impossible to study these rites and ceremonies without recognizing a strong resembhmce between them and some of those of the Freemasons. " The Bridge of Swords " is common to both societies, as are also the formation of Lodges and their Orientation. In both societies the members are entitled brothers, and confirm their oatli with During the ceremony of affiliation the blood. recruits, both among the Freemasons and the Hung League, attire themselves in white garments and go through the form of purification l)y washing. In the Cliinese Lodges the triangle is a favorite emblem, and lamj)s, steelyards, and scales form part of the

Highbinders, are the almost universal weapons.

Evidence

to convict those guilty of
is

assaults or

murder

not easy to obtain, and

when
is

cases do get into the courts, perjury

the rule and difficult to detect.

One

of

the bitterest feuds between these organizations in

San Francisco

is

that which has

raged for years between the Suey Sing

Tong

ordinary paraphernalia.
also, that the three

It is

curious to observe,
find their

and the Suey on Tong, causing much bloodshed and work for the courts. The Spokane " Peview," August 21, 1897, outlined an imitation ceremony at a Chinese " Masonic " Lodge in that city, at which it was said four white men. Freemasons, were present by invitation.

degrees of Apprentice, Fellow-

The
re-

craft,

and Master among the Freemasons

ceremonies seemed to parallel those of the

analogues in the Sworn-Brother, Adopted-Brother, and Righteous L^ncle in use in the Chinese Society.

Hung League and Kolao
ferred to, from which
it

Hui, already

nuiy be inferred the

AVith the foregoing outline of secret societies in

China,

it

becomes

easier to arrive at

Spokane Chinese Lodge represents a benevolent branch of the Kolao Hui, of which less

70
is

FREEMASONRY AMONG THE MORMONS
heard in China than of the main or revoAvere
J. H. C. Dill, Bloomington, IlliGrand Secretary of the Grand Lodge, "the immortal F. and A. M., of Illinois, May 11, 1806
nois,
:

From

hitionary and violent section of that society.

There

references to

three," circumambulation, four stations at Avhich questions were asked and answers
returned, kneeling on crossed swords, tea-

" drinking, burning incense, a " traditional
;

season of refreshment, and signs in which the head and hands Avere used yet the " occidental
tect

unable to deanything that resembled the Masonry

Masons present

Avere

have no way of telling whether or not any of Mormon apostles were members of the (Masonic) Lodge at Nauvoo. Possibly returns were made, but this office has twice been burned out, and all records destroyed. I can give the names and addresses of two old and prominent Masons who know a great deal about the Mormon troubles, and were present when " old Joe Smith " was killed: B. Mendenhall, Dallas City, and William R. HamilI

the twelve

with Avhich they Avere familiar."

ton, Carthage,

111.

Chinese secret

societies

in

the

United

From Theodore
A. M., of Iowa,
I

S. Parvin,

Cedar Kapids,

States originated in one or

more

of those in

Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge, F. and

China, and are found at almost all American centres of jiopulation Avliere there are a
considerable

May

6,

1896

:

personally and officially

know that

the Mormons

number of Chinese, more par- had a (Masonic) Lodge at Nauvoo (Illinois) in the ticularly at NcAV York city and at cities on years 1840 to the period they removed from Illinois Bluffs, la., and later to Salt ISTearly all of them east to Kanesville, Council the Pacific Coast. Lake City. I know, further, that the Grand Lodge of the Eocky Mountains are rather more of Illinois revoked the charter of that Lodge, but reputable than the Tongs of San Francisco, the Mormons refused to surrender it and but none of them is Masonic in character or took it with them, and worked a Lodge in Salt Lake
.
.

.

has any affiliation Avith Masonic bodies.

Freemasonry among the Mormons. Whether the so-called t\velve Mormon apostles

—

City under that charter.

I

know very
. .
.

well, also,

were Freemasons or not, and Avhether

or not the

Mormon

hierarchy utilized vari-

from attendance upon the Grand Lodge, that it was that Jodistinctly stated then and there seph Smith was a Mason and I have no doubt, also, that Brigham Young was a member of the same Lodge.
;

ous Masonic forms in their endowment house ceremonies at Salt Lake City, have long been matters of controversy; but the
following extracts from replies to letters of inquiry on these points leave them no longer

From William
of

E. Hamilton, Past Master
?fo. 20, F.

Hancock Lodge,
111.,

and A. M.,

Carthage,

May

26, 1896

:

At the time of the Mormon era in this county I was but a boy of eleven years, and could only know in doubt. about Masonry by hearing men that I knew to be From Christopher Diehl, Salt Lake City, Masons talk about it. It was claimed and believed Utah, Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge, that spurious Masons were being made (at Nauvoo) about 1842-43, and the Lodge at this place ceased to A. F. and A. M., of Utah, May 4, 1896: Brother Edmunds work on that account. I have been a resident of this city since 186G, and and, in resided at Nauvoo for many years, In the early days a Mason since 1868. the only man in this county who much was said about Mormon Masonry in Nauvoo all probability, is was a Mason at that time. (Illinois), but whether there was any such thing, I
. . .

...

.

.

.

could never

tell.

We never

our Lodges in those days. reported that there were Masons
especially B.

...

admitted Mormons to It was, however,

among them, more
alive,

Young, who was then

and
.

I
.

From G. Edmunds, attorney, Carthage, 111., to W. K. Hamilton of the same place. May 25, 1896
:

doubt not he was, but could not swear to it. In the early days I made a study of Mormon Masonry, and wrote considerably about it in my reports on correspondence, because the stand of Utah Masons was attacked for refusing Mormons admission
.

The charter of what was known as the Mormon Masonic Lodge at Nauvoo had been surrendered before I settled there, in 1845, and I only know
from hearsay and talk with members of that Lodge, who afterwards became members of Reclamation Lodge, No. 54 (where I was made a Mason), who

to our Lodges.

FREEMASONRY AMONG THE MORMONS
were members of the original Lodge at Nauvoo. Dr. John P. Weld, a member of Reclamation Lodge, No. 54, informed me he was a member of the original Nauvoo Lodge; also that Brigham Young, Orson Hyde, Wilford WoodruiT, IleberC. Kimball, William Smith, and others of the " Twelve Apostles" were members of the said original (Nauvoo) Masonic Lodge, as were also Joseph the There prophet, and Iliram Smitli, his brother. was no connection between the IMormon endowment house and Masonry, none whatever.

71

who were

notorious outlaws or

men

of bail ri'puto.

After expulsion the Nauvoo Lodge continued to hold clandestine meetings and to make innovations
to

conform

to

Mormon

teachings.

Temple was mostly finished at Nauvoo, the Mormons instituted the endowment ceremonies and incorporated tlierein some of tlie ritual of Ma.sonry. To-day, at Salt Lake City, they still practise these eeremoi\ies. A visitor to the old town of Nauvoo to-day will see a three-story brick buildthe

When

ing standing on the low land adjoining the sliores
of the Mississippi River.
It is a quaint, old-style

Contributed by B. Mendenbiill, Dallas City, 111. (District Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge, F. and A. M., of Illinois
in 1882),
In

May

23, 1896

:

the year 1839-40 the

Mormons began

to

gather at Nauvoo, 111., and build a town, or, as they religiously called it, the "Zion." Among so
large a there were
ally

number of men from all parts of the world, some who were Freemasons, and naturthey conceived the idea of instituting a Lodge
Accordingly,
they
applied
to

end to the east and a representation of the All-Seeing Eye painted on the eastern end. The foundation, which is of stone, is graced by a square-cut stone, aljout three feet each way, in which is cut, in well-defined letters, the words, "Grand Master A, Helm, 1843." It is at the northeast corner. The building, which was always known as the Masonic Temple, is fast falling
building, with the gable
into ruins.

The witnesses

to the

"Book

of

Mormon"

were

at

Nauvoo.

the

three, to-wit: P. P. Pratt, or Parley P.

Pratt, an
;

Grand Master for a dispensation to form and work a Lodge to be called Nauvoo Lodge, U. D. On the
loth day of October, 1841, a petition signed by
the requisite

Englishman by birth, and one of the twelve Martin Harris, afterwards an apostate, and Oliver Cowdery, also one of the twelve. The first or
original twelve

was sent

to

number of Master Masons Grand Master A. Jonas,

at

Nauvoo

apostles of the

Mormon Church
president
;

residing at

were: Sidney Rigden,

who was

Parley

Quincy, for a dispensation to form a lodge at Nauvoo. The prayer of the petition was granted, and the dispensation was duly forwarded to the
brethren.

They went

to

work during the winter
Li Octo-

following and did a wholesale business.
ber, 1842,
tee

when

the

Grand Lodge met, the Commit-

on Lodges, U. D., reported that the returns of as required, but it was thought best to continue the dispensation for another year. At the meeting of the Grand Lodge in 1843, the committee found many complaints against the Lodge at Nauvoo. As no returns had been sent in, the Grand Master sent a committee to Nauvoo to examine into the work and doings of the Lodge. Grand Master Meradith Helm wascr officio chairman of the committee, and went to Nauvcxj and attempted to make an investigation, but both he and the committee were treated with contempt by the Mormons and their leaders. Why the Grand Master did not take the dispensation away with him has been a matter of comment ever since. When the Grand Lodge met in October, 1844, it ex-

Nauvoo Lodge were not

John Taylor, William Richards, Amasa Lyman, Daniel Wells, Hyrum Smith, William Smitli, Brigham Young, Orson Pratt, and David A. Wyman. After the death of Joe Smith the propiu't, Brigham Young succeeded as Chief of the Twelve Apostles, and finally to the head of the Churcli at Salt Lake City. All the leaders of the Mormon Church were
P. Pratt, Oliver Cowdery, Orson Hyde,

Masons,

that

is,

according to their

own

peculiar

views, which, of course,

meant under the control

and direction of the Mormon Church. It seems that Masonry was not to flourisli in Nauvoo, for when another Lodge was chartered by our Grand Lodge, in 1848, founded on the ruins of the

Nauvoo Lodge, Reclamation, No. 54, althougli appearing prosperous at first, and doing a fair amount
of the

pelled all the

members

of

Nauvoo Lodge,

decla'red

the

Lodge

irregular

the dispensation.

and clandestine, and annulled No charter was ever granted

and associations to it and the writer hereof, in the year 1882. being then Deputy Grand Master of the district, was ordered by the Grand Master to take up its charter for unmasonic conduct. That was done, and tliere has been no Masonic Lodge at Nauvoo since. Tlie Grand Lodge of Utah of A. F. and A. M. never would admit Mormons to membership in any of the Lodges in its
of work, yet the reputation
first

Nauvoo Lodge clung

;

them.

Some

territory.

of the irregularities were in voting

on eight or ten candidates at one ballot, holding clandestine meetings, and initiating candidates

Kevelations of the inuer religious cere-

monial

life

of

the

Mormons,

jniblished

72

FREEMASONRY AMONG NEGROES

years ago, stated that the

Mormon
in their

leaders

age, was

were violently anti-Mason

preach-

made a Freemason at Boston, in an English army Lodge connected with Gen-

eral Gage's command, and on March 6th, which may be explained the same year, fourteen other Boston negroes by the fact that the sect was founded not were made Freemasons in the same Lodge, only during the period of anti-Masonic at Castle William, Boston Harbor, now Fort excitement, but in the very region from Independence. Each is declared to have Avhich Morgan, the apostate Freemason, paid a fee of twenty-five guineas for the disappeared. When the Mormons went three degrees. The motive of the members West, it is singular, but perhaps not signifi- of the army Lodge in initiating, passing, cant, that Morgan's wife (widow?) went with and raising these fifteen negroes may best them; and in an interview between the first be conjectured. If it was to secure the wife of Orson Pratt and Kate Fields, pub- cooperation of negroes in the prospective lished in the St. Louis " Globe Democrat," struggle with the colonists, it failed so far as

ings and teachings prior to their hegira from

New York

State,

December

4,

1892, Mrs. Pratt tells of the
111.,

Prince Hall

presence at Nauvoo,

18-40-46, of

the

is concerned; for the latter sided with the colonists, shouldered a musket, and

widow of Morgan, where she had married a remained a useful and prominent citizen of Mormon. From what has been made pub- Massachusetts until his death in 1807. lic concerning Mormon endowment house At the annual session of the (white) ceremonies by such apostate Mormons as Grand Lodge of Freemasons of Ohio, in
Mrs. Pratt, and others, there would appear
to be

1875,

the following conclusions were re-

no Freemasonry in them. Those who l^orted by a committee of eminent members invented them drew heavily on "Paradise (among them Enoch T. Carson) on that Lost'' and the Old Testament for a ritual, portion of the address of the Grand Master and, by paralleling certain forms and situa- which referred to ''colored Masonry": tions in Craft Masonry, succeeded in conYour Committee deem it sufficient to say that they structing what proved to most of their are satisfied beyond all question that colored Freefollowers to be an impressive, if not in- masonry had a legitimate begimiing in this country, as much so as any other Freemasonry in fact, spired, ceremonial.
;

Freemasonry

among

Negroes. —

it

Among more

than 1,300,000 affiliated and unaffiliated white Freemasons in the United
States, comparatively

came from the same source. Your Committee have the most

satisfactory

and

conclusive evidence that these colored Freemasons

few have familiarized
to

themselves with the details of the history
of the Fraternity,

and

such

it

will j)rove

same rites and ceremonies and have substantially the same esoteric or secret modes of recognition as are practised by ourselves and by the universal family of Freemasons throughout the
practise the very

in the nature of a surprise to learn that there

world.

are probably 60,000 negro

Freemasons

in

the country, whose Freemasonry comes from

the same source

as their own, the Grand Lodge of England. The average white Freemason knows there are so-called negro

Freemasons,
their

but has generally regarded Freemasonry as a spurious variety,
possessors, at best, as clandestine.
first

and the

As
as

to the
to the

inference he

is

mistaken, and

second he might substitute the word irregular. Early in 1775 Prince Hall,

Prince Hall and his brother (negro) Freemasons continued to meet socially and otherAvise, and (as declared and not disproved) as a Lodge, although they did no Masonic work, until some time between 1781 and 1783, when they applied to the MassachuThe resetts Grand Lodge for a warrant. Application for a warquest was refused. rant was made to the Grand Lodge of England, March 7, 1784, and on September 29,

1784 (shortly after the close of the

War

of

an educated negro, twenty-seven years of

the Eevolution), the Grand Lodge of

Eng-

:

FREEMASONRY AMONG NEGROES
land issued a warrant to Prince Hall and his
fourteen associates at Boston, constituting
initiated

73

between 1807 and 1826.

In 1808

delegates from the negro Lodges at Boston,

African Lodge, No. 454, of Free and Accepted Masons. But it was not until 1787
that the fee for the warrant was received
in

Providence, and Philadelphia met at Bos-

ton and formed African (frequently called " Prince Hall ") (J rand Lodge (referred to

by Pike in a preceding quotation), which body is the source of all .Masonic authority among negro Freemasons in the United In 1827 African Lodge deStates to-day. clared itself indepemlent of the Grand In 1847 there were exclusive territorial jurisdiction was not rec- Lodge of England. ognized abroad at that time, and was not three negro (J rand Lodges: one in Massabeing enforced here. African Lodge con- chusetts, and two in Pennsylvania, delegates tinued a regular, working Lodge of the from which met at Boston that year and orCirand Lodge of England as late as ]797, ganized the " National Grand Lodge of the
England, the Avarrant delivered, and
tlie

Lodge name entered on the roll of Lodges holding obedience to the Grand Lodge of England. Tt will be borne in mind tli,at the present American Masonic doctrine of

United States of North America," to be Grand the Supreme Masonic power in the United Lodge of England, as required by its war- States. Grand Lodges were formed in New rant. That it was really active is shown York, New Jersey, Maryland, and the Disby its establishing a Lodge at Philadelphia trict of Columbia in 1848, in Ohio and in 1797, and one at Providence, concerning Delaware in 1849, in Indiana, Ehodc Island, Avhicli the late Albert Pike wrote, September and the Province of Ontario in 1850, in 13, 1875, to the Grand Secretary of the Louisiana in 1863, and Liberia in 1867. Louisiana refused allegiance to the National (white) Grand Lodge of Ohio: Grand Lodge, and three years later Ohio Prince Hall Lodge was as regular a Lodge as any Lodge created by a competent aulhoilty, and had a Avithdrew from it, followed by the Grand By perfect right (as other Lodges in Eiu'opc did) to es- Lodge of the District of Columbia. tablish other Lodges, making itself a mother Lodge. 1880 all the Grand Lodges except MissisThat's the way tlie Berlin Lodges, Three Globes and sippi had withdrawn, and not long after the Itoyal York became Grand Lodges. National Grand Lodge practically ceased to As to the question of the strict Masonic exist. In 1890 there were Sovereign Grand legality of all that African Lodge and some Lodges of Free and Accepted negro Maof its successors did, T. S. Parvin, Grand sons in thirty-two States, and one each in Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Iowa wrote the District of Columbia, the Province of to the Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge Ontario, and in Liberia.

making anuual

or other returns, with con-

tributions to the charity fund of the

of Ohio

The negroes can make as good a show for the legality of their Grand Lodges as the whites can.
It's

S. R. Scottron, Brooklyn, writes, July 27, 1897, that the National (irand Lodge " still

only a matter of taste, not laws.
all

I

am

satisfied

that

the world outside the United States will,

Lodges '*in sevwhether this doubtful but it is eral States," is anything more than an attempt of former
exists," with subordinate
officials to

ere long, recognize them.

revive

it.

One

of the best

known

Upon

the union of the Grand Lodges of
in 1813, African
list,

and National Grand blaster of The ignored this treatment, for its records are negro Freemasons for many years. declared to show that eighty candidates were "negro question" in American Masonic
tion period,

Lodge was reand has iicver been recognized by the Grand Lodge of England since. African Lodge, however, must have
England,

negroes formerly connected with the National Grand Lodge is Richard Gleaves,
of

moved from the

Washington, D.

C,

Lieutenant-Governor
reconstruc-

of South

Carolina during the

74

FREEMASONRY AMONG NEGROES
naturally

Grand Lodges has

been promi-

nent during the latter half of the century. In New Jersey it took a crucial form when Alpha Lodge, No. 16, at Newark, made a number of negroes Freemasons. The result, for a time, was no inconsiderable dissatisfaction among the Craft, but the Lodge continues to this day on the roll of the

Lodges in America, and, while he seems to have demolished those of his adversaries

upon the American Masonic doc" exclusive territorial jurisdiction," he appears to rely too much upon proving irregularity on the part of early white Grand
rely

who

trine of

bodies,

to excuse the irregularity of like negro organizations, overlooking the fact

the former was His argument is, of Masonic Lodge of negroes attached to a course, that the faults of the early grand and In 1875 the white subordinate negro bodies could be healed by white Grand Lodge. Grand Lodge of Ohio became interested competent Masonic authority with quite as in the subject of the universality of Free- much propriety; the only reply to which is masonry, and an eifort was made to recog- that it has not been done. Yet, when all nize the negro Grand Lodge of that State. else is said, the quoted comment by the late The matter was referred to a committee, Albert Pike cannot be ignored, that the first and a report was made in favor of the African Grand Lodge, formed by representWhen it came to voting on the atives of three subordinate Lodges, two of project. adoption of the report, a point of order was which Lodges were created by the first, was raised, which the Grand Master decided not no more irregular than were the Berlin On appeal, the Grand Master's Grand bodies, the Three Globes, and the well taken. decision was reversed by a vote of 390 to 332, Royal York, which were formed in a similar and so the whole matter came to naught. manner. In 1898 the Grand Lodge of the State E. B. Irving, Grand Master of "the Most "Worshipful Grand Lodge of the Most -An- of Washington took an advanced view of cient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and this subject, going so far as to suggest the Accepted (negro) Masons, State of New propriety of the recognition of the legitiYork," writes from Albany, March 16, macy of colored Freemasons, the origin of 1896, that "the Prince Hall Grand Lodge the charters of whose Lodges is found, of of Massachusetts, from which all negro course, in the charter granted to African Grand Lodges obtain their authority, is in Lodge of Boston by the Grand Lodge of As a consefraternal relations with white Grand Lodges England, in the last century. in Germany and Hungary," and that "in quence the Grand Lodge of Kentucky has foreign countries colored Masons are received adopted a resolution declaring non-interand accorded all the rights of a brother in course with Washington the Grand Lodges Masonic Lodges, although (even though ?) of Arkansas, New Jersey, and South Carohe may hail from the United States," and lina have also severed relations with Washthat he has "yet to learn of one who has ingbon, and the Grand Master of New York been refused." S. W. Clark, Grand Mas- has requested the Grand Eepresentative ter of (negro) Free Masons in Ohio in 1886, of Washington to resign his commission. whose pamphlet, "The Negro Mason in Maryland and Rhode Island contented themEquity," is well worth careful reading, adds selves by expressing the hope that Washthat in France, Italy, Germany, Hungary, ington will reconsider its action. Peru, and Dominica "our representatives" There are, therefore, two streams of Freeare "received, and accredited as such." masonry coursing through the United Mr. Clark makes an able plea for the recog- States. Each started from the same source nition of the regularity of negro Masonic and both are running in the same direction.of

Grand Lodge

New

Jersey, the only in-

that the irregularity

of

stance in the United

States of

a regular

subsequently healed.

;

FREEMASONRY AMONG NECJROES
One forms
is

75

a

only a brook.

mighty torrent, while the other and Knights Templars who were responsiBut their routes to the ble for these acts may never be known. In
fact,

great sea of universal brotherhood are parallel,

this

explanation

of

the

origin

of

divided only by the

embankment of

con-

Capitular and Templar Freemasonry

among

ditions

and race prejudice. Negro Freemasons in America have and ceremonials by imitating or

flat-

negroes seems to rest on the declarations of the men named. Negro Knights Templars

were not known out of Pennsylvania for many years, when they appeared in Baltileling all of them. Thus we find among more and Washington. The first negro Enthe negroes symbolic Lodges, Koyal Arch campment in New York was organized, acChapters, and Commanderies of Knights cording to Macoy, as late as 1872, and the Templars, corresponding to the American Grand Encampment there in 1875. The system, as well as five or more so-called Su- writer is informed by those who should preme Councils of a "thirty-third degree know that there were nineteen negro Ancient, Accepted Scottish Eite," each Grand Encampments in the L'nited States claiming exclusive jurisdiction and the ab- in 1895, with nearly 3,000 Sir Knights. African Supreme Council, " Ancient, Acsolute lack of authority on the part of rival
tered white possessors of various jMasonic
rites

paral-

cepted Scottish Rite for the American Supreme Councils. The Most Puissant Sovereign Grand Com- Continent," is declared to have been estabmander of the Philadelphia Negro Supreme lished at Philadelphia in 1820 by authority Council, George W. Koper, wrote John H. of the Grand Orient of France, whicli body, Deyo, Grand Master of negro Freemasons Masonic students will recall, did not, and

New York, in 1895, that the first negro Chapter of Royal Arch Masons was organized at Philadelphia in 1819 or 1830, by the aid of the white Koyal Arch Chapter of the
in

does not, authorize the working of degrees
of that rite.
It is of interest to note,

ever, that while negro Royal

howArch Masons

State of Pennsylvania, and

that the

first

negro Grand Royal Arch Chapter was formed Little in Pennsylvania in or about 1826. more was done in this direction until long after the anti-Masonic agitation died out (1836), and it was not until 1879, according
to Macoy, that a Grand Royal Arch Chapter was organized in New York. Statistics regarding ' Chapter Masonry "among negroes

are

difficult

to obtain, but

from inquiry
it

among

a

number

of those best informed

seems probable that negro Royal Arch Chapters number more than 5,000 members. The statement is also made that the first Commandery of negro Knights Templars was formed at Philadelphia (some time, but not long after the first Royal Arch Cha])ter) by the white Grand Encampment of Knights Templars of Pennsylvania (1816Whether it was the Grand Chajiter 25).

and Knights Templars claim that the first negro Chapter and Encampment were formed at Philadelphia by members of the Pennsylvania white Grand Chapter and Grand Encampment, respectively, their traditions as to the founding of the first negro Supreme Council (Scottish Rite) attribute supreme body strangely it to a foreign enough, to the one of the two French Masonic supreme bodies which, in 1820, recognized only the French Rite of seven degrees. African Supreme Council is not known to have done much more than to exist on paper until 1850, when it was succeeded by the soThe called David Leary Supreme Council.

—

latter did not exhibit

much

activity until

after the Civil

War, and when questioned

as

to tbe warrant for its authority, presented a

document purporting

and the Grand Encampment
vania, or merely white Royal

of

Pennsyl-

to have been issued by the (Jrand Orient of France, in 1850, to David Leary of Philadelphia, through its Deputy, one Larine, and signed by certain

Arch Masons persons

as officers.

On comparing the names

76

FREEMASONRY AMONG NEGROES
down
in the aunual calenits bulle-

with those laid
tins,
it

authority on

"a

charter for a Council of

dars of the Grand Orient and in held
office at

Princes of Jerusalem, purporting to have

was found that no such men had that or any other time, nor did the name of Larine appear in its tableau of membership, nor was the seal appended T^liis thereto the seal of the Grand Orient. warrant, when examined by representatives of a rival negro Supreme Council, was found to be sealed with the letters "A. Y. M." and '' a Good Templar's Seal." It may be

been issued by the African Council," Philadelphia, and is in affiliation with the Philadelphia consolidated (Northern) Supreme Council, and the " Supreme Council for the Northwestern Jurisdiction of the United States," with its "Grand East" at St. Louis, an organization of schismatic origin. The Washington Supreme Council (Southern Jurisdiction) was formed in 1869, and well to explain that the Scottish Rite de- soon became dormant, but was revived in There are, therefore, four negro Sugrees in France are conferred exclusively 1879.

by the authority of the Supreme Council, a preme Councils professing to confer Scottish body having no connection with the Grand Rite degrees in the United States. They The latter, although j)ossessing are spasmodically active, usually dormant, Orient.
these degrees, discountenances their use, as
it

exhibitions of

life,

being usually confined to

does the rites of Misraim, Memphis, and

a gathering of officers to reelect each other,
or to

other products of Masonic degree-makers of
the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

make

a few "thirty-seconds"

and

outgrowth of the revival of this soFreemasonry at Philadelphia was the formation of a rival known as King David Supreme Council. It claimed of courtesy, conld be called authority for direct descent from African Supreme Coun- existence. The Washington Supreme CounThere was also cil's existence rests, it is declared, on a charcil, which died in 1850. a King Frederick Supreme Council there, ter for a Council of Princes of Jerusalem
called Scottish Rite

An

Louis Supreme Council, which claims Northwestern Jurisdiction, has about 150 members, but nothing in the nature of what, by even a stretch
"thirty-thirds."
St.

The

twenty years ago, established by the founder (a subordinate Scottish Rite body), granted of the Baltimore Supreme Council, who by African Supreme Council years before Its claimed to have authority for that purpose the Washington organization appeared. from the negro Supreme Council for the own claim to a warrant from the Grand United States, its Territories and Dependen- Orient of France refers, probably, to the bare cies, established at New York city in 1864 by allegation that the African Supreme CounBaron Auguste Hugo de Bulow, a member cil was chartered by the Grand Orient, a As that statement which is its own refutation. The of the Supreme Council of France. New York Supreme Council repudiated the spurious character of the warrant of the placing of Supreme Councils at Baltimore Philadelphia Supreme Council has been reand at Philadelphia, little remains to be said ferred to. This leaves only the New York in reference to them. So far as learned, the Supreme Council to deal with that of only existing negro Supreme Councils are Avhich Peter W. Ray, M.D., and S. R. ScotThe the David Leary of Philadelphia, with which tron of Brooklyn, N. Y., are leaders. the King Frederick Supreme Council united Baron de Bulow, 33°, a member of the in 1881 under the title S. C, etc.. Northern Supreme Council of France, came to New

—

Jurisdiction,

U.

S.

A.; that referred to at

York

in 1862, accredited as a Representa-

" Supreme Council for the Southern Jurisdiction of the TJ. S. A.," with headquarters at Washington, Thornton A. Jackson, M. P. S. G. C, which bases its

New York

city; the

tive to the

Supreme Council of the United Northern Jurisdiction (white) as related by negro Freemasons, members of the negro Supreme Council of New York,
States,

—

—

FREEMASONRY AMONG NEGROES
and, as also admitted, he returned to France b}- the (white) Supreme Council

77

accredited

He showed his sincerity what he did by creating his son and ten named, as Representative to the Supreme negroes "thirty-third degree Masons," who Council of France the body controlling with himself nine black and two white
law unto himself.
in

—

Scottish Eite grades or degrees in France.

men

— were

—

the

original

members

of

the

On

a second

visit to this

country, in 18G4,
here, declared the

negro Sujireme Council
States, its

the Baron, finding no Scottish Kite Masonry

"for the United Territories and Dependencies."

All the negro Supreme Councils menand by his claimed tioned are, for reasons given, irregular; prerogative, as Sovereign Grand Inspector some of them spurious, and none of tliem General of the Supreme Council of France, has ever been accorded recognition by any he organized a Supreme Council of negroes regular Supreme Council in the world. who had been created thirty-third degree Their total membership is about 1,000, Freemasons by himself for that purpose. of which about 600 belong to the PhiladelThe first to receive the degree was Patrick phia and Washington bodies, and 250 H. Reason, then Most Worshipful Grand to the New York Supreme Council. An Master of the negro Grand Lodge of Free- effort was made, in 1881, to unite the masons of the State of New York. De negro Supreme Councils, but, with the Bulow never returned to France, but re- exception noted, it failed, and the strife mained until his death, in the endeavor to for office, for decorations, and for recogfirmly establish Scottish Rite Freemasonry nition of the regularity of one over another among colored men. In vieAV of the Baron's is likely to keep them apart. action, it is proper to jioint out that by Little remains to be added in a brief the law of all recognized Supreme Coun- historical sketch of Freemasonry among cils of the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite negroes, except that a schismatic Scot(of which the Sujoreme Council of France is tish Rite body existed for a brief period one), no Inspector General is permitted to at New York, a few years ago, known establish a Supreme Council of the rite in as the "Joe Smith " Supreme Council, and any country where such a body already ex- that nearly twenty-five years ago one Robert ists, except by special patent issued for the Cowes (negro) claimed to have received the 2)urpose. The question, then, is, did De ritual of the Rite of Memphis from the Bulow know of the existence of a Supreme Grand Orient of France for propagation Council in the United States at the time he among negroes in the LTnited States. It is
(that
?)

among negro Freemasons
territory vacant,

recognized by the SuFrance ? The answer is, of course, that as he had visited such a Council here that for the Northern Jurisdiction and had beeii appointed by it a Representative to the Supreme Council of France; one, therefore, did exist, and unless he had a special patent from France empowering him to do what he did in 18G4 which he never had or claimed to have his action in establishing a negro Supreme Council was, Masonically, illegal and void. De Bulow was evidently a visionary, undoubtedly a philanthropist, and on what he conceived to be the ethics of a situation, a

took this step

— one
of

not
to

known
that.

that he ever received authority

preme Council

do

On

the contrary, there

is

good

reason to believe that the Grand Orient of

—

—

France did nothing of the kind. (See Freemasonry, Rite of Memphis.) In any event no bodies of that rite exist here. About twenty years ago there was a negro Supreme
Council established at Baltimore (not the one already referred to) by Charles P. Daly of Ocala, Fla., who claimed authority from some body in the British West Indies. The first negro Su])reme Council at Baltimore was
established by

—

Lemuel G.

Griffin, as stated,

an Inspector General of the

New York

Su-

preme Council, who afterward organized

78

FREEMASONRY

:

RITE OF MEMPHIS, ANCIENT

AND PRIMITIVE
1835, entitled "

King Frederick Supreme Council at Phila- Bedarride in Nothing is known of these organi- Misraim." delphia.
zations to-day.

The Order

of

Jacques Etienne Marconis was initiated
:

Freemasonry Rite of Memphis, Ancient and Primitive. — No account of this
Masonic rite would be complete which ignored its parent, the Rite of Misraim. The
was founded at
j\rilan in

into the Rite of Misraim in April, 1833, and

expelled therefrom in

June following.

In

1839, in association with Moullet and others,

he founded the Rite of Memphis at Paris, Prom- and soon after established Lodges at Marinent among its members were Lechangeur, seilles and Brussels. It consisted of ninetyLechangeur, on being one degrees, later of ninety-two degrees, and Joly, and Bedarride. refused admission into the Supreme Council afterward of ninety-six degrees, with a of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, ninety-seventli degree for the official head compiled and organized the Rite of Misraim of the Rite. It should require little special
latter

1805.

in opposition to the former. of eighty-seven

It consisted
first,

degrees

at

later

of

information to properly infer that this rite was based on that of Misraim. It appropriated bodily degrees of the Ancient and

ninety degrees, which included nearly all the numerous Scottish Rite degrees in existence

— degrees borrowed from
It

other

rites,

from

floating material, or invented for the

purpose.

was introduced into France in

1814, where recognition was refused it by In 1817 the Supreme the Grand Orient.

Council of the Rite of Misraim was disLodges continued to exist, and finally, in 1822, the Rite became dormant,
solved, but

although

has been practised by a few European Lodges at intervals almost ever since. The ninety degrees were conferred (most
it

of

them, probably, communicated)

in four

Accepted Scottish Rite, those peculiar to the Rite of Misraim, and supplemented them with inventions. Gould states that Marconis, who had been expelled in 1833, established a Lodge of the Rite of Misraim in 1836, and in 1838 was again expelled. Then he fabricated the Rite of Memphis, the first Lodge of which was formed at Paris in 1838. In 1840 the Paris Lodges of the Rite were closed by the police, but were revived in The Rite was unrecognized by the 1849. Grand Orient of France during all that period, and, therefore, was irregular. Late
in the fifties
states that in
it

series

and seventeen

classes;

the

first

being

became dormant.

Mackey

entitled Symbolic, the second Philosophic,

the third Mystical, and the fourth KabbalisThis Rite claimed the privilege of contic.
trolling all other

Masonic

rites,

which, aside

1862 Marconis applied to the Grand Orienr of France for recognition for the Rite of Memphis, and got it by divesting himself of all authority over it and placing
it

being very complicated, was enough Some of its degrees were to condemn it. based on the ancient Egyptian mysteries, hence Misraim, an ancient name for Egypt.

from

its

entirely in the

Orient,

which
it

absorbed

hands of the Grand and shelved it,
is

where, so far as the Grand Orient
cerned,

con-

It differs

from

ail

other Masonic rites in

that
gree,

it

abolished the legend of the third de-

and introduced the story of the death Lamech, who was killed by three An attempt to revive the rite in ruffians. France in 1856 failed, and Gould, in his " History of Freemasonry," says that for several years after its few Lodges continued A ponderous aca precarious existence. count of the Rite was published by Mark
of a son of

remains to-day. As this rite utilized the third degree of Craft Masonry, several of its Lodges were revived after 1862, but worked only the symbolic degrees. In 1873 one Carence, with Marconis, conferred the Rose Croix (Memphis) degree on

Freemasons who were officially informed that no power or authority permitted such an act, as Marconis had divested himself of all claim to the rite in May, 1862, and again, formally, in 1863, 1864, 1865, and
several

FREEMASONRY: RITE OF MEMPHIS, ANCIENT AND PRIMITIVE
tlie SuAncient and Accepted Scottish Rite of England, in 1872, the Grand

79

18G6.

In reply to an inquiry from
of the

preme Council

Secretary of the

Grand Orient

of France ex-

plained the foregoing, and stated that at the

time the treaty was negotiated with Marconis,
city

ceded anything to the Grand Orient of Robert Morris, in the " Freemasons' Almanac," January 1, 18G5, says that the Rite of Memphis has a beautiful and impressive ritual; that it was introduced here November 9, 185G, by Marconis, who estabFrance.
lished a
Avith

Supreme Council, ninety degrees, John Mitchel at its head, and a Sovereign Grand Council, ninety-four degrees, Rite of Memphis, although, owing to the with David McLellan as Grand blaster. bad faith of ^larconis, the latter pretended But for some reason the system did not he had ceded the rite to the Grand Orient flourish, not even after Seymour was infor France alone. Seymour assumed the vested with the highest degree in Paris in title of Grand Master of the Rite of Mem1862, and Avith authority to establish a Sovphis for America, and founded a Sovereign ereign Grand Sanctuary of Conservators
18G2, II. J.
of

Seymour

New York

was at Paris; but that he, the latter, received no power to confer degrees of the

Sanctuary in New York, Avhich, strangely enough, in 18G7 appeared on the Calendar of the Grand Orient of France for that year.

General of the Order in America.

A

Sov-

ereign Council General was established in

New

England, but that and the various

The Grand Secretary of the latter body adds State organizations made slow headway, and that after learning Seymour was conferring had only a few hundred working members. more than the three symbolic degrees, the Seymour, who had a pyrotechnical, but unGrand Orient "' broke off all connection with enviable, career in several Masonic rites, is this power and personally with Brother Sey- declared by members of a so-called Scottish mour," who never had ''either a char- Rite among negroes in the United States ter or power from the Grand Orient of to have received the ritual of the Rite of France." Memphis from Robert Cowes, a negro, to

On the other hand, Gould says that in 1850 and 1854 a Chapter and a Council of
the Rite of
in

whom

it

was committed by the proper au-

among his race, Memphis had been established and to have used it for his (Seymour's) New York city, and that in 1860 Mar- benefit. This is probably an error, due to
thorities for propagation

conis went to

Grand Lodge
at Troy.

of

America and established a " Discij^les of Memphis"

In 1857 the rite was known in York, and in 18G2 a Sovereign Sanc- eral years the chief secretarial ofticer of the tuary v.as chartered. It was taken from Rite of Memphis in America, adds that SeyAmerica to England in 1872, where the mour did not condense the Rite of Memphis number of degrees was reduced from ninety- to form his Cerneau Rite. Mr. Goodale five tp thirty-three. The same authority wrote, in 1895, that the Rite of Memphis explains that in 1862 Marconis, in response still existed, but that it was " very inacto a circular sent out by the Grand Orient tive," practically dormant, "waiting for

nicknamed " De Negre," owing to his dark complexion. H. C. Goodale of Jamaica, L. I., for sevMarconis's having been

New

demanded recognition for "'one dormant French Lodges," which was granted; that his symbolic Lodges then became a part of the Grand Orient, and his Avhole system was supposed to have come under the supervision of that Grand body. According to this, the rite had been established in the United States before ^larconis
of France,

better times."

In addition to the Sover-

of his

eign Sanctuary established in 1862, there

had been formed six Mystic Temples, twelve Councils, S. M. G. W., twenty-three Senates of n. P.. and forty-one Chapters of R. C, with a membership in 1895, which, while not large, was scattered through many States. The roll of Grand Conservators was

80

FREEMASONRY: KNIGHTS OF ROME AND RED CROSS OF CONSTANTINE

something in New York, which he told the initiates were regular Masonic bodies in ters The official organ of the Rite, '' The Lybic which they could get all the degrees at low Chain/' was published at New York in rates. His operations extended to Philadel1883, and continued to appear for a num- phia and Chicago, where he found many He was deS. C. Gould, Manchester, dupes at so much per capita. ber of years. N. H., states that a body was organized at nounced by regular Masonic authorities, and TJtica, N".Y., in 1880, under the title, " The soon found himself under arrest, after which Antient and Primitive Oriental Rite of Mis- the bodies created by him died out. It was raim," but Goodale says the Rite of Misraim the old story of a clever degree-peddler preyThe was represented at l^^ew York city in 1895 ing upon credulity and ignorance. by about twenty-five members of the Rite Ochs Rite of " Memj^his and Misraim " Avas

declared to include "

many

Past Grand Masin

and high

dignitaries

Masonry."

of

Memphis, who "thought

of obtaining

not the Marconis Rite, which became dor-

a charter and continuing the work." Evidently .the '' Oriental Rite " of Misraim was

mant here about

1895, and in which a

num-

ber of prominent Masons were interested for

The death of the latter was a brief period. something else. There was also an Egyptian Masonic Rite due to structural weakness and dry rot. of Memphis for the Cosmos in Boston, in Seymour, who was something of a degree1881, which was not long-lived, and there peddler himself, induced many acquaintances to join the Rite under the impression a,re records of an Antient and Primitive (Spanish) Oriental Rite of "Memphis and they were uniting with the Ancient and Misraim " at New York, Philadelphia, and Accej^ted Scottish Rite, and, so long as he Chicago in recent years, which had no con- could sell them paraphernalia, costumes, nection with the Ancient and Primitive etc., he was willing to let the members rule Rite of Memphis established here by ]\Iar- and govern the Rite, although he himself NotwithstandSovereign Sanctuaries of the origi- was the Grand Hierophant. conis. nal Rite of Memphis have been established ing this, which is learned from those to in America (now dead). Great Britain (at whom it was a matter of personal experi"Withiugham, Manchester, address .John ence, a number of prominent Freemasons beYarker, editor of the official organ, "The came identified with the Ancient and PrimKnepli "), Italy, Roumania, Egypt, and (it itive Rite of Memphis, only to lose interest is said) in India. and drop out. This Rite is a masqueradSpanish and Roumanian branches have ing Rite of Misraim, originally founded as been a source of trouble to American Free- a rival degree-shoj), and was very properly masons, by granting permission to irrespon- smothered by the Grand Orient of France sible or other persons to propagate the so- in 1SG2, Avhich body, it would seem, was called Oriental Rite of " Memphis and Mis- deceived into believing the founder had raim " in the United States, a hodge-podge delivered up all authority over it. It went of those Rites and of the vagaries of those from the L'nited States to England and disseminating them. elsewhere abroad, where it was apparently Jacques Ochs, a Roumanian, claimed au- dressed up or down, so that not even Marthority, between 1890 and 189G, from the conis, its own father, would know it under National Grand Lodge of Roumania to es- such a title as an " Oriental, Scottish Rite
,

tablish Masonic

Lodges in the United States. His authority was revoked, and he then apOrient of Spain for the Rite of
"'

of

Memphis and Misraim."

the Rites of Misraim and of
erly belong in a library of
:

The rituals of Memphis propcurios.

peared as a Representative of the Grand

Masonic

Memphis

and Misraim," and

established Lodges of

Freemasonry Order of Knights of Rome and of the Red Cross of Con-

FREEMASONRY: KNIGHTS OF ROME AND RED CROSS OF COXSTANTINK
stantine.* Sometimes called the Order of the Red Cross of Constantine, said to be the oldest Order of Knighthood conferred in
connection with Freemasonr}'.

SI

—

from the position of a despised and proscribed heresy to that of a
legally recog-

nized and honored religion."
first

One

of the

Knights of the of the Order is attributed to Constantine the Red Cross of Constantine was to replace Great, who, just before the battle of Saxa the heathen vsymbols on the public buildRubra, October 28, a.d., 312, beheld a ings in Rome with representations of the In 326 Emperor Constantine vision of the Passion Cross in the heavens, Red Cross. with the inscription (usually given in instituted the Order of Knight of the "Hoc Vince " (Conquer by This), Grand Cross, to be conferred only on Greek) " In Hoc Signo Knights of the Red Cross who had become rendered genera,lly Vinces," whereupon he vowed that, if suc- distinguished in the sciences, the learned The number cessful against the enemy and his life was professions, or in the army. Order of of Knights of the Grand Cross created by spared, he would create an Knighthood to champion the Christian Emperor Constantine was fifty, and in 1119, his victory. at a Grand Assembly of Knights of the religion and commemorate This he is declared to have done at Rome, Order at Rome, it was made a statute of December 25, a.d. 312. Constantine, at the Order that only fifty Knights of the the time of the vision, was not a believer Grand Cross should be created in any kingAfter the in the Christian religion, and he and his dom or independent country. friends believed that the Cross in the death of Constantine, in 337, the Popes of heavens was a divine omen. To emphasize Rome claimed and exercised sovereign his conversion to Christianity, Constantine authority over the Order for many years. caused each of his officers who had em- It is related that in 765 the Order had braced tiie Christian religion and received among its members emperors, kings, and at his hands the new Order of Christian princes, when the first jiilgrimage was made Knighthood to wear a Red Cross on the to the Holy Sepulchre under its banners. breast or on the right arm, and on the This was in accord with the obligations of Roman Imperial standards he placed golden its members, for in 314, when Constantine wreaths, and within them monograms com- instituted the Order of Knights of the Holy posed of the Greek letters " Chi " {X) and Sepulchre at the prayer of his mother, ''Rho" (P), the first of the two letters of Helena, they were especially commissioned Constantine, the first to protect the Holy Sepulchre from the the name Christ. Christian Roman Emperor, was further attacks of enemies of the Christian faith. identified with the cause of Christianity During the Crusades, the Order of Knights through his mother, Helena, who, in the of Rome and of the Red Cross of ConstanIn 1119 Emyear 32C, discovered and brought out of the tine were widely known. Hoh' Land the remains of the true Cross, peror ^Michael Angelos Com menus was and by reason of his having convened the elected Sovereign Grand Master of the Council of Nice in 325, where Constantine Order, and that title was retained in his was received by Bishop Eusebius with a family until 1699. The Order was revived panegyrical oration. Thus it is that a recent in England in 1688 by the Venetian amwriter describes the Order as commemo- bassador at the Court of St. James, Lonrating "the first elevation of Christianity don, and in 1692 the Abbe Giustiniani, a
origin
acts of the Original
:
:

The

* This Christian Order is not to be confoinuk'il with the Jewish and Persian degree, known as the Order of the Red Cross, conferred in American

learned Italian priest, conferred the Orders

Commanderies
6

of Knights Templars,

Knights of the Red Cross of Constantine, Holy Sepulchre, and of St. John the Evangelist on several members of the English
of

82

FREEMASONRY: KNIGHTS OF ROME AND RED CROSS OF CONSTANTINE
(Conclave) conferred the Orders of Christian

Knighthood on a class of "^ eight and it was prominent high Freemasons,"' in the presfrom the hitter that Walter Rod well Wright, ence of several Knights of the Grand Members of both the Provisional Grand Sovereign of the Order Cross of the Order. in England in 1804, doubtless gained ma- so-called Ancient and the Modern English terial for the preparation of the modern Grand Lodges of Freemasons, who were Baron Huude, in his " History members of the Constantine Orders, took ritual.
tions,

It is to the Abbe that the Order is Court. indebted for the preservation of its tradi-

hmdmarks, and

rituals,

Templar System of Strict Observ- active part in the negotiations which led to " The great and rapid the union of the two Grand Masonic Lodges progress of Freemasonry on the European in 1813, when the Duke of Sussex was Continent is largely due to the efforts of elected Grand Master of the United Grand the Knights of Eome and of the Red Cross Lodge of England, and also Sovereign The claim is made that Grand Master of the Grand Imperial Counof Constantine." the Order was conferred in England as a cil of England of the Order ol Knights of Masonic degree as early as 1783, and that Rome and of the Red Cross of Constantine. in 1788 it was conferred upon a number of During the period 1813-43 the Order again English Freemasons, among others, officers became notable as " the first Order of
of
tlie

ance,'*'

1750, states

:

of both of the

Grand Lodges of England. Chivalry in Europe," some of its chroniThomas clers adding that the Grand Cross of the Freemason, well-known That Dunckerly, was created a Knight of Rome Order was considered as great an honor **as and of the Red Cross of Constantine in the Order of the Garter." In 1862 the 1790, and was afterwards Sovereign Grand Knights of the Grand Cross did much to Master of the Order in England, and at attract attention to the Order through a the head of the Order of the Temple at the ceremonial commemorative of the establishThree succeeding heads of ment of the Grand Imperial Council more same period. the Order of Knights of Constantine were than fifty years before, in which the Sir likewise Grand Masters of the Order of the Knights taking part included members of Temple. Hughan, the Masonic historian, the royal family and many other gentlestates that while the Orders of the Red men of high rank, cabinet officers, members Cross of Constantine and of the Temple of Parliament, and representatives of the were for many years " worked " harmo- army and navy. From that period the English Grand Imniously, side by side, they " were kept strictly separate,"' and the fact that the perial Council began to extend the Order, Constantine Orders of Knighthood have beginning in 1866, by reviving it in Gerbeen conferred only upon Freemasons ever many, France, Italy, and in many of the since the middle of the eighteenth century English colonies. In 1869 it was introduced In into the Dominion of Canada, and on May is probably due to that association. 1807 there was quite a revival of the Order 19, 1870, into the United States, at PhilaIn 1871 Conclaves were instituted in Europe and in the English colonies, delphia. Massachusetts, Kentucky, KnightYork, Christian in New of this and the Orders Maine, New Jersey, Vermont, many FreemaIndiana, upon conferred were hood The Michigan, Virginia, Delaware, and Marysons among the English nobility. Grand Imperial Council of England was land, in the order named. The Indepenorganized at London in 1808, and in the dent Grand Council of Pennsylvania was following year it claimed and exercised sov- organized in 1872, the Grand Council of
ereignty
world.

over the

Order throughout the

New York

and

In 1809 the

London Encampment

of Illinois, Massachusetts,

Grand Imperial Councils and Rhode Island

FREEMASONRY KNIGHTS OF ROME AXD RED CROSS OF COXSTANTINE
:

83

in 1872

;

the

Imperial

Grand Council

of

This statement had not been made prior to 1895,

Michigan in 1874; of Kentucky, Indiana, and was never thought of until we had taken action to abolish the State Grand bodies in the interVermont, Maine, andof New Jersey in 1875; est of the general good of the Order. The first and of the Dominion of Canada in 187G. In Article of the Constitution, Section 1, as presented 1875, according to the " Memorabilia," etc., by the Chairman of the Committee on Revision of prepared, in 1895, by Thomas Leahy of the Constitution. Charles K. Francis (now the Kochester, N. Y., Grand Registrar General leader of the opponents to the Sovereign Grand
of

the

Sovereign

United States, of the United States was organized at New York city, by representatives of all the then existing State Grand and Imperial Councils of the Order, all of which gave i)ledges of "fealty and allegiance" to the new Sovereign Grand Council, and each State Grand body surrendered ''all sovereignty within its territory." On this point George W. Warvelle of Chicago, representing the Imperial

Grand Council of the the Sovereign Grand Council

Council),

is

in conflict with
It

Illinois people.

reads

:

the statement by the " Sec. 1. The Supreme

United States of the Red etc., shall be styled, etc." Is this section intended to imply a confederation? It recognizes a "Supreme Governing
in tlie

Governing Body

Cross of Con.stantine, Knights,

Body

"

and that of the Sovereign Grand Council.
this lies in tlie fact that Pennsylvania, Massachusetts,

The importance of
the
Illinois,

Vermont, and Maine Grand Councils continue to maintain independent sovereignties

Grand Council

of

Illinois,

declares

and deny the right of the Sovereign Grand Council, United States of America,

" no such record exists.'' The "Statement," published by the Imperial Grand
that

to claim or exercise sole, sovereign jurisdiction for tlie Constantine Orders of Knighthood in this country. The independent Grand Councils explain that a i)rimary object of the confederation of State Councils

Council of Illinois in 1895, describes the Sovereign Grand body of 1875 as merely
a "confederation'' of State Grand Councils

formed to "curb the pretensions of the mother Grand Council of England, who, thi'ough her Intendent General, was assuming powers which were deemed inimical to the American bodies." In support of this it quotes from Section 6 of the Constitution of the Sovereign Grand Council, United States of America, in part as follows: **Ifc (the latter body) can exercise no doubtful powers nor any powers by implication tiiat all powers not exmerely;" pressly delegated "are reserved to the Grand Councils and subordinate Con.
.

was to acquire jurisdiction over the "unoccupied" portions of the United States then claimed by the Grand Council of England, and that the right of the Sovereign Grand Council, United States of America, to occupy American territory not under the jurisdiction of State Grand bodies was practically all that was made over to the Sovereign body. The " Memorabilia " sets forth that the Imperial Grand Council of England waived its right of sovereignty over any portion of the United States in 1877, and entered into "a treaty of amity" it should have jurisdiction with the Sovereign Grand Council, United claves," etc. over "all Conclaves established by itself," States of America, in which it recognized the "where there is no Grand Council sovereign authority of the latter throughout established;". but "no power of dis- this country. "The Statement" replies cipline," etc., "over the State Grand that when the Sovereign Grand Council of Councils," "nor any authority to the United States was organized in 1875, suspend the proceedings of any State Grand " it was repudiated by tlie Grand Imperial Council," etc. Council of England," but that in 1877 two Thomas Leahy, Registrar General of the men, the Sovereign Grand Master of the Sovereign Grand Council of the United Sovereign Grand Council, United States of States, writes America, and the Chief Intendent General
.

;

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

:

84
for the

FREEMASONRY: KNIGHTS OF ROME AND RED CROSS OF CONSTANTINE

United States, for England, con- Council changed its rules in 1897 so that cluded a treaty with the English (mother) Master Masons may become members, thus Grand Council, "to unite into one Sui)renie apparently seeking to popularize the Order. Grand body all Grand and subordinate The view taken by the independent Grand bodies in the United States." It is further Councils seems to be that there are enough declared in "The Statement" that within popular Masonic Orders, and that this one
a year the treaty was " repudiated " by the English Grand Council, notwithstanding

should constitute " a purely branch of Freemasonry
. .

intellectual
.

which the Sovereign Grand Council, United
States of America, continues to point to the treaty as the basis and justification of
existence.
its

devoted wholly to the cultivation of the higher fac-

ulties," rather than to gaining recruits.

Four

Orders

are

conferred

by Grand

In reply to this, officials of the Sovereign Grand Council deny that the The records of treaty has been repudiated. the Sovereign Grand Council, United States
of America, seem to confirm

Councils of Knights of the Red Cross of

Rome and

"The

State-

Constantine the first, the one having that title ; the second, the Order of Knights of the Holy Sepulchre ; the third, the Order of Knights of St. John the Evangelist,

—

ment"
when,
N".

in

its

charge that the body was
in

and, finally, as a

mark

of

especial

practically

dormant between 1880 and 1891,

as explained

"The

Statement,"
Eochester,
a Sovereign

"several

members" met at Y., and "assumed to open

Grand Council and transact business." One year later it held a Conclave at Bloomsburg, Pa., and claimed exclusive
authority

over the Constantine Orders throughout the United States, basing the The Soverclaim on the treaty of 1877. After the reeign Grand Council has continued to hold for constituting chaplains. organization of the Chivalric Orders it besince, but Imperial sessions ever annual Grand Councils in Pennsylvania, Illinois, came an appendant to the Order of ConThe "seven steps of chivalry" Vermont, Maine, and elsewhere refuse to stantine. are classified in " Masonry in Europe," by recognize it. All of the State Grand Councils named, Witter, Berlin, 1832, as follows: "1st, and the Sovereign body as well, declare that Knights of Rome and of the Red Cross of they have cordial relations with the English Constantine and Knight of the Grand Cross, Grand Council. The total membership of the oldest Order of Chivalry 2d, Knights 4th, the Sovereign Grand Council, it is claimed, Templars ; 3d, Knights of Malta Including the five indepen- Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, appended exceeds 1,600. dent Imperial Grand Councils and those in to which is the Order of Knights of St. Canada and the United Kingdom, it is esti- John of Palestine, or St. John the Evangelmated there are 5,000 American and foreign ist 5th, Rose Croix 6th, Templar PriestKnights of Rome and of the Red Cross of hood and 7th, Commander Elect, Knight Constantine. On the introduction of the of Kadosch. No one American Masonic
; ;
;

honor for high Masonic ofiicials or for zeal in Masonic work, the Order of Knight of the Grand Cross, membership in which is limited to fifty in each country. In addition to these, the Order of Holy Wisdom, or Knight Templar Priest, is conferred by some Grand Councils. It is said to have been instituted in 1686, and when conferred in "old Encampments which practised the seven steps of chivalry " was the ceremony

;

;

Order into the United States, Knights Temand thirty-second degree Scottish Rite Freemasons alone were admitted to it, but some years later Royal Arch Masons were rendered eligible. The Sovereign Grand
plars

body confers all of these Orders. The second and third are under the jurisdiction of the Grand Encampment of Knights Temthe fifth and plars of the United States seventh are controlled by the Supreme Coun;

FREEMASONRY: KNIGHTS OF ROME AND RED CROSS OF CONSTANTINE
the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite Freemasonry for the Southern and Northern Masonic Jurisdictions, United States of America, respectively; the fourth and sixtli by Imperial Grand Councils and by the Sovereign Grand Council of Knights of Rome and of the Red Cross of Constantino and the first by the Supreme Grand Chapter of the Grand Cross of Constantino, United States of America, composed of representatives of the independent Sovereign Grand Councils, and also by the Sovereign Grand Council, United States of America. The Supreme Grand Chapter of the Grand Cross of Constantino, of which Charles K. Francis, Philadelphia, is Registrar General, is the highest body of the Order in the country recognized by the independent Sovereign Grand Councils. It was organized June 21, 1877, under aucils of

85

of

;

(Grand Secretary of the Grand Bodies in Illinois); Marquis F. King, 33°, of Maine (Past Grand Master of Masons); Hugh McCurdy, 33°, of Miciiigan (Past Grand Master of Masons, Past Grand High Priest of Royal Arch Masons, Past Grand Master of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templars); Abraliam T. Metcalf, 33°, of Michigan (Past Grand Master of Masons); Francis
33°, of
Illinois

various Masonic

A. Blades, 33°,D. Burnham Tracy, 33°, and Nicholas Coulson, 33", of Miciiigan; Marsh
0.
of

Perkins, 33°, of

Vermont (Past Grand

Master of Masons); George 0. Tyler, 33°,

Vermont

Knights Templars);
33°, of
of

Grand Commander of Silas W. Cummings, Vermont (Past Grand Commander
(Past
;

thority granted the late Colonel

W.

J. B.

McLeod Moore, 33°, Grand Prior of Knights Templars of Canada, who established the Order of Coustantine in America by authority received from the Earl of Bective, then
Grand Sovereign
of

Knights Templars); D. N.Nicholson, 33^, Vermont Millard F. Hicks, 33°, and Edward P. Burnham, 33°, of Maine Seranus Bowen, 33°, of Massachusetts (Grand Secretary of the Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons); Benjamin W. Rowell, 33°, of Massachusetts (Grand Recorder of Grand Commandery of Knigiits Templars);
of
;

the

The Supreme Grand Council of England. Chapter is to the independent State Imperial Councils

Grand Imperial Caleb Saunders, 33°, Massachusetts (Past Grand Commander of Knights Templars);
Frederick Webber, 33°, Washington, D. C. (Grand Secretary General of Supreme
Council, 33°, A. A. S. R., Southern Jurisdiction);

what the Supreme Council,
is

Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite
bodies

to

the

holding allegiance to

it,

retaining

Edward

T. Schultz

of

Maryland

exclusive right to confer the Order of the

Grand
officers

Cross, as does the latter the right to

confer the thirty-third degree.

Among

the

(Masonic Historian, Past Grand High Priest of Royal Arcii Masons, Past Grand Commander of Knights Templars); Thomas R.

and members of the Supreme Grand Patton, 33°, of Pennsylvania (Grand TreasChapter of the Grand Cross of Constantino urer of Grand Lodge and Grand Chapter); are John Corson Smith, 33°, of Illinois, Charles Cary, 33^, of Pennsylvania (Grand Secretary of Grand Chapter of Royal Arch its Grand Sovereign (Past Grand Master of Higli of Royal Masons and Grand Master of Royal aiul Priest Masons. Past Grand Arch Masons, Past Grand Commander of Select Masters); John Sartaiu, 33°, PennKnights Templars); Josiah H. Drummond, sylvania Edward S. Wyckofif, 33°, PennEdward B. S])cncer. Pennsylvania 33°, of Maine, its Grand Viceroy (Past sylvania Grand Master of Masons, Past General (Grand Scribe of Grand Ciiapter of Royal Grand High Priest of the General Grand Arch Masons and Past Grand Commander Andrew J. KaufifChai^tcr, Past Grand Commander of Knights of Knights Temi)lar8) Tem])lars, Past Sovereign Grand Commander man, Pennsylvania (Past Grand Commander of the Supreme Council, 33°, A. A. S. R., of Knights Templars); Harvey A. McKillip, Northern Jurisdiction); Gilbert "W. Barnard, 33°, Pennsylvania (Past Grand Master of
:

;

;

;

;

'

86

FREEMASONRY: SOCIETY OF MODERN ROSICRUCIANS
and
Select

Eoyal

Masters);

Charles K.
(Past

Francis,

33°,

Pennsylvania

Grand

icrucians.
years ago,

Freemasonry: Society of Modern RosFounded more than a score of

—

Master of Royal and Select Masters). Charles F. Matier is Grand Representative of the Supreme Grand Chapter of the Grand Cross, United States of America, near the Grand Imperial Council of England, and Lord Saltsun is Grand Representative near the Grand Imperial Council of Scotland. At the meeting of the Supreme Grand Chapter at Boston, September 21, 1897, apjDropriate tributes were paid the memories of deceased members, Charles T. 33°, Masonic Historian McClenachan,
of

according to the account pub-

lished by the

High Council

of the Societatis

Rosicruciana^, United States of America, by

Robert Wentworth Little, of England, upon " the remains of an old German association which had come under his observation during some of his researches."
society, to collect
' "

The Angli-

cized organization was created as a literary

archgeological

torical subjects pertaining to

and hisFreemasonry
'

and

secret societies in general; to stimulate

search for historical truth, particularly with
reference to Freemasonry; and to revive interest in the

the

Grand
E.

Lodge

of 33°,

New York
Pennsylvania

Anthony (Past Grand Commander
Stocker,
plars);

work

of certain scientists
effort

and

of

Knights Tem-

scholars.

In this

Mr.

Little, a dis-

and Daniel Spry, 33°, Grand Repre- tinguished Freemason, was assisted by such Grand Imperial Council well-known members of the Craft as William and the Registrar General read Robert Woodman, Thomas B. Whytehead, of Canada the following letter from the Masonic His- AYilliam James Hughan, and Cuthbert E. torian, W. J. Hughan, Torquay, England, Peck in England, the Earl of Kintore and Robert Smith Brown in Scotland, Prince himself a Knight of the Grand Cross Your invitation to attend the Supreme Grand Rhodokanakis and Professor Emmanuel Chapter of the United States of America j ust at hand. Gellanis in Greece; and Colonel W. J. B. I cannot attend, but wish it were possible, so as to grip Moore in the Dominion of Canada. Rosiyou by the hand, and others of my valued brethren. crucian societies were promptly established These personal references would seem to in England, Scotland, Greece, and, later, Like orindicate that many of the more distinguished in the Dominion of Canada. ganizations also be found in Ireland, may Freemasons in the country oppose the claim of the Sovereign Grand Council to India, China, and in Tunis. In 1879 the
sentative near the
;
:

exclusive jurisdiction over the Constantine

High

Council of

Scotland
at

established

a

Orders in the United States.

In reply to

Rosicrucian

Society

Philadelphia, and

an inquiry as to the status of the Order of

Rome and

in 1880 one each at New York, Boston, and Baltimore, representatives from which Red the United States, C. F. Matier, Registrar met at Boston on September 21 the same General of the English (mother) Imperial year, and established a High Council for the Grand Council, wrote as follows, September United States, to hold jurisdiction within the same and regulate the relations of the 15, 1897

the

Cross of Constantine in

:

I

am

directed and have the honor to say that a

society here with other independent jurisdictions.

conference of the Imperial Grand Councils of Eng-

The

constitution adopted provides

land and Scotland will be held in Edinburgh in April, 1898, and that the whole question of the
position of the bodies claiming to be the

that no aspirants shall be admitted except

supreme

telligent,

Master Masons of good moral character, in'' free from prejudice, and anxious

governing bodies in America will be fully considered.

As

for instruction."

Every

f rater is

required
to be ap-

it

is

believed that

representatives

from the U. S. A. will be present, it is sincerely hoped that the conference will settle the cause of disagreement in the Order forever.

to choose a Latin motto,

which

is

pended

to his signature in all

tions to the Society,

communicawhich shall be registered

FREEMASONRY: ROYAL ORDER OF SCOTLAND
and never be changed, and no two fraters The are permitted to have the same motto.
Society, wliich
is

87

Germany
"

shortly after the appearance of the

religious, mystical,

and philosophic works,

secret in form, confers four
first

Fama

Fraternis," '"Chemical Nuptials,"

and other books by John Valentine Andrae, which he recounted the adventures of the third order, in High Council only. The "Christian Eosenkreuz," a fictitious pergrades are as follows: First, Zelator; sec- sonage, whom he makes the founder of the
grades composing the
tlie

order, and three

in

second, in colleges; and two grades in

in

ond, Theoricus;
Philosophus;

third,

Practicus;

fourth,

pretended

Society

of

Eosicrucians.

It

is

Adeptus Junior; sixth, pointed out by Mackey that so great was Adeptus Senior; seventh, Adeptus Exemp- the effect of these publications that a secret tus; eighth, Magister Templi (official); and, philosophic sect of Eosicrucians was formed, ninth, Chief Adept, held by appointment. many members of which were found in GerColleges are limited to seventy-two active many, France, and England in the sevenmembers. In the publication referred to, teenth century. The publication by the Charles E. Meyer of Philadelphia is named American Eosicrucian Society refers the Albert G, Goodale, origin of its ancient prototype to the thiras Supreme Magus New York, Senior Substitute Magus; Al- teenth century, which is manifestly an error. fred F. Chapman, Boston, Junior Substitute No association by the name has been traced Magus; Thomas J. Shryock, Baltimore, back of Andrae's account of a fictitious soIt was not strange that Treasurer General; and Charles T. McClena- ciety of that title. These the general public of the seventeenth cenchan. New York, Secretary General. gentlemen, some of whom are dead, may be tury and later should have attributed sorregarded as the founders of the Modern cery, alchemy, and other occult gifts to the Eosicrucians, but at this day the names of Eosicrucian Society in the United States. The work and purposes of modern Eosi- such Eosicrucians as John Baptist von Ilelcrucian Societies only faintly resemble an- mont, physician; Eobert Fludd, i)hysician cient Eosicrucianism, as the latter is often and philosopher, who died in 1637, and understood. Neither, so far as learned, do Elias Ashmole, the English antiquary, they claim any connection with the latter among many others who were j)i"ominent, beyond what may be inferred from the state- would suggest that they were leaders among ment that the English Society was founded mystical and iihilosophic thinkers two hunon the ""remains of an old German asso- dred and fifty years ago. Freemasonry Royal Order of Scotciation." The Eosicrucian Society of the seven- land. A ]\Iasonic Order of Knighthood It teenth century was supposed to be in some conferred upon Eoyal Arch ]\rasons. way related to Freemasonry, Avhich was prob- consists of two degrees or orders, the Eoyal ably an error, as the former embodied a sys- Orders of Herodem and of the Eosy Cross. tem of hermetic philosophy, while the Free- The Eoyal Order of Ilerodem of Kilwinning, masons at that time were nearly all operative Scotland, which by its own legend is said masons and builders. There is no relation to have taken its rise in the time of David
fifth,
;
:

—

whatever between the rose and the cross of
the Eosicrucians and like

I.,

King

of Scotland, presents the sacrifice

emblems

in the

of the Messiah,

whereupon the candidate
was

is

Masonic degree of the Eose Croix, which was invented about the middle of the eighteenth century. The Eosicrucians employed a number of so-called Masonic emblems, but they interpreted them differently. The
ancient philosophic sect took
its

sent into the world to search for the lost

word.

Its traditions state that it

estab-

lished at Icomkill.

Scotland, afterward at

Kilwinning, where Eobert Bruce, King of Scotland, presided in person, and in 1314
"reinstated the Order," admitting into
it

rise

in

;

88

FREEMASONRY: ROYAL ORDER OF SCOTLAND
as

such Knights Temphirs
plars

had

fled

to

Scotland after the dissolution of the

Tem- than almost any
Its

and under

his protection

had taken
verse.

part in

the battle of Bannockburn.

genuine Order of Knighthood other conferred in connection with Freemasonry, and in it is found the intimate connection between the sword
to being a

ritual is in antiquated

Anglo-Saxon

and the trowel which
eral others.

is

referred to in sev-

The Order
afterward

of St.

Andrew

of the Thistle,

Its ritual is distinctly Chris-

amalgamated Avith the Royal tian. As in the Order of Herodem, the Order of Ilerodem, was instituted by Robert office of Grand Master is vested in the King Bruce, King of Scotland, on July 2-4, 1314, of Scotland (now of Great Britain), and in to be conferred, it is said, upon Scottish his absence a seat is always kept vacant for Freemasons who fought with him, among him in whatever country a Chajiter is held. thirty thousand others, at the battle of Owing to the similarity between names, the Bannockburn, against an English army of Order of the Rosy Cross and that of the one hundred thousand men. "^At aboiit that Rose Croix of the Ancient and Accepted
is based upon the This appeared to be true, because The Order of both claimed to have had their seats of govthe title of Grand Master." Herodem is said to have been introduced ernment at Kilwinning, near the Irish Sea, into Kilwinning at about the time that in Scotland, because both gave a Christian Freemasonry appeared in Scotland, and interpretation to the three symbolic degrees

time/' says Thor}^ ''he formed the Royal Grand Lodge of the Order of Herodem, re-

Scottish Rite, the belief has prevailed that

the latter, in some way,

serving to himself and his successors forever

former.

of Freemasonry, and because the names of it probable that the Order was designed to make plain the rites and both bear a striking resemblance. As a symbols used by the Christian builders in a matter of fact, there is no further similarity Their ceretruly catholic manner, adapted to all who and no connection whatever. acknowledge one Supreme God, whether monials and essentials are entirely different. Provincial Grand Lodges of the Royal OrJew or Gentile.

Mackey regards

Order of der of Scotland, one of tlie oldest continuous appendent Orders of Freemasonry, are is an Order of Civil Knighthood, which, it is now held in Glasgow and Aberdeenshire, stated, was founded by Robert Bruce after Scotland; Yorkshire, Northumberland, DurCumberland, Lancashire, Cheshire, the' battle of Bannockburn, and conferred ham, Western India upon certain Freemasons who had assisted and London, England It may only be conferred by the China; New Brunswick, Prince Edward Ishim. Grand Master, his Deputy, or a Provincial land, Ontario, and Quebec; Natal, Cape Grand Master. The number who may re- Colony, Switzerland, and the United States, Formerly it was sixty- where chairs are always kept vacant for the ceive it is limited.

The second degree

of the Royal

Scotland, the Order of the Rosy Cross,

;

who were to be Scotchmen, but the number has since been increased, and disthree,

hereditary Grand Master.

tinguished Freemasons in almost

The Royal Order of Scotland was introduced into the United States at Washingnow receive it uj'ion being ton, D. C, May 4, 1878, in the rooms of tries may •'adopted" as Scottish (not Scottish Rite) the Supreme Council of the Ancient, AcIt has also been claimed that cepted Scottish Rite for the Southern MaFreemasons. the Order of the Rosy Cross was practically sonic Jurisdiction, United States of Amermade up of the ancient Order of the This- ica, when the Provincial Grand Lodge for the United States was instituted by virtue tle, and that the ceremonial of initiation In of a charter issued by the Grand Lodge at into the latter was borrowed bodily. any event, the Rosy Cross comes more nearly Edinburgh, Scotland, in which Sir Albert
all

coun-

Ya

m

90

FREEMASONRY: STATISTICS OF MEMBERSHIP
is

named as the Provincial Grand Mas- Stephen Berry and Josiah H. Drummond, Hayden Drummond, Maine, Portland, Me. the late Charles T. McClenaDeputy Provincial Grand Master; Albert chan of New York; to the Grand SecretaGallatin Mackey, then of the District of ries of Grand Lodges and other Masonic Columbia, Senior Provincial Grand War- Grand bodies throughout the United States den; Samuel Crocker Lawrence, Massachu- and British North America; to Grand SecPike
ter;

Josiab

;

Junior Provincial Grand "Warden; William Morton Ireland, of the District of Columbia, Provincial Grand Secretary; Eobert McCoskry Graham, New York, ProvinJohn Robin Mccial Grand Treasurer Daniel, Virginia, Provincial Grand SwordBearer Vincent Lombard Hurlbut, Illinois, Provincial Grand Banner-Bearer; Enoch
setts,
; ;

retaries of nearly every foreign Grand Lodge; and many others distinguished as Masonic

students or historians, with

whom

corre-

spondence
recognition
or
of the

has been
is

conducted.

Similar

due to Secretaries of Supreme
representatiA'^es

Grand bodies and other

Terry Carson, Ohio, Provincial Grand Marischal; Henry L. Palmer, Wisconsin, Deputy

Grand Marischal; Charles Roome, York, Senior Provincial Grand Steward, and James Cunningham Batchelor, The Louisiana, Provincial Grand Steward. meetings of the Provinpial Grand Lodge are held annually, at the same time and place
Provincial

New

as the

Supreme Councils

of the Scottish Rite

for the Southern and the Northern Jurisdic-

tion of the United States alternately.

The
Josiah

present Provincial Grand Master

is

Hayden Drummond
succeeded to that
the records,
files,

of Portland,

office
•

Albert Pike in 1891.
of the Scottish Rite,

]\[e., who upon the death of The secretariat, with

etc.,

is

at the Cathedral

Xo. 1007

G

Street,

N.

W., Washington, D, C.
bership of
the United States
is
:

The present memthe Provincial Grand Lodge of
284.

Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Ancient Order of Foresters, Independent Order of Good Templars, Grand United Order of Odd Fellows (membership of which in the United States is composed of negroes). Independent Order of Rechabites, Ancient Order of Hibernians, Sons of Temperance, United Ancient Order of Druids, B'nai B'rith, and the Loyal Orange Institution. The Freemasons are shown to be the most numerous and by far the most Avidely disIf non-aftributed throughout the world. filiated Freemasons were counted, the total membershijD of the Masonic Fraternity would undoubtedly amount to about 2,000,000, because those able to judge estimate that out of the whole number of living members of the Craft, about 40 per cent, are non-affiliates. The total of 11,000 Freemasons in Cuba refers to the period just before the outbreak
of

the revolution

prior

to

the Spanishnon-affiliates.

American War, and includes
list

Freemasonry
sliip.
eties,

Statistics of

—Among the

long

of

Meinber- No one of the ten fraternities, statistics of secret soci- membership of which are compared with
those of the Freemasons,
tributed over the globe.
is

the names of which are familiar to

newspaper readers, there are eleven Avhich

very widely disIn contrast with

may

membership
separate

be classed as international, statistics of of which are presented in a

an exhibit which

jioints to

Masonic Lodges

in almost every civilized part of the Avorld

exhibit. These data, the most comprehensive of the kind ever prepared, have been compiled through the cooi:)eration of representatives of each of them. Unusually full particulars concerning the number of Freemasons in various countries, states, and provinces throughout the

except Russia, Austria, and part of Asia Minor, accompanying comparative statistics

show only three

other, out of ten interna-

tional secret societies, with anything like a

cosmopolitan character
of Foresters,

the Ancient Order Independent Order of Good Templars, and the Independent Order of

—

world are to be credited

to the researches of

Odd

Fellows.

The stronghold

of the

An-

FREEMASONRY: STATISTICS OF MEMBERSHIP

91

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERSHIP OF ELEVEN INTERNATIONAL SECRET SOCIETIES.

Mbmbkrship
1895-1896.

92

FREEMASONRY: STATISTICS OF MEMBERSHIP

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERSHIP OP ELEVEN INTERNATIONAL SECRET SOCIETIES. —Continued.

Membership
1895-1896.

UNITED STATES
OOM.CANADA

UNITED
iR^ji.

-^c^^^y/^j

KINGDOM
AND

IRELAND.
GRAPHIC CHART SHOWING THE RELATIVE MASONIC MEMBERSHIP IN VARIOUS
COUNTRIES.

94

FREEMASONS: DISTINGUISHED AMERICANS
Australia aud
of the

ill

New

Zealand.
of

per cent,

members

the

About 40 Grand

fraternities

one organization, these eleven international number probably 3,500,000 adult

United Order of Odd Fellows (the parent male members, in 100,000 Lodges, scattered English Order of Odd Fellows) are mem- along the paths of commerce and civilization. bers of English, Scotch, and Irish Lodges; While the sun never sets upon the Britnearly 50 per cent, (negroes) are in the ish flag, it is also true that somewhere east United States; about 8 per cent, in Aus- of the horizon of daylight there is always tralia and New Zealand, and the remainder a Masonic Lodge at labor, and, in Englishwidely scattered, totals for South Africa, speaking countries in particular. Lodges of India, West Indies, and Central and South other international fraternities at work to More than relieve the wants of the suffering and disAmerica being very small. two-thirds of the members of the Ancient tressed and to cultivate the ties of brotnerOrder of Druids are found in the land of its hood. Freemasons Distinguished Ameribirth, the United Kingdom; about one-sixth Within a few years after the formain Australia and New Zealand, and nearly cans. The Inde- tion of a Masonic Grand Lodge at London, as many in the United States. pendent Order of Eechabites reports that in 1717, many members of the nobility, 2 per cent, of its membership is in the representatives of the professions and other United States, and the rest in the United learned men became members of the Craft, Kingdom. The total membership of the and between 1725 and 1735 Lodges of EngUnited Ancient Order of Hibernians, in the lish origin were established in many of the United States and in the United Kingdom, larger cities of Continental Europe, where, but the figures given, for a few years, they were composed almost is difficult to obtain best obtainable estimates of representative exclusively of men of rank and learning. members, show that nearly 80 per cent, of The growth of the Fraternity, as is well the Order is in the United States. The known, has long been along the lines of uniB'nai B'rith, smallest of international secret versal brotherhood, and even two hundred societies in the list, numbers only about and fifty years ago its" membership included 38,000 members altogether, of which 35,000 distinguished men in various stations of life. are in the United States, 700 in Asia Minor In almost all European countries the Craft and elsewhere in the far East, and 300 in to this day continues to enjoy the patronage The surprisingly large number of and cooperation of the reigning families and Africa. members of the Loyal Orange Institution is of the nobility, notably in Great Britain, given on the authority of a prominent mem- Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and ber, high in official rank. A total of 100,- Germany. The like was true in France 000 in the United States does not look large, under the Bourbons, in the Napoleonic but it is difficult to believe there are 383,- regimes, and under the Eepublic. Free000 Orangemen in British North America, masonry also continues to enjoy great jaopand it is still more unexpected to learn ularity among the followers of those who In England the there are as many as 760,000 in the United created a united Italy. Kingdom, and 200,000 in British posses- Fraternity is presided over by the Prince of sions "not specified." Wales, and in Sweden and Norway by King These eleven societies are seen to have Oscar. In Denmark the Crown Prince is aggregated nominally 5,859,023 members in at the head of the Grand Orient. The late 1895-96, or (omitting honorary and women Emperor Frederick was Grand Master of members of some of them) about 5,060,000. German Freemasons from 1855 until his The Emperor William, although Allowing for those counted twice or more death. times, owing to membership in more than a Freemason, has not attended Lodge
:

—

;

FREEMASONS: DISTINGUISHED AMERICANS
meetings since he became Emperor.
Austria, Freemasonry
is

95

In

not patronized by
in

General Jose[)h AVarren and Paul Revere. Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea), a Mohawk

the aristocracy or
in Eussia or

tlie

reigning family, nor

Indian chief in the British service during
the
lievolutionary
chief of the

Belgium; but

Holland the
of the Craft.

nobility are nearly all

members
of

War, and Tecumseh, Shawnee Indians, an ally of the

A

list

of the

names
or

who have been

are

eminent foreigners Freemasons would

British in the

War

of 1812,

who attempted

to incite the Indians against the whites, were

include hundreds of other notables besides

both Freemasons.
the close of the

In the period between

and the end of the century are found the names of F. A. Muhlenburg, Speaker of the Napoleon's generals, and the late King House of Representatives in 1789; William Kalakaua of the Hawaiian Islands, and it R. Cox, Secretary of the Senate in 1796; will interest students of the progress of the Robert R. Livingston of New York; and Craft in the United States to read the names Peyton Randolph, who was Grand Master of some of the more distinguished Ameri- of Masons of Virginia. Only eight Freecans who are credibly reported to be or to masons have been elected President of the have been Freemasons. L^nited States, out of twenty-four men who The character of those whose names follow have had that honor: Washington, Jacksufficiently attests the extent to which Free- son, Polk, Fillmore (who recanted during masonry has been linked witli the careers the anti-Masonic excitement), Buchanan, of prominent Americans, notwithstanding Johnson, Garfield, and McKinley. A corit is not true, as has often been stated, that " one-half the Presidents of the United

Richard Steele, Lord Byron, Robert Burns, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel, Wellington, Bliicher, many of

War

of

the

Revolution

responding
six

list

of Vice-Presidents includes

names: Aaron Burr, D. D. Tompkins, States," and that " all but four of the sign- Richard M. Johnson, George M. Dallas, ers of the Declaration of Independence were John C. Breckenridge, and G. A. Hobart; Freemasons." Following the identification and among defeated candidates for the of Benjamin Franklin with the Craft early Presidency, John Hancock, John Marshall, in the last century are the names of Jeremy Henry Clay, Lewis Cass, John Bell, Stephen Gridley, Attorney-General of the Province of A. Douglas, W. S. Hancock, and George Massachusetts, Grand Master of St. John's B. McClellan were Freemasons, as were Provincial Grand Lodge in 1755; and James William II. English and Arthur W. Sewall Otis, Master for the Crown in the Prov- among defeated candidates for the Viceince of Massachusetts, who argued against Presidency. Names of other prominent the famous Avrits of assistance in ITGl, when xVmericans who were or are Freemasons " Independence was born. " The only sign- are grouped as follows: Cabinet Officers: ers of the Declaration of Independence who James Guthrie, Kentucky (Secretary of the were Freemasons, so far as Grand Lodge Treasury); Jacob Thompson, Mississippi records show, were Benjamin Franklin, (Interior); Howell Cobb, Georgia (TreasJohn Hancock, William Hooper, Philip ury); Zachariah Chandler, ^lichigan (InLivingston, and Thomas Xelson, Jr., five in terior); Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania all. Not only Washington, but nearly all (AVar); Nathan Goff, West Virginia (Navy); of his generals were Freemasons; such, at Hoke Smith, Georgia (Interior); Benjamin least, was the case with respect to Generals F. Tracy, New York (Navy), and General Nathanael Greene, Richard Henry Lee, R. A. Alger, ^fichigan (War). Ministers Israel Putnam, Francis Marion, Baron Steu- Abroad: William Richardson Davie to ben, Baron De Kalb, and the Marquis de France (Grand Master of Masons in North
Lafayette, with

whom

should be included

Carolina at the close of the last century);

96

FIFTH ORDER OF MELCHIZEDEK AND EGYPTIAN SPHINX
E. Peary and Samuel Bowles (1st), George D. Prentice, George W. Childs, Henry AY. Grady, and Colonel John M. Financiers: J, Edward SimCockerill. mons, Henry W. Cannon, John W. Mackey, AVashington E. Connor, and William Sherer, Manager of the Clearing House, New York; Joseph Smith and Brigham Young of the Mormon Church; General Albert Pike of the Confederate Army; Stephen Girard, philanthropist; Josiah Quincy (President of Harvard College, 1829-40, during the
E.

Anson Burlingame, Massachusetts, to China;
MarshallJewell, Connecticut, to Russia; and
Caleb Cushing, Massachusetts, to Spain. Governors of States: Richard W. Caswell, Xorth Carolina; Edmund Randolph, Virginia;

Kane and Lieutenants

A.

W.

Greely.

Editors:

DeWitt Clinton, New York; Leon

anti-Masonic agitation); Jacob Quantrell, Rufus Choate, Massachusetts; Thomas H. guerrilla leader in the Civil War; Richard Benton, Missouri; John Rowan, Kentucky; Vaux of Philadelphia; Rt. Rev. Bishop General John A. Logan, Illinois; Oliver P. H. C. Potter of New York; Rt. Rev. WilMorton, Indiana; Leland Stanford, Call- liam Stevens Perry of Iowa; Rev. Stephen fornia; Marion Butler, North Carolina; H. Tyng; Rev. Robert Collyer, New York; F. T. Du Bois, Idaho; J. N. Dolph, Ore- Chauncey M. Depew, 0. H. P. Belmont, gon; George F. Edmunds, Vermont; C. J. Samuel M. Gompers, Joseph D. Weeks, Faulkner, West Virginia; Arthur P. Gor- Marshall P. AYilder, John Brougham, Edman, Maryland; H. C. Hansbrough, North win Forrest, William J. Florence, and EdDakota; 0. H. Piatt, Connecticut; M. S. win Booth. The fact that nearly all the names are Quay, Pennsylvania; G. L. Shoup, Idaho; Henry M. Teller, Colorado; John M. Thurs- of men who have become distinguished in ton, Nebraska; Daniel W. Voorhees, In- politics, war, or the professions was to have diana; Z. B. Vance, North Carolina; John been expected. It is less often that one J. Ingalls, Kansas; John T. Morgan, Ala- acquires a national or international repubama; Charles T. Manderson, Nebraska; tation in commercial, manufacturing, or John M. Palmer, Illinois; William A. Pef- agricultural pursuits, and it is among folfer, Kansas; Thomas C. Piatt and Warner lowers of the latter, of course, that by far Miller, New York. Congressmen: David the larger proportion of the nearly 1,400,000 Wilmot, Pennsylvania; Robert Toombs, affiliated and unaffiliated American FreeGeorgia; Thomas Corwin, Ohio; AVilliam masons are to be found. D. Kelley, Pennsylvania; R. P. Bland, Fifth Order of Melcliizedek and Missouri; Samuel J. Randall, Pennsyl- Egji>tiaii Sphinx. This secret organizavania; William S. Holman, Indiana; James tioaof men and women, the last known public D. Richardson, Tennessee, and Jeremiah appearance of which was at Boston in 1894, E. Simpson, Kansas. Judiciary: John was also known as the '' Solar Spiritual ProMarshall, of Virginia, Chief Justice of the gressive Order of the Silver Head and Golden Supreme Court of the United States; George Star." The Order claimed to have been M. Bibb, Chief Justice of Kentucky; Rob- founded several thousand years "A. M.," ert Trimble, Kentucky, Chief Justice of the which may signify either ante-Melchizedek Supreme Court of the United States; and or after Melchizedek. John M. Harlan, Kentucky, Associate JusGenii of Nations, Knowledges, and tice of the United States Supreme Court. Religions. A mystical association which Among Arctic Explorers: Dr. Elisha K. seeks to conduct its neophytes from the

Lucius Fairchild, WisFlower, New York; James B. Gordon, Georgia; J. M. Rusk, Wisconsin; Thomas M. Waller, Connecticut; General Benjamin F. Butler, Massachusetts; J. B. McCreary, Kentucky; D. H. Hastings, Pennsylvania; and George W. Peck, Wisconsin. United States Senators:
Abbett,
cousin;

New Jersey;
Roswell

P.

—

—

ORDER OF AMARANTH
Seen to the Unseen, a sort of esoteric
lege, familiarly
col-

97

known

to its

members

as the

Masonic Order, and no sense a Masonic degree." The Hieroiihant is reported to reside in Ap- It is further announced tliat, as in addition to the abstruse and comi)licated teachings plegate, Cal. Hermetic. Brothers of Luxor. Said of Freemasonry which go to make up a to be ancient, mystical, and of Oriental ori- part of life, we also " need sunshine," so The head of tlie Exterior Circle in these Freemasons have built up a new gin.
in itself this is not a
is

K. E. It was organized at Boston in 1888, and contains three branches, the Laws of the Ens, Movens, and Om, " inG.
N".

(Masonic) Lodge," and "although in many government may be guided by Masonic usage as the most perfect system extant, it is to be strictly understood that
cases the

cluding the secrets connected therewith."

the degree

in

—

"Veiled," because no eternal spirit will each complete its own human heart stands all revealed ; and in * cycle of It is sometimes re- an ''Enchanted Realm," because "duties necessity.'" wear" and "sorrows burden in any unenferred to as " Isis Unveiled." Intlependent Iuteri»ational Order of chanted realm." The cornerstones of the Owls. Organized by William Richardson, Order, therefore, as may be inferred, are G. A. Meacham, and others. Freemasons, sociability and goodfellowship. The first at St. Louis, Mo., in 1890, a secret society Grotto was formed at Clinton, N. Y., wliere
scintillations of

America recently resided teaches "that the divine

in

Illinois.

It

Order, Avhich
sons, as in its

is

" Mystic "
;

in its subtle les-

form

—

having sociability and recreation for its objects. Only Freemasons (Master Masons) The presiding are eligible to membership.
officers of

Hamilton College
zation

is

situated.

The

organi-

spread

rapidly,
five

there

being

ten

Grottos in existence

years later, with

ent Screechers, and instead of Lodges, places

two thousand members. Like the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the of meeting are called Xests, the governing Mystic Order, Veiled Prophets of the Enbody being the Supreme Nest of the World. chanted Realm establishes only one Grotto, The or subordinate body, in any one city. The Order numbers about 2,500 members. Mystic Order, Veiled Prophets of the total number of Grottos in 1897 was ten, Enchanted Realm. Founded by Hon. the principal ones being at New York, Thomas L. James, ex-Postmaster-General Rochester, and Buffalo, and the total memThe head covering of of the United States, who was the first bership about 2,000. Grand Monarch of the organization ; Pro- a Veiled Prophet is a turban with a silver fessors Oren Eoot of Hamilton College, tissue veil, the color of which is selected by Clinton, N. Y. and J. F. MacGregory of each Grotto, with the exception that purple Madison University, Madison, N. Y. Gen- veils are reserved for members of the Sueral William M. Nest and LeRoy Fairchild, premo Council, or governing body. Order of Amaranth. OrigiiuiUy inboth of Hamilton, N. Y.; with Rt. Wor. George H. Raymond, Grand Lecturer of the tended as higher degree in the Order of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons of the State Eastern Star, to form the third of a series of New York ; Lieutenaut W. C. Eaton, of which the Eastern Star degree and the U. S. N. and many others, all Freemasons, Queen of the South should be respectively x\s Chapters of the Oras a social and recreative secret society. the first and second. The Order announces that in order to con- der of the Eastern Star did not approve that serve its own interests and secure the most plan, the Amaranth remains a distinct Order, desirable material none but Master Masons to which only Master Masons in good standsubordinate bodies are called
SajDi-

—

;

;

—

;

are

made
7

eligible

for

membership.

One ing and women who

are

members

of the Or-

of its objects "is to benefit

the symbolic

der of the Eastern Star are eligible.

The

98
ritual

ORDER OF MARTINISTS

upon which its present work is students of Esotericism, Egyptology, and fouuded is said to have been written nearly Symbolism. Membership is limited. The forty years ago by J. B. Taylor of Newark, Order is known to exist in Massachusetts. Order of the Eastern Star. A chariN. J. This, Robert Macoy of New York is said to have amplified and improved, until table and benevolent society to which only Master Masons, their wives, widows, sisters, it had substantially the form used to-day. The institution of Courts of the Order of and daughters are eligible. Its teachings Amaranth began about five or six years ago, are founded on the Holy Bible. Chapters of but the growth of this Order has not been the Order exist in nearly all/ if not quite rapid, total membership to-day not exceed- all, of the States of the Union, in the ProvThe ritual is based on ince of Ontario and elsewhere in the Doing five hundred. incidents in the lives of several characters minion of Canada, Scotland, and at one In the beginning time in Mexico, Central America, and in in the New Testament. Its total membership is a mu- South America. to incorporate made was attempt an

—

-r^cu^

tual assessment beneficiary feature, but

it

nearly

200,000,
States,

about

160,000

in

the

was abandoned soon after. The objects are (See Order largely benevolent and social.
of the Eastern Star.)

and very small elsewhere, the majority being women. Its symbolism centres about the five-pointed star and the
United
pentagon, or signet of Solomon.
It is re-

Order of Martinists.
merous

— One

-of

the nu-

Masonic rites which made its lated that, originally, the first point of the appearance in France about the middle of star suggested Obedience; the second. AtIt is also called the Eite tachment; and so on but the modern ritual the last century. It appeared at Lyons in teaches that the first point represents the of Martinism. 1767, with ten degrees, fathered by Louis binding force of a vow, illustrated by Claude de St. Martin, a disciple of Martinez Jephthah's daughter the second, devotion
;

;

Paschalis.

The

latter's rite of

nine degrees

to religious principles, as exemplified in the
;

formed the
St.

basis of the ''rectified rite" of

Martin,

who was

a deeply religious
of

a student of

Eosicrucianism,
of the
filled

the third, fidelity to character of Euth man, kindred and friends, as personified by EsSweden- ther the fourth, faith in the power and
;

borg, and of the teachings of the Kabbalists

merits of a Eedeemer,

as

manifested by

and hermetic doctors His rite was naturally

middle ages. with what has

been described as "reveries of the mystics."

The Order was jiopular for a time, and spread into Oermany and Eussia, where it had a brief career. The only excuse for
this reference is the statement by S. 0. Gould, in his " Arcane Fraternities," Man-

chester, N. H., 1896, that the Order, ''re-

duced to three essential and four accessory degrees," was introduced into America in 1887, where it is "being conferred by established and recognized Masonic authorities." may prove themselves relatives of FreeHe adds that its chief officer for the United masons, except to Freemasons who are States "resides in Missouri," and that its members of the Order of the Eastern Star. disciples " are residents of more or less of The Order is quite popular in the West, where almost every city and town has one the States." Order of the S. E. K. Composed of or more Chapters. Its membership is also

Martha; and the fifth. Charity, illustrated by Electa. There is also a symbolism expressed through the signet, and there are other emblems, shown within the star. The society has the customary sign language found It is proper to in kindred organizations. explain that this Order is not Freemasonry, and is in no way connected with it. It was created by Freemasons, and only members of the Masonic Fraternity and women relaIt affords no tives of the latter may join it. especial means by which women members

—

ORDER OF THE EASTERN STAR
largo at the East and
instances,
in
is

99

addition

growing. In mauy to performing its
it

function, that of inculcating various moral

and
for

religious

principles,

operates

in

practice as a social club,

or rallying point
families of Freeif

women members

of

masons, their husbands, and,
masons,
their brothers
it

also Free-

and

fathers.

Not

was generally supposed the Order was originated in 1850 or 1851 by Robert Morris, the well-known poet and Freemason. Through the courtesy of Alonzo J. Burton of New York, the writer has been shown a printed ritual of an '^ Ancient
yours ago

many

them and the Freemasonry of one hundred and forty years ago, although rather more than that which exists between the Order of the Eastern Star and Freemasonry to-day, for there is no such thing in the United States as even an " adoption of an Eastern Star Chapter by a Masonic Lodge, or even the recognition of the existence of a body known as the Order of the Eastern Star by The rituals of the a Masonic Grand Body.
''

and Honorable Order of the Eastern Star,'' together with an account of its proceedings and women) novitiates who invariably took at a session in Boston, Mass., May 18, part in them Avith the moral lessons which Some of these 1793, which explains that the Society per- it was sought to inculcate. formed a most cflBcient work of charity relatively ancient, appendant orders for during the wars of tlic Revolution and 1812. Freemasons and women relatives of FreeThe idea of what has been called an Adop- masons exist on the European Continent tive or an Androgenous rite goes back, of to-day, though they have long ceased to atcourse, even farther tlian that.
to the writings of
ers,

Ordre des Felicitaires, the Wood Cutters, and others of like character, are quite dissimilar from Masonic rituals, tending rather to poetic, scenic effects, and dramatic performances calculated to impress the (men

A reference
the in-

tract the

number
for

of candidates or class of

Mackey, Oliver, and othafter

members
noted.

which

they were

formerly

indicates

that shortly

troduction of Freemasonry from England
to the Continent of Europe (one account " says as early as 1830), so-called ''Masonic

Freemasonry was introduced into the American colonies nearly one hundred and seventy years ago, and in the latter half of

Lodges for women made their appearance. the last century (population of the country To the mere statement of Mackey that there and the lack of facilities for communication considered), had an extensive and, as hisis a trace of these as early as 1649, nothing But in 1843 we find a tory informs us, distinguished membershij). can be added. French society of this variety, entitled There are fragmentary printed memoranda "Ordre des Felicitaires " in 1847, the indicating that some of the continental a degrees conferred in " Lodges of Adoption," *' Order of Wood Cutters;" and, later, number of others. These were formed in or other men and women's Orders to which Germany, Poland, Russia, and, notably, in only Freemasons and women relatives were Franco, during the middle of the last cen- eligible, were introduced into this country Whether any of these tury, where, for the next twenty-five years, as early as 1778. they flourished and were popular among the took the form of an Order of the Eastern
;

nobility
society.

and otliers in the higher ranks of Star, w^hich the published report referred " Lodges of Adoption " appeared in to, may never be known. One may only France in 1750, to which only Master Masons admit its likelihood. With the brief stateand women relatives wore eligible, and were ment in the Proceedings of the Ancient and so called from their being taken under the Honorable Order of the Eastern Star, re" published in New York in 1850, that that nominal protection of or being '' adopted society was conspicuous for deeds of charity there was But Lodges. regular Masonic by no further connection than that between in the War of the Revolution and in the

100

ORDER OF THE EASTERN STAR
of 1812, one
is

success. When Morris sailed for the Holy and costumed Land, in 1866, he turned over all his rights Morris was to the Order of the Eastern Star to Robert his Order of the Eastern Star. born at Boston in 1818, was made a Free- Macoy of New York. In 1866 a church mason at Oxford, Miss., March 5, 1846, and stood at the corner of Grand and Crosby in 1847, with his wife, received the so-called Streets, in New York, the property of the *'side^' or unsystematized Masonic degree, Freemasons of the State of New York, and the "Heroine of Jericho.'' This is said to in December of that year a fair was held have greatly interested him, and in Febru- there for the benefit of the proposed Masonic At its conclusion the ary, 1850, when confined to his bed with Hall and Home. rheumatism, he is described as having de- ladies who had presided over the tables were

War

forced to rest content,

until Kobert Morris invented

vised the Order of the Eastern Star.
writes
of
his

He

loath to break their i^leasant associations,

having "hesitated for a theme " on which to build such an Order, having " dallied over a name " and pondered
long over the selection of the five-pointed
star

and a ball was given a month or two later, and a thousand dollars more realized for the
fund.

On

January, 17, 1867, eighteen of
it

the ladies organized a society and called

and jjentagon as its chief emblems. the Alpha Chapter of the Order of the This would indicate originality on his part, Eastern Star. They met occasionally and and suggests that his calling it the Order of performed works of charity, but, lacking a About the Eastern Star was merely a coincidence. ritual, the society did not prosper. of year later one the ladies met Morris a Robert unable learn that writer is to The ever heard of the Eastern Star of 1793. Macoy, an eminent Freemason, and told This, then, is the slender thread upon him that if the society had a ritual she which hangs the claim of antiquity for the thought it would be successful. Mr. Macoy modern Order. Morris wanted this society set to work rearranging the old ritual, and to become a branch of Freemasonry, so as on October 15, 1868, in the presence of the to permit women members to prove them- eighteen ladies referred to, conferred the selves relatives of Freemasons to members degree, with his own wife as the candidate. of the Masonic Fraternity anywhere, and to Macoy simplified the work of the Constelenable them to share in the charitable work lations and amplified that of the Families His plan excited great by a dramatic rearrangement which was at of that Fraternity. opposition, and failed. In 1853 he con- once successful. From that time the Order ferred the Order on a number of acquaint- began to increase, and New York State ances, and in 1855 instituted Constellation to-day has 125 Chapters and about 10,000 No. 1, Purity, at Lodge, Fulton County, members. The Grand Chapter of New Kentucky. The headquarters were at Lex- York was organized November 3, 1870. In 1866 Albert Pike printed^ a version ington, Ky., and Morris, of course, was the Grand Luminary, About two hundred of the French ritual of an Order of the Constellations were formed throughout the Eastern Star of a century ago, using the United States, one being in New York city, forms intact, but augmenting the parts. somewhere on Spring Street. This arrange- The ritual is composed of three degrees, ment of the Eastern Star ritual met with Apprentice, Companion, and Mistress. The The dedisfavor from Freemasons, and as the work is now exceedingly scarce. ceremony was "too complicated," Morris grees are so complicated that it would be revised it in 1859, calling the bodies " Fam- impracticable for the ordinary assembly to
ilies

of the Eastern Star."

A

number

of

work them, and there
were
ever

is

no record that they
in
this

Families Avere instituted, but the revised
ritual evidently did not possess elements of

exemplified

country.

Whether

either Morris or

Macov ever saw

—

ORDER OF THE PALLADIUM
work or the original is not known. Macoy, as Supreme Head of the Order, began chartering chapters and issuing new warrants to such Families as existed, and 1869, 1870, 1871, and 1872 witnessed the extension of the Order into nearly every State in the Union, Cuba, Mexico, Central and South America, superseding a species of ** Adoptive Freemasonry'^ which had grown up in Michigan and in New York in AVhat was called the 1867 and 1868. Supreme Council of the Adoptive Rite of the World was instituted at New York
this
city,

101

Order

in that its

teachings are imparted by
so-called

means of " secret machinery." Its " religion " is referred to as that
stars."

of

" the
its

No

one but members profess to
its

know the cause of underlying principles.

existence

or

Order of the Mystic

Star.

— Founded

about 1872 or 1873, at New York city, by A. J. Duganne and others. It was designed
to rival the then rapidly

the Eastern

Star,

and, like

growing Order of it, was open
It did

only to Master Masons, their wives, widows, mothers, daughters, and
live long.
sisters.

not

June

14,

1873,

at

a

time when a

meeting of the General Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters (American Rite of Freemasonry) was held at that city. Morris presided, and Macoy was elected Supreme Patron Mrs, Frances E. Johnson, Supreme Matron Andrew Cassard, AssoLaura L. Burton, ciate Supreme Patron Deputy Supreme Matron; Robert Morris, Supreme Recorder William A. Prall, Suand P. M. Savary, preme Treasurer Supreme Inspector. This was not longThe General Grand Chapter of the lived. Order was formed in 1876 at Chicago, and
; ;
; ;

Order of the Oinali Laiij^uage. Founded at Washington, D. C; year not
given.
It describes the original universal

language, the root, as the the primal language

Omah
allied

tongue,

" which

man

to

;

has jurisdiction over the entire Order, except in Vermont, Connecticut, New York,

and

New

Jersey, reporting 27

Grand Chap-

ters in all.

In 187-4 Alonzo J. Burton of

New York

originated a floral ceremony to supplement the general work of the SociAt the ety, which is in quite general use.

Grand Chapter, held in New June, 1895, the Order of the Sisterhood was exemplified by a selected corps from Utica, N. Y., and the degree was adopted as an auxiliary. It was comsession of the

York

city,

posed in the latter part of 1878, and is founded on the Biblical account of Jacob's
ladder and a history of
the

the life of Mary mother of the Saviour. (See Order of Amaranth.) Order of the Majji. A mystical Chicago Society, the practices and preachings of which are ''open to all who can appreciate them,'' but which is in reality a secret

—

through confusion of sounds much that was known to man is lost that the Omah language revealed to man the secrets of material life and tliat ''this language now' upon this planet has once more reached the identical point from which it was diffused," so that " men daily pronounce the magic words, having no conception of their occult power and meaning." S. C. Gould, in his "Resume Arcane Associations," adds that "a word to the wise is sufficient;" from which some may infer that the Order thinks it has much it could teach, even to the most erudite students of high grade Masonry. Order of the Palladium.— Said by S. C. Gould, in his "Resume of Arcane Associations," to have been "instituted in 1730," and "introduced into the United States at Charleston, S. C," where it remained dormant until 1884, when it was revived in 1886, as the new and reformed Palladium, " to impart new force to the traditions of high grade Masonry." It admits men and women, the former to the grades of Adelphos and Companion of Ulysses, and the latter to that of Penelope. As its Councils are " held
alleges tliat
; ;

Yahveh," and

incognito,"

its

proceedings never printed,
is

and

its

membership

greatly

restricted.

102
little
is

ORDER OF THE

S. S. S.

AND BROTHERHOOD OF THE
Illuminati
the latter)

Z. Z. R. R. Z. Z.

bers.

by others than mem"Free and Eegenerated Palladium,*' by Avhicli title it is now known. Order of the S. S. S. and Biotlierliood of the Z. Z. R. R. Z. Z.— Headquarters ''for this country" at Boston. *'A11 things come from Its motto is: within." Its seal is a circle, formed of three cobras " separated by three swastikas, encircling two interlaced triangles," which, in turn, enclose "the crux ansata," from which its theosophic temperament and

kuown

of

it

(Avignon,

1760),

into

which
of

It publishes the

the reveries of both

Boehme (founder

and of Swedenborg (who was It not a Freemason) were incorporated. has been presumed to have long been exbut tinct outside of a few Swedish Lodges S. C. Gould, in "Arcane Fraternities," Manchester, N. H.,1896, says that the Eite flourished in a Lodge in New York from 1859 until 1863, and that it is still practised
;

as

a

distinct

rite

in

the

Dominion

of

mystical tendencies
declares

may
with

be inferred.

It

Canada. Society of Eleusis. Commemorative of its prototype, it is founded on a portion of

—

that Love

Wisdom

is

the

the ceremonies of the latter, and occasion-

ally holds a grand festival with appropriate by the Oil of Love. Among its relics exercises. It dates its birth 1356 B.C., and has for its motto. Quod hoc sibi vuU f Comis said to be a " large cube of cream-white Its duodecennial celebration stone," of great antiquity, j^resented by " a mune bonum. Mexican chief." Membership is small. was held at Boston in 1884. Order of the Siifis. Philosophical and Society of the Illuminati. A secedtheosophical, based on the Unitarian doc- ing Mormon, religious secret society for The word Sufi men, with which was associated another trines of the Persians. refers to the Arabic word Suf, wool, and organization, The Covenant, a secret soalludes to the dress of the Dervishes who ciety for Mormon men and women, which originally taught the princij)les the Order existed on Beaver Island, in Northern Lake seeks to elucidate, which are alleged to Michigan, off the Grand Traverse regions, When the Morreconcile jihilosophy with revealed religion between 1850 and 1856. by means of mystical interpretations of doc- mons, under Brigham Young, left Council trine. The candidate for its mysteries Bluffs for Utah, James J. Strang, at the represents a traveler in search of Truth, head of a party of seceders (New York "a hidden treasure," and passes through " Sun " Grand Rapids correspondence, eight stages or grades. Worship, Love, Se- January 21, 1895, published January 27), clusion, Knowledge, Ecstasy, Truth, Union, journeyed to Beaver Island, founded the and Extinction, or absorption into the village of St. James, " naming it after himLight. self," erected a tabernacle, and, with the S. C. Gould, of Manchester, N. H., that representatives of the Order restates assistance of " a dozen young men as ajaosBy side in New York and Missouri. tles," conducted religious services. Order of the White Shrine of Jerusa- 1850 St. James had a population of about

secret of Life,
is

and that the Torch of Life

fed

—

—

lem. Founded at Chicago a few years ago by Charles D. Magee, Supreme Chancellor. Men and women are eligible to membership.

—

600.

" an angel

In 1850 Strang had a revelation from of the Lord," directing him to be

crowned "King of the Mormons," and enhim and his jieojile the isractice Queen of the South. See Order of of polygamy. He was accordingly crowned Amaranth. king in what might be described as "ample Rite of Swedenborg-. A mystical, form," and took unto himself a number theosophical Masonic rite, consisting of six of wives. The account referred to adds degrees, which grew out of the Rite of the that "in the Church" were two secret
joining upon

— —

A

SOVEREIGN COLLEGE OF ALLIED MASONIC AND CHRISTIAN DEGREES FOR AMERICA
societies,

103

Society of the of America William James Hughan, the and the other for well-known English Masonic historian D. both men and women, called " The Cove- Murray Lyon, the Scottish Masonic hisnant," from which it is easy to perceive he torian the Earl of Euston and Prince paralleled the work of Young, Kimball, Demetrius Rhodocanakis of Greece. The Hyde, Pratt, and other Mormon leaders, Sovereign College is in amity with the then in Utah, where the secret "work'' of Royal Ark Council of England, the Grand
tlie
;

one called

Illuminati, for

men

only,

;

;

;

the

Mormon

Cluirch centred largely in the
(Sec Free-

Conclave

of

Secret

Monitors for

Great

and Dependencies of It is fur- the British Crown, and the Grand Council Covenant of the Allied Masonic Degrees for England, iron-clad oaths were taken to defend tlie Wales, and the Colonies and Dependencies Church, even to the shedding of blood, and of the British Crown, at which the Earl of to stand by one another through thick and Euston is the representative of the Sovereign thin." The "secret obligations and work College in America. The allied Masonic of the Illuminati were never made i)ublic." and Christian degrees conferred by the SovStrang's career was brief. In 1856 he ereign College are the Ark Planner, corwas shot by one of his followers who had responding to the English Royal Ark MariBritain, the Colonies

endowment house ceremonials. masonry among the Mormons.) ther explained that "in The

been iiublicly

whipped,

by order of

the

ner

;

Secret Monitor, Babylonish Pass, Great
Priest,
St.

Holy and Tdesscd Order of Wisdom, and Trinitarian Knight of St. John -of PatStrang's death, neighboring fishermen in- mos. In recently published announcements vaded the island, razed the tabernacle, and the Babylonish Pass and Great High Priestdispersed the piratical Mormon population, hood are omitted. The Ark Mariner degree who fled to Chicago, Milwaukee, and else- is popular in England, where the candidate where. must have taken the Mark Master Mason Sovereign College of Allied Masonic degree in order to be eligible to receive it. and Christian Degrees for America. It is conferred upon Master Masons here. "Grand body," founded by Hartley Car- The language of the degi-ee is peculiar. The " michacl, 33°, William Eyan, 33% and C. A. Su]>reme body is called a " Grand Ark
nople,

"king" for refusing to compel his wife to wear " bloomers " in compliance with an "edict" that all women in the kingdom

Higii

Lawrence the Martyr,

Tylers of Solomon, Knight of Constanti-

should dress in that manner.

Learning of

—

;

Xesbitt, 33°, at Eic]imond,Yirginia,in 1890,

subordinate bodies are "Vessels."

All

its

having rituals of some so-Citlled "side" or references are nautical, and allude to the unsystematized degrees, which are conferred Deluge and the Ark of Noah. Members only upon Freemasons, and several aca- profess to be followers of Noah, and theredemic degrees which are conferred upon fore call themselves Noachidae, or Sous of distinguished Freemasons, hoyioris causa, Noah. The degree, which was invented in or to members of the Fraternity "who have England about the close of the last century, passed satisfactory examinations and jxiid sheds no light upon Freemasonry. Tlie the necessary fees." Its highest academic degree of Secret Monitor, conferred upon degree is entitled "Doctor of Universal Ark Mariners, is thought to have been deMasonry," and only five Freemasons are rived from a Masonic society which was said to have received it Josiah H. Drum- formed in Holland, about 1778, to teach mond, of Maine, Past Most Puissant Sover- the meaning of Brotherly Love. The latter eign Grand Commander of the Ancient and was called the Order of David and Jonathan, Accepted Scottish Rite for the Nortiiern and inculcated unfaltering friendship even Masonic Jurisdiction of the United States in the presence of the most appalling danger.

—

;

104

TALL CEDARS OF LEBANON
handed down
is

The degrees of Tylers of Solomon, St. Lawrence the Martyr, and Knight of Constantinople are conferred only upon those who have
taken the two preceding degrees, and that last named upon those only who are willing to
repeat and sign the Apostles' Creed.
says of the degree of

to be passed along.

Its finale

Mackey

Knight

of Constanti-

nople, that

it has no connection with Freemasonry, teaches an excellent lesson in humility, and that it was probably instituted by some Masonic lecturer. The Babylonish Pass used to be conferred in Scotland in Eoyal Arch Chapters. It jjossesses something in common with the Masonic Order

sometimes a banquet. Temple of Isis. Situated at Chicago. Lectures are delivered before its members monthly, on such subjects as the Mysteries, the Sphinx, the Pyramids, and Hermetic Teachings. Its symbol is a four-winged kneph surrounded by a cobra. Dr. W. P. Phelon is named as the founder of the Society, in which much is made of the Tetragrammaton, or combination of Hebrew letters representing the great and sacred name

—

of Deity.

Tlieosopliical

Society.

— (Contributed

of the of

Red Cross conferred

in

Commanderies by Mrs. Annie Besant.)

The Theosophical

Knights Templars. It is thought that the Holy and Blessed Order of Wisdom is allied to one of a similar name referred to under the sketch of the Order of Knights of the Red Cross of Rome and Constantine (which see), particularly as the candidate must be either a Knight Templar or a thirtysecond degree Freemason of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. The Trinitarian Degree of Knight of St. John of Patmos is conferred only upon Freemasons of mark and learning who have received the thirty-second degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. It is Christian and Trinitarian, and its possessors declare it equivalent to a patent of Masonic nobility. The ritual refers to the banishment of St.

Society is an international brotherhood, the formation of which was suggested on September 7, 1875, in the rooms of Madame H. P. Blavatsky, 46 Irving Place, New York

U. S. A., and the definite organization which was completed on November 17th of the same year. On that day the duly
city,

of

elected

President,

Colonel

Henr}^

Steele

Olcott, delivered the inaugural address,

and

the

official

year of the Society
17, 1875.
interest.

is

reckoned

from November

The

first officers

have an historical
coast

President,

Henry

Panand G. H. Felt; Corresponding Secretary, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky; Recording Secretary, John Storer Cobb; Treasurer, H. J. Newton Librarian, Charles Sotheran John. It is believed to be allied to the Councillors, Rev. J. H. Wiggin, R. B. WestOrder of Knights of St. John the Evan- brook, Emma Hardinge Britten, Dr. C. E. conferred in Grand Councils of Simmons, H. D. Monachesi; Counsel to the gelist, Knights of the Red Cross of Rome and Society, W. Q. Judge. Of all these, but
Steele Olcott; Vice-Presidents, Dr. S.
;

Constantine.
situated at

The Sovereign

College
its

is still

Richmond, Va., and

three

founders continue
ficers.

among

its

principal of-

one remains to-day, the President-Founder, H. S. Olcott, who, after twenty-two years of loyal service as President, remains still at
the head of the Society, the symbol of
its

Total

2,100, of
States.

whom

about about 560 are in the United
allied

membership

Tall Cedars of Lebanon. The name Masonic '^ side degree." The ceremony is said to be amusing. The deof a so-called

—

unbroken traditions. The rest are all swept away by death or desertion, the death of H. P. Blavatsky, the co-founder, having occurred in 1891.
unity and the custodian of
its

Organization.
Society
is

— The

organization of the

gree has no

oflBcial

standing, and there

is

copied from that of the United

no regular or authorized method of conferring it, beyond the fact that it has been

States, so far as federal

and

local govern-

ments are concerned.

It has a president.

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

105

elected for a term of seven years (the Presi- as soon as circumstances permit of their dent-Founder holds his office for life, the being organized under local governments seven years' term applying only to his suc- they are encouraged to thus group themcessors). He appoints a vice-president, but selves. Any seven members of the Society may the appointment must be ratified by the Society; and he appoints a recording secretary apply to be chartered as a Branch, all charand treasurer. There are no other officers ters deriving their authority from tlie Presibelonging to the Society as a whole. The dent. Every Branch, or Lodge, of tlie Sogeneral control and administration of the ciety elects its own officers and makes its Society is vested in a General Council, con- own by-laws, subject to the provision that
sisting of the President, the Vice-President, such by-laws must not conflict with the genand the General Secretaries of the Sections eral rules of the Society. Any seven or into which the Society is divided. Its head- more chartered Branches can be formed by quarters are at Adyar, Madras, India, and the President, on their application, into a consist of a lai'ge and beautiful building, Section, and this Section enjoys local autoncontaining a spacious hall for meetings, a omy; it elects a General Secretary, who is fine library, the offices of the Society, and a ex-officio a member of the General Council, number of living apartments; this building the governing body of the whole Society, and who is the official channel of communiis surrounded by extensive grounds, picturesquely planted, and has several smaller cation between the President and the Secbungalows connected with it for the work tion. Each General Secretar}'^ sends an-

of the Society and the reception of visitors.

nually to the President a report of the year's

was opened in 188G by a remarkable ceremony in which Hindu, Buddhist, Mohammedan, and Zoroastrian
library, Avhich

The

priests officiated, contains a valuable collec-

work of his Section, and these are summarby the President in his annual report, and are preserved as part of the records of There are at present the Society at Adyar.
ized

tion of
scripts

some 10,000 Eastern palm-leaf manuand printed literature, some of the

(1897) seven Sections of the Theosophical
Society: the

American Section, chartered in

former being exceedingly rare. It bids fair to grow into an institution of very great
importance, and plans are on foot to
it

188G, General Secretary, Alexander Fullerton, 5 University Place,

New York
is

city; it
I'ap-

make
Its

contains 40 Branches and
idly;

growing

a great teaching centre and a resort for
all

the European Section, chartered as
1890, General Secretary, G.

students from
beauty,

parts of the world.

the British Section in 1888, and extended
to

—

and quiet while only seven miles distant from the city of ^ladras combine to render it an ideal spot for the
seclusion,

—

Europe
S.

in

P.

^lead,

10

Avenue Koad, Regent's

Park, London, England, with 79 Branches

student.

The anniversary meetings

of the

and Centres (groups not yet chartered); the
Indian Section, chartered in 1890, General Secretaries, Bertram Keightley and L''penIndia,

Theosophical Society are held at Adyar at
the end of each December, and on that occasion a vast gathering assembles of

members dranath Basu, Benares,

with

181
in-

and friends from
other lands;

all

parts of India and from

Branches and Centres, of which 47 are
in

the

twenty-first anniversary

active; the Australasiaii Section, chartered

was celebrated there on December 27, 28, 29, and 30, 1896. Branches of the Society not belonging to any Section, and members unattached to any Branch or Section, are connected directly with the headquarters at Adyar; but

1894, General Secretary, J. Scott, 42 Margaret Street, Sydney, N. S. W., with 12 Branches; the Xew Zealand Section,

chartered in 1895, General Secretary, Lilian

Edger, Mutual Life Buildings, Auckland, with 8 Branches; the Scandinavian Section,

—
106

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
a gracious friendliness
learn.

chartered in 1895, General Secretary, A. Zet-

and willingness
leading

to

Stockholm, Sweden, with 13 Branches; the Netherlands Section, chartered in 1897, General Secretary, W. B. Fricke, 76 Amsteldijk, Amsterdam, Holtersten, ISTybrogatan 30,

Doctrines
are

Studied.

— The
;

doc-

trines studied in the Theosophical Society
:

the unity of existence

the three Logoi;

land, with 7 Branches.

the nature of the universe and of man, as

Ceylon has 22 Branches, bnt they are not
organized into a Section; the chief work of the Society in Ceylon has been that of education.

macrocosm and microcosm, evolving in a sevenfold order; the One Self as the root of Being, its infoldment in matter and the un-

Under the inspiring energy of the foldment of its powers therein; the inherent President-Founder the Sinhalese Buddhists divinity in man, his constitution and powhave built and now maintain 100 schools ers; his evolution by reincarnation, treading and two large colleges, educating between in turn the physical, astral, and mental These worlds, time after time, under the law of 3,000 and 9,000 Buddhist children. 22 Sinhalese Branches and four others are causation, or karma, until perfection is
the only Branches outside the Sections.
Objects.

gained; the quickening of evolution by the

— The objects of the Theosophical
number:
1.

study and practice of the science of the
soul; the present existence of

Society are three in

To form
of

a

nucleus of the Universal Brotherhood of

attained perfection,

and

men who have who remain on
of their

Humanity,

without

distinction
2.

race,

earth to help
less

onward the evolution

creed, sex, caste, or color.

To encourage

the study of comparative religion, j)hiloso-

phy, and science.
in

3.

To

investigate unex-

plained laws of nature and the powers latent

Only the first of these objects is all members, and the Society embraces members of all faiths, demanding no assent to any formula of belief as a qualification of membership. Its members are connected by an ethical rather than by an intellectual bond, and their unity rests on a sublime spiritual ideal, not on a formulated creed. The Society has no dogmas, insists on no beliefs, indorses no church, supports no party, takes no sides in the endless quarrels that rend society and embitter national, social, and personal life. It seeks to draw no man away from his faith, but helps him
binding on
to find in the depths of his
spiritual

man.

advanced brethren; the presence of such men in all ages, as custodians of a body of knowledge respecting God, the universe, man, and their relations to each other, leading to a knowledge of the Self, the divine wisdom; the existence and continual activspiritual and others ity of Intelligences engaged in carrying on and directing all the processes of nature, with whom man can come into contact by virtue of the spiritual

—

intelligence

latent

within himself.
of

It

is

asserted that these doctrines are
all

common

to

religions,

and that where any

them
it is

have become overlaid by efflux of time,

necessary, in order to preserve the religion,

Their jDresthat they should be restored. ence in the various religions can be proven by the common language of symbolism, in

own

religion the

which they are expressed, the leading symbols of great religions being identical.

nourishment he needs. That each should show to the religion of others the respect he claims for his own is understood as an honorable obligation in the Society, and perfect mutual courtesy on these matters is expected from members. More and

The

study of symbolism

is

carefully pursued in

the Branches of the Society.

Inner
everyone

Grades

mid

Teachings.—Mhile

who

recognizes the universal brothis

erhood of

man

welcomed within the Theoits

more

this leads to cooperation in the search

sophical Society,

inner grades, comprised
to those

for truth, to softening of prejudices, to lib-

witliin the Eastern School, or Esoteric Section, are

eralizing of minds,

and

to the

growth of

open only

members

of not

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
than a year's standing, who have made have become convinced of the truth of the fundamental theosophical doctrines, and who, already striving to lead a pure and unselfish life, desire to adless

107

Some think
for a great

that the Society

is

being shaped

sufficient jsrogress to

work

in the future,

and that the
to time sifted

unfit are therefore out.

from time

vance more rapidly in the evolution of the inner nature. Such members, on approval, enter the Eastern School, and commence a
regular course of study and jH'actice, de-

Two figures stand prominently out as the Founders of the Society, Colonel Henry Steele Olcott and Madame Helena Petrovna
Blavatsky.

Colonel Henry Steele Olcott

is

a native-

signed to prepare them for admission into
successive stages of the path which leads
to definite discipleship

up

born American, and obtained his colonelcy during the great Civil War between Xorth

and South. He received high praise from his government for his services, and was well todians of the divine wisdom, and who are known, in addition, as a scientific agriculever ready to welcome the neophyte who turalist; but his cravings after knowledge proves himself worthy of accei)tance. This of the invisible worlds drove him into inSchool opens up once more, in the sight of vestigations that led him far away from offithe modern Avorld, the ancient pathway to cialism and agriculture, and when he met Initiation, the function performed in an- Madame H. P. Blavatsky at the Eddy farmcient Greece by the Schools of Pythagoras, house, whither he had gone to investigate between which and the TheosoiJhical Society the spiritualistic manifestations tlirough the there is an occult tie. Its lowest grades Eddy brothers, he was drawn to her by her correspond to the classes of Pythagorean obvious occult knowledge, and a bond was scholars who were learning to practise in formed between them which united them in family and social life the lower classes of a common work on the physical plane till According to virtues, and its higher ones, in ascending her passing away in 1891. order, lead the earnest aspirant to the very her belief and his the bond remains ungateway of the great Initiations. This res- broken on the higher planes of existence, toration to the modern world of the cher- and tliey are still co-workers, though not in Together they founded ished privilege of antiquity the knowledge the physical body. where the beginning of the pathway can be the Theosophical Society, and traveled found that leads from the life of the world through the world to organize it. Helena Petrovna Blavatsky was a Kusto that of the Adept, or the perfected Man, to earnest and aspiring souls, sian of noble family related to the imperial is perhaps, She was married in exthe greatest boon bestowed by the Theo- house of Russia.
under one of the
great Masters, or Adepts,

who

are the cus-

—

sophical Society.

History.

— The history of

the Theosophi-

cal Society is

one of struggle against apparit

ently insurmountable obstacles, of crushing

treme youth to his Excellency General Xicephore Blavatsky, governor of a district in the Caucasus, but left him ere their married life had well begun, driven by an insatiable
knowledge, and traveling, on means provided by her father, through Egypt and various Eastern lands, in search of a Teacher whom she knew to exist, but knew not where to find. At last she succeeded in the object of her search, and bethirst for occult

attacks and betrayals from which

has ever
of tem-

emerged the stronger and the purer,
It is as

porary reverses followed by swifter progress.

though it were watched over by a Power which subjects it to the rudest trials,
it

in order to shake out of

every

member

who
and

is

not strong enough to stand alone,

enough to discern the right pathway amid bewildering cross-roads.
intuitional

came the pupil of a great Hindu sage, receiving from him the knowledge with which
she returned to the Western world.

She

108

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
wa}^ to

made her

America, where she was

changed

its

name

in 1883
''

directed to begin her teaching work,

met

ish Theosophical Society

from the "Britto the " London
It

Colonel Olcott, and accepted

him

as the col-

Lodge
still

of the

Theosophical Society.*'

Sinnett, the well-known writer, as its Presitwo large volumes, " Isis Unveiled,'' a work dent. It is the premier Lodge of the Soshowing a vast range of occult knowledge, ciety, as holding the oldest charter. The Pounders left England for India on but a collection of notes for a book rather January 19, 1879, and landed in Bombay than the complete book itself. These two remarkable persons were the on February 16th. There the Indian defounders and the sustainers of the Theo- partment of the Society was founded, and sophical Society: Colonel Olcott the execu- branch after branch rapidly sprang up. tive officer, the organizer, presiding over all The movement spread to Ceylon in 1880, nine branches being formed there. In Euits otiter activities; and Madame Blavatsky the teacher, the expounder of occult mys- rope, the Ionian Branch was founded in teries and the wielder of occult forces. They Corfu in 1882, followed by the formation of were the twin suns round which the whole branches in France in 1883, and in Scotland and Germany in 1884. system revolved. In America the movement languished. The Society did not flourish in America Little interest was An apparently abortive attempt to form a after its foundation. aroused by its teachings. Spiritualism being Branch at Los Angeles, Cal., was made in then in the ascendant, and it appeared as April, 1879, and under date April 30, 1881, though the Society were fated to perish still- Mr. Judge writes of the one group in New born. But its organization was just kept York city that it is "suspended," and going by its founders, and the great spirit- " ought to remain torpid for some time But General Donbleday and Dr. ual forces behind it ensured its continuance yet." through these early days. On July 16, J. D. Buck were elected among the Vice1877, at a meeting of the Society, the Presi- Presidents of the whole Society in April, dent was authorized to form branches of the 1880, and Mr. Judge was elected as a reSociety in Great Britain, India, and else- cording secretary in 1879, and reelected in where at his discretion, to transfer the So- 1880. In January, 1882, a slight renewal ciety's headquarters to any country in which of life appeared at Eochester, and a Branch he might himself be established, and to tem- was chartered, followed on May 5, 1883, by On December 4, porarily appoint anyone he might select to a Branch at St. Louis.

league she Avas seeking, and announced herself to the world through the publication of

bears this name, and has Mr. A. P.

1883, the original New York group, long These arrangements suspended, dissolved itself, and the "New were made in view of the approaching de- York Branch of the Theosophical Society " parture of the Founders for India; the New was formed under the name of the " Aryan York headquarters were broken uji on their Theosophical Society," with Mr. Judge as sailing for Liverpool on December 17, 1878, President. A " Board of Control " for the but a nucleus appointed by the President re- movement in America was chartered by the mained to carry on the life of the organiza- President-Founder on May 13, 1884. It tion in America General Abner Donbleday, lasted until October 30, 1886, when it was David A. Curtis, G. V. Maynard, and W. Q. dissolved by the order of the President, and Judge. the nine Branches of the Theosophical SoThe first offshoot of the Theosophical So- ciety then existing in America were formed ciety appeared in Great Britain, and was into the first territorial Section of the Sochartered on June 27, 1878. This Branch ciety. This Section was definitely organized
an}^ executive office necessary for the trans-

action

of

business.

—

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETV

109

J.

ou October 30, 188G, at the residence of Dr. ciety seemed to be inspired with fresh life Mr. AV. Q. and energy. Mr. Judge, returning from D. Buck, Cincinnati, 0. Judge was unanimously elected General Sec- India, threw himself into the work in AmerThe retar}' and Treasurer, and from that time ica with the results already noted. forward he devoted himself to the work of President succeeded in obtaining from Lord building up the Section with indomitable Derby, then the head of the Colonial Office, So well various alterations in the government polcourage, perseverance, and energy. he wrought that in nine years he had estab- icy in Ceylon, thus benefiting the Buddhist lished a Section of nearly one hundred population of that island, while the governBranches, and though at the end he de- ment in India at last withdrew from the serted the Society and struck at it a fratri- official persecution by police esi)ionage which cidal blow, the errors of his later years may it had carried on against the two Founders, be forgotten in the lustre of his earlier ser- under the pretence that they were engaged ^ladame Blavatsky vices, when the schism he caused is healed in j^olitical intrigues. settled in Europe, at first in Germany and time. hand of by the gentle The American revival followed close ou then in London, where she gathered round the heels of one of the most ruthless attacks her a number of pupils, since well known Two employes in the movement, Bertram and Arcliibald ever made on the Society. of the Society, accused of wrong-doing, Keightley, G. K. S. Mead, C. F. Wright, tlie concerted Avith certain missionaries in Mad- Countess "Wachtmeister, Mrs. Isabel Cooper ras an elaborate accusation against Madame Oakley, Mrs. Annie Besant, all members of Blavatsky, when she and the President were the powerful London group called the Blaabsent in Europe, charging her with fraud vatsky Lodge, while she was also in the close in connection with abnormal manifesta- neighborhood of her old pupils, A. P. Sin]\Iadame Blavatsky nett and C. AV. Leadbeater, two of the most tions produced by her. promptly resigned her position in the Soci- widely knoAvn writers on Theosophy. (All ety, in order that it might not be compro- these, except Dr. Archibald Keightley and mised in the eyes of the public, and de- Mr. AA'right, remained loyal to the Society in manded an investigation into the charges. the great crisis of 1894-95.) The European A large and important committee was movement grew rapidly under the impulse formed to look into the matter, and cleared given by ^Madame Blavatsky's presence and her from the charges made, conclusively writings, and her London pupils have reproving that they were based entirely on mained the leading writers of theosophical false and slanderous statements made by literature, forming the literary heart of the enemies of the Society with the view of de- Society. At the close of 1888 Madame Blastroying
it.

Madame

Blavatsky's resigna-

vatsky, with her colleague's cordial assent,

tion was refused,
its full

and the Society declared

formed her personal pupils into the Esoteric
Section, that she later

confidence in her integrity, so that
in the hearts of its

named

the Eastern

the attempt to ruin her only enthroned her

School, thus publicly reo])ening the ancient

more securely

members.

As with King Solomon's judgment, which dom.
proved the true mother of the dispiited child by her readiness to surrender it as hers in
order that
it

pathway to the obtaining of the divine wisIn 1891, on May 8th, she passed out
of the body, bidding her pupils to expect

her reappearance ere long in India, in an might live, so did H. P. Bla- Indian body chosen by her Master as the She left vatsky's prompt and entire self-abnegation vehicle for her next incarnation. prove her motherly devotion to the Society the carrying on of her special department of work in the hands of her pupil, Mrs. to which she had given birth. From this time (1884-85) onward the So- Annie Besant, in whose charge she also

;

110

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
seceding from the original association. couple of hundred
Society continued to spread in
all

placed the whole of her unpublished manuscripts.

A

members followed

their

The

parts of the world, but in 1892

and 1893

example in Europe, under the leadership of Dr. Archibald Keightley, and about a score

many complaints were circulated accusing followed suit in Australasia. The fratricidal Mr. \\. Q. Judge who had been made blow did not succeed in slaying the great Vice-President of the whole Society of international Society. Even in America a

—

—

remnant stood firm and remained as the from the Masters. The scandal grew so American Section, and the fourteen Branches great that it became necessary to investigate to which it was reduced had increased to it, and Mrs. Annie Besant early in 1894 forty in July, 1897. In Europe the Society presented a formal request to the President has grown rapidly in importance, and there to appoint a committee for the investigation are now three Sections in Europe instead of The committee met in Lon- one, while in Australasia New Zealand has of the charges. don in the July of the same year, but was become a separate Section, the Theosophical foiled in its purpose by the legal ingenuity Society thus possessing seven Sections scatof the accused, who pleaded that it had no tered over the world. The whole Society is The abortive at- the stronger and the purer for the lesson jurisdiction to try him. tempt to put things right only increased the that no position in it, however high, no serscandal, and at the Convention of the In- vices, however great, can be held to condone dian Section in the following December a deviations from the path of probity and truth resolution was passed calling on the Presi- in the Society's work. dent to obtain from Mr. Judge a vindication Bibliography. The leading magazines in of his character within six months, or fail- the Society are " The Theosophist," founded ing that to expel him from the Society. by H. P. Blavatsky and Colonel H. S. 01The Australian Section followed suit, and cott, edited by the latter, and published at the European called on Mrs. Besant to pub- Adyar, Madras, India; " Lucifer," founded lisli the evidence. At that time the Society by H. P. Blavatsky, edited by Annie Besant cousisted only of four Sections, and three of and G. E. S. Mead, and published in Lonthese were resolute that Mr. Judge should don, England; " Mercury," edited by J. "W. clear his character or leave the Society. Walters, published in San Francisco, Cal., Meanwhile Mr. Judge had been planning a U. S. A.; " Theosophy in Australasia," coup de theatre. He had circulated pri- published in Sydney, N. S. W., Australia; vately documents denouncing Mrs. Besant, " Theosophia," published in Amsterdam, and claiming the right to remove her from Holland; " Le Lotus Bleu," edited by Dr. the position as teacher she had been given Pascal, and published in Paris; " Teosofisk by Madame Blavatsky. His American col- Tidokrift," published in Stockholm, Sweleagues supported him, and he induced den; "Sophia," published in Madrid, Spain. them, at the Convention of the American Besides these, there are many smaller jourSection at Boston, in April, 1895, to declare nals in various languages, issued in Europe the American Society independent, with and in India,suitable to local work and needs. himself as President for life. He was supThe chief works issued are By H. P. ported by 90 votes to 10, and the American Blavatsky: " The Secret Doctrine," 3 vols. Section was reduced to fourteen Branches, "The Key to Theosophy; " "' Isis Un'

forging messages which purported to come

—

—

the remainder constituting themselves into a separate Society, leaving the international

veiled," 2 vols.;

"The

Voice of the

Si-

body, and, while retaining
off

its

lence;" "' Panarion, or a Collection of name, casting Fugitive Papers;" "The Caves and Jungles of

their

allesfiance

to

its

President and

Hindostan;" "Nightmare Tales,"

—

THE ROCHESTER BROTHERHOOD
a collection of extraordinarily weird, occult
stories.

111

some

of the ordinary secret society elements
it;

By H.

S.

Olcott:

"Old Diary

of secrecy in

i.e.,

Leaves," a history of the Theosophical Society; " Theosophy, lieligion, and Occult

words, and a grip."
that these "are
still

"certain signs, pass^Irs. Besant writes
universally used
in
for-

Science;" " Posthumous Iluinanity," translated from the French; " A Buddhist Catechism; "
'"

India," where every

new member
invested

is

mally received and

with

them.

Kinship between Hinduism and

By A. P. Sinnett: "The Buddhism." "Esoteric Buddhism;" Section or Eastern School is a secret society. World;" Occult " The Growth of the Soul; " " The Ration- H. P. Blavatsky was often asked by Masons ale of Mesmerism;" "Karma," a novel. to give them the lost knowledge, and would By Annie Besaut: Five of the series of sometimes surprise them by giving them " Theosojihical Manuals," expositions of their own grips. She had some pupils Theosophical doctrines; "' The Ancient Wis- among them, but I am not aware that she dom," an outline of Theosophy; "The offered them that which, as a body, they Building of the Kosmos; " "The Self and seek." The emblems selected by the TheoSheaths;" "The Birth and Evolution Soul;" "In the Outer Court;" " The Path of Discipleship; " " Four Great Religions," expositions of Hinduism, Zoroastriauism. Buddhism, and Christianity; "The Three Paths to Union;" a translation from the Sanskrit of " The Bhagavad Gita." By G. R. S. Mead: "Plotinus;" " Orpheus; " "' The World Mystery; " " Simon Magus;" a translation of the " Pistis Sophia; " a translation from the Sanskrit,
its

" In the West," she adds, " tiiey have been dropped a mistake, I think. The Esoteric

—

sophical Society are familiar to

all

students

of

the

of symbolism, particularly to those

who have

attained the haut grades of Scottish Rite

Freemasonr3^

They

consist of

an Egyptian

tau in the centre of two interlaced equilateral triangles encircled

by a serpent holding
Fj'om

aloft the swastika, or Phusnician tau.

the point of view of the Theosophical Society
it is

explained that "the serpent sym-

bolizes, as a serpent,

wisdom, and

as a ring,

eternity;

also the manifested universe de-

"The Upanishads," 2 vols. By C. W. Lead beater: Two of the series of "Theosophical

scribed by the eternal wisdom.
tika
is

The

swas-

the divine power in creative activity,

Manuals;"

"Dreams."
C.
"'
:

Scott-Elliot:

"The
By M.

Story of Atlantis,"

with maps.

By W. by its motion producing or generating all. The tau is the symbol of the same power in Light on the its lower aspect, when in the Egyptian form

By Franz Hartmann: "Magic, the interlaced triangles are spirit and matWhite and Black;" "The Secret Symbols ter, life and form, fire and water, indivisible By Dr. Pascal: during manifestation, and within these the of the Rosicrucians." "L"A. B. C. de la Theosophie; " " Les tau works." Editor.] Brotlierliood. Roehestor Tlie Sept Principes de I'llomme." By Alexan" Founded at Rochester, N. Y., in 1887, a "' Wilkesbarre The Letters; Fullerton: der "The Indianapolis Letters." By Walter religious, mystical society, which seeks to By W. show that "the Perfect Man is the anthroR. Old: "What is Theosophy?" Kingsland: "The Esoteric Basis of Chris- pomorphic God.'' Its symbol is a triangle
Path."

—

tianity."

Finer Forces."
courses on the

By Rama Prasad: "Nature's By T. Subba Row: "Dis-

with R. B. in the centre.
arc placed at the

The
i)oint,

letters

LL

upper

Bhagavad Gita; " " Esoteric left, K D at the right point, Writings." There is a very large pamphlet spectively " Live the Life," " Search the Scriptures," and "Know the Doctrine."* literature. [The Theosophical Society has also had Its membership is small.

S S at the meaning re-

112

FRATERNAL ORDERS

II

MUTUAL ASSESSMENT
Fraternal
Orders.

BEJ^TEFIOIAET EEATEEISTITIES
(GENEKAL)

— Within
come

a

dozen

to

promote good fellowship and

relief dur-

years this expression has
cial reference to
eties,

to have spe-

ing sickness, and burial at death.
existence to this day,

Some of

the beneficiary secret soci-

those societies have maintained a continued

those which pay death, sick, funeral,

disability, or other benefits,

and which have
are the natural
societies.

dred years.

more than one hunThe cutting down of the taxes
showed the

become

so popular.
tlie

They

for the relief of the poor in 1819

outgrowth of

English friendly

appreciation of the British Government of
the work done by the friendly societies in encouraging self-relief. The friendly societies act was entirely reconstructed in 1829, so as to take cognizance of the intentions and requirements of such societies. The act was further amended in 1834, 1846, 1850, 1855, and in 1875 and 1876. By 1855, when friendly societies, notably the English Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Manchester Unity, and the Ancient Order
of Foresters, had become firmly established and extremely jDopular throughout the Kingdom, there were 21,875 such organizations Under the act as amended in registered.

English friendly societies act was passed in 1793. It designated them as Their origin societies of good fellowship.
first

The

seems by

common

consent to be the burial

club of the ancient Chinese, the Grrecks, and, after them, the Eomans, by whom the idea

was transmitted to the Teutons, whence the Teutonic Guilds. There appears to be some doubt whether the earliest English friendly societies were of Eoman or Teutonic origin. Investigators declare that both the Greeks and the early English guilds followed burial relief with a system of mutual assistNaturally, in ance in sickness and distress. the beginning, guilds were largely made up
of neighbors, those living in
locality,

1876, British friendly societies were divided
into thirteen classes
ties,
:

a particular

1.

Affiliated

Socie-

from which

it

is

but a step to

or Orders, such as

Odd

Fellows, For-

guilds
trade,

made up of members of the same esters, Rechabites, Druids, and the like, whence the early trades unions, or which have lodges, courts, tents, or diviAfter the suppression of the re- sions 2. General Societies 3. County Soguilds. 4. Local Town Societies 5. Local ligious guilds in England in the sixteenth cieties 6. Particular Trade Socentury, a system of organized relief was Village Societies 7. Dividing Societies 8. Deposit substituted, by means of the poor law of cieties 9. Collecting Societies Elizabeth, after which followed the earlier Friendly Societies 11. Female Sociof the present type of what in England are 10. Annuity Societies The earliest of eties, such as the Female Foresters, Odd called friendly societies. the known English friendly societies Avere Sisters, Loyal Orangewomen, Comforting formed in 1634, but authorities agree that Sisters, etc.; 12. Workingmen's Clubs, for no connection has been shown between those in search of employment, or relief them and the last of the medigeval guilds from special ailment and 13. Cattle Insur;
;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

in 1628.

After the
it
is

first

friendly societies

ance Societies.
of their

By

act was passed,
of clubs

stated that thousands
societies,

1875 these Societies

the amended make annual

act

of

reports

formed friendly

designed

condition and operations, and at

. .

FRATERNAL ORDERS
five-year intervals statements of assets, liabilities, risks,

113

Forty-eight of the larger and more successful Orders, those

and contributions.

English friendly societies of third of the total number of like societies had been introduced into the still in existence, yet they report fourUnited States prior to the Civil War, up fifths of the total membership of all beneto which period native efforts to make ficiary secret societies, about 1,600,000 out Their outstanding ccrsecret societies had been confined largely of 2,000,000.* Exceptions were tificates represent about $4,000,000,000 of to political organizations. the college fraternities and the Improved "protection,'' and during the last thirty Order of Red Men, a veritable friendly years they, have disbursed nearly $150,000,It is not known that writers on cosociety. At the close of the war tlie Knights 000. of Pythias appeared, likewise a friendly operation, in the United States have had society, and a few years later the Ancient their attention called to the progress made Order of United Workmen, the pioneer by cooperative or mutual assessment life secret order founded to make practicable a insurance, beside which, cooperative buying system of cooperative life insurance. This among consumers, cooperative stores, and industrial cooperation, in this countiy, hide it did, and has had several hundred imitaExcei)t in their diminished heads. tors, of which many survive. that these Fraternal Orders, by means of * The following statistics of membership of mutual assessments, pay benefits to relatives of deceased members, they practically par- various fraternal orders are furnished by Mr. Adam Warnock, Boston, Supreme Secretary of the Ameriallel the English friendly societies named. can Legion of Honor The Mutual Underwriter Chart of Fraternal Organizations shows that at the beginMem- Auioiiiit Claims bership, Name of Order. ning of 1896 there were 1,833,304 members Paid,
all

The Odd and Druids,
the

Fellows, Foresters, Recliabites,

Fraternal

Congress, are fewer

forming the National than one-

first class,

:

1897.

belonging to the fraternal organizations reporting to various insurance departments.

1897.

At the beginning

of 1897 that total

increased to 2,048,092.

had The '^ amount of

protection written" during the year 1896

Almvas Israel, Independent Order American Henetit Society American (iuil<i American Lcf^'ioii nf Honor Ancient Order of tlic Pyramids
Ancient Order United Worlvnien Artisans' Order of Mntiud Protection B'nai B'ritli, Independent Order Ben Hiir, Supreme Tribe of
Bolieiniun C.
Brotliei

2,»J0.3

4,381

3,680
21,31.')

$18,114 32,750 43.000
l,98;i,.50O
16,.'i00

3,02f.

.347,990
4,54.5
(i,15ti

7,7()1,9:M

was $574,964,915, as against $517,512,481. That in force was $3,698,398,335, as against
$3,392,016,474.
$12,078,710,
before.

CU

13,G95 10,827
1,211
12,tii;6

38,000 104,393 74,700
ltX).800 20.(KX»
.'>7..')00

The

assets

aggregated

Boliemian Slavonian Kniglits and Ladies..

against $9,604,974, the year
liabilities

hood of the Union Canadian (Jrder of Foresters
Catholic Benevolent l.cfiion Catholic Kniu'lits of America C'alhiilic Knijihts of WlKonsin Catholic Mutual r.enelit .\seociation Catholic Order of Koreslers Catholic Relief and Beneficiary Association.

27,1G.5

l.'->2,:i25

The

against $2,479,438.

From

were $3,666,924; assessments in

46.998 22.878 7,4as 43,028
5.-),4(-3

1,081,407 710.208
1(H). 000

t;90.(X)0

327,200
3f..:«3

1896 the sum of $39,896,618 was received, Catliolic Women's Benevolent Legion Friends, Order of against $35,844,732 in 1895. Receipts, ex- Chosen Foresters of Illinois. IndependentOrder of Fraternal .\id Association clusive of assessments, were $6,278,397 in Fraternal Alliance Tiihnnes The total Fraternal 1896, and $2,617,206 in 1895. Free Sons of Israel, Independent Order. Independent Order of income was $42,678,120 in 1896, and $38,- Foresters, Fraternal I>e<:ion Mystic Circle 851,727 in 1895; $38,067,676 losses paid in Fraternal Fraternal Union of America of Uu- .Amer. Benev. Assn.. (i;ii. Assemhly Ex]icnses 1896, and $34,575,927 in 1895. Golden Cross," X'nited )rder Star Fraternity Golden in 1896 were $2,895,872, and $2,699,534 in Good Fellows, Hoyal Society of 1895. Total disbursements forl896 amounted Ileptasophs. IinjjroviMi )r(ler llerniann's Sons of Wisconsin to $40,985,084, while in 1895 they were Home Circle
. .

4,077 4,78« 24,4:«
15,13ti
13,3.'>7

14,000 K48,46R
19(i.300

2,519
2,!)18

12,185 124.B85 2.318
12.1S1 6,011

93,500 6,017 4,060 277,927
9fl2.22<i
42,l.'-.0

173.250 22.075
11,3'.)0

(

2,445 32,983 2.097 10.3:8
38.2.5(>

494,150
23..'n5 .324,370
5>'3.4ij0

(

2.30S
t'..293

(W.HOtJ

Ilonii'

Forum

Benefit OrdiT

42.'.K«

328,608

$37,338,157.

,

114

FRATERNAL ORDERS
of the relais

The enormous membership
tively

numerous Fraternal Orders

ex-

plained by their beneficiary or "'protection " features, which Vary greatly, and not

only include a death benefit varying from $100 to So, 000, but insurance against sickness,
disability,

and accident, and, in

in-

stances, a funeral benefit,

the death of the wife of one Order erects a monument over the grave
of everv deceased

and a benefit at a member, while
to cost

member,

Mem-

Name of Ordek.

bership,
1897.

Indepenrieiit Order Mutual Aid ludi'peiident Order of Foresters Indei)ciuleiit W'estern Star Order Knights and Ladies of Honor Kni^lits and Ladies of Security Knights and Ladies of the Fireside Knights and Ladies of the Golden Star Knights of Columbus Knights of Father Mathew Knights of Honor Iviiights of Pytiiias, Endowment Kank Knights of St. Jolm and Malta Kniglitsof Sobriety, Fidelity, and Integrity Knights of the Golden Eagle Knights of the Maccabees Ladies' Catholic Benevolent Association.... Ladies of tlie Maccabees Legion of the Red Cross Loyal Additional Benefit Association Loyal Mystic Legion of America IjoW (Terinan (ir. Lodge of the U. S. of N. Masonic Protective Association Modern Woodmen of America. ... Mutual Protection, Order of Mystic Workers of the World

A

National National National National National

Benevolent Society Protective Legion Provident LTnion Reserve Association

,

New

Union England Order of Protection

Northwestern Legion of Honor North .\merican Union Pilgrim Fatliers, United Order of
Protected Home Circle Ridgehy Protection Association
Roj-id

Arcanum
Circle

,

Royal Royal Royal Royal Royal

League
Neiglibors of America Temple of Temperance
,

Tribe of Joseph Scottish Clans, Order of

Honor Supreme Council,
Shield of

Home

Circle
, ,

Sui>reme Council, Legion of Honor Supreme Court of Honor Supreme Lodge, Nat. Reserve Association.. Supreme Lodge, Order of Colutnbian Kts. Supreme Ruling, Fraternal Mystic Circle..

United Friends, Order of United Friends of Michigan Women's Catholic Order of Foresters
."

,

Woodmen

of the World Workmen's Benefit Association

,

^MMARIES OP TOTALS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

,

SUMMARIES OF TOTALS IN FOREIUN COUNTRIES. TOTAL MEMBERSHIP BY STATES AND TERRITORIES OP TWENTY-SIX OF THE LEADING SECRET SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES, TOGETHER WITH

Total Total Total Total Total Total

T'aDada

Elsew'e N.Am, South America.

Europe
Ai*ia

Africa Total Australasia Total Oceanica Total

.

.

Not organlaed Into separate State or

Territorial

Grand Bojlea.
if

KrN'kah

Id lb<>

C S

;

FRATERNAL ORDERS
lo-day
classes
:

115

may

be divided into four general

should be added tliat both branches of the Hibernians are now united. The grouping
includes, in addition to totals for the Masonic

themselves to (1) Those which bind bury their dead, and to furnish stated relief
to

Fraternity, information from the following
charitable and benevolent secret societies
:

members who may be

sick, disabled, etc.,

Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Independent Order of Good Templars, Sons for pecuniary assistance ; (2) Regular death benefit, mutual assess- of Temperance, Knights of Pythias, Independent Order of Red Men, Foresters of ment societies shortAmerica, Grand Army of the Republic, of the benefit orders Death (3) term variety, which seek to couple mutual Ancient Order of Hibernians, Knights of assessment life-insurance with the tontine Malta, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons plan and pay back to surviving members (negro), and Grand United Order of Odd who shall have made regular payments, Fellows (negro).
irrespective of the

need of such members

etc., for

a certain

number

of years, the full

Among
official
:

the

so-called Patriotic

Orders,

amount in some

of their assessments, or

premiums,

returns have been received from the

instances with interest added.

The following
;

success which temporarily attended a few of

the better-known short-term orders which
are dead, appeared to be due to surviving

Junior Order, United American Mechanics; Order of United American Mechanics Patriotic Order, Sons of America Order of the American Union, and Ameri-

;

members being relatively few, and lapsed memberships comparatively numerous. (4) The fourth group is not a large one, comprising the few orders which have sought to render the Building and Loan Association more attractive by reason of becoming a secret order. The accompanying tabular exhibit of statistics of membership of twenty-six of the larger and more important national and international secret societies in the United States, with totals arranged by States and

can Protective Association (A. P. A.) Statistics of the Patrons of Husbandry

have also been included, as well as details
respecting

membership

of

the

following
:

Ancient Order of United "Workmen, Royal Arcanum, Modern Woodmen of America, Knights of the Maccabees, Knights of Honor, Knights and Ladies of Honor, Knights of the Golden Eagle, and Woodmen of the World. Figures furnished by the American Protective Association and the Order of the Territories, in conjunction with those of American LTnion are official, but do not membership abroad, must prove of interest seem to be sufficiently in accord with the to members of the organizations named, as situation to be of great value for compariOmitting totals for these two organiwell as to students of the sociological aspects son. of the growth and development of secret zations, it is found that twenty-four of the This presentation has been pre- more important secret fraternities, out of societies. pared after prolonged correspondence with nearly 350 having an active existence, those best fitted to eon tribute data, and repre- numbered 4,548,840 members in the L^nited It is probable that with sents the latest available comparative totals States in 1895-96. The Loyal Orange tlie added membership of more than three of all the organizations. Institution is omitted because of its prefer- hundred others, many of them small socieence not to make public details as to mem- ties, the grand total would approximate bership. Totals for the Ancient Order of 0,000,000, thus pointing to nearly 4,000,000 Hibernians refer to only one branch. Board adults, members of secret fraternities in of America, members of the Board of Erin the L^nited States, after allowing for the It usual {)ro])ortion belonging to two or more preferring not to send totals by States.

death and other benefit societies

FRATERNAL ORDERS
lo-day
classes
:

115

may

be divided into four general

should be added that both branches of the Hibernians are now united. The grouping
includes, in addition to totals for the Masonic

themselves to (1) Those which bind bury their dead, and to furnish stated relief
to

Fraternity, information from the following
charitable and benevolent secret societies
of
:

members who may be

sick, disabled, etc.,

irrespective of the need of such for pecuniary assistance
;

members Independent Order

Odd

Fellows, Inde-

pendent Order of Good Templars, Sons of Temperance, Knights of Pythias, Inde(2) pendent Order of Red Men, Foresters of ment societies (3) Death benefit orders of the short- America, Grand Army of the Republic, term variety, which seek to couple mutual Ancient Order of Hibernians, Knights of assessment life-insurance with the tontine Malta, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons plan and pay back to surviving members (negro), and Grand United Order of Odd who shall have made regular payments, Fellows (negro).
Regular death benefit, mutual assess;

etc., for a certain

number

of years, the full

Among
official
:

the

so-called Patriotic

Orders,

amount
in

of their assessments, or

premiums,

returns have been received from the

some instances with

interest added.

The following
;

success which temporarily attended a few of

the better-known short-term orders which
are dead, appeared to be due to surviving

members being relatively few, and lapsed memberships comparatively numerous. (4) The fourth group is not a large one, comprising the few orders whicii have sought to render the Building and Loan Association more attractive by reason of becoming a secret order. The accompanying tabular exhibit of statistics of membership of twenty-six of the larger and more important national and international secret societies in the United States, with totals arranged by States and
Territories,
in

Junior Order, United American Mechanics; Order of United American Mechanics Patriotic Order, Sons of America Order of the American Union, and American Protective Association (A. P. A.) Statistics of the Patrons of Husbandry have also been included, as well as details

;

respecting

membership

of

the

following
:

conjunction with those of

membership abroad, must prove of interest to members of the organizations named, as
well as to students of the sociological aspects
of the

Ancient Order of United Workmen, Royal Arcanum, Modern Woodmen of America, Knig^its of the Maccabees, Knights of Honor, Knights and Ladies of Honor, Knights of the Golden Eagle, and Woodmen of the World. Figures furnished by the American Protective Association and the Order of the American Union are official, but do not seem to be sufficiently in accord with the
situation to be of great value for compari-

death and other benefit societies

Omitting totals for these two organison. growth and development of secret zations, it is found that twenty-four of the This presentation has been pre- more important secret fraternities, out of societies. pared after prolonged correspondence with nearly 350 having an active existence, those best fitted to con tribute data, and repre- numbered 4,548,840 members in the United
sents the latest available comparative totals

States in 1895-9G.

It is

probable that with

of

all

the organizations.
is

The Loyal Orange
its i)refer-

the added

membership

Institution

omitted because of

hundred
ties,

others,

many
total

of

ence not to
bership.

make

public details as to

mem-

the

grand

more than three them small sociewould approximate
of
fraternities in

Totals for the Ancient Order of

G,000,000, thus pointing to nearly 4,000,000
adults,

Hibernians refer to only one branch. Board of America, members of the Board of Erin It preferring not to send totals by States.

members

of

secret

the United

States, after allowing for the

usual proportion belonging to two or more

;

116

FRATERNAL ORDERS
with more than 513,000 mem» about 11 per cent.; Ohio fourth, with 10 per cent.; Massachusetts fifth, Avith Michigan sixth, with more than 8 per cent.
Illinois third,
; ;

organizations; nearly one in three of the voting population of the country. The relative numerical strength of the

bers, or

four larger societies in the various States

and Territories is made plain by an accom- 7 per cent. and Indiana seventh, with 7 per panying map (see Preface), on which their cent., the seven States accounting for fournames are marked in order, according to fifths of the aggregate American membermembership in those States and Territories. ship of the twenty-four fraternities speciEeference to tlie geographical chart shows fied. The payment of benefits or insurance by that there are more members of the Masonic means in Maine, of assessments, graded according to fraternity than of any other secret Vermont, Connecticut, New York, Ken- age at time of joining, is apparently (1898) tucky, Missouri, District of Columbia, Vir- most popular among societies in the FraterOf the forty-five fraternities ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ten- nal Congress. Mississippi, reports have been received from thirty-six, of Alabama, Florida, nessee, Arkansas, and Indian Territory and more which twenty-seven report the above plan in members of the Odd Fellows in Massachu- operation, eight of the remaining nine setts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jer- being equally divided between the merits of sey, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, the premium system proper and what may Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma, Washing- be called the step-rate plan of assessment, inton, California, and Nevada of the Ancient creasing at regular intervals with the age of Order of United Workmen in Delaware, the insured. In the remaining society the Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, benefits are graded according to the age, Montana, Idaho, Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon, while the assessments are fixed and uniform. and Arizona of the Knights of Pythias The Ancient Order of United Workmen Louisiana and New Mexico; of the reports twenty-one jurisdictions using the in Patrons of Husbandry in New Hampshire; straight, ungraded assessment j^lan and thirJunior Order of United American Mechan- teen the step-rate assessment. The Order ics in Maryland; Knights of the Maccabees of United Friends changed on January 1, in Michigan; Modern Woodmen of America 1898, to the step or group plan of assessTwo in Illinois and Wisconsin; and the negro ment, increasing at each five years. Other societies other societies are considering a similar Freemasons in Ceorgia. There is some variation in the finding a place among the first four in point change. A benefit of of number, in one or more States, are the amount of insurance paid. Grood Templars; Grand Army of the Repub- from $50 to $2,000 is paid by the Knights" and Ladies of the Clolden Star, while tlie lic; Foresters of America; Royal Arcanum; Patriotic Order, Sons of America; Improved Catholic Benevolent Legion, the National Order of Red Men; Knights of Honor; Provident Union, the Home Circle, the Independent Order of Foresters, the American and the negro Odd Fellows. Pennsylvania is the banner secret society Legion of Honor, the National Union, and State, contributing more than 850,000 mem- the Improved Order of Heptasophs pay from
; ;

;

bers

of

twenty-four

organizations

w'hose

totals are considered in the
statistics of

grand

total

accompanying membership, 19 per cent, of the in all States and Territories.
stands
second,

$500 to $5,000. Seven out of thirty-six orders report paying sick benefits; nine others report such benefits optional with the local
or subordinate bodies; while nineteen,

or

New York
members

with

724,000

more than
are

one-half, report none.

In the

of the twenty-four fraternities, 16

majority of cases where paid, such benefits
the
result
of

per cent, of the grand total for the country

the

work

of

the local

-

pio
0«i-l
•r^
t-i

«„ „

-

3;

(>j

o o ic 21 « in

(^^

to

r-i

©«
,-.

-uioiv;

sod jsoo
at!o,\

0J(Neji-<r1T-n-lr1

«

S

-o £2

ooooooo^ §
CO^OJi-H

«

,1

l-l«

l-l

e »

SS8«
OTi-.i-ii-<

£ ^

g K s
^
CO

^
:pS
SJ

in

c

•SJBO \ e

J,)<1

tni^icrosi!.i,).\v

M
c

s^

eS

'putljl 8.\.I0S.)}I

So'cS.^j^v-

= £ O O

-»

--^Ij

c

o

cc

O S X »
•A'A'

JO !0

"A

^2;

•piBJ A\On

< < ?? ^*i
XI

0)

-r'«5SSaer"

O O g

g"..

o o

i-

s 'to s

VV

s

P a C

•piBJ .V\OH

O
;?;

= =

>',aq^^?',^.;z;^«

... .-S<=S. 3»OoOCC= o CC s
00
.

^
in

^^

g- ^^f^.
oi

o

^ Q
i~ in

o

socooo
;<?;

?^ k;

>?; S?;

f50

Oicr^-rocio:©©"^
•)i.'000'l$Jod

o o
ir:

coo

o»oo

•=> •?»

•©
-el

•0.)Ut!JIWUl

JoOOO'tS-iJd JSOO OijBJ8AV

oj

T- CO w o» - QC o o Q O i.Or-iffjo(Oo«oi:<oin in o O 1— co:o-hoo! — 0050 o»
'7*
*

oj -v

o ^J o o
in «»

OS

00

O O CO 30 «* X to o ino tCO

o
"! 000' I
•i<>'I

c! TO

m

I

-T i> cc -r r)

c< i- -r c_ a:xxxxQCooxc:x XXXXXXXXXX
•-•

-r

i-

(N

oo X X C3 X
•-•

00

oX -o _ X X XX

.•

r

"•

ooaiijj noiiA\ J OOO'l

ad

TfOOXOOOOOC^

t-

o

S

.S

S

.£

in-*

o

•Xuv

J!

'sjgauog joii^o

Co

o

o_

._

^-

118
bodies,

FRATERNAL ORDERS
and are not part of fhe duty of the
societies.

parent

More than one-half

of

these societies report varying grades of benefits payable in case of accident involving
partial or total disability, such as the loss of

The Ancient Order of United Workmen raise $1,000,000 annually by a tax of 13 per member. Some societies have a reserve in the shape of one
vested as provided by law.

assessment in advance.

As a general thing
is

one or more limbs or eyes, incapacity from old age (seventy years being a common
period),
paralysis,

the reserve, where possessed,

invested in

or other
to

causes.
of

payment

of one-tenth

one-half

United States or State and municipal bonds The and first mortgages on real estate. The Orthe der of Select Friends adopted a reserve plan
at the close of 1897.

face of the

member's

benefit certificate

upon

The National Keserve
is

the occurrence of any of these disabilities Payment of funeral seems quite general.

Association plan of insurance

very like

that of old-line companies, except for the

expenses

is

a feature of several societies, but
Six-

almost always of local lodges or bodies.

teen out of thirty-six societies report no benefits payable by reason of total or partial

element in the latter's premiums. Average age of death benefit members in tAventy-four societies at the end of the first
reserve

three years of

the

societies'

existence

is

weekly sick benefits are often payable out of dues of local lodges, whereas the other benefits are more generally defrayed by means of
disability.

The

replies indicate that

placed at about 36.40, while the average

age in the same societies in the last
year
is

fiscal

placed at 40.30, showing the intro-

duction of younger members.
as to cost of

assessments.
It is of interest to note that the rate of

The replies management show an increase

per capita as the societies advance in years.

mortality in thirty societies during the third

The average
fraternities

of the replies of twenty-seven

year of the existence of each of them averaged 4.10 per 1,000, while during the last

shows that the per capita cost of management during the last year was per member, whereas when fiscal year (1897) the average death-rate per about II. 65 1,000 was '9.50, and the average age of the these societies were three years old their per Some societies societies showing this death-rate about fif- capita cost was only 11.48. In twenty-eight societies the reckon the cost of management per memteen years. average cost per 11,000 for such benefits ber as a fixed sum and report it year after Others, like the Royal Arcanum, the paid in 1897 was 19.22, whereas the same year. League, the Modern "Woodmen of Royal when those socost companies reported the the Knights of the Maccabees, America, at 15.04. three years of age were only cieties The need of an adequate reserve to provide Legion of the Red Cross, Knights and for emergencies does not seem to have im- Ladies of Security, Woodmen of the World, Only National Reserve Association, and the Napressed all of these societies alike. about one-half of tiie fraternities, members of tional Union show a decreased cost of manthe Congress, report having reserve funds. agement per member now as compared with

The method
with the

of

raising such funds varies

the third year of their existence.

but generally it is by means of assessments upon members. Some organizations set apart a certain percentage
societies,

The

irregularity

and iucompleteness of
of the Fraternal

replies received from beneficiary organiza-

tions not

members

Con-

In of such assessments as a reserve fund. Massachusetts and other States the banking
laws, under
ate,

gress

testimony to the value of organization in fraternal insurance as well as in
is

which insurance

societies oper-

other lines of business.

There

are, of course,

require reserve funds and direct

how some honorable

exceptions, but the statistics

they shall be invested.
gion of

The American Le-

of operation of these organizations are not

Honor has

a reserve of 1500,000 in-

generally satisfactory.

Among

fraternities

-^
.

si

£|| Sao

p-e^

Id

=6

.d d'^

a"

t-6

ls2ii:^|IS|-'-ir-l

I

o

J^

:

120

FRATERNAL ORDERS

not members of the Fraternal Congress the popularity of the "assessment according to

Endowment

Guild, and the Prudent Patri-

cians of Pompeii collect insurance

premiums

age" plan

is

shown by

the thirty societies

Of suggestive of a revival reporting, seventeen are by old-line companies.
their records.

of the systems used

using the plan.

The

following

is

a

list

of

them
Canadian Order of Foresters. Catholic Mutual Benefit Association. Catholic Women's Benevolent Legion.

Commercial Travelers' Association. Golden Star Fraternity. Independent Order B'nai B'rith. Knights and Ladies of Honor. Knights of Columbus. Knights of Pythias, Endowment Eank. Loyal Knights and Ladies, Modern American Fraternal Order. Mystic Workers of the Woi'ld.
National Fraternity.

The Independent Order Free Sons of Israel, Independent Order Sons of Abraham, Independent Order Sons of Benjamin, and the Order of Sparta pay benefits by means of uniform, straight, ungraded assessments, Avhile in the Order of the Iroquois and in the Brotherhood of Eailway Conductors, benefits and not assessments or contributions' are graded according
to

age.
is

The

Continental

Fraternal

an endowment association, while the Foresters of America, which formerly had such a plan, has discontinued it. The Grand Fraternity is unique in that it pays

Union

annuities for partial or total disability, or
to Avidows

and orphans or other

relatives at

Grand United Order

of

Odd

Fellows.

the death of members.

Order of Scottish Clans.

Among
ties,

the distinctively friendly socie-

Union Fraternal League.
AVestern Knights Protective Association.

those Avhich aim to relieve distress and

Among

the above the

amount

of benefits

pay funeral expenses among members, and to assist those whom death has robbed of
support, are the following:

paid varies from

150 to 13,000, most of

them paying $500 to 12,000. Twelve of them report no benefits paid by the Order
as a whole,

the same being optional Avith
Partial

subordinate bodies.

and permanent by many A tendency toward an of these societies. increased death-rate as they grow older is noted, and a similar increase in the cost of Dues this form of insurance per thousand. of local branches seem to be the basis of
disability is provided for, hoAvever,

Independent Order of Odd Fellows. United Ancient Order of Druids. Ancient Order of Foresters. Ancient Order of Hibernians. Jr. Order United American Mechanics. Actors' Order of Friendship. Independent Order of Mechanics. Improved Order of Red Men. Sons of St. George.
National Protective Society. Shepherds of Bethlehem.

the sick benefits, while regular assessments
are general!}^ relied on to defray other benefits.

Ancient and Ilhistrious Order of Knights
of Malta.

About one-half

of these organizations
statis-

report reserve or emergency funds;
tics of
i

age and cost of management are very
general conclusions are to be
statis-

ncomplete.

In only one instance, the Sons of St. George, and then in only a few States, does the benefit paid at the death of a member
In one instance, the Independent Order of Mechanics, the amount paid falls as low as 120, and runs as high as In the instances of the Ancient Order 125. of Hibernians, the Ancient and Illustrious Order of Knights of Malta, the Improved Order of Red Men, the Independent Order exceed $250;

The same

obtained from an examination of the
tics of similar societies

doing business under Two, the American Insurance Union and the Knights of the Golden
different plans.

Eagle, use the step-rate assessment, while
the

Fraternal

Tribunes,

the

Progressive

•RIBS
j; Jl!

A

8S 8 S S

J113111

-sSbiiuk isoo
%s\ii

•JB3A IBOSj^ uj luaiu

-aSBUBJ^ J8O0

•JBSA
pJOSI^ JSB'I
111

,iT<y '.):oRjoA

V

^i

•siw.iA
11183(1

8

J"

•i-iq

33V 'AV
•XiiV Jl
8.\J983Ji

'pnn^

>*>•>*

Mm
•sjBaA 8 li? }SO0 35l!a3.\V

•ooiuunsui JO 000' 1 9 wd JSOJ 0SlU3.\V

C"3

122 of

AMERICAN BENEFIT SOCIETY

Odd

Fellows, and the Ancient United

idly.

It issues certificates to

members

for

Order of not recognize the payment of either insurance or death benefits. Subordinate lodges, courts, groves, or tribes employ a death
benefit

Druids the governing body does

$250, $500, $1,000, or $2,000, and Lodges

pay weekly sick benefits, and dues and
option.
Its

as-

sessments of members while sick, in their

method
is

of assessment to

meet

system in whole

or in

part.

In

death benefits

approved by some of the

some States a few of these organizations, best fraternal actuaries in the country, and, notably the Ancient Order of Hibernians in as in only one of two other instances among
regular

Pennsylvania, contract for insurance with The sick insurance companies.

like organizations, a formal initiation

is

not

necessary to acquire membership.

The cerethe
se-

benefit, weekly,

monthly, or otherwise,

is

a

mony

of initiation

is

said to be simple, yet

recognized institution

among

the societies

dignified, but those

who

prefer

may take
and

named, and where systematically paid varies from $2 to $15 weekly. Medical attendance and medicines are paid for by subordinate bodies of some of these societies, while the payment of specific sums for burial expenses
is

obligation before a supreme officer
ular meeting.

cure membership as effectually as at a reg-

Men and women between

the

ages of eighteen and forty-five,

who may be
Supreme

socially acceptable, believers in a

general.

The

ISTational Protective

Being, and able to earn a livelihood, are
eligible to
will

Society jmys an accident benefit.
these funds
is

Eaising

membership.

The

organization

provided for generally from

dues, although a few of the societies rely

upon assessments.

The

necessity

for acis

not enter any except the more healthful regions of northern States, and at present has Lodges in all the New England
States.
Its

cumulating a reserve or

emergency fund

i^ublished

list

of

some

of

its

recognized in at least one half of the fraternities named, but in others dependence seems
to be placed

better

known

certificate

holders includes

governors of States and a long list of State, on the weekly or other dues and national, and municipal officials. There are In the Ancient Order of For- also found the names of prominent officers assessments. esters, in which dues are graded according of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, to age at entry, its various treasurers held Knights of Honor, Eoyal Arcanum, Eoyal at the close of 1896 $29,137,745, an increase Society of Good Fellows, Workmen's BeneThe Actors' fit Association, Improved Order of Heptaof $1,052,595 in that year. Order of Friendship, from the circumstances sophs, American Legion of Honor, Good of the case a small society, reports $20,000 Templars, Order of the Golden Cross, ImStatistics of the death rate proved Order of Eed Men, Independent in the treasury. per thousand and cost of insurance among Order of Odd Fellows, and Freemasons. these friendly societies are naturally affected The list of lawyers, physicians, bank offiby the irregular nature of the benefits paid cials, editors, publishers, and business men and systems of dues and assessments, and are throughout New England who are identified with the Society would prove an addition to therefore unclassifiable. American Benefit Society. This is any similar organization. The headquarone of the smaller mutual assessment bene- ters of the society are at Boston. but although incorAmerican Benevolent Legion. A ficiary fraternities porated as late as 1893, by Cliarles H. Burr, newly organized mutual assessment beneGeorge B. Stevens, Lewis N. Qushman, ficiary society, with headquarters at San Geoi'ge H. Johnson, Daniel T. Buzzell, Ja- Francisco. American Fraternal Insurance cob Billings, Jr., and Samuel Shaw, of Organized at Batavia, N. Y., Massachusetts, it already numbers nearly Union. five thousand members, and is growing rap- within the past few years, a beneficiary and

—

;

—

—

AMERICAN LEGION OF HONOR
social association for

123
Its

men and women. Its Lodges are scattered through western New York. Auiericau Insurance Union. Organized at Columbus, 0., 1894, by members of

of

Massachusetts.

first

Council was
9,

organized at Fall River, July

1888.

It

forms one of several
ficiary

secret, fraternal, bene-

—

organizations
are

women

both

the Fraternal Mystic Circle,
satisfied

who were
of the

dis-

their operations to

which men and which confine the New England States.
to
eligible,

its founders were members of the Grand United Order of Druids in the States, the Ancient Order of tional Union, of the Knights of Pythias, United the Odd Fellows, and the Masonic Frater- United Workmen, and the United Order of

with the

course pursued by

the

Among

latter, as

well as by

members

Na-

It pays sick and death means of assessments. It has which had done so much to build up and 2,300 members. American Ijegion of Honor. One of strengthen the National Union, and provides for death, total disability, and old age bene- the best known among the larger and more The form of government is the usual popular fraternal, social, and beneficiary fits. similar secret beneficiary societies, assessment societies, founded by Dr. Darius in one and includes local and State Chapters, to- Wilson and nine others of Boston, DecemIt admits to membership gether with a National (or supreme) Chapter, ber 18, 1878. Member- white men and women, between 18 and 50 the highest legislative authority. ship is confined to men and women between years of age, and is governed by a Supreme Subordinate Councils, which are 15 and 49 years of age, residing in the Council. more healthful portions of the United widely scattered throughout the Union, are States, '' who are engaged in preferred oc- directed in matters of local interest by cupations." Death benefits of sums rang- Grand or State Councils, representatives ing from 1500 to ^3,000, permanent total from which, and all Past Supreme Comdisability benefits of from $250 to $1,500, manders, make up the Supreme Council. and old age benefits of like amounts arc The ritualistic and initiatory features are paid, and the Union is under the super- less pronounced than those of most similar Prospective yision of the insurance department of the societies in the United States. The ritual teaches ''All members are informed that initiatory cereState of Ohio. for one and one for all," which suggests the monies, if objected to, may be dispensed motto of the Knights of Labor, but is in- with by assuming a formal obligation at The emblem consists any convenient time and place. Originally terpreted differently. of a circular band containing thirteen stars, the maximum age of eligibility to memberand in them the letters forming the words ship was G4 years, but this was reduced to "Helj) in Need," the whole surrounding 50 years in 1885. The Order insures the the initial letters of the name of the organ- lives of its members for $1,000, $2,000, and ization. While among the younger of sim- $3,000 each, at their o])tion, certificates of which carry a graduated weekly relief ilar societies, the Union, which started out with 500 members, has enjoyed rapid in- benefit. Some of the founders were among crease in membership and gives promise of those who organized the Royal Arcanum, realizing the anticipations of those who and one. Dr. Wilson, was connected with the Knights of Honor. Since its foundacreated it. American Order of I>ruids. Organ- tion the Order has paid more than $30,000,ized by William Pearson and William A. 000 in death and relief benefits. The proDunn, at Fall Kiver, Mass., and chartered portion of women to men among its mem-

nity.

It partially paralleled the increasing

Pilgrim Fathers.

rate

of

assessments,

according

to

age,

benefits by

—

—

Mav

17, 1888,

under the laws of the State

bershij) in

1894 was about as one

to seven.

;

124

ANCIENT ORDER, KNIGHTS OF THE MYSTIC CHAIN
of

The American Legion

Honor

suffered

beautiful,

popular, and attractive.

Both

from increased expenses, death rate, and lack of new members during 1895 and 1896, as
did some other similar organizations. bers accounted for the situation by

Odd Fellows and
similar purposes,
sonry.

Foresters' societies have

and

differ

from Freema-

Mem''

The point

to this lies in the resem-

un-

blance of the Ancient Order, Knights of
the Mystic Chain to the

usually heavy assessments in 1896," owing to ''increased debts," the ^'hard times,"

Odd

Fellows and
it is

Foresters, in the face of the fact that

and a "smaller proportion of new mem- the creation of Freemasons, and bears many bers," which a grand total of 36,028 mem- imprints of the handiwork of the Craft. bers December 31, 1896, compared witb Not until eighteen years after it was founded 53,210 on December 31, 1895, and 62,457 did the Sir Knights of the Mystic Chain at the close of 1889 (the maximum), would incorporate an insurance feature like those seem to confirm. Leading members of the adopted by so many other secret societies The Supreme Council are men of experience in founded in the past thirty* years. fraternal insurance societies, and with co- Ancient Order, Knights of the Mystic Chain operation from the rank and file of the was founded at Eeading, Pa., February 2, Order were able to so conduct the society's 1871, by John 0. Matthew, locomotive enaffairs as to restore the prosperity the or- gineer on the Philadelphia and Eeading ganization previously enjoyed. The chief Eailroad, and John M. Brown, merchant. emblem of the Legion is a modification of John 0. Matthew was alive in 1897, blind the cross of the French Legion of Honor, and helpless, the charge of subordinate Cas-

which has the Maltese Cross for its model, and has been conspicuous, under various

John M. Brown died Both founders were Freeforms, as the basis of so many decorations. masons, and the emblem of the Order, emIn 1879, the year following the founding bodying the All-Seeing Eye over the holy of the American Legion of Honor, the Iowa Bible upon an altar, suggests the earlier Legion of Honor, a similar society, was or- influences surrounding it, yet at the first ganized at Cedar Eapids, and does busi- initiation ceremony twenty-one Knights In 1884 the of Pythias became Knights of the Mystic ness in that State only.
tles of

Pennsylvania.

June

10, 1880.

ized

Northwestern Legion of Honor was organand incorporated to do business in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, North

Chain.

The purposes

of the

Order are to relieve
;

brethren in sickness, accident, or distress

mutual assistance in business and to procure and South Dakota. employment to assist and care for widows MysAncient Order, Knights of the and orphans of deceased members to create organization is conThis secret tic Chain. greater love for country, homes, and fireof the hundred-and-one the spicuous among to teach obedience and fidelity to the sides having its not of reason by generation last been started as a mutual insurance society. laws of the country in which they live, and Its high-sounding title becomes simpler to bind together the members of the Order
;

—

;

;

when

it is

realized that this

modern broth-

in

erhood is founded on traditions and fancies which hedge themselves about King Arthur and the Knights of the Eound Table, whence the designation, " Ancient Order." One is compelled to compare it with the Order of Foresters rather than the Odd Fel-

one common brotherhood. Partisanship and sectarianism are excluded. The motto or ensign is " Loyalty, Obedience, and Fidelity

;" and the ''mark" is a pentagon, bearing on each of its sides an inverted lower half of an isosceles triangle, the whole suggesting one form of a Maltese cross of five This furnishes five distinct fields, in arms. the first of rituals the of lows, for the basis of which, white, is an open book the first and are romance, English in found two are

ANCIENT ORDER, KNIGHTS OF THE MYSTIC CHAIN
in the second, blue, a shield

125

and spear
; ;

;

in

recipients

members

of the

Supreme

Castle,

the third, red, skull and cross bones
fourth, red.
black,
centre,
tlie

in the

crossed swords

in the fifth,

All-Seeing
the

letters,

Eye and in the meaning of which is
;

known
the bossed

only to
castle,

Mark degree members.
field
is

On

but without a vote, unless elected representatives. While there is nothing Masonic in this arrangement, yet Freemasons probably helped to j)lan it. In the Esquire degree the candidate is

instructed in the fundamental principles of which is the mark of the the Order by a reference to the Good Samarhighest rank. There are slight changes for itan in the Sir Knight's degree, in the those lower in rank or degree. lesson to be learned from the chivalry of The Order has four branches, all of which the time of King Artliur, and the im{)orare subordinate to the Supreme Castle. tance of exercising love, mercy, friendship, They are, first, the civic branch, with the benevolence, and charity toward his fellowSupreme Castle, Select (State) Castles, and men while in the third, or Round Table subordinate Castles, which initiate mem- degree, the candidate is impressed with the second, the military rank, or degree uncertainty of life and the certainty of bers third, the insurance benefit fund and, death. fourth, the degree of Naomi, or Daughters On Februaiy 2, 1871, Matthew Castle, Subordinate Castles send two No. 1, was instituted at Reading, Pa., being of Ruth.
reverse, in the centre
;

an em-

;

;

;

;

named after one of the founders. On July Every Past Commander 17th, the same year, the First Select Castle is a member of a Select Castle, but has no was instituted at Reading, and' on Septemvote on questions of law, unless elected a ber 16, 187 L, the Su])reme Castle of the Orrepresentative. Past Commanders of subor- der was instituted at the same city. For dinate Castles vote for a Past Select Com- a time progress was slow, due in part to the
Past
yearly as representatives
to Select Castles.

Commanders

mander
Castle.

as representative to the

Sujjreme

financial dejiression following the panic of

tative to the

But ten years later, when the Select 1873. Supreme Castle for every one Castle of Pennsylvania met for the second thousand members, but no State can elect time at Reading, there were sixty subordimore than ten such. The Supreme Castle, inate Castles reported, with a total (Pennof course, is the highest authority in the sylvania) membership of 2,500. About
State
is

Each

allowed one represen-

Order.

that time the Order began to gain strength
in

Three degrees are conferred in subordinate Castles, which every member must re:

Jersey and Delaware, where Select had been established, and by 1890 ceive in order to participate in the benefit Select Castles had been placed in New fund 1. White, or Esquire degree York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Delaware, 2. Blue, or Sir Knight's degree and 3. Red, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and or Round Table degree. The fourth degree Ohio. There are also Subordinate Castles is only for those who wish to connect themunder the sujiervision of the Supreme
Castles
;

New

;

selves

Avith

the

military

rank.

All

past

Castle in Connecticut, Massachusetts,

New

Hampshire, Michigan, Indiana, and Louisithe Select Castle a Past Commander's or ana. The Order enters its second quarter Mark degree, which puts them in possessio7i century with a total membership of about of the essentials to gain admission to the Se- 40,000, of which 10,000 are in Pennsyllect Castle, and after they shall have passed vania, and about 1,000 in the six States through the chairs makes them members named in which Castles exist by authority of the State Body. The Supreme Castle of the Supreme Castle, leaving about 24,000 confers the Supreme degree, which makes members in the eio^ht States of Rliode
officers of

subordinate Castles receive from

126
Island,

ANCIENT ORDER OF FORESTERS

At the death of of from thirty to one hundred dollars are paid and Ohio. The military rank or degree was intro- at the death of a member, benefits of from duced by the Supreme Castle in 1880, but fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars. The 'Mady degree," known as degree of at that time had no military head, and was designed merely to attract members. The Naomi, or Daughters of Euth, was introSubordinate bodies are plan failed, and in 1889 the Supreme Castle duced in 1890.
York,
Jersey, Delaware,

New

New

from four

to ten dollars.

Maryland,

Virginia,

AVest

Virginia, and

the wife of a member,

benefits

;

elected a military head to the rank, with the

The bodies Commander-General. were no longer called Commanderies, the rank being jJatterned, as to tactics and uniform, after the United States Army. Arms used are the straight sword for all except
title

of

This degree was formerly under the supervision of the Supreme Castle, but its growth was so rapid it was thought best to allow members to legislate
called Assemblies.

for themselves.

Each Assembly now

elects

mounted officers, who carry military sabers. The Commander-General, who must be a Assembly elects two representatives to the member of the Supreme Castle, is elected Supreme Castle of the Ancient Order, for three years by the commissioned officers Knights of the Mystic Chain, all of whom of the several States. This branch, which must be Past Grand Commanders. They is now firmly established, is divided into are admitted to meetings of the Supreme companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, Castle only when the latter is working or This and divisions. It is " the only military legislating for the degree of Naomi. secret organization which uses the United branch is established in Pennsylvania, New States Army tactics exclusively," and in- York, West Virginia, Virginia, Ohio, New cludes five regiments and three battalions, Jersey, Ehode Island, New Hampshire, and forming one brigade, and seven unattached Delaware, and the total membership is companies, with a total membership, Sep- 3,500. Weekly benefits average four doltember, 1896, of 1,680.
lars,

a Past Commander, representative to its Grand (State) Assembly, and each Grand

and death benefits
a Castle.

fifty dollars.

All

The insurance feature was introduced in men taking 1889, and is known as the Funeral Benefit members of
Belief

the degree of

Naomi must be There is no known
An-

and a preme
body.

Fund. It is controlled by officers Board of Directors elected by the SuCastle,

connection between the degree of Naomi,
or Daughters of Ruth, attached to the
cient Order,

who

report annually to that

Knights of the Mystic Chain,

Participants in the benefits of this and any of several other similarly named fund are members of Castles in good stand- secret societies for men and women. ing and health, between eighteen and fifty Ancient Order of Foresters. The Ancient Order of Foresters in the United years of age, and women members of the degree of Naomi, between sixteen and fifty States. is the lineal descendant of the EngThe first Court is now dead, years of age. Assessments are twenty cents lish Order.

—

each, payable monthly.
is

The death

benefit

eighty per cent, of one assessment, but in

having been established in Philadelphia in 1832. When, at the Minneapolis Convention, about 53,000 out of 56,000 members seceded from English authority and called themselves the Ancient Order of Foresters of

no case

shall it exceed $5i50. Of the remainder, 15 per cent, is placed in the general fund and 5 per cent, in the sinking

by the Board of Mana- America, it left the remaining Courts of the gers. The total membership in this depart- Ancient (English) Order in this country to ment on December 31, 1896, was 2,278. apply for a form of local government to the Weekly sick benefits paid by Castles range High Court of England, and to begin again
fund
to be invested

,

COURT COOP ^P££P

NO. 201. PHIL.

/e32

7^/>w r cci//tr or rue ROYAL [CHCUin] OPOeR or roRZi URS in the m.
,

1

1 65 6 ^ COURT (S0ODSPC[D onZflTSTO THE. ANCICNT ORDER or rOBESTCRi
I

\WHICH 5UCC£ID£D TNi ROYAL ORDER

1

CI

/a«t.

4
7^£CCSSI0H)-IND£P[N0Efi7 OR0[R rOR[ST£RS-

iSf^
;>

1675

CANADIAN COuRTi

AOr JOINED OR
I

.^3

larecAirfiKt pe rAUA tioh^

\
^.

(secession)

^

^
laei

"^I

i

5^

S

§

"X v. li

188:

(5RUT)

^

ms

I

ANC OKP or rOUSTS or am.

..

II s go «>

nm.CHAHi'.D

S

}^

189

S^*
a

1695

ToroKEsriR:,

or AMERICA

3^
:i

w

4

^

I

^ ^

CHART SHOWING RELATIONSHIP OF THE AMERICAN AND CANADIAN ORDERS OF FORESTERS TO THE PARENT EN(}LISH <)IU)ER OF THAT ANCIENT AND HONORABLE FRATERNITY.

128

ANCIENT ORDER OF GLEANERS

the work of recruiting its depleted memTwo Subsidiary High Courts bership.

Aucieut Order of Gleaners.
paratively recent fraternal,
ciety,

—A

com-

beneficiary so-

were granted in 1891, one for tlie Atlantic, and Southern States, and the other for remaining States of the Union.
Central,

organized at Cairo, Mich.

Ancient Order of Pyramids.
fraternal, beneficiary society,

—A new

organized at

Within the past six years its increase in membership has been noteworthy, the total including about 36,000 men and 3,300 women. Women have been admitted to full membership since 1892, notwithstanding the
incorporation
in
this

Topeka, Kan.

Ancient Order of United Workmen (1868).— The Ancient Order of United Workmen, characterized as the oldest of the

great fraternal, beneficiary Orders in the Order of United States, was founded at Meadville, The Pa., October 27, 1868, by John Jordon UpCircles of Companions of the Forest. ritual of the Ancient Order in America has church, a Freemason, Avho, with others, had been greatly amplified, by permission of become dissatisfied with and had retired Like other from " The League of Friendship, Supreme the High Court of England. branches of Foresters, the Ancient Order is Mechanical Order of the Sun." * The first primarily a sick and funeral benefit society. Lodge of the Ancient Order of United It has an endowment benefit, but it is op- Workmen was named Jefferson, No. 1, and tional. Sick and funeral benefits are paid the constitution adopted by it provided that from fixed contributions graded according only white male persons should be eligible to age at entry, and upon Foresters' ex- to membership; that this provision should Endowments are paid never be altered, amended, or exjjunged; perience tables. from assessments graded according to age and that when the total membership should Foresters' mortality amount to one thousand, an insurance office at entry, based on British Forestry, including Courts should be established and policies issued tables. in the United States, Canada, Bermuda, securing at the death of a member not less British Guiana, British Honduras, Spain, than 1500 to be paid to his lawful heirs. Hawaiian Islands, Holland, British India, A Provincial Grand Lodge was formed in Malta, New Sonth Wales, New Zealand, 1869, when the amount of insurance was Peru, Queensland, St. Helena, Cajje of Good placed at not less than 12,000, and a uniHope, Natal, South African Republic, South form assessment established of $1. By 1870 Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, on the Gold fi.ve Lodges were represented at the ProvinAs in other Orders, disCoast, at Lagos, in Central America, the cial Grand Lodge. United States of Colombia, British and sensions arose, and for two years there were But by 1872 Danish West Indies, Hayti, and West Aus- two rival Grand Lodges. union and harmony i^revailed, and the Ortralia, has paid sick and death benefits since 1854 in excess of $85,000,000. Prior to the der entered on a career of growth and j^rosIts total membership in about 6,000 date named, returns were incomplete or perity. This is the great fraternity Lodges, in 1895, was in excess of 318,000 unreliable. which ranks almost with the Manchester in the United States, and nearly 32,000 in, Unity Odd Fellows in total membership, in Canada, a striking record for practically distribution throughout the world, and in tw-enty-four 5'ears of active existence, but the enormous sums paid annually to sick which is less remarkable than the sum total and distressed members. Its present grand paid to widows and orphans between 1869 The total membershipis nearly 900,000. The pro- and 1895, more than $70,000,000. portion of the membership of the Order in government of the Order rests in the

the United States

is

about 4 per cent. Fully
* Not

85 per cent, is found in the United Kingdom.

known

to exist to-day.

ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN

(1868)

129

bers

Supreme Lodge, which pays benefits to mem- Fellows, the Companions of the Forest or heirs of members of subordiuate allied to the Foresters of America, and other
Lodges
in a State,

Territory, or province
its

like societies auxiliary to

secret organizafully

not having a Grand Lodge of
der.

own, and

has control of the general laws of the Or-

membership is In imitation 40,000, mostly women.
tions for
Its

men.

of the

Grand Lodges under the Supreme so-called Masonic "side degree," the WorkLodge control the benefit funds of their own men, who, by the way, are not necessarily Li rela- artisans, and in no sense constitute a trades States or provincial jurisdictions. tion to its method of insurance, surprise has union, confer what is officially entitled the
Order of MoguUians.
nish
fits.

been expressed that the Order has so long continued its siiccessful career, notwithstanding
all
its

This

is

said to fur-

amusement
It Avould

as well as substantial bene-

refusal to assess

members accorddone by nearly

seem to the student of the

ing to age at initiation, as
cieties;

is

sociological function of secret, assessment,

other of the larger and similar secret so-

beneficiary Orders that while the Ancient

and by
all

its

insistance that its

(and Provincial) Lodges shall
disburse

Grand receive and

oldest

Order of L'nited Workmen is perhaps the and among the more successful of its
its

death benefits which are based
at the

class in the L'nited States, while its affairs

on assessments, made
$1
i>ev capita,

uniform rate of are managed capably, and
States.

membership

irrespective of the fact that
in

the death

rate varies
is

different

ranks second only to that of the Odd Fellows, the Freemasons, and Knights of
Pythias

AVhen the death rate
ticular jurisdiction,

excessive in any par-

among

non-political secret organi-

and assessments there zations, that sooner or later there may dereach a certain point, determined by the velop a necessity for a revision of its assessSupreme Lodge, any additional assessment ment insurance system in the direction at which may be required is met by a levy least of a grading of payments according to Sick and age, and the jdacing of death benefit funds iipon the Order as a whole. funeral benefits are not comprised within in the hands of the supreme governing body. the objects for which the Order was estabAll great and good movements that have It is optional with subordinate filled a place in history have shed lustre lished. Lodges to provide the same, or either of upon the place of their birth. Mt. Vernon them, but comparatively few do so. The had its AVashington, Springfield its Lincoln, ritual and emblems of the Order betray the and Meadville its L^pchurch; and from the ]\Iasonic influence which has presided at the seed planted b}' the latter has grown the birth of so many modern secret, fraternal, tree of mutual protection, under whose shelbeneficiary fraternities. Its objects, covered ter to-day millions rest in security from by its watchwords, " Charity, Hope, and want and dependence. The Ancient Order Protection," are illustrated in its ceremo- of L'nited Workmen lays no claim to disnies of initiation. As in Masonic and other tinction as the originator of the idea of life
secret societies,
it

has three degrees; but even

insurance, as that existed
to its birth;

many

years prior

more Holy

significant are the All-Seeing Eye, the

Bible, anchor, and, singularly enough,

but its recognized claim to originality rests on the fact of its applying

more the principles of life insurance in a novel and cheap way, coupled with the care of the is an auxiliary branch for women (and men who sick, the relieving of the distressed, and the are members of the Order) called the De- moral, social, and intellectual betterment of gree of Honor. This has proved quite as its membership. The idea of forming a sopopular among the families of members as ciety that should ]iarallel the relief of the has the Daughters of Kebekah among Odd sick and burial of the dead of the secret.
its

the square and compasses

among

frequently displayed emblems.

There

9

130

ATLANTIC SELF-ENDOWMENT ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

yond precedent and ranks to-day among the and more ago, which, in addition, first of its class. Senators M. S. Quay, J. C. should extend its beneficence to the widows S. Blackburn, Congressman J. G. Cannon, and orphans of its deceased members in a ex-Governor James E. Campbell of Ohio, stipulated sum of money sufficient to secure and William Jennings Bryan are members them from want, was an untried experi- of this Order. Atlantic Self-EndoAVineiit Associatiou ment until the organization of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. Following in of America. Formed at Greenville, S. C, in 1886, to insure the lives of its members its wake, scores of other assessment, secret, insurance societies have divided the field of by means of mutual assessments. Eeported life insurance in the United States with the dead. Big Four Fraternal Liife Association. From its ranks have old-line companies. Organized at Denver, Colo., to pay sick sj)rung many organizations of like character. Prior to the Civil War protection for widows and death benefits by means of mutual asand orphans through the medium of life sessments. Canadian Order of Chosen Friends. insurance was within the means of the wellFormed in 1801 and 1892 by seceding To-day it is the privilege of to-do only. The founder of the Order, members of the Order of Chosen Friends the humblest. John Jordon Upchnrch, Avas a mechanic^ resident in the Canadian Dominion. The and in 18G8 was in the employ of the Atlan- parent Order was arranging to give its CanaHe was dian membershij) separate jurisdiction in tic and Great Western Eailroad. possessed of no marked literary attainments, order not to antagonize the Dominion inbut was a keen observer of men and events, surance laws when the secession took place. Canadian Order of Foresters. Bewas possessed of good reasoning powers, and, above all, a philanthropic nature. His orig- tween the Canadian branch and the. Indeinal object was not so much to establish a pendent Order of Foresters, from which it system of insurance as to bring together sprung in 1879, there developed a sharp then conflicting social interests, capital and rivalry and antagonism which lasted four or in fact, until the latter so far labor, to provide means of arbitration with five years which to settle difficulties that were con- outran the Canadian Society in membership
fraternal, beneficiary organizations of thirty

years

—

—

—

—

—

stantly arising.

This feature has since been
for that of nintual

as to render

rivalry out of

the question.
Illi-

eliminated to
protection.

make room
Viewed

(See Independent Order of Foresters of
nois

and the Independent Order of Foresment of the Order at the beginning was ters.) The Canadian Order, of course, is crude and unbusiness-like, and its success is only one of four Orders of Forestry in the undoubtedly due more to the integrity and Dominion, the largest being the Inde2:)ensincerity of its members and to the rapid dent, from which the Canadian Order segrowth of the Society than to the early em- ceded, after which rank the Ancient (Engployment of distinctly business j)rinciples. lish) Order and (one Court of) the Foresters The first five years of its history developed of America. The Canadian Order has proslittle success and much opposition. It was pered, having increased from 850 members not until the session of the Grand Lodge of in 1880, to nearly 23,000 within seventeen Pennsylvania, held at Meadville, Pa., in years. Like other branches of the tree of January, 1873, at which time the Order Forestry, it retains the characteristic titles, numbered only 800 members, that it gave ritual, legend, and form of government of
to-day,

the manage-

promise of

real

growth.

Since the organiin February,

the parent society.
like the

It does not seek

mem-

zation of the

Supreme Lodge

bership out of the Canadian Dominion, and,

1873, the Order has prospered almost be-

Independent Order, charges a fixed

—

EMPIRE KNIGHTS OF RELIEF
monthl}'

131

benefits, confining sick

porated April 1, 1897, after which the growth of the organization was conspicuIt pays -SoOO, 81,000, -^1,500, ously rapid. assessments. *rhe withdrawal of Mr. Warne or 82,000 benefits at death, besides sick and and others from the Ancient Order of funeral benefits (which are optional), and United Workmen was " because the Grand furnishes members with medical attendance Lodge refused to adopt certain changes Since 1879 the Canadian Order has whicli he thought vitally necessary to the free. paid over 81,297,356 to members and their Order," provision for increasing cost of independents in insurance and benefits. Its surance as the society grows older. Memfunds are all invested in Canada, and thus bers of the Columbian League will make a far it has reported an exceedingly low death feature of celebrating October 12th as Corate, only 4.(J0 per 1,000 in its seventeenth lumbus Day. Men only are eligible to memyear. This, like the Independent Order, bership, all men to social and jiatriotic appears to make a feature of its insurance membership, but only those between eighand other beneficial advantages, rather teen and fifty years of age in the death benemore than some other secret, beneficiary fit department, which issues certificates of societies. The seat of government of the 8500, 81,000, 81,500, and 82,000 based on
to

premium with which

pay death

and other

benefits to

Society

is

at Brantford, Out.

Circle of the
the latter.)

Golden Baud.

— Auxiliary
(See

twelve annual, step-rate assessments, according to age. The founders of the new Order are

to the Patriarchal Circle of

America.

prominent

citizens of Michigan,

and the soci-

ety starts out with every prospect for success.

Colored Brotherhood and Sisterhood
of Honor.

Danisli Brotherhood of America.

—

Omaha, Neb., in 1881, a frasomewhat similar in which classification it is recorded in cen- to the Order of Modern Woodmen. It pays sus reports for 1890. 'No further informa- sick and death benefits, and numbers about tion is obtained concerning it. 10,000 members in Massachusetts, ConnectiColored Consolidated Brotherliood. cut, New York, Michigan, Illinois, WisconAt Atlanta, Tex., the home office of this sin, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, South mutual beneficiary society of negroes (as Dakota, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Washat

— Organized

Franklin, Ky.,

Founded

at

in 188G, as a social

and beneficiary

society,

ternal, beneficiary society

given in the tenth census), nothing
of the organization.

is

known

ington, and California.
in benefits.

It

has paid $500,000

Columbian League.

—An

outgrowth of

the Ancient Order of United
ternities in the

Workmen,

the

parent of modern fraternal beneficiary fra-

Daujfliters of Hope. The census of 1890 gives the address of this mutual assessment, beneficiary society at Olneyville, 11. 1.,

—

where it is not known to the postal authori" the an- ties. Daug^hters of the Globe. Branch of niversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus," by Eev. W. Warne or auxiliary to the Knights of the Clobe, an Wilson, Past Supreme ^Master Workman and Illinois social, benevolent, military and former Crrand Pecorder of the Ancient Or- patriotic fraternal society. (See Knights of der of United Workmen William A. Pungs; the (ilobe.) Eastern Star Benevolent Fund of Rev. William Prall, D.D.; Albert P. Jacobs, and others. No further action was taken America. See Order of the Star of Bethuntil January 1, 1897, when "the prelim- lehom. inary matters of organization " were continKmpire linights of Relief. OrganUnited
States, organized at

Detroit, Mich., October 12, 1896,

—

;

—

—

ued.

The

necessary two hundred

members

ized in 1889 at Buffalo,

N. Y., and incor-

having been obtained, the society was incor-

porated under the laws of that State as a

—
EQUITABLE AID UNION OF AMERICA

A

132

fraternal, beneficiary, assessment insurance
society.
Its
it

published announcements de-

clare that

has ''no secrets

and mental culture, and needy, to aid one or iron-clad another in obtaining employment, and to
lence,

charity, social

to care for the sick

oaths," but (elsewhere) that members " are bound by a solemn obligation " to render

assist

each other in business.

It also in-

sured members in sums ranging from $325
to $3,000

any sick or disabled brother in need of help. The Supreme Secretary is authority for the statement that it is called
assistance to

by means

of assessments of

from

twenty-five cents to $1, according to age and

amount.

The

benefit certificates also pro-

a secret society, ''and properly, too."
insures

It

vided for the payment of specified sums in
case of accident resulting in physical disability.

members for $1,000, $2,000, or $3,000, and makes no restriction with reference
to

Eligibility

to

membership

ex-

extra-hazardous

occupations.

tended to candidates from 15 to 55 years of
age.

temperate, industrious man between 20 and 55 years of age is eligible to membership, providing he can pass the required One assessment is physical examination.

Any

membership in twenty-four Canada in 1896 was about 30,000, of which 25,000 were beneficiary and 5,000 social members. The official emlevied each month, whether there has been blem consisted of the initials of the title of a death or not, the amount collected an- the Order in a triangle, surrounded by a The system nually in excess of the sum required to pay conventionalized sun-burst. Equitable Aid Union in the assessments fund. of death benefits going into the reserve
total

The

States and

in

A

funeral benefit of $100, $200, or $300

is is is

suggests the influence of the Ancient Order
of

paid immediately on proof of death, but deducted from the death benefit, which

United Workmen.
is

The government

of

the society
lar

similar to that of other simi-

payable within ninety days.

The Empire

Knights

of Relief

was founded by promi-

subordinate Unions being societies, under the immediate jurisdiction of Grand
or State (or provincial) Unions,
cers

nent citizens of Buffalo and vicinity, members of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Royal Arcanum, Freemasons, and Odd Fellows. The motto of the Order is

the

offi-

and representatives of the latter making up the Supreme Union, or highest
legislative

authority.

In April, 1897, the
into
It

" Benevolence, Philanthropy and Charity," Union susjDended payments and went
and its ritual is based on the G-olden Rule and inculcates obedience to the moral and civil The total membership is about 4,000, law.
distributed throughout half a dozen States.

the hands of

had fought hard to continue its existence, and numbered about 30,000 members, principally in
a receiver.

Pennsylthan five promise of continued years before it had $43,000,000 worth of start and gives policies in force, and not many years pregrowth and prosperity. viously the amount was almost $75,000,000. Equitable Aid Union of America. Organized at Columbus, Warren County, Its decline began in 1891. In 1895 its income Pa., March 22, 1879, and incorporated was $792,895 and its disbursements$801, 435, under the laws of Pennsylvania. Four of and its death rate had increased within four the founders were Freemasons. This secret, years from 12.2 to 17.4 per 1,000 annually. Equitable League of America. beneficiary fraternity permitted the formamutual assessment insurance tion of subordinate Unions, as its Lodges Baltimore organized about ten years ago. are termed, north of 36° 30' north latitude Order,
the

The

society has been successful

from the

vania,

country districts of and New York.

Ohio,
Less

—

in the United States
of

and
to

in the

Canada.
into

It
its

sought to bring

women

Unions

Dominion Died in 1894. Fraternal Aid Association. Organmen and promote benevo- ized October 14, 1890, at Lawrence, Kan.,

—

FRATERNAL MYSTIC CIRCLE
by members
Ancient Order of United of America, Knights of the Maccabees, and otlier fraof the
ers,

133

Milton Barnes, formerly Secretary of
still

Workmen, Modern Woodmen

State for Ohio, died in 1895, but three others
are
of the

" members of the Order and officers Supremo Ruling'': D. E. Stevens, of acceptable white men and women, be- Supreme Mystic Ruler John G. Reinhard, tween 18 and 55 years of age, who are not Supreme Treasurer and F. 8. Wagenhals, engaged in prohibited (iiazardous) occupa- Supreme Medical Director. Of those that Honorary membership may be ob- made up the membership at the first meettions.
ternal, beneficiary Orders, to insure
tlie lives
;
;

tained by specified relatives of beneficiary

ing, in December, 1884, the following, in members. The Association also seeks to addition to those above named, are still promote fraternity among its members, to members of the Supreme Ruling John F. comfort the sick and distressed, and care Follett, Cincinnati, 0. ; A. N. Hill, ColumH. C. for surviving relatives of deceased members. bus, 0. ; J. D. Grimes, Dayton, 0. Sick, total disability, and death benefits are Drinkle, Lancaster, 0. and A. X. Ozias, Raprovided, the latter in three classes, ranging cine,Wis. Messrs, Stevens, Wagenhals, Hill, from $1,000 to $3,000. No assessments are and Follett are Freemasons, some of them called nutil money is needed to meet a claim, having taken the Scottish Rite degrees to and Its including the thirty-second. Others named of which thirty days' notice is given. government is vested in a General Council, are members of Knights of Pythias and This composed of its officers and representatives, other well-known secret societies. The Order has the usual form of government of chosen from local or State Councils. Association declines to recruit members in like fraternities, a Supreme and Grand and The first named is the Atlantic Coast and Gulf States from Subordinate Rulings. Virginia to Texas, inclusive; in CookCounty, the supreme governing body and the final A Supreme Executive court of appeals. 111., and all of Illinois south of Centralia; in Milwaukee, Cincinnati, New York city, Committee of five manage in the interim, Detroit, St. Louis, San Francisco, Sacra- between sessions of the Supreme Ruling. mento, and all other cities having a popula- Grand Rulings (Grand lodges) are instition of more than 200,000, in which peculi- tuted in a State when the membership arity it imitates a number of strong and reaches 500, or the number of Rulings is 15.
:

;

;

prosperous fraternal Orders of the West.

Subordinate Rulings are instituted
ful localities,

in health-

has about 3,000 members, a "modern'' ritual, and has paid about $100,000 in sick
It

and death
Its

benefits since
is

it

was organized.

emblem

composed

of tiie initials of its

where a sufficient number of good, eligible, and desirable candidates are found, willing to join hands for the mutual protection of themselves and families. Subordinate Rulings are
bers,

title

about a pair of clasped hands across a

managed by

their

mem-

shield bearing the stars

and

stripes.

Fraternal Legion.
ficiary society,

— A Baltimore

bene-

organized in 1881, to pay

81,000 death benefits. Is not known to have survived the recent period of trade depression.

Fraternal 3Iystic Circle.
zation
is

— This organiIt

among

the

smaller

beneficiary secret societies.

assessment was formed

December 9, 1884, to provide safe indemnity for young business and professional men under the lodge system. Of the five found-

and naturally become educational centres as to the plans and benefits of the Order and methods of conducting business. Each Subordinate Ruling entitled to one elects a Representative to the Grand Ruling an(who nually, and these Representatives make up the Grand Ruling) elect one or more delegates (as the State may be entitled) to the Supreme Ruling. The special To unite 1st, purposes of the Order are acceptable men, between the ages of 18 and 49 years, to carry out all that which is
:

A

134

FRATERNAL TRIBUNES
are filed annually with the insurance depart-

ments of New York, New Jersey, PennsylLodge shall, from its vania, Maryland, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, At no period in its general fund, pay dues and assessments of Iowa, and Nebraska. sick or disabled members, maturing during history has the Order been more prosperous
each

included within the meaning of the word " fraternity ; " 2d, To make provision that

Subordinate

3d, The paysuch sickness or disability ment of the amount specified in the certificate of membership ($500 to $3,000) to the
;

at the death of a member Organized in Fraternal Tribunes. Payment to a member of one-half of 4th, the sum named in his certificate of mem- June, 1897, by A. L. Craig and others, at bership in case permanent total disability Eock Island, 111., to pay death, sick, disBoth oth. The creation of an ability, old age, and annuity benefits. overtakes him Emergency or Equalization Fund, to pre- men and women may become members. vent the number of assessments exceeding The Society started with 750 members, emtwelve in any year Gth, The collection of a ploys the graded plan of assessments, and General Fund to meet the expenses of the claims the " unique feature "of " guarantee Supreme Kuling. During twelve years the by a Loan and Indemnity Company " that its Order has paid to members and beneficiaries contracts with its members will be fulfilled. Fraternal Order of Protectors. in death and permanent total disability

beneficiaries

;

the year 1896 having at present, brought a larger volume of new business than any preceding year. The present membership is more than 12,000.

than

—

;

;

—

benefits almost $1,000,000,

and the emer-

gency fund has to its credit over $125,000, while the annual cost to members has been years ago. Fraternal small. In 1895 it was as follows, for the ages

mutual assessment beneficiary society which had its headquarters at Lincoln, Neb., a few

Union of America.

—A mufounded

named
"
30,

:

tual assessment, beneficiary society
$3,000, $19.20;

Age 25, on
"

p, 000,

$22.80;

" " "

35,
40, 45,

" $3,000, $28.20; " $3,000, $34.20;
" $3,000, $42.60;

on $1,000, $6.40 per "$1,000, 7.60 " " $1,000, 9.40 " " $1,000, 11.40 "

an.

"
" " "

by F. F. Eoose, F. A. Falkenburg, and others at Denver, Colo. September 1, 1896, to pay death, sick, disability, and old age
,

"$1,000,14.20

"

These annual payments include the three elements required to meet the death claims fund, emergency fund, and expense fund.
of 35, a $3,000 certificate for 1896 would cost 128.20, distributed as folDeath claims fund, $22.21 Emerlows gency fund, $2.47; and' Expense fund,
: ;

At the age

$3.52.

From

the date of organization until

Men and women are eligible to membership, and the total number of members is in excess of 5,000. Mr. Eoose, the Supreme President, has had much experience among fraternal orders, and is a member of the Ancient Order L^nited Workmen, Modern Woodmen of America, Knights of Pythias, Woodmen of the World, Phi Delta Theta, Heptasophs, Junior Order United American Mechanics, Eed Men, and of the
benefits.

June, 1894, all the executive officers of the Supreme Euling resided at Columbus, 0., when the offices of the Supreme Mystic Euler and Supreme Eecorder w^ere moved In April, 1895, the Suto Philadelphia.

Masonic Fraternity. Fraternity of Friendly Fellows. Organized at New York, in 1885, to pay $1,000 insurance to members by mutual assessments. It was still alive in 1890, but no trace of it

—

preme Euling was incorporated.
of the Executive Ofiicers of this

The

policy

is

found in 1897.

Order has favored the filing of annual reports with the Insurance departments of States, where the laws provide for it, and annual reports

Glenwood Degree.
in 1875.

—Uniform

rank of

the Independent Order of Foresters, formed
(See Independent Order Foresters

and

ditto of Illinois.)

HOME CIRCLE
Golden Rule Alliance. Organized at Boston prior to 1889, and recorded in the census of 1890 as a mutual assessment, beneficiary fraternity.
Its

135

—

membersliip was not

was organized in Boston, October 2, 1879, and began business November 5, 1879, being chartered under the laws of ^lassachu setts January 13, 1 880. Its founders were Henry
Dr. John T. Codman, Dr. Thomas Waterman, Dr. Edward Page, N. II. Fuller, John A. Cummings, and Julius M.

large,
tion.

nor did

it

secure a national reiwta-

Damon,

No

trace has been secured of survivtliis

ing bodies of

Order.

Organized in 1881 at Newark, N. J., as a fraternal, beneficiary

Golden Star Fraternity.
society

—

Swain,

all

residents of Boston or vicinity.

for
is

men and women.

Its

about 2,200, distributed New York, and Connecticut, but very few of its Lodges are found outside of the State where it was
total

membership

through

New

Jersey,

members of the Masonic FraKnights of Honor, and Royal Arcanum, three were Odd Fellows, and two were members of the Ancient Order of Ignited
Avere all

They

ternity,

Workmen. The charter permitted
to unite in social

the society,

first,

founded.
in a

It

has neither a prohibition,

re-

ligious, or political bias,

and states that it is sound financial condition with no outliabilities.

union all acceptable members of the Royal Arcanum, their wives,
mothers,
friends,
sisters,

daughters,

and

women

standing
press
charity.

Its ritual seeks to

im-

the

teachings

of

benevolence and

purpose of mutual aid, assistance, moral and intellectual improvefor

the

ment; and, second,

to establish a benefit

Grand United Order, Independent fund from which a sum Sons and Daughters of Purity. This $3,500 should be jiaid to the

—

not exceeding
deceased

mem-

l)eneficiary

and

social society

was organized

ber's

famil}^,

relatives,

or

dependents as

at Harrisonburg, Va., prior to the jiresent

directed.

decade.

None

of its

Lodges are known to
at Philadel-

be in existence now.

Granite League.

— Formed
—

Four benefit degrees were adopted, and a candidate having passed a satisfactory inand the was admitted to one of the four degrees as he might elect, carrying >!500,
ballot,

vestigation, a medical examination,

phia nearly ten years ago to insure the lives of members by means of assessments. Re^ ported dead. Home Circle, The. When the Royal

$1,000, $2,000, or $3,500 protection, and

there was then issued a benefit certificate

Arcanum, which is composed exclusively of for the amount selected, ^^Jiyj^ble to some men, had been organized nearly two years legal beneficiary named in the application. and a half, and had been introduced into In 1881 the Legislature of Massachusetts twenty-three States of the Union, some of by special act granted the Sujireme Council its active members, residents of Massachuof the Home Circle authority to increase its setts, conceived the idea of organizing a benefit to $5,000, and to receive as members similar society into which the members of all acceptable applicants without reference the Royal Arcanum could take tlieir wives, to their altiliation with the Royal Arcanum. daughters, sisters, and women friends, and Under the laws of ^lassachusetts the society give them the full beneficial and social priv- cannot transact a commercial insurance busiileges which membership in such a societv ness, and while its policies or benefit certificonfers. The plan was to welcome woman cates are good for their face value to the to a full share of the work, honors, and family, relative, or actual dependent named,
responsibilities which, with

few excei)tions,

no

certificate is issued

payable to any other

had been refused her by secret beneficiary organizations. With this object in view the Supreme Council of the Home Circle

person, and the benefits cannot be disposed
of by will, assigned for

any purpose, or

at-

tached for debt of the

member

or beneficiary

136

HOME FORUM BENEFIT ORDER
mittees,

either during the lifetime of the member or Membership in the Home at his decease.
Circle, tlien, is

and

representatives from

Grand

Councils.

Assessments paid by members in
first of

an assurance to the member
of benefit

subordinate Councils are called to the Su-

that the

amount

named

will,

in

preme Treasury on the

each month.
is

the event of his or her decease iu good standing, be paid the beneficiary selected. The exi)erience of the Order in receiving

The
the

jurisdiction of the Order

limited to

women and

according

to

them

office,

honors,

and permission to carr}^ a protection or insurance for dependent parents or children

upon the same conditions of entrance, medical examination, and cash payments as men, Women compose thirty North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Illinois, has been favorable. per cent, of the membership, and the Home Michigan, Missouri, and Nebraska, the DisCircle furnishes the first and " perhaps only trict of Columbia, and the Provinces of Onexample," where a beneficial society consti- tario, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Its tuted of men and women has elected a lady ritual is based on the Golden Kule, and The teaches morality and upright living. as its chief executive officer. of design consists a the Society of paid in emblem Two million dollars have been death benefits besides the special relief to formed of the letter H and a circle, Avhile members when ill or in need, amounting to that of the Supreme Council, its governing about 1100,000 in seventeen years. Death body, suggests the domestic results of a benefits paid have directly aided over 3,000 well-spent and industrious life. Home Forum Benefit Order. Charpersons, and in a large majority of cases the deceased member has left to dependents no tered under the laws of the Sta£e of Illinois,

United States and the Dominion of Canada, and its business is conducted in the English language only. It has a membership of about 8,000, located in the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Ehode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, A'irginia,

—

other protection or

life

insurance.

in 1892, as a mutual assessment, beneficiary
Circle has
se-

The experience

of the

Home

society,

by prominent members
It is controlled

of the

Mod-

been conspicuous among the beneficiary
cret societies of the country, in that a benefit in the courts, and that
it

ern

Woodmen of America and of tlie Masonic
by
its

has

Fraternity.

members,

never had occasion to contest the payment
of
its legal

the business of the association being

man-

expenses for a period of seventeen years are Subordinate Councils are comtrifling.

aged by a board of directors. Women are admitted to full membershii) with men, the age limits for beneficiary membership being

posed of beneficiary members of either sex between eighteen and fifty years of age, who must pass a favorable examination and ballot.

between sixteen and

fifty-five years.
is

Hon-

orary or social membership

granted those

over the age limit for insurance.
issues

The order
losing
is

Applicants over

fifty

years of age

may

death benefit certificates for $500,

be admitted as social members without a Grand Councils are medical examination.

$1,000, and $2,000, and any

member

a foot, hand, or an eye by an accident

en-

organized in States and provinces having at
least

1,000 members, and are composed of
officers,

titled to receive one-fourth of the amount named in the certificate, the balance being

their

standing

committees,

and

payable at death.

^Membership

is

restricted
to those

representatives from subordinate Councils.

to healthful districts,

and denied

They have the general supervision

of the

following hazardous occupations.

An
is

unthat

Order in their respective jurisdictions. The Supreme Council, the head of the Order, makes laws and disburses the Benefit Fund. It is composed of its officers, standing com-

usual regulation in like fraternities

ber

which suspends for three months any memwho becomes intoxicated and expels for
the second ofEence, although, as explained.

IMPROVED ORDER OF HEPTASOPHS
such action
or
is

137

"without publicity."
is

The and has thus
low death
of the

far enjoyed
It

an exceptionally

plan of assessment
best

amon<]f the

approved
all

rate.

numbers over 2,000

graded systems in use by nearly

numaged fraternal orders. The ritual, like that of some other similar organizations,
finds its inspiration in

lioman history.

It

was about the
Ca?sar,

Ronum Forum

that Cicero,
dis-

Brutus, Anthony, and other

tinguished

Romans met

to discuss the queslaws,

tions of their time

and form

and the

Home Forum
interest to its

of to-day,

adopting the old
les-

members, and is growing rapidly. The Imperial Lt'f-iou. A Denver, Colo., beneficial fraternal association. Lodges of which have been established as far east as Missouri. Many prominent Colorado business and professional men are members of it. Improved Order ofHeptasoph.s. The growth of beneficiary secret societies, those paying sick, funeral, and death benefits,

—

—

Roman name, meets
sons of
honesty,

to decide questions of

within ten or fifteen years after the close of
the Civil "War, was, no doubt, responsible
for the desire by

members and impart the
fraternity,

benevolence,
initials of

members

of the Order of

temperance, and patriotism, the
star of the Order.

Heiita8ophs,or Seven Wise Men, that that Society be placed

which are found in the angles of the golden The total membership, principally in Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and
about 12,000. Home Palladiniu. A secret beneficiary fraternity, to which acceptable white men
Michigan,
is

on a purely beneficiary
in Zeta

basis.

The movement centred
No.
6,

Conclave,

of

the Ileptasophs, or Seven Wise

—

cates of the

Md., and as the advochange from a purely beneficiary secret organization on modern lines were

Men,

at Baltimore,

and women are

eligible,

organized at Kansas

not able to carry out their plan within the
Society, they ajiparently determined to
so

City, Mo., in August, 1891,

by E. F. EdgeJ.
its

do

comb, Dr. L. G. Taylor, and Dr. T.
Eggers, to give financial aid to
in

members

permanent, partial, or total disability and death, by means of twelve graded assessments annually. It claims to combine the
best features of

older similar societies, to
its

by means of an independent organization. A call was accordingly issued August 10, 1878, signed by Judge George Y. Metzel, John W. Cruett, James S. Watkins, Hon. John G. :Mitchel, W. F. C. Gerhardt, and Herbert J. Thurn, all of ^laryland, asking
the cooperation of fourteen other members,
six

have new and desirable ones of
to avoid that Avhich is

own, and
are

objectionable in some
certificates

like

fraternities.

Benefit

issued in

sums of $500, $1,000, $1,500, and 12,000 in three classes, extra rates being charged members engaged in hazardous and
extra-hazardous occupations.
placed on
its

from ^laryland, six from Pennsylvania, and one from \'irginia, and one from Kentucky, at a meeting in convention to organ-

The a secret, beneficiary organization. convention was held at Odd Fellows' Hall on
ize

method

of creating
is

Emphasis is and main-

Broad
all of

Street,

Philadelphia,

August 27th,

the signers of the call and those asked

taining a reserve fund, which

copyrighted.
set apart for

to join

with them, twenty in number, being

A permanent organization of a was effected ujuler the Conclave Supreme member's benefit certificate Improved Order of Heptasophs, The title, or inon which he she pays reserve fund the terest at the rate of 2 per cent, per annum with S3 members of Zeta Conclave, Order of so long as the certificate renuiins in force. the Heptasophs, or Seven Wise Men, as the The Order is governed directly by the Su- nucleus of the new society. Judge George jireme Lodge, to which State Representatives V. ^letzel is regarded as the founder of the are elected by Grand Lodges existing for Improved Order, aiul he was elected the that purpose alone. It avoids the yellow first Archon, or chief executive. At the first
One-tenth of the amount of the face of a
is

present.

fever and malarial districts of the South,

annual session, in 1879, only nine Conclaves

—
INDEPENDENT CHEVALIERS AND LADIES OF INDUSTRY
bers were

138
"were reported,

with a total membership of For the first six years of its existence, the Improved Order of Heptasophs was antagonized by the parent society, so that during the first two years its membership in149.

made permanent members of the Supreme Conclave as Past Supreme Archons,

having equal privileges with the

Rej)-

resentatives on the floor of each
Sitting.

Supreme
is

The membership

of the Order

and is disBut the Society (see Order of the Heptasophs, tributed north of South Carolina, Kentucky, or Seven Wise Men) was in the hands of Arkansas, and Texas, extending west to and Death benefits range strong, conservative men who are said to including Colorado. have given freely of their time and means from $1,000 to $5,000, and are met by assessSubordinate Conclaves under the It now numbers more than ments. to build it up. 35,000 members in twenty States, and in Supreme general laws are permitted to shape the year 1895 enjoyed a phenomenal growth. their own by-laws, so far as they refer to sick The Order embraces the fundamental prin- benefits but many Conclaves have decided Two Conclaves ciples of leading kindred societies, except not to pay sick benefits. that it has abolished Grand (State) Con- have been so prosperous as to be able to Zeta Conclave claves, and leaves its business affairs, includ- build temples of their own.
creased to only 516
in

twelve Conclaves.

exclusively in the United States

;

ing the management of

its its

death benefit

of

Baltimore has

an

edifice

whicli

cost

fund, in the hands of
other Supreme
officials.

permanent and

$40,000, and Grant Conclave atEaston, Pa.,

In Maryland, the

has also dedicated a handsome temple to the

cradle of the Order, there are nearly 12,000

members, with an average mortality rate of The following only 7 in 1,000 per annum. is extracted from the Maryland Insurance Committee's report for 1895:
examination of the conditions of it is proper for one to refer specially to the Improved Order of Heptasophs as to the promptness with which all claims have been met and paid, and in all eases it was found the organization had made reasonable effort to complete
In closing
Fraternal Benefit Orders,
the necessary formalities and inquiries, in order to
increase the efficiency for the settlement of
claims.
all

my

The Order has

issued certificates repre-

This Order was among the first to place its insurance feature under the supervision of insurance departments in States where its meetings are held, in order that its efforts and the results of its work may remain " an open book," in which the record of tlie material good it accomjDlishes may be seen by all men. Iiidepeiideiit Chevaliers and liadies of Industry. Organized at Fail Eiver, Mass., 1889, as a fraternal mutual assessment association. Lived only about six years. Independent Order of Chosen Friends. Early in 1887, when the Order of Chosen Friends was only three years old,
principles of the Fraternity.

—

—

senting $48,000,000, more than $12,000,000

leaders of the latter in California applied to

In eighteen years over $2,000,000 have been paid to
in 1895, a creditable exhibit.

the

Supreme Council

for a separate juris-

diction on the Pacific Coast.

This was

re-

Order there, and the result was a secession and the formation of the Independent Order tive Acts of 1894, whicli clears from any at- of Chosen Friends. Within a few years the tachment i3roceedings all moneys to be paid Independent California Friends numbered from such funds held by any similar organi- 7,000 or 8,000 members, but the Society zation. The Supreme body consists of ultimately dropped out of sight. (See Order its oflBcers, deputies, and representatives of Chosen Friends.) elected by the membershi]! of Subordinate Independent Order of Foresters. Conclaves. The original, or charter, mem- This branch of Forestrv, like the Foresters
tion 143, L, of chapter 295, of the Legisla-

fund is protected by the Maryland Code of Laws, secbeneficiaries.

The

beneficiary

fused, notwithstanding the strength of the

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS
of

139
in other

America (which

see),

was the outgrowth

Knights of the Sherwood Forest

movemeut to secure local self-govern- branches of Forestry. In 1877 juvenile ment among New York and New Jersey branches were organized in which youths
of a

Foresters,

which began

in

1871, and cul-

minated, after several refusals of the English High Court to establish a Sul)sidiary

were interested, taught parliamentary law, and restrained from indulgence in liquor

High Court for the United States, in June, 1874, at Newark, N. J., when Court Independence seceded from the Ancient Order, and, with two Courts created by it, established a new, or Independent Order. A. B. Caldwell, the leader of the niovement, was the first Most Worthy High Chief Eanger. The remarkable success which has attended the growth of this offshoot from English Forestry is attested by its twenty-two years of existence and an increase of from perhaps 500 to more than 100,000 members in twenty States of the Union, the Canadian Dominion, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. About 43 per cent, of its membership is in the United States. Its form of government, with some minor differences, is like that of the Foresters of America and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. It furnishes members with free medical attendance and nurses, and pays sick, total disability, funeral, and mortuary benefits. A marked difference between this and other branches
of Forestry
is,

and tobacco. Since 1882, when the juvenile de2)artment was reorganized, it has become a useful and successful adjunct. In 1875, when only one year old, tiie Order had grown from three Courts and 500 members, with which it began, to forty-six Courts and 4,000 members; and in 1878, when its membership was nearly 14,000, the title of the governing body was changed to the Most Worthy High Court of the World, the
alteration

being

the

substitution
for

of

the

words
States."

"the World"

"the United In 1878 the Order met with seriof

ous disaster in the unfaithfulness
official,

an

who disappeared simultaneously
its

with about 117,000 of

funds.

Subse-

quently about one-third of the
efforts of the Society to

amount was
its obli-

restored, but so great was the loss that the

make good

by extra assessments resulted in serious differences which, for a time, threatened complete disruption. The firm stand taken l)y Judge William B. Hoke, then the
gations
executive head of
the Order, his judicial

that while the latter rely
in of

temperament, strong character, and wide
personal influence alone prevented disintegration.

wholly upon assessments to pay benefits and

endowments, the Indej^endent Order, 1881, combined the assessment feature

A

large

number

of Massachusetts

the beneficiary or friendly society, with the

Courts held out for State as opposed to national assessments and payments, but
ultimately decided to remain and be governed by the will of the majority. Not so, however, with some of the Illinois Courts, which refused to abide by the decisions of the Supreme Court, and had their charters revoked,

plan of the regular premium-paying insur-

In 1892 it was registered ance comi)any. as a Friendly Society in the United Kingdom, and under the requirements of the Friendly Societies Act, deposited with the British Government £20,000 to enable it to do an insurance business in the United Kingdom. In 1875, one year after its establishment, a ladies' branch was formed, called the Miriam degree, which corresponds

whereupon they met and organized the Independent Order of Foresters of Illinois.

in the ranks of the Illinois Independent Order of Foresters was not the only like consequence of the financial loss Prior to the Illinois to the Order in 1870. Companions of the Forest to the degree of in the Foresters of America. In 1875, also, movement, the Independent Order numa Uniformed Eank was instituted as the bered about 15,000, and the total loss from Glenwood degree, which corresponds to the secession within a vear was no less than

The break

140

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS OF ILLINOIS
There were, as pointed
out, about

4,000.

ington, Colorado,

2,500 seceders in Illinois, to which must be added 1,500 in the Canadian Dominion, in

consin, Pennsylvania, Kansas, in 1891,
in

Montana, Arizona, Wisand
in 1893.

the United

Kingdom
and
of

The
its

by whom the Canadian Order of Foresters was organized. It was in 1878, also, that Foresters in London, Ontario, planned and founded the original Order of Knights of the MaccaOctober,
1879,
bees.

spirit

shown by

this Society, its

methods of

self-develoi^ment

conducting

business have been most effective.
its

Under

Supreme Court are registered thirty-two High Courts in various States, Territories,
countries, to

In 1881, the Independent Order, the

provinces, and

which 2,600

larger part of the
in

membership

of

which was
severest

subordinate Courts hold allegiance.
after,

And

the United States, suffered

its

nominally, twenty-three years of ex-

blow through the action of its Supreme Court at Albany, N. Y., in resolving to change the name of the society to the United Order of Foresters. The Canadian Courts were unwilling to abide by this, and. found fault with American Courts for having

istence (practically only fifteen years), with

more than 100,000 members,

it

has a sur-

plus of '$1,848,000, after having paid over

$3,800,000 in benefits. Second to the efforts of no other man in organizing and extending the Independent Order of Foresters are
those of

its Supreme Chief Eanger, Dr. Oronhyatekha of Toronto, Ont. Independent Order of Foresters of and for holding meetings on Sundays. The Illinois. It is stated by various chroniclers result was the continuation of the Canadian that the Independent Order of Foresters of Courts as the Independent Order of Forest- Illinois, which was formed by a member of ers (the claim being that the Courts which the Massachusetts Catholic Order of Forestchanged the name of the Order were the ers, and by seceding members of the Indeseceders), and at the High Court meeting at pendent Order of Foresters of Illinois, at

made changes

in the ritual, for eliminat-

ing the chaplain from the list of officers, discarding prayers from the cerepmnies,

—

Ottawa, in July, 1881, with a total

mem-

bership reduced to less than 400 (excepting one Court in Elizabeth, N. J.) again began

members,

Chicago, in 1879, started with about 2,500 its Courts all being in the State
city of Chicago.

The the work of building u^i the Order. American, or seceding branch, that which
changed its name to the United. Order, though it started with about 13,000 members, did not possess the elements of success.

It languished,

became

extinct.

and within a few years Meanwhile the Indepenall

most of them in and about the The Miriam degree was carried along in what may be called the Illinois secession, but its membership was not large and is not to-day. A novel feature is found in its modification of the Glenwood degree or military rank, which was
of Illinois,
also retained, in that ladies are admitted.

time in the CanadianDominion,went resolutely to work, and, notwithstanding active oj)position from the Canadian Order, secured, within two years, a list of 1,700 members, an increase
dent Order, almost
of
it

at that

This Society

]3ays

endowment

benefits

by

assessments and sick and funeral benefits

of 300 per cent.
it

Two

years later, in 1885,

numbered, nearly 3,000 members, and in 1889, when it was incorporated, at Toronto, more than 14,000 members. Between 1890 and 1896 its growth was phenomenal, or from 16,000 to nearly 87,000 members. Courts were established in Oregon, Wash-

from Court dues. To judge from statistics of membership, interest in the Illinois Order In of Foresters has been on the decline. 1880 it had more than 2,500 members, and late in 1893, 21,160 members, an increase
of nearly ninefold in thirteen years.

Since

that time the membership

has declined,

amounting

to only 20,107 in

January, 1894,

18,376 in January, 1895, and to only 17,330 one year later, a decline of about one-seventh

—
KNIGHTS AND LADIES OF AZAR
within three years.

141

In 1883

it

suffered
of

tion of Jacob's ladder
their

and the ark among

emblems. The Order has about 10,000 the Komau Catholic faith, who organized members, and has paid nearly §500,000 for the Catholic Order of Foresters. As in the the relief of members and to their benecase of other secessions from like societies, ficiaries. Illinois Order of Mutual Aid. Organthe Illinois Order altered enough of its ritual and means of recognition to give it in- ized for the purpose expressed in its title at dividuality, but in other respects it followed Springfield, 111., June 17, 1878, when its (See first Grand Lodge meeting was held. It in the footsteps of similar secessions. took its rise from the Ancient Order of Independent Order of Foresters.) ludepeudeiit Order of Tininaciilates United Workmen, and pays §2,000, ?!l,000, of the United States of America. Or- and $500 death benefits "and accrued asganized at Nashville, Tenn., by W. A. Ilad- sessments." In the latter feature it differs Men ley, June 23, 1872, to pay sick, accident, from the organization last named. and disability benefits to members. It took alone are eligible to join the Order, the its rise from the Young Men's Immaculate membership of which is G,000. Independent Workmen of America. Association, an organization of colored men, A Nebraska fraternal and beneficial assobut differed in that it patterned after various secret, beneficiary Orders, and admitted ciation of recent origin. Its headquarters men and Avomen as members. Its head- are at Omaha. Iowa Legion of Honor. A social and quarters are at Nashville, and it has about beneficiary assessment Order, designed for 5,000 members. men and women, residents of the State of Independent Order of Meclianicts. Organized at Baltimore April 19, 18G8, a Iowa only. Removal from the State does The beneficiary benevolent, beneficiary fraternity paying not forfeit membership. sick and accident benefits of from $1 to $5 divisions for men and for women are sepaThe secret work and ceremonies are weekly, and death benefits of from $200 to rate. SuborAll white men between eighteen and described as "simple but lasting." 8400. fifty years of age are eligible to membership. dinate Lodges elect representatives to the The Order has never had any connection Grand Lodge, who with the officers thereof with practical mechanics or labor organiza- constitute that body. The Grand Lodge "When founded, the only prominent meets biennially, and the government is tions. and widesj^read benevolent fraternities in more representative than in like societies the country were the Freemasons, the Odd which subordinate Grand or State Lodges There were to a Supreme body. Members' lives are inFellows, and the Eed Men. The total memalso the well-known patriotic Orders, the sured for $1,000 or $2,000. United American Mechanics, Senior and bership is about 7,500. A prominent oftieial But it is more than doubtful states that the founders were not members Junior. whether either of the latter suggested the of any other particular organization of like name, the Independent Order of Mechanics. nature. (See American Legion of Honor.) Knights and Ladies of Azar. A reThe fact that the 'Hhree cardinal principles" of the latter are Friendship, Truth, organization of the Knights of Azar,' a fra and Love, as contrasted with the Friendship, ternal, beneliciary, and jiatriotic Order Under the Love, and .Truth of the Independent Order founded at Chicago in 1893. of Odd Fellows, suggests that some of the reorganization ladies are to be admitted on In June, 1897, founders of the "Independent Order of'' equal terms with men. Mechanics were Odd Fellows, which is there were 300 members enrolled, and as borne out by the use by both of a representa- soon as 500 were obtained the Society was

from the secession

of

some of

its

members

—

—

—

—

—

142
to be incorporated

KNIGHTS AND LADIES OF HONOR
under the laws
of Illinois
eligible to
jiersons,

affecting organizations paying deatli, acci-

membership " all acceptable Avhite male and female." The original

dent,

disability,

and old age

benefits by

act of 1878 fixed the

amount

of benefit pay-

means
Avas

mutual assessments. Kniglits and Ladies of Honor.
of

—

on the death of a member at a sum not This exceeding 11,000, but the amendatory act
able
of 1881 increased the limit of benefit pay-

the

first

secret

beneficiary society to

mapower to its members, and those depending upon them, by holding moral, literary, and scientific lectures, by met at Louisville, Ky., to discuss the con- encouraging each other in business, and by dition of affairs, and, if possible, effect a per- assisting each other to obtain employment. manent organization. The outcome Avas (3) To promote benevolence and charity by the formation of a Provisional Supreme establishing a relief fund. This fund is Lodge for the degree, of which the folloAv- maintained by monthly assessments on those ing, all of Kentucky, were the first officers: members Avho desire to participate in it, E. J. Williamson, T. W. Seymour, E. J. who are distinguished in the laws of the McBride, F. D. Macbeth, C. L. Piper, J. A. Order as Eelief Fund members. The Relief Demaree, W. E. Ladd, K. H. Seng, 0. N. Fund Deiiartment comprises three open Bradburn, T. E. Dennis, G. W. Check, and divisions: Division 1, of 1500; Division 3, T. J. Wyatt. The first annual meeting of of 11,000; Division 3, of $3,000; Division 4, the " Supreme Lodge of Protection, Knights of 13,000, but the last-named division is and Ladies of Honor," Avas held at Louis- noAV closed to entrants. Upon satisfactory ville, Ky., September 19, 1878, and in April proof of the death of a Eelief Fund memof the folloAving year the Supreme Lodge of ber, in good standing at time of death, such Protection, Knights and Ladies of Honor, sum of money is paid to the designated was incorporated. On December 14, 1881, beneficiary as the deceased had in life conthe General Assembly of Kentucky amended tributed for, and Avhich Avas specified in the the act of incorporation by striking out the Eelief Fund certificate held by the member words " of Protection," and so changing the at the date of death. Benefits are payable membership limitation clause as to render to " such member or members of his or her
age.
(3)

admit women to equal social and beneficiary privileges with men, and is otherwise noteAvorthy in that it is the outgrowth of a side or auxiliary degree knoAvn as the degree of Protection, which was attached to the Knights of Honor from 1875 until 1877. Knights of Honor, their wives, mothers, Avidows, and unmarried daughters and sisters over eighteen years of age were eligible to the degree of Protection, which performed the same social and beneficiary functions for the Knights of Honor that the Daughters of Eebekah does for the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Only a few Lodges of the degree of Protection Avere organized during 1875 and 1876, but little encouragement being given by the Supreme Lodge of Knights of Honor, which body in May, 1877, repealed the law creating the degree. On September G, 1877, representatives from Lodges of the degree of Protection

able at deatli of a

member

to 15,000,

which

changes constitute the foundation of the growth and prosperity of the Order of Knights and Ladies of Honor of to-day, the date of the independent existence of Avhich
is

September

C,

1877.

each single assessment by each

The amount paid on member deOrder and
30,

l^ends uj^on the age at joining the

amount
1878j
its

of benefit

carried.

On June

membership was as folloAvs: Men, 907; women, 1,018; total, 1,925. On December 31, 1895, men, 39,933; women,
43,083; total, 83,005.

The

objects of the

Fraternity are (1) to unite fraternally all acceptable Avhite men and women of any reputable profession, business, or occupation' who

are over eighteen

and under
all

fifty

years of

To

give

possible moral and

terial aid

in its

"

KNIGHTS AND LADIES OF SECURITY
family, person or persons dependent on or

143

him or her, as he or she may have directed." The Order has paid out in death
related to
benefits

of

O. ^[. A., which probably refer to the motto the Order, ai)pear ou an ornamental

during nineteen years

-^1

1,042,000.

Any
age,

acceptable Avhite person, not less

shield over the design. The best known emblem of the Knights of Honor is a monothan gram formed of the letters 0. M. A., and

eighteen nor more than sixty-five years of

of the

Knights and Ladies

of

Honor, a

jien-

may be admitted

as a social

without medical examination.
bers pay the usual

member dant triangular design, in tlie These mem- which the same letters appear.

angles of
It is of in-

Lodge dues, but are ex- terest to point out that the experience of empt from contributing to the Relief Fund. the Knights and Ladies of Honor shows The business of this Order is conducted that its risks on women members have conthrough a Supreme Lodge, Grand Lodges, stantly proven the better of the two classes. coextensive with their several State bounda- L. D. Witherill, M.D., Supreme Medical ries, and subordinate Lodges. It has six- Examiner of the Order for the twelve years, teen Grand Lodges, but its membership is reports out of the first 8,000 deaths (Dedistributed in nearly every State of the cember 26, 1877, to June 10, 1895, incluUnion. Representatives chosen by subordi- sive) -4,198 were of men and 3,802 women. nate Lodges constitute the several Grand The same authority says, concerning the Lodges, and representatives chosen by the character and desirability of women as inseveral Grand Lodges constitute, with its offi- surance risks Statistics show that the life cers and committeemen, the Supreme Lodge. of females, as a rule, is longer than that of The Supreme Lodge conducts, exclusively, males. Their exposure to violent deaths the collection and disburseijient of the Re- and abuse of intoxicants is far less. From lief Fund, and has full power to make laws a medical standi:)oint I would urge the memfor its own government, and to govern bers of the Order to increase their ranks as Grand and subordinate Lodges. far as possible from the women of our land. Less effort has been made by the Knights (See Loyal Knights and Ladies.) Knights and Ladies of Security. One and Ladies of Honor to make that organization distinct from the Knights of Honor of the more modern and progressive of the than has sometimes been the case by off- latter-day mutual assessment, death and shoots from secret societies, the comparison disability beneficiary secret societies, to being found rather with schisms among Odd which both men and women are eligible. Fellows and Foresters, so many independent It was chartered under the laws of the State Orders of which exist with similar names, of Kansas February 22, 1892, with its headtitles, emblems, and rituals. The seal of quarters at Topeka, by members of the the Supreme Lodge of the Knights and ^lasonic Fraternity, the xVncient Order of Ladies of Honor contains the representation United "Workmen, one or both Orders of of a knight in armor, with sword and shield, Woodmen, and others. It eliminates the ready to defend and protect the widow and expensive and generally unnecessary State
' : '

—

children which, with a broken column, are
also represented.

organization usually found in similar societies, its

Upon

the shield held by

National Council being composed

the knight,

who symbolizes the Order, are the letters 0. M. A. in the angles of a triangle. The seal of the Supreme Lodge of

from subordinate Countiie members. It operates throughout the United States the mother Order, the Knights of Honor, and Canada, north of Xorth Carolina, Tenis similar, except that the knight stands with nessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, his shield arm raised. The triangle and the and Arizona, excluding cities of 150,000 broken column are missing, but the letters population and over. Admission, as in
of representatives
cils

elected by a direct vote of

144

KNIGHTS AND LADIES OF THE FIRESIDE
societies,
is

most such

restricted to white

per cent, of the amount paid into the bene-

persons of good moral character between

eighteen and
pass
a

fifty-five years of

age

who can

satisfactory

physical

examination.

fund by the deceased or former meminvested by the Supreme Lodge to form a permanent fund with Avhich to proficiary
is

ber

Certificates or policies are issued to

women members

alike

from $500 to 13,000. means of graded assessments,
accident.

men and vide sums ranging bers These are paid by The
for
in
full

for the

payment

of assessments of

mem-

of fifteen (or twenty) years' standing.
services of S.

IL Snider, ex-SuperinKnights and

at

tendent of Insurance of the State of Kansas,
as Sujireme Secretary of the

death, or in part in case of disability by

Holders who reach the age of

Ladies of the Fireside, are an evidence of
the intelligence and enthusiasm with which
the society has entered the already well-filled
field of fraternal

seventy receive one-tenth of the amount of the policies each year until the face is paid.

A feature

of the organization
is

is its

reserve

insurance orders.

Knights and Ladies of the Golden on each 11,000 named in certificates, and Precept. Founded by Thomas Gauderup, loaning it on real estate mortgage security. E. E. Everhart, W. B. Davison, and John
fund, which
created by setting aside 150

—

Iverson at Clinton, la., in 189G, and incoris used to meet death losses after twelve monthly assessments, have been made within porated under the laws of the State of Iowa In explaining its reserve fund the with social and beneficiary objects. It cona year. announcement is made that the plan of cre- templates establishing Lodges throughout ating it has been copyrighted, and '' its j^er- the Union. The Knights and Ladies of the Goklen petual use secured to the Order." growth of the Order has been unusually Rule. One of the older but smaller secret rapid, its total membership amounting to beneficiary societies, combining many of the
It

—

about 25,000 in one-third the States of the Union, a tribute to the efficiency of the salaried organizers of new Councils and to the enthusiasm and loyalty of the rank and

features of

other like organizations with

some

of its

own.

It

cinnati,

0., in August,

was organized at Cin1879, and incor-

membership, in which it may be said to have fairly rivalled the vitality shown by almost any similar society. Councils of Knights and Ladies of Security are practically private social clubs rather than mystic temples, but the ritual and ceremonial are instructive and attractive, being well calcufile

of its

porated under the laws of Kentucky in the same month. The founders were members
of other beneficiary fraternal societies, no-

tably the Order of

Mutual Aid, which

suc-

cumbed

to

the yellow fever epidemic at
;

Memphis, early in its career, in 1878 the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and the Knights of Honor. A few representatives

and officers met in final session at Cinand after settling claims against the protection, and fraternity. Order of Mutual Aid adjourned sine die. Knights and Ladies of the Fireside. A majority of those present then met and A mutual assessment beneficiary organiza- organized the Knights of the Golden Eule, tion, founded at Kansas City, Mo., in 1893, which has preserved with varying success by representatives of kindred organizations a continuous existence ever since. The in Missouri and Kansas. It issues life, acci- headquarters of the Order are at Louisville, dent, and sick benefit certificates in separate Ky., and the form of government is much classes. It admits men and women alike, like that of similar societies, including a and has about 5,000 members pointing to an Supreme Commandery, Grand Chapters At the death having jurisdiction in the States, and Subexceptionally rapid growth.
lated to impress
vitiate the

upon the mind

of the no-

importance of wisdom, security,

cinnati,

—

of a

member

or lapse of a membershi]:), 10

ordinate Castles.

Funds paid

to beneficiaries

KNIGHTS OF BIRMINGHAM
of

145

members

of

the

Order are not subof the Fraternity
is

women between
of age
shij).

sixteen and sixty-five years
eligible to

ject to legal process for the collection of

and children are

meniberof $500,

debts.

The emblem

a

Its beneficiary certificates

shield, on

uiiich are the letters

K. G. R.,
the

$1,000, $1,500, or $2,000, i)ayable at death,

over a circle on

which

is

inscribed

may

be converted into paid-up insurance

It appeals to young men and Below are five links women to take out certificates of insurance of a chain, containing F. and P., which in small amounts, which, " in the event of a may or may not stand for Friendship and long life, will bring in a rich accumulation of Protection. The employment of detached the original face value.'' Annuities are paid links, symbolical of a chain of brotherhood, those Avho are fifty years of age and have is one of the few instances in which an been members twenty-one years, and one-half in

Golden Rule,

the centre of which are a

after ten years.

pair of clasped hands.

adaptation of the triple link of

Odd

Fel-

the face value of certificates
disability.
it

is

paid at total
in

lowship

is

fonnd among the more modern
is

The

Society

is

unique

that

secret societies.

receives into

membership
in

entire families,

The Order
and provides
fied

divided into three sections,

'^

children being received into the immedi-

for the i)aYment of a speci-

ate relief

department

sums ranging from

sum on
:

the death of a
section,

member

as fol-

lows

first

loOO

;

second section,

$1,000, and

white

man

or

and not over There is a ficiary member. ments graded according

Any $2,000. woman eighteen years of age, fifty, may be enrolled a benethird
section,
scale of assessto

$50 up to $400. Its present membership is about 10,000. The original members were members of the Royal Templars of Temperance, but the Order may hardly be classed as a temperance organization, though it excludes saloon keepers and bartenders from
Its

age.

The membership.

"golden star"
it

refers to

graded assessment plan was adopted in 1892 in place of the level assessment plan used at time of organization. A Grand

the Star of Bethlehem, and

has no secrets

beyond the password to exclude those not

members from
founded.

its

meetings.
benefits

It

has paid
it

Chapter has supervision of the work in a State and elects one or more representatives to the Supreme Commandery, which has
entire

nearly $700,000

in

since

was

control

of

the

beneficiary

depart-

Knights and Ladies of the Roiiitd Table.— Organized in 1887, and registered
in census reports of

ment, and a general supervision of the Order at large. The organization has Castles in Alabama, Arkansas, California,
Georgia,
Jersey,
lina,
Illinois,

1890 as a mutual assessfor

ment insurance order

men and women,
111.

with headquartersat Bloomington,
ters addressed there are

Let-

Indiana, Missouri,

New

returned unojiened;

North Carolina, Ohio, South CaroKentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts,

but there

is still

name

in Central

an organization by the same Western States, notably at

Minnesota, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas,
Virginia, and

Toledo, 0.

West

Virginia, and the total

membership
Star.

is

over 3,000.

—A

Knights and Ladies of the Gohleii
ficiary society,

— An assessment, charitable, and bene11,

January

founded at Newark, N. J., having its permanent headquarters at Newark. For a few years
1884,

Kniglits and Ladies of AVashingfon. social and beneficiary organization founded at Easton, Pa. Not known there now. Knights of Aur<n*a. Organized at Minneapolis prior to 1889 as a mutual insurance

—

society.

Not known there now.

the organization was local in character, but

afterward established Lodges in
State and elsewhere in
10

New York

New Jersey. Men and

Kniglits of l$irniingiiani. Founded at Philadelphia in 1873 by Peter Jones, Edwin Smith, and John Weldc, three Freemasons,

—

146
as a

KNIGHTS OF COLUMBIA
ise

mutual assessment beneficiary society, which only Master Masons between twenty-one and fifty years of age are eligito
ble.

"

to

"

i)rotect a

obey the laws of the Order and worthy brother in his adversities

and

afflictions."

The would-be member

is

It issues certificates of $1,000 each,

required to profess a belief in Cxod, and

payable at death, and has expended in this

manner more than 11,000,000. membership is about 5,000, most
reside at or near Philadelphia.

Its

total

must be able and family.
to

to earn a livelihood for himself

A

member may

carry $500,

of

whom
Grand

$1,000, or $2,000 insurance, and assessments

A

meet jiayments of death

benefits are as-

Lodge was organized in 1877, which consists of all Past Sir Chiefs and the five elective
otHccrs of subordinate Lodges.

sessed at the lowest limit, graded according
to age.*

More than $52,000,000 has been

paid in death benefits within the twentythree years since the Society was organized.
Beneficiai'ies
relatives.

Knights of Columbia. A Topeka, Kan., fraternal, mutual benefit organizaIts Lodges are scattered through tion.

—

Certificates of

West Mississippi and Missouri Valley States. be used as their redemption subject to seizure to satisfy The membership is not large. Knig'hts of Honor. The line of descent debts of the insured. Lodges pay sick benefits of the Knights of Honor in the family of to members at their option, and handle their beneficiary secret societies is direct from the own funds to that end. Death benefit funds parent death benefit assessment society, the are jiaid to and disbursed by the Supreme Ancient Order of United Workmen, seventeen Lodge. The government of the Order, like members of which, including members of the that of the Independent Order of Odd

must be the nearest dependent membership cannot collateral, nor are moneys paid in

—

Independent Order

of

Odd

Fellows, led by

*

The Knights

of

James A. Demaree, founded the Knights It of Honor at Louisville, Ky., in 1873.
has been very successful in that it ranked in numerical strength among the first half-

of the Ancient Order of

Honor took one step in advance United Workmen, in that,
all

while the latter assessed

raembei's a uniform
still

sura to pay a death benefit (and

does), the for-

dozen similar Orders, with a total membership of 120,000 in 1895, which fell off to 96,000 in 1897, during reorganization, when was remodelled and its assessment plan brought down to date. Its purposes are to unite, fraternally, acceptable white men of good moral character and sound bodily health; to lead them to assist each other in
distress, in business,

mer found an excuse for existence in its original plan of assessment by which members between 45 aud 55 years of age paid more than those between Fi'om that period, 1873-75, the work 21 and 45.
of evolution

among

fraternal assessment societies

and the search for em-

ployment, which are characteristic of many similar societies, and to establish a widows' and orphans' benefit fund of not less than
$500 nor more than $2,000, to be paid to
families
of

deceased

called secrecy

members. The sowhich attaches to the Frateris

nity

is

declared to be only such as
benefits

necessary

to keep out intruders

and unworthy men

from

its

;

upright

men
is

of all politi-

cal parties

and

religious creeds being wel-

come

to its ranks.

No

oath

administered

went rapidly on, the next step being the grading of assessments, and later an increasing assessment according to age. It was not long befoi-e the Knights of Honor admitted to membership persons between 18 and 21 years of age and adopted graded assessments for all joining thereafter, up to the age of 45. By 1894-95 it became plain that the system of paying a fixed assessment year after year, determined by the age of the member at date of joining the society, would sooner or later be found wanting; and in 1895 the Knights of Honor, after prolonged investigation, adopted a plan of insurance based on a different rate of assessment for each age, beginning with 18 and ending with 61, increasing from year to year. The effect, it is declared, will be that each member in any one year will pay only the sum needed for benefits on deaths among members of his own age, based on mortality tables and the experience of assessment beneficiary This radical change has resulted secret societies.
advantaireouslv.

to candidates for initiation,

" only a prom-

A

KNIGHTS OF SOBRIETY, FIDELITY, AND IXTKciHITY
Fellows, the Foresters, and nearly
organizations,
is

147

all siniilai-

ing nearly
crease in

all

of the past eighteen years inin popularity has

centred in a Supreme Lodge
(J

membership and

Its Supreme Lodge is made up of representatives of 36 sentatives of subordinate Lodges, and have Orand Lodges, to which are attached 3,000 jurisdiction over the affairs of the Order in subordinate Lodges with an average of 50 their respective States. Nearly all tlie larger members each. assessment beneficiary organizations are reKiiijjhts of Honor of tlie AVorhl. sponsible directly or indirectly for the cre- new fraternal insurance society, with head-

made up
Lodges.

of representatives df

rand (State)

characterized the Fraternity.

The

latter are

composed

of repre-

—

ation

of

similar

societies,

either

through
lead-

schism born of rivalry
ers or

among would-be
of

by having served as models, or other-

quarters at Natchez, Miss. It appears to have used the name of another organization. Knights of the Seven AVise 3Ien of

wise,

and the Knights
In 1875

exception.

the

Honor prove no the WorUl. Supreme Lodge 1890 names
founded nothing
its

—The
this

United States census of
Society

among

others

established a side or auxiliary degree enti-

to
is

do an insurance business, but
of
it

the degree of I'rotection, to which Knights of Honor, their wives, mothers, nnmarried danghters and sisters, eighteen or more years of age, were eligible. Only a few Lodges of this degree were instituted during the next year or two (see Knights and Ladies of Honor), and in 1877 the Supreme Lodge repealed the law creating the degree, whereupon representatives of the degree met at Louisville and organized an
tled

known
it

at Nashville, Avhere
Its title sug-

chief office Avas located.
Avas

an offshoot from or related in some Avay to the Improved Order of, or to the Order of the Heptasophs. Kniglits of Sobriety, Fidelity, and Integrity. A mutual assessment beneficigests that

—

ary society for men, organized at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1890. It does business in nearly
a dozen States, but a large proportion of its

inde2:iendent society for

secret

assessment beneficiary
the
title.

5,000 luembers are residents of the Empire
State. It issues death certificates for $500, $1,000, and 12,000, and pays accident and

men and women under
of Protection of

The Order

Knights and

Ladies of Honor, which was subsequently changed to the Knights and Ladies of Honor. The Knights of Honor, while among the better and favorably known of like societies, has not attained its present eminence without intelligent and persistent work on the part of hundreds of prominent business and professional men Avho have been and still are members. Of Western origin, it early spread to the East and the South. From 17 members who founded the Order, the membership increased to 1)9 by the close of 1873, but one year later it had grown tenfold, with 999 names on the roll. From 1875 the Society's increase was rapid until 1878, when the yellow fever epidemic was

sick benefits of §5, §10, 815, 820,
Aveekly.

and $25
fi\'e

The

latter are limited to

con-

secutive weeks, and to tAventy weeks alto-

gether in any one year.

Three rates of

assessments are offered members, the lowest of Avhich delays the period at Avhich the
benefit goes into effect, but

surance easier to carry.

makes the inThe second rate is

based on a shorter delay in putting into operation the death benefit contract, while

the third makes the insurance operative from the moment of joining. The loss of one hand and arm above the wrist, or one foot and leg above the ankle, entitles a member to one-sixth the amount due under his certificate in case of death. In case of the cause of its first serious reverse. In the loss of both hands and arms above the that year alone the Order suffered a drain Avrist, or both feet and legs above the ankles, on its financial resources of 8385,000, the he is entitled to one-third the face of the result of the death of 193 members. Dur- certificate. Members Avho arrive at the aire

148

KNIGHTS OF THE BLUE CROSS OF THE WORLD
American Legion of Honor, Woodmen of the World, the Grand Army of the Republic, and other secret societies. The influence of the

of seventy years are entitled to 10 per cent.
of the

amount named

in the certiticate each

year until one-half the

amount named
of claims,
is

in

the certificate is paid.

All surplus of preset

Workmen

is

seen in the uniform

miums

after the

payment

assessment rate, that of the Freemasons and

aside as a reserve fund, " to j)rovide against

Odd Fellows
tion that
''

in the degree

work and emin its obliga-

excessive mortality in any one j^ear.

'
'

Loans

blems, and the Grand

Army

on real estate security are made to members on the monthly payment plan in States where the Order is incorporated. Knights of the Blue Cross of the World. Organized at Homer, Mich., in 1888, to pay $1,000 and $2,000 death benefits by means of mutual assessments of memIt also paid weekly benefits in cases bers. The organization of sickness of members.

no other

flag

than the glorious

Stars

country."

and Stripes shall ever fioat over our Four degrees or ranks are conKnight,

ferred, that of Volunteer, Militant,

—

and Valiant Knight.

Of the
111.,

latter L. L.

Munn,

33°,
is

of Freeport,

writes that

while he

familiar with

many Orders and
the

has witnessed ceremonies of

highest

grade of excellence, the beauty, instruction,

and impressiveness of the Valiant Knight's not known now to the postal officials. Knights of the Brotherhood. A mu- rank take a very high rank among them. tual assessmeut beneficiary Order founded One of the chief objects of the Fraternity is
is

—

prior to 1889, which reported to the United
States tenth census from Phoenixville, Pa.,

but

is now unknown there. Knights of the Globe.

—A

social, mili-

American citizenWhile the Order is Avell distributed throughout the West, it is strong in Illinois, where a large proportion of its 7,000 memto inculcate lofty ideas of
ship.

tary, charitable,

and

patriotic secret organi-

bers reside.

Knights of the Globe Mutual Benefit Knights through the Association. A non-secret, cooj)erative members ture to of the Globe Mutual Benefit Association, a insurance company, organized under the
zation

which secures the death
its

benefit fea-

—

non-secret, cooperative insurance

company,

laws of the State of Illinois in 1890 to in-

sure members of the Knights of the Globe which only Knights of the Globe and Daughters of the Globe. (See the latter.) Knights of the Golden Eagle. Among Men and women may become are eligible.

organized under the laws of the State of
Illinois, to

—

members
first

of both organizations, the latter

the various beneficiary, semi-military secret
societies

joining the Daughters of the Globe, a

which have founded their rituals and

branch of the Knights of the Globe. The mutual aid society through the Knights is recruited from the more healthful portions of the United States, and announces special inducements to young men because of its uniform rate of assessments. It issues death benefit certificates for ten different amounts, ranging from $500 to 15,000, to those between eighteen and fifty-six years of age who are otherwise eligible. The Knights of the Globe was organized at Chicago in 1889 by Freemasons prominent in the Scottish

ceremonials upon the history and pageantry
of the Crusaders, the

Knights of the Golden
is

Eagle, or Chivalric Knights of America,

conspicuous, not alone for
creasing membership, which
60,000, but as well for
its

its

rapidly in-

numbers about
adaptation to
of

American

soil

of

the

struggles

early

Christian knighthood.

The

objects of the
relief against

Order are benevolence, mutual
ness,
distress,

the trials and difficulties attending sick-

and death,

so

far

as

they

may

be mitigated by sympathy and pecu-

by Odd Fellows of the highest niary assistance; to care for and protect members of the Ancient Or- the widows and orphans; to assist those der of United Workmen, Royal Arcanum, out of employment; to encourage each other
Rite,

rank, and by

KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE
in business;
of
to

149

"

to ameliorate the condition

theme the struggles
after
''

of the Christian warrior

humanity

in

every possible manner; "

the immortal crown. "

He succeeded

stimulate moral and mental culture by
to elevate the

in enlisting a sufficient inimber of friends
to

wholesome precepts, fraternal counsel, and
social intercourse,

insure the success of his plan, and by

member- means of symbol and allegory representing ship to a higher and nobler life, and the •'the passing through the wilderness of sin inculcation and dissemination of the princi- and woe on the journey to the Heavenly ples of benevolence and charity. Castle," the ritual was made characteristic The organization consists of a Supreme and the Order established. At Shorey's Castle, Grand Castles, and subordinate Cas- Photograph Gallery, No. 129 East Baititles. The Supreme body is composed of more Street, January 20, 1873, the Grand Past Grand Chiefs (of Grand Castles), and Castle of Maryland was organized, and steps Grand Castles of Past Chiefs of subordinate were taken to institute several subordinate
Castles. This is in line with the system pursued by the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, with its Supreme Lodge, Grand, and subordinate Lodges; the Foresters, with their Supreme Court, Great and subordinate Courts, and many other similarly governed The subordinate body in each societies.

Castles, four being in active 02)eration eight

months

later.

Templar Knighthood played

a part in the preparation of the ritual of the

holds allegiance to the State organization,

and the

latter to the

Supreme Body.
Knights
of the

The

ritualistic

work

of the

Golden

Knights of the Golden Eagle as in other of Knighthood. The history of the ancient Templars, the Hospitallers, the Teutonic Knights, and the Knights of St. John and Malta, together with the example of the Masonic Knights Templars, has had an unending influence on the minds

modern Orders

Eagle includes three degrees: the first, or of secret society ritualists of the nineteenth Pilgrim's; second, or Knight's; and third, century, and not only are the Knights of '' or Crusaders' Degree. The three degrees the Golden Eagle an evidence of it, but are symbolic of a soldier battling for his there is reason to believe their ritual is infaith. He is first a Pilgrim, then a Knight, debted to membership in the Order of those and finally a Crusader." The Pilgrim's de- who had been brought to light and had been gree teaches fidelity and eternal faithfulness advanced in the parent of all modern secret to God and our fellow-man. The Knight's societies. With such seed, tbe blossoms degree confers the honors of Knighthood, could not fail to be numerous and beautiful. arms and equips the Pilgrim, and teaches Philadelphia Odd Fellows became interested, him veneration for religion, fidelity, valor, and took the new Order of Knighthood to courtesy, charity, and hospitality. The the City of Brotherly Love in 1875, and by Crusader's degree sends the newly made April, 187G, the Grand Castle of Pennsylknight forth upon a crusade against the vania Avas organized. The Centennial Exhosts of evil, armed and equipped to con- hibition and the financial dei)ression which quer opposing foes. The ceremonies and followed it delayed progress; but by 1880 lectures are free from anything of a frivo- the banner of the Eagle Knights was unlous or objectionable character. furled in Massachusetts by the aid of influThe Order has for its motto, " Fidelity, ential members of the Knights of Pythias; Valor, and Honor," a trinity of graces five subordinate Castles with a total memtaught in its ritual. It was founded by bership of 500 were secured, and the Grand John E. Burbage of Baltimore, Md., who, Castle of that State was instituted in the in 1872, conceived the idea of an organiza- following year. The Supreme Castle had tion, secret in character, which should ''go been formed in lialtimore on January 22, hand in hand Avith religion," having for its 1878. Since 1884, wlien a number of

150

KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE
citizens of Philadelphia

prominent
interested,

became
it

military,
rades.

the pi'ogress of

the Order has

which has charge of drills and paThere is a semi-military feature iu

been rapid, and by December, 1896,
with
years

was

the ritualistic Avork of the Castles said to be

in successful operation in thirty-four States,

very attractive, but the military work con-

830
its

Castles.

During the past ten

nected with the
claimed,
is

degree of Chivalry,
societies.

it

is

growth has been conspicuous in the history of kindred organizations, more than 800 Castles having been organized during
that period.
It is

" unsurpassed " by any similar
of the

ceremonial in like

The Knights

Golden Eagle say

they are pioneers in protecting those

who

not obligatory for the members to have passed the limit of age at which they connect themselves with the military branch, 'can enter similar organizations. There are

which is an important adjunct and attracts The Commanderies as the young men. bodies are termed are separate military the from the Castles; but any Sir Knight in good standing in his Castle is eligible to membership in a Commandery. The uniform of members of the Commanderies is elaborate and jolainly patterned after, but still dissimilar from, that of the Masonic The Commanderies Knights Templars.

a large

number

of Veteran

Castles,

com-

—

—

posed of men fifty years of age and over, which, like the Castles and Commanderies, have power to legislate in regard to dues

and

benefits.

The Order
Castles

also claims to be the pioneer

in protecting those

who have belonged

to

which have become defunct. The Castle of Protection, originated by Past Supreme Chief J. D. Barnes of Pennsylvania, now confer the degree of Chivalry, adopted provides that such members may pay dues by the Supreme Castle at its annual session to, and receive benefits from, the Grand This Castle of Pennsylvania, and the Supreme held in Eeading, Pa., October, 1896. Castle has recently adopted a like plan for is required to be taken by those who connect The the benefit of those under its immediate themselves with the military branch. motto of this degree is '^ Chivalry, Truth, jurisdiction. This branch is known as the and Peace," and the ritual deals at length National Castle of Protection. The Knights with chivalry and the history of the Crusades. of the Golden Eagle have certainly taken a Commanderies are under the control of a stride in advance in looking out for the wellieutenant-general, elected by the Supreme fare of members whose Castles are defunct, Castle every three years, except in States iu which respect some older and larger benewhere there are five or more Commanderies, ficiary secret societies are remiss. In 1885 when a Grand Commandery may be insti- members of the Knights of the Golden The oflficers of a G-rand Command- Eagle organized a similar society under the tuted. Grand Commander, Grand Vice- title. Legion of the Eed Cross. The requiare ery Commander, Grand JMarshal, Grand Herald, site qualifications for membershiji iu the Grand Preceptor, Grand Historian, Grand Knights of the Golden Eagle are that the Almoner, Grand Inne Guard, and Grand applicant be a white man, eighteen j^ears of Outer Guard. The members of the Grand age, of good moral character, a believer in Commandery are known as Grand Cheva- the existence of a Supreme Being and of liers, and achieve that honor by virtue of the Christian faith, free from mental or having passed through the posts of a subor- bodily infirmity, competent to support himdinate Commandery. Subordinate Com- self and family, a law-abiding resident of manderies may be beneficial or non-bene- the country in which he lives, and have There are two depart- sufficient education to sign his own apficial, as they choose. ments the civil, which confers the degree plication for membership, which, by the and attends to all business matters; and the way, are almost exactly the qualifications
•

—

KNIGHTS OF THE MACCABEES

151

demanded for admission

into the Order of the
]\Ien.

the same place with respect to Kniglits of

Heptasophs, or Seven Wise
is

More than
Castle Ilall

the Golden Eagle as the Daughters of Re-

one-half the total membership of the Order
in Pennsylvania.

bekah do

to the

Independent Order of Odd

The Grand
!j!45,000,

Fellows, and the

Companions

of the Forest

The " Lady meet in Temples, and regulate ter moved its headquarters to AVashington their own weekly and funeral benefits and Their total membership is about a few years ago, and is a monument to the dues. extent and importance of the Order in the 9,000. Temples which are separate from, Keystone State. The Death Benefit Fund and in no wise adjuncts of. Castles are under the immediate control of the Suis composed of members in good standing of subordinate Castles, between the ages of preme Castle until there are ten Temples eighteen and fifty, and members of subordi- in a State, when a Grand Temple may be nate Temples (the auxiliary, or Ladies' Or- formed. FoundKiiigrhts of the Loyal Guard. der), between the ages of sixteen and fifty,
at

Philadelphia was

purchased from the

to the Foresters of America.

Knights of Labor for

when

the lat-

Eagles "

—

who must

pass a satisfactory examination

ed

by Edwin 0. Wood, at Flint, Mich.,
31, 1895.
to

previous to admission.
to beneficiaries of
is

The amount paid January members in good standing eligible
benefits

Men and women
It

are

membership.
It

pays death

Weekly

§1,000 in Class A, and -^500 in Class B. sick benefits and funeral benefits are

only.

organized

Lodges

in

104

cities

within two and one-half years,

paid by means of assessments at the option The assessment of subordinate Castles.
in Class
cents.

and
bers.

numbers

more

than

5,000

memone

A

is

50 cents, and in Class

B

25

Knights of the Maccahees.
societies

— No

one object of the founders was to furnish a moderate death Li 189G benefit to members at a low cost.
It will be seen that

of the popular secret beneficiary fraternal

which have sprung into being dur-

ing the latter quarter of the nineteenth

a $250. death benefit class was provided, assessments in which are pro rata with those
in Classes

centuiy has been more successful than the
Maccabees.
early
Its original inspiration
its

was of

A and

B.

During the year 1895

Canadian origin, but

robust youth and

$180,000 was paid out for relief by the Castles of the Order, the investments amounting to S850,000.

manhood

are tributes to

the nurtur-

ing care and executive capacity of Ameri-

The founders of the modem Maccabees are to be commended for quanyvania has for its object the protection of ing tiie foundation stones of their ritual, the aged Eagles, widows, and orphans, and legend, and ceremonial in strata which had not even been uncovered by the exploring is supported by a per capita from such Cascan citizens.

The Eagle Home

Association of Pennsyl-

tles as are

enrolled in membership.

social feature is characteristic of the Order,

and one night in each month
set apart for entertainments.

is

The hand of the secret society ritualist. The modern Order of Maccabean Knighthood is generally built upon the traditions and history of the
ancient Maccabean
dynasty,
the
achieve-

ments of which are recorded in the first and Golden Eagle, is open to women of good second Books of the Maccabees, in the moral character, not less than sixteen years apocryphal Old Testament. The followers of age, whether relatives of Knights of the of Judas Maccabeus were Jews of no parGolden Eagle or not, as well as to members ticular tribe, who braved death in the deof the Order of the Knights of the Eagle. fence of their belief in the God of their This auxiliary to the Eagle Knights has so- fathers. The name Maccal)eus is said to cial and beneficiary objects, and fills much have been derived from a Hebrew term

The Temple

degree,

or

Ladies of the

152

KNIGHTS OF THE MACCABEES

It Avas to Judas death of Antiochus, but was murdered by signifying a hammer.* Maccabeus the Jews were indebted for the those who feared his influence on the heir Simeon, the second brother preservation of their political power and to the throne. In the second century of Judas, aided by Roman allies, became religious liberty. B.C., the Jews transferred their allegiance the ruler of the Jews, and finally reestabfrom Egypt to Syria, and tw'enty-five years lished the independence of the Jewish naThe wisdom and moderation with later the Syrian King, Antiochus Epiphanes, tion. commanded them to renounce their religion, which he used the power intrusted to him defiled their sauctuarj-, and ordered them were so well appreciated in his own day that after his sucto pay the honors due alone to Divinity to that the year 141 B.C. Tliis the Jews un- cession was made the beginning of a new the Olympian Jupiter.

—

—

der their Priest Mattathias resisted in a "thirty years' war.'' Before the outbreak
Mattathias, being a person of consequence,

era.

Upon

the enduring traits of character

displayed by the ancient Maccabean family
in the Jewish thirty years'

the
the

was tempted by a Syrian captain to embrace new faith, but with his own hand he
first

war

for religious

and

political liberty, particularly those of

slew the

altar

of

renegade Jew who apjiroached This precipitated idolatry.
Mattathias, his five sous, and

cabeus, the

the conflict.!

a few faithful followers destroyed the emblems of the heathen worship in Modin and vicinity and fled into the wilderness of

Judas MacMaccabees have founded their fraternal Order of It was Judas Maccabeus mutual relief.
its first

great representative,

modern Knights

of the

who

first

commanded

his soldiers in divid-

ing the fruits of their victories to reserve a
part for the widows

Judea. The Hellenes, friends of the Greeks, aided the Syrians and the family of Maccabeus, of which Judas Maccabeus was the

and orphans

of

their

brothers
beism.

who had

fallen in battle

—a jn-omi-

nent feature of the work of modern Macca-

head, espoused the cause of the Jews, Judas

Maccabeus becoming the leader of the
volt after the death

re-

of his father

Matta-

founded
tario,

The modern Order of the Maccabees was in 1878 by members of the Order
and others,
at

a few years after the outbreak of the war in 166 B.C. The former took command, and at Mizpah repulsed and put to flight the Syrians, although his forces were greatly outnumbered. At Bethzur he again put the Syrians to flight, reconquered Jerusalem, purified the Temple, reestablished the holy service, and concluded an alliance with the Komans. He fell in battle in IGL B.C. He was succeeded by his brother Jonathan, who became High Priest on the
thias
* It
is

of Foresters,

London, On-

who were

familiar with the history

also claimed the

name

''

Maccabi

"

was

of the ancient Maccabees, and believed it formed an excellent framew^ork on which to construct a modern fraternal and benefiThey drew up a constitution, ciary society. prepared a ritual and ceremonials, and the new society was born. Within two years it had spread throughout the Canadian Dominion and into several of the United States, with a total membership of about 10.000. Its earh" growth is declared to have been of

formed from the

initials of the

Hebrew words mi

a

Kamocha baelim, Jehovah, signifying " Who is like thee among the gods, Jehovah?" f On being summoned by the Syrian overseer and bade to make sacrifice to the gods, Mattathias answered: "If
their
all

the people in the

kingdom obey the

mushroom character. No medical examination was required of applicants, and assessments at deaths were only ten cents apiece for all members. The business management was not of the kind which beneorganizations of
this

order of the monarch to depart from the faith of
fathers,
I

ficiary

variety

now
more

and

my

sons will abide by the

require, expenses increased relatively

covenant of our forefathers."

rapidly

than the income,

and as deaths

KNIGHTS OF THE MACCABEES
became numerous a
in the face.*
crisis stared

153

the society

germs of ii usesome of the' more conservative business men of Michigan among its relatively large membership in that State
Believing
it

to possess the

in the Supreme Tent. A Great Camj) was promptly chartered in Michigan and incorporated June 11, 1881, which day

retained

ful institution,

has since been recognized as the anniversary of the reorganized Order. At the Supreme Tent, in July, 1881, the laws were amended,

mainly through the exertions of the Michigan representatives, to permit Great (State) Camps to control benefit funds of their own changed, and the business methods revised jurisdictions. Michigan members were eviand }>laced on a stronger foundation. This dently aware that the Order, even as recould not have been accomplished without organized, could not long survive, and were some friction, and one outcome was the seces- apparently planning to act as heirs and sion of a minority of the Order in Canada, assignees of what might remain when the under the leadership of one McLaughlin end came. At this period, September, 1881, of London. But one year later the rival Major N. S. Boynton was induced to act as Orders came together at Port Huron, Mich., secretary and general business manager for in the persons of their chief executive offi- the Michigan Great Camp, officially, as cials, and, after a two days' conference, were Great Record Keeper. He opened an office reunited, and elected a full corps of officers. in his residence at Port Huron, and adIt was several years before the society began vanced funds with which to jjurchase supits career of prosperity, owing to much plies, charters, seals, j)Ostage stamps, etc. " bad material" having been admitted, the His private business took him about Michiconsequent high death rate, to activity of gan so frequently that be was enabled to would-be leaders and of leaders who were work effectively for the Order, which, for a not competent. Major N. S. Boynton, who year, he did without pay had he not had been elected Supreme Lieutenant Com- done so, there would probably have been no mander at Buffalo, in 1881, was made Maccabees to-day. He subsequently became chairman of a committee appointed at the Great Commander of the Great Camp of
;

undertook to reorganize the society at the grand review held at Buifalo, N. Y., in 1880. The constitution and laws were

Port Huron joint review, in 1881, to draft
a

new

constitution and laws.

The

results

the

Michigan, the highest office in the gift of Fraternity in that State, which he,

of this committee's deliberations were adopted in February, 1881. They provided

more than any other one man, may claim
the credit for maintaining and upbuilding.

for

the

organization

of

Great Camps in

States, Territories,

and Provinces where the funct.

membershii? was 1,000 or more, but the management of the death benefit fund was
* This

Outside of Michigan the Order became deIt started anew in the Peninsular State in 1882, with only 700 members, and

has spread

throughout the United States

and Canada.
was about
tlic

period

of

tlio

so-called

"

Griffin defalcation " in the

Foresters,

Independent Order of which was followed in 1879 by schisms

The constitution and laws have been revised again, the ritual has been changed, and a funeral service incor-

to escape extra assessments, the offshoot organiza-

Independent Order of Foresters of Illinois, and the Canadian Order of Foresters. While it is probable, it has not been determined whether or no the Knights of the Maccabees
tions taking the
of
tlie

names

was devised by members of the Independent Order of Foresters for reasons similar to those which gave birth to the Illinois and Canadian Orders of Foresters.

These were largely the outcome new leaders, some of them Freemasons and members of other secret societies whose rituals and methods have served as models for many fraternal, beneficiary societies. Tlie old Supreme Tent being dead, its members in the Michigan Order revived it, Sei)tember, 1883, and began
porated.
of suggestions of

;

)

—

154

KNIGHTS OF THE STAR OF BETHLEHEM
shij) fee

work of extending the memthe country. In 1892 a throughout bershij) permanent headquarters was established at Leaders among the Knights Port Huron. declare that the Order, which consists of a body of men banded together for the protection of their families and homes, is not an insurance company, and bears the same
the active
relation
to

when

applied for at the same time,

and on payment of dues to maintain only one local organization. Certain classes of railroad employees, expressmen, firemen, and miners (except coal miners, which are prohibited risks) are regarded as hazardous risks, and pay twenty-five cents additional
assessment for each
$1,000.

Persons en-

an insurance company that a gaged in blasting, coal mining, submarine It is only operations, making highly inflammable or father bears to a guardian. proper to add that this distinction is drawn explosive materials, aeronauts, electric linebetween nearly all secret, fraternal, benefi- men, etc., are not eligible to membership on ciary societies and open mutual assessment account of the extra hazardous nature of insurance companies, as well as between the the occupations; in addition to which, prinformer and the old line, level jDremium- cipals or agents or employees in the manuThe facture or sale of spirituous or malt liquors, paying life insurance companies. Order of the Maccabees is quite compre- and those addicted to the intemperate use
hensive as to the relief
it

extends.

It not

of intoxicating

liquors, are

ineligible

to

only pays benefits at the deaths of members, both men and women, but for disability,

membership.

during extreme old age and sickness, for accidents, and to meet funeral expenses. These payments are met by mutual assessbased upon the ''actuaries' table Assessments are made monthly, and include an allowance of 12

The total membership of the Knights, December 1, 1896, of which more than oneMichigan, was about 182,000, throughout forty States and Provinces, and the death rate in 1895 was only 5.54 in 1,000, which was exceptionally Fully $5,000,000 in benefits have low. been paid since the Order was founded. The total membership, Knights and Ladies combined, December 1," 1896, was 248,000, and the combined benefits distributed had amounted to more than $7,000,000. Knights of the Star of Bethlehem. See Order of the Star of Bethlehem. Ladies of the Golden Eagle. The women's social and beneficiary branch of the mutual assessment fraternal society, the Knights of the Golden Eagle. (See the
third
is

in

distributed

ments,
of

mortality."

per cent, for the actual cost of management. All white persons of sound bodily health

and good moral character, socially acceptbetween eighteen and seventy years of but only age, are eligible to membership those between eighteen and fifty-two years of age may join and share in the beneficiary Sick benefits are from $4 to $10 features.
able,
;

—

per week, while $50, $200, or $300 annually are paid in case of total and permanent disability,

old age benefits.

and $50, $100, or $300 annually for A benefit of from $3 to
loss of

latter.

$30

is

paid in case of disabling accidents;
to $2,000 for the accidental
all

Ladies of the Maccabees.

—As

nearly

$175 both $100 $500

the prominent beneficiary secret societies

eyes, hands, or feet, or
to $1,000 for

hand and
foot;

foot

have auxiliary, or women's, branches, to aid

for the accidental loss of an eye.

funeral benefit of
$50, and the

in charitable work and assist socially and The otherwise in promoting the interests of the an unmarried member is parent organizations, so the Knights of tlie

hand or

and $40 to

$2,000, or $3,000;
exist)

death benefit $500, $1,000, and (where Great Camjjs

Maccabees are supplemented by the Ladies
of the .Alaccabees.

To Mrs. A. G. Ward

of

high as $5,000. These benefits (one or all) may be secured for one memberas

Muskegon. Mich., belongs the credit of having suggested and planned the Ladies

LADIES OF THE MACCABEES
of the Maccabees.

165

She drafted the original October 1, 1892, to harmonize the workings first Hive, composed of of various Great Hives, and to render their wives of the Knights, at Muskegon. At first social, ritualistic, and other work uniform, this society was local and purely social in and, as its name suggests, the Supreme character, but in 1886 application was made Hive is to-day the supreme authority of the
constitution for the

Camp for Michigan, at Kalamazoo, for recognition as an auxiliary branch to aid local Tents socially, and for laws to provide for life and disability benefits to be managed by the auxiliary society itself. The request was not granted, and a second apto the Great

Ladies of

tlie

Maccabees.

It

is

made up
is

of representatives of

Great Hives, and

the auxiliary branch of the
of

Supreme Tent

met with another refusal. would-be Lady Maccabees were not relaxed, and as many of the leading Knights had become convinced of the determination and ability of the ladies to accomplish what they had undertaken, the Great Camp, which met at Port Huron
plication in 1887

But the

efforts of the

the Knights of the Maccabees of the World, the supreme governing body of the Knights. The Ladies of the Maccabees is claimed to be the first movement of the kind among

women
own
even

offering death benefits,

laws,

and transacting

its

making its own bu.siness.
many,

Its successful

career has surprised

in 1888,

recognized the organization of a

Great Hive for Michigan, auxiliary to the Great Camp. A Great Hive was finally organized, its laws approved by the Great

among its well-wishers, and has shown that women may safely be intrusted with the conduct and management of many of the broader business affairs of life. The
membership of the Ladies of the MacDecember 1, 1896, of which fully one-half is in Michigan, had increased to
total

cabees,

Camp, and its officers elected and installed by Major N. S. Boynton, Great Record Keeper, in May, 1890. Organizers were appointed, and the ladies' Order was rapidly introduced throughont Michigan in connection with various Tents of the Maccabees. By August, 1890, the total membership of the Ladies of the Maccabees was only 170, but from that time onward its growth, success, and ])opularity among ladies, relatives of the Knights of the Maccabees, and others, have been continuous. For some years the growth of the society, owing to its charter, was confined to Michigan. Hives were subsequently organized by (ireat Camps in other States but in New York and Ohio
;

66,000

since the

formation of the Great

Hive for Michigan in 1888, and may be found in more than one-half the States of the Union and in the Canadian Dominion. It aids its sick and distressed members, cares for the living, buries its dead, and pays death and disability benefits. Women between the ages of sixteen and fifty-two, socially acceptable, are admitted to life
benefit membersliip, after passing a medical

examination.

They

receive

death benefit

certificates for $500, $1,000,

and §2,000, and

in case of permanent or total disability, or on reaching the age of seventy years, they

receive annually one-tenth of the
in

sum named

Great Camps retained control of subordinate Hives and of tlieir funds. This for
a time

their certificates.

Thus

far tiie death

rate

among

the Ladies of the Maccabees has
Tlie social, ritualis-

from Hive of the Order of the Ladies of the Maccabees of the World, restricting their enjoyment of social and "fraternal'' benefits of the Order in other States than their own. But the Supreme Hive of the Ladies of tlie Maccabees of the World was organized

prevented Hives in the States named being represented in the Supreme

been remarkably low.
tic,

and educational exercises are prominent features. In view of its unique
literary,

character, the society being the

first

of

its

kind managed exclusively by women, it is proper to add that to Lady Lillian M. Hollister of Detroit and Lady Bina M. West of Port Huron is larfjelv due the success

)

15(5

LEAGUE OF FRIENDSHIP, SUPREME MECHANICAL ORDER OF THE SUN
Loyal Circle.

and present high standing of the auxiliary
branch
of" tlie

—A

new

fraternal benefi-

Maccabees.

ciary society, organized at

Champaign,

111.

Loyal Knights and Ladies. An outLeague of Frieiidsliii), Supreme Media iiieal Order of tlie Snii. — A benefi- growth of the Knights and Ladies of Honor. ciary labor organization, now extinct, mem- The latter society M'as connected with the
bers of

—

which formed the Ancient Order

of

United

Workmen in

1868.

(See the latter,

Legion of the Red Cross.
smaller mutual assessment
cieties,

— One
the

of the

beneficiary so-

founded in 1885 by members of the Knights of tlie Golden Eagle, which insures
of
its

Knights of Honor, and Mizpah Lodge, Bosmost wide-awake Lodges. The Knights and Ladies of Honor severed its connection with the Knights of Honor, and the membership of Mizjoah Lodge, diston, Avas one of the
satisfied

with the action of the society, disconnection with the Knights and
u]}

the lives

members

in

sum

of

solved

its

$1,000, seeks to procure emjaloyment

for

Ladies of Honor and set
its

housekeeping

own account as the Loyal Knights All acceptable white men, be- and Ladies. The first meeting was held in business. tween eighteen and fifty years of age, who November 11, 1881, in Boston. The forcan pass the required physical examination, mation of the other Courts devolved upon
them, and,
so far as possible, to assist

them on

It is governed by a Supreme Council, made up of its officers and representatives of Grand Councils, which have jurisdiction over subordinate It Councils in States where established. furnishes sick as well as death benefits, and, since it was founded, has paid nearly $160,000 to beneficiaries. The ritual is based on the history and traditions of the Crusades,

are eligible to membership.

Court Mizjjah, and until the fifth Court had been instituted no attempt at a higher body was made. At that time delegates were sent from the five Courts, and upon
these devolved the duty of establishing the

governing body.

The Imperial Court was
6,

formed December

1883, though

it

was

known

as the

High Court

until February 23,

but, as

may be supposed, has no
Red
Cross.

direct or

other relation to the Masonic or other orders of the

The

total

memberand

ship, about 4,500, is centred in

Maryland,

Delaware, Pennsylvania,

New

Jersey,

New

York, and

its

headquarters are at Balis

1884. No esjsecial attempt was made to push matters until after the incorporation of the society, June 18, 1895, when some important changes were made in its constituAt the present time the Order is tion. growing slowly though very satisfactorily. The death rate of the Order has been very
low.

timore.
slightly
sliape,

The emblem
modified

a red Maltese Cross,

from the

conventional

with the letters L. 0. E. C. in the arms, and a circle in the centre containing
a representation of the Cross and Crown.
(See also Knights of the Golden Eagle.)

its

The strongest claim the Order has upon members is the genuine feeling of fraternity, which has held it together when so many stronger societies have gone to the
wall.

Very much

is

Indiana fraternal beneficiary society, with its headquarters at Indianapolis, which in 1897 dropped its fraternal features, and continued business as an ordinary insurance company. Loyal Additional Benefit Association.

Light of the Ages.

— An

to encourage this sentiment,

done by all the Courts and many enter-

tainments are given.
also is very good.
society,

The

ritualistic

work

It is a secret beneficiary
all

admitting

socially

acceptable

white persons of suitable age who can jiass It pays the required physical examination.
a death benefit not to exceed $1,000, though

—A

fraternal

beneficiary

society,

by members of the Royal Arcanum, to which only the latter are eligible as members. (See Royal Arcanum.)
formed
in 1889

the actual
that sum.
desired,

amount paid has never reached

A

sick benefit

is

provided for

if

though few of

the

Courts have

—
MODERN WOODMEN OF AMERICA
adopted the system.
benefit
ability,
is

—

157

Xo

other

form of

to provide for old age, total

attached, neither accident, dis-

ability benefits,

and partial disand for death benefit assess-

ciety

ments in excess of twelve annually, has been formed by setting aside 30 per cent, of the members, about 100 of whom are social or assessments on benefit certificates. Widows non-beneficiary. The amount of the benefit and orphans of members receive from $100
so-

annuity, or endowment.

The

has at the present time about GOO

averages II per assessment.

Miriam OogToe

:

Forestor.s.

—

to $1,000, $3,000, or $3,000.
l>enetllife's

On

reaching
re-

expectation the aged

members may
and

ciary and social branch of the Independent

ceive $500, $1,000, or $1,500,

to per-

Order of Foresters, to which only memand women relatives and friends are eligible. (See Independent Order of Foresters and Independent Order of
bers of the latter

Foresters of Illinois.)

Aiuerioaii Fraternal Order. at Effingham, 111., in 180G, by esting degrees for the consideration of those William B. Wright atid others, to pay death, who desire to become members, and curidisability, and old age benefits by means of ously founds its ritual on the life and adven-

— Organized
eligible to

Modern

manently disabled members $100, $200, or $300 is paid annually for five years, all sums paid for permanent disability and at life's expectation being deducted from the death benefit. This League of Modern Knights presents three highly instructive and inter-

mutual assessments. Men and women are tures of Don Quixote and his companion membership. About 1.000 have Sancho Panza. It numbers about 5,000 members. In that the ritual is based upon joined. incidents in the life of these well-known Modern Knights' Fidelity League. A mutual assessment beneficiary society for characters in Spanish fiction, it forms one men and women, organized in Kansas in of the two successful organizations which 1S91 by members of the Royal Arcanum, have based their unwritten work on stories National Union, Woodmen of the World, wliich underlie great and popular works of and other fraternal beneficiary associations, fiction. Modern TVoodmen of America. and incorporated under the laws of the State of Kansas in 1S93, with its chief offices at Among the many successful fraternal orders Kansas City, Kan. Membership is re- guaranteeing death benefits to members, the stricted to persons between eighteen and Modern Woodmen of America stands out fifty-six years of age residing in the more prominently, numerically, financially, and
healthful portions of the country.
Its gov-

fraternally.

Its benefit certificates

provide

ernment

is

on the widespread plan found
societies, consisting of

for the

payment

of $500, $1,000, $3,000, or

among like
and

or governing body
representatives

made up

Supreme $3,000 to the families of deceased members, and for care and attention during from Grand or State sickness. The Order is an Illinois corporaa
of its officers
tion,
5,

working under a charter granted ^May It was founded at Lyons, la., in 1883, by Joseph C. Root, a prominent Freeis to combine a number of risks in one certificate, such as a death and endowment mason, an Odd Fellow, a Knight of Pythias, benefit and annuity after the member shall member of the American Legion of Honor, have reached the age of seventy years. Sepa- and of the Ancient Order of United WorkThe first Camp, as its Lodges are rate tables of graded rates are employed to men. arrive at the cost of such benefits according called, was instituted January 5, 1883, Weekly bene- which is regarded as the birth of the Order, to the age at time of joining. although its beginning really dates back fits of from 13.50 to 810 are also paid in Since its incorporation it has cases of sickness or accident. A reserve fund to 1880.
Councils, which have direct charge of the
Its

subordinate Councils.

plan of insurance

1884.

—

158

MODERN WOODMEN OF AMERICA
a

increased from

membership
local

of

1884 to 210,000 in 4,180 September 1, 189G.

The record made by the Modern Wood600 in Camps on men of America shows that the cost of protection has not increased within seven years;
is

The
nois,
sin,

territory of the
its

Modern Woodmen

that

it is

furnishing insurance at a cost of

confined by

charter to the States of

Illi-

14.96 for $1,000 per
of

annum;

that the cost

Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, WisconMichigan, Kansas, North Dakota, South

management

is

78 cents per

member;
is

that the average age of membership
years,

35.96

such an increase in membership within a year as that of the ritory the healthiest in the country. In Modern Woodmen of America, which w^as, addition, persons engaged in hazardous oc- in round numbers, 45,000. There were 692 cupations are not eligible to membership.* death claims paid that year, amounting to Assessments to jiay benefits are graduated $1,408,500 and the total amount paid to
society

Dakota, Missouri, Indiana, and Ohio, from which the cities of Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, St. Louis, and Cincinnati are excluded.

and that the average death rate per
is

1,000

5.05.

No

other secret beneficiary

ever showed

This,

it

is

claimed, makes

its ter-

according to the age of the j)erson joining, the grading being in jiroportion to the average expectancy of

beneficiaries since organization

is

16,522,385.

The

total

increase in

membership during

life by the standard of eight months of 1896 broke the Society's American tables. The rate remains the own record, 49,350. On September 1, 1896, same as at the beginning, the special induce- it had 1515,000,000 of insurance in force. ment being to young and middle-aged men. Under the Order's charter the head office is Ordinary expenses of the local and head located at Fulton, 111., Avhere C. W. Hawes

Camps
men
of

are j^aid by the semi-annual dues.

has charge of the record dejiartment.
der the direction of

The

* As qualifications for membership in the Wood-

general supervision of the Order comes un-

America are

as exceptional
is

among like
:

rules

in similar societies as

the rapid annual increase

Northcott of Greenville,

Head Consul W. A. 111. Colonel A. H.

under the control of the who form the Board of who is over forty-five years of age, if but for a single day, is ineligible. Persons engaged in the fol- Directors: A. R. Talbot, Chairman, Lincoln, lowing kinds of business or employment will not be Neb. J. W. W^hite, Eock Falls, 111. J. N. admitted as members of this Fraternity Railway Reece, Springfield, 111. Marvin Quackenbrakeman, railway engineer, fireman, and switchbush, Dundee, 111.; and B. D. Smith, Manman, miner employed under ground, mine inspector, kato, Minn. The membership of the Order pit boss, professional rider and driver in races, employee in gunpowder factory, wholesaler or manu- includes many prominent men, among them facturer of liquors, saloon keeper, saloon bartender, former Comptroller of the Currency James aeronaut, sailor on the lakes and seas, plough polisher, H. Eckles, William J. Bryan, ex-Governor brass finisher, professional base-ball player, profesHoard of Wisconsin, and Congressman La
cial

in membership, these are given in full Persons to become members must be white males, over eighteen and under forty-five years of age, of sound health, exemplary habits, and good moral character. One

Hollister of Madison, Wis., is intrusted with the funds of the Order, and the finan-

supervision

is

following gentlemen,

;

;

:

:

sional

foot-ball player, professional fireman, sub-

marine operator, or soldier in regular army in time of war. One who, after joining the Order, engages in any prohibited occupation, thereby himself A'oids his contract with the Order and renders his certificate null and void, but may obviate this difficulty and retain his membership by filing with the Head Clerk a waiver of all right to benefits in case death results by reason of such prohibited occupation except where engaged in the sale of intoxicant
liquors.

Follette.

While making a point

of being particular

to restrict its operations to the healthiest

States in the Union, and to young and healthy men so as

receive
to

only

keep the

cost of insurance as low as the lowest, the

Modern

Woodmen

of

America makes a
This
is

strong feature of the social and fraternal
side of secret societv life.

indicated

:

—

MYSTIC WORKERS OF THE WORLD

159

by the following extract from an address to which members of the latter and women It has been estabbefore the orgauizi^.tion in 1894 by its then relatives are eligible. lished only a few years, but gives promise Head Banker (Treasurer) D. C. Tink The " Woodmen " in one form or another existed of ably supplementing the Camps of AVoodcenturies before the Golden Fleece or the Roman men as have so many similar auxiliary orEagle was dreamed of that the Orders of the Star and Garter, the Red Cross, and the Legion of
;

ganizations attached

to

other beneficiary

Orders.

This branch of the Order pays
also.

Honor
them.

are things of yesterday as

Far back
laid

in the

compared with dim and misty ages, before
before the
first

death
of

benefits

The membership

is

the creatures were born,

stones

were

in

the eternal city, in regions unlike

and fraternal, there being about 3,000 of the former and
varieties, beneficiary

two

those we see round about us, where snow-crowned

13,000 of the

latter.

peaks stand guard like sentinels, where babbling brooks and murnuiring rills discoursed soft music
to the

nodding

jiines,

the

first

Camp

of

With the axe they cleared the forest, with the wedge they opened up the seei-et resources of nature, and with the beetle they battered down the opposition of unworthy tribes that
was
organized.

Mystic Workers of the WoiUl. Founded by G. AV. Clendenen of Fulton, Woodmen 111., and incorporated under the laws of
Illinois in 1892, to

pay death and disability

sought to bar their progress. So, my friends, we, as Modern Woodmen of America, have the same
axe, beetle,

means of mutual assessments. Both men and women between sixteen and fifty-five years of age may join and be inbenefits by

sured for 8500, 81,000, 81,500, or 82,000.

and wedge, and we are destroying the
as they did

abiding places of poverty,

the wild

beasts, so that the blooming roses of happiness, the waving grain of plenty, the lowing herds of sympathy, the rumbling machinery of industry, and

Those unable to pass the required physical examination may, if elected, become social members. A member who becomes permanently and totally disabled by sickness, accident, or old age
of
is

the stately cities of the

home

of the beneficiaries

entitled to one-twentieth

are thus maintained and protected.

his certificate, or policy, semi-annually
it is

The
Society

reference

to the emblems of the makes evident the effort of the

until
is

cancelled.

This disability clause

not effective "until the Order can pay a
policy in full."

organizers to be as original as possible in

maximum

No

assessments

formulating ritual and ceremonies. Yet are levied after members arrive at the age so much had been done in the way of creat- of seventy years, and one-twentieth of the ing secret societies prior to 1880-83 that amount of their policies will be paid them some Avell-traveled ground had to be cov- every six months until cancelled, or if death Thus, notwithstanding the rela- takes i^lace before such time, the remaining ered.
the beetle and portion will be paid the beneficiary. Folnovel emblems, tively wedge, we find the chief official to be a lowers of the customary list of hazardous Head Consitl, which, with the employment occupations are not eligible to membership. of certain forms derived from ancient Kome, The founder of the ^lystic Workers was a suggests a partial, though perhaps uncon- member of the Masonic Fraternity, of the scious duplication of some of the rites of the Knights of Pythias, Modern Woodmen of English secret beneficiary society known as America, Knights of the Maccabees, and the Ancient Order of the Golden Fleece. Woodmen of the World, from which it may

The
in

abolition of State jurisdiction

is

a step

advance among American secret beneparticularly

be inferred that the Mystic Workers is the legitimate offspring of some of the most
representative of the older and
ternities.

ficiary societies,

when

the re-

striction of territory is considered in

which

Its

modern fraemblem includes two columns

the

Woodmen

operate.

or pillars

Royal Neighbors of America is the title of theauxiliarybrauchof the Modern Woodmen,

surmounted by two globes, and between them an open Bible, the scales of
justice, a

plane and square.

The

ritual

160

NATIONAL FRATERNAL CONGRESS
not included any merely speculative assessment or
non-fraternal cooperative concerns.
interests are based
tical.

emphasizes Charity, as described in I. CorThere are about 3,000 Mysinthians xiii.

Their meth-

Workers enrolled. National Fraternal Congress. (Contributed l)y N. S. Boynton, Past President.) At the Fourteenth Annual Session of the Supreme Lodge of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, held at Minneapolis in June, 1886, a resolution was adopted which
tic

ods are, in a very great degi'ee, the same, and their

—

on principles which are idenformation of a national body will prove of great advantage to
It is confidently believed that the

every organization represented.

The cooperative

plan of insurance as ,carried on by our societies has not wholly laid aside the character of an ex-

led

to

the organization

of

the National
is

Fraternal

Congress.

The following

a

copy

:

and the fundamental principles upon which their future depends have never been fully proven or even investigated. It would be as unreasonable to expect a successful importing merchant to carry on business in ignorance of foreign and
periment,

Resolved,

Workman

That the incoming Supreme Master be authorized to appoint, upon the basis

domestic markets, the rate of exchange, etc., as to expect our great fraternities to achieve the highest,

hereinafter stated, a committee,
as delegates on the part of the

who

shall also act

and

especially a continued, success,

knowing noth-

Supreme Lodge, to bring about a meeting and permanent organization
;

ing of the rules which govern admissions, lapses,

death rates, and other questions relating to such

of representatives of fraternal beneficiary societies

that such committee invite other beneficiaiy societies to

unite in such an association

;

that reprefirst

sentation in such association for the

meeting

to be one delegate for the first 40,000 beneficiary-

ing part,
40.000
of 20,000

members, or part thereof, or any organization takand one delegate for each additional

members or fractional part thereof in excess and that such committee have power to
;

arrange further details to secure the perfect organization and perpetuation of such an association of
representatives.

These ideas are, of course, not you who have had much experience in the work of fraternities, and it is of course evident to you that the investigation of these principles can best be conducted through cooperation, and that their efficiency and value are increased in proporThere tion as the study is made common to all. are many other results which an association of these societies may accomplish and which may be productive of good, not the least of which is that a "fraternity of fraternities" will be formed and
organizations.

new

to

the

fraternal

character

of

our

organization be
subjects are sug-

more firmly
apgested as

fixed.

The following

Supreme Master Workman Badgerow
pointed as such committee
Minneapolis,
;
:

A. L. Levi,

most
to

Hon. 0. F. Berry, Minn. Carthage, 111., and Warren Totten, barrister, Woodstock, Ont., with Leroy Andrus A call was acof Buffalo as chairman.
cordingly issued for a preliminary meeting of representatives of various fraternal
beneficiary societies,
to be

those which would be of the utalthough the field of discussion may First, the laws relating profitably be extended.
interest,

among

cooperative associations

and
;

the necessity of

further legislation in aid of fraternal societies and
the securing of uniform laws
sion of

second, the discus-

means by which

inore perfect medical exetc.
;

aminations can be secured,

and, third, the

general principles necessary to the successful cari-y-

held at Wash-

ington, D.
reciting
set forth

C, November

ing on of fraternal cooperative societies. Representatives of non-fraternal assessment associations
are not eligible to

16, 1886.

After

membership.

the foregoing resolution the call

the objects of the convention sub:

stantially as follows

The widely extended

influence

iary interests connected with

and vast pecunand represented by

The meeting was held pursuant to call, and Leroy Andrus of Buffalo was elected temporary chairman, and E. C. Hill of
Buffalo
secretary.

The
:

societies

repre-

the great beneficiary societies of the present time

sented were as follows

important and interesting development in this country. There are a large number (not less than fifty) of those societies, each having a considerable membership, carrying on a purely fraternal, beneficiary business in the United States, and among these are
render them a most
feature
of
social

Ancient Order of United Workmen, Leroy Andrus, Warren Totten, A. L. Levi, and
0. F. Berry, Carthage, HI.

Knights of Honor, W. H. Barnes, San
Francisco, Cal.

;

NATIONAL FRATERNAL CONGRESS
United Order of Honor, A. W. Wishard,
Indiunapolis, Ind.

161

Vice-President,

John Haskell Butler
;

^

Ee-

cording Secretary, E. C. Hill
ing Secretary, 0. M. vShedd
;

Corres})ond-

Order United American Mechanics, C. H. Stein, Baltimore, Md. Order United Friends, 0. M. Shedd, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Empire Order Mutual Aid, J. H. Meech, Bumilo, N. Y. Select Knights, Ancient Order United Workmen, E. C. Hill, Buffalo, N. Y. Endowment Rank, Knights of Pythias, Halvor Nelson, Washington, D. C. Equitable Aid Union, E. N. Seaver, Columbus, Pa. Knights of the Maccabees, N. S. Boynton. Port Huron, Mich. Eoyal Arcanum, A. 0. Trippe, Baltimore, Md.; J. Haskell Butler, Boston, Mass. Knights of Columbia, C. P. Kriezer,

and Treasurer,

Halvor Nelson. The following declaration " This association shall be was adopted
:

known

as the National Fraternal Congress.

Its objects are

hereby declared to be the
all

uniting permanently of
tual
Its

legitimate fra-

ternal benefit societies for i)ur[)oses of

mu-

information, benefit, and protection.

membership

shall be

composed

of its

officers,

standing committees, and of repre:

sentatives as follows

Each

society of 40,000

one representaand for each additional 40,000 members, or fraction of 40,000 over 20,000, an At any meeting additional representative.
shall be entitled to
tive,

members

when

a test ballot or vote shall be required,
society not fully represented, the

and any

New York

City.
J.

representative

or

representatives

present
entitled.

Knights of the Golden Rule,
ving, Toledo, 0.

D.

Ir-

shall be authorized to cast the full vote to

which his or their order may be

United Order of the Golden Cross, A. M. McBath, Washington, D. C. Eoyal Templars of Temperance, C. K. Porter, Buffalo, N. Y. Home Circle, J. H. Butler, Boston, Mass. The orders and membership rei^resented were as follows Ancient Order of United Workmen, 175,000 Knights of Honor, Eoyal Arcanum, 76,000 Order 130,000 of United American Mechanics, 40,000 Eoyal Templars of Temperance, 2:2,000 Equitable Aid Union, 17,000 Endowment Eank, Knights of Pythias, 16,000; Order Select Knights, of United Friends, 12,000 Ancient Order United Workmen, 11,000 Knights of the Maccabees, 11,000 ; United Order of the Golden Cross, 9,000 Empire Order of Mutual Aid, 8,000 United Order of Honor, 7,000 ; Knights of the Golden Eule, 9,000 Home Circle, 5,000 ; Knights of Columbia, 2,000 a grand total of
:

No

fraternal society, order, or association

shall be entitled to representation in this

Congress, unless said society, order, or association works under a ritual, holds regular

lodge or similar meetings, and pays endow-

ment moneys

to the beneficiaries of its de-

ceased members.
at such place as

This Congress shall meet

;

annually on the third Tuesday of November,

;

;

may

be selected."

After a two days' session, during which a number of papers were read and discussed,
the Congress adjourned to meet in Philadelphia, Pa., on the third Tuesday in November, 1887. The next annual meeting was held in

;

;

;

Philadelphia,

November

15,

1887.

The
first

;

attendance was smaller than at Washington the year before, and the feeling at

;

was strongly
ganization
topics of
;

in favor of

abandoning the

or-

;

but

it

was

finally decided to

;

535,000,

with

outstanding

life

benefits

amounting
:

to $1,200,000,000.

After a dis-

permanent officers were chosen President, Leroy Andrus First Vice-President, W. H. Barnes Second John Haskell Butler, Boston, Mass.; First
cussion the following
;
:

Papers were read, orders were discussed, and several societies not represented the year before were admitted. The following officers were elected President,
continue the Congress.
interest to the

;

11

:

163

NATIONAL FRATERNAL CONGRESS
over one million

Vice* President, Warren Totten, Woodstock,
Ont.; Second Vice-President, R. N. Seaver,

two hundred thousand.

During the
visited the

session the Congress, as a body,

tary,

M.D., of Pennsylvania Samuel Nelson of

;

Recording Secre-

New York

;

Cor-

Harrison.

White House and met President Among the more important
J.

responding Secretary, 0. M. Shedd of New York ; and Treasurer, George Hawkes of
Pennsylvania.

papers read was one by

E. Shapherd,

At the second annual session, held in Murray Hill Hotel, New York City, November 20 and 21, 1888, with increased attendance and greater interest, seven Orders Paj^ers on Avere admitted as new members. various subjects were read and discussed, and the constitution and laws were amended so as to do away with the office of Second Vice-President, and to merge the ofiBces of
:

" Can a fraternal society safely transact an endowment business and pay a stated sum at the end of a stated number of years, or
sooner in the event of death ?" and one by

N.

S.

Boynton on

notices be dispensed with

" Should assessment ?" Others were:

^'Should medical examiners be elected by the
lodge, appointed by the chief medical ex-

aminer, or chosen by the supreme body?'*
Dr. J. Foster

Uses of a and secret ceremonies in benefit orCorresi^ouding and Recording Secretaries. ders," by C. W. Hazzard. Frank N. Gage Presi- read a paper on the '' Advisability of Officers elected at this session were Vice-Presi- abolishing the per capita tax and levying dent, John Haskell of Boston dent, Warren Totten ; Corresponding and all revenues for the general fund ujjon the and same basis as assessments are levied to pay Recording Secretary, 0. M. Shedd death benefits " and B. F. Nelson one on George Hawkes, Treasurer. tojjic, "'Is it advisable for fraternal in the was held BosThe third annual session benefit societies to prohibit the admission Twenty1889. 12 and 13, ton, November of men engaged personally in the sale of inand four represented, were six societies The following offi- toxicating liquors ?" A special committee others were admitted. was appointed to confer with the PostmasterPresident, D. H. Shields cers were elected Vice-President, A. R. Savage, Lewiston, General, with reference to the circulation Treasurer, of fraternal society journals through the Me.; Secretary, 0. M. Shedd United States mails, by paying the rates George Hawkes. Officers The fourth annual session was held in fixed for second-class matter. President, Adam Pittsburg, Pa., November 11 and 12, 1890, elected were as follows Vice-President, M. G. Jeffris, with a still larger attendance, societies rep- Warnock resented having a total membership of over Janesville, Wis.; Secretary and Treasurer, one million. The Committee on Legisla- 0. M. Shedd. The sixth annual session was held at tion was directed to draft a uniform law, disWashington, D. C, November 15, 16, 17, and having separate of object with the Delegates were present from thirtytinct laws for the regulation of frateral 1892. beneficiary societies passed by the State three societies with a total membershij) of Among papers read were The following officers were 1,250,000. legislatures. Vice- "The typical frater,^' by Louis Maloney President, A. R. Savage chosen of Boston, "Am I my brother's keeper ?" by W. S. President, Adam Warnock Mass.; and Secretary and Treasurer, 0. Bailey; "Increasing membership," by John " Press and societies," by J. D. J. Acker M. Shedd. " The state and its relations to frain Smith The fifth annual session was held societies," by Howard H. ternal beneficiary November and C, 10, 11, Washington, D. " legislation," by D. E. Morse Securing societies were thirty-two when 12, 1891, and " Fraternal duties," by A. L. represented, with a total membership of Stevens
''
;

Bush

and the

ritual

;

;

;

:

;

;

:

;

;

;

:

;

;

;

;

NATIONAL FRATERNAL CONGRESS
Barbour. A. R.
Savage,

mi
by forty orders repre-

from the Com-

their

organization

amounted to %228,447,120, and that revision of uniform laws in the form of a bill during 1894 more than $28,000,000 had entitled, ''An Act regulating fraternal ben- been disbursed. The ratio of expense to eficiary societies, orders, or associations,'* benefits was $G5.67 for each $1,000, and the which was adopted, and action taken look- ratio of expense to membership was $1.27 ing toward the passage of the bill through per capita, and the average rate of mortalthe legislatures of the different States and ity was 9.92 per 1,000. Certificates in force in the Provinces of Canada. The following amounted to $2,855,018,610. The medical officers were elected: President, M.G. Jeffris; section, formed of medical examiners-inVice-President, N. S. Boynton Secretary chief of orders represented, met, and a numand Treasurer, 0. M. Shedd. ber of papers were submitted. The followsented,
;

mittee on Laws, presented a report on the

Cincinnati, 0.,

The seventh annual session was held at ing officers were elected President, W. R. November 21, 23, and 23, Spooner Vice-President, John G. John1893, when thirty-six organizations, having son, Peabody, Kan., and Secretary, M. W.
:

;

a total membership of nearly one million
three hundred and fifty thousand, were represented.

Sackett.

A

very large

number

of valuable

papers was read and discussed, as in previ-

The tenth annual session was held at November 17, 18, and 19, 1896. Forty-three orders, with a total memLouisville, Ky.,

ous sessions.

A committee
if

to be

known

as

the Committee on Fraternal Press was ap-

bership of 1,587,859, were represented. President Spooners annual address stated
that material progress had been made in securing legislation in the interest of fraternal beneficiary orders.
too,

pointed to secure,

possible, the passage of

an act by Congress which would permit fraternal publications to be mailed as second-class matter.

At

this session,

A

paper on

"Women

in

the necessity for increasing rates of

fraternal societies" was presented by Mrs.

Emma

M.

Gillette of
officers
;

Washington, D. C.
were elected
:

assessments was considered, basing them on some recognized mortality tables, so as to

The following
dent, N. S.
urer, 0.

Presi-

Boynton

Vice-President, S. A.

provide an emergency fund with which to meet an increased death rate,- which it was
held would appear as the Orders grow older.

Wills, Pittsburg, Pa;

;

Secretary and Treas-

The concensus of opinion favored the proThe eighth annual session was held at posed change. The following officers were Buffalo, N. Y., November 20, 21, and 22, elected President. J. G. Johnson, Peabody,
M. Shedd.
:

Forty orders, having a total membership of 1,300,000, were represented. The Committee on Fraternal Press reported they had succeeded in securing legislation admit1894.

Kan.

Vice-President, James E. Shepard, Lawrence, Mass.; Secretary and Treasurer,
;

M. W. Sackett Chaplain, Rev. J. G. Tate, Grand Island, Neb. The titles of the or;

ting to the mails

all

fraternal journals as

ganizations

represented

at

Louisville

in

second-class matter.

The

following officers
;

1896, together with the
the
in

names

of delegates

were chosen
President,
rotary,

:

President, S. A. Wills
R. Spooner,

Vice;

there, contrasted with like data respecting
first

W. M. W.

New York

Sec-

Congress, that held at Washington
fitly

Sackett, Meadville, Pa.
at Toronto,

1886,

represent

the

growth

of

forty orders,

21, 1895 ; having a total membership of 1,400,000, were represented. The Committee on Statistics submitted a report showing that the total benefits paid since

The ninth session was held Can., November 19, 20, and

the "fraternity of fraternities" sentiment

throughout the country. Titles of Orders and names of delegates at the National Fraternal Congress of 1896 American Legion of Honor, Adam War:

nock. Boston, Mass.

164

NATIONAL FRATERNAL CONGRESS
Pa.
;

Ancient Order of the Pyramids, E. S. McClintbck, Topeka, Kan. Ancient Order of United Workmen, Joseph E. Riggs, Lawrence, Kan.; J. G. and D. H. Tate, Grand Island, Neb.
;

B. F. Nelson, St. Louis, Mo.,

and L.

A. Gratz, Louisville, Ky.

Knights of the Loyal Guard, Mark W.
Stevens and Orson Millard, M.D., Flint,

Mich.
Flint, Mich.

Siiields,

M.D., Hannibal, Mo. Artisans' Order of Mutual Protection, Louis Maloney, Philadelphia, Pa. Chosen Friends, Louis A. Steber, St. William B. Wilson, Newark, Louis, Mo. N. J. Henry Jamison, M.D., Indianapo;

Order of the Maccabees, D. D. Aitkin, Thomas Watson, Mrs. M. M. Danforth, and R. E. Moss, M.D., Port Huron, Mich. George J. Seigle, Buffalo, Edward L. Young, Norwalk, 0.; N. Y.
;

;

;

;

Mrs.

Lillian

M.

Hollister, Detroit, Mich.,

lis,

Ind.
of
Relief,

and Mrs.

Frances E.

Burns,

St.

Louis,

Empire Knights

Frank E.

Munger, Buffalo, N. Y., and Philip A. McCrae, M.D., Buffalo, N. Y. Equitable Aid Union, Albert Morgan,
Corry, Pa.

Mich. Legion of the Red Cross, H. F. Ackley,

Camden, N.
Loyal

J.

Additional

Benefit

Association,

Fraternal

Walker, Kansas City, Kan., Horner, M.D., Wichita, Kan.
Fraternal Legion, J.

Aid Association, William T. and Levi N. Reece, Springfield,
cott,

Frank S. Petter, Jersey City, N. J. Modern Woodmen of America, Jasper
111.
;

W.

A. North-

Greenville,
;

111.;

Charles

W. Hawes,

W.

P. Bates,

M.D.,

Baltimore, Md.
Fraternal Mystic Circle, D. E. Stevens,
Pa., and F. S. Wagenhals, M.D., Columbus, 0. Golden Chain, J. A. Baden, M.D., Baltimore, Md. Home Circle, Julius M. Swain, Boston,

Philadelphia,

A. 0. Faulkner, Lincoln, Fulton, 111. Neb.; Benjamin D. Smith, Mankato, Minn,, and C. A. McCollum, M.D., Minneapolis, Minn.

Mutual Protection, Dr. W. K. Harrison,
Chicago,
111.

National Provident Union, Edward
Peck,

S.

New York

city.

Mass.

National

Reserve

Association,

F.

W.

Improved Order of Heptasophs, F. L. Brown, Scranton, Pa. John G. Mitchell, Baltimore, Md., and J. H. Christian, M.D., Baltimore, Md.
;

Sears and J. T. Craig, M.D., Kansas City,

Mo.
National Union,
land, 0.; J.

W. M. Bayne, CleveW. Meyers, Toledo, 0., and

hyatekha,

Independent Order of Foresters, OronA. E. M.D., Toronto, Ont.
;

Stevenson,

Chicago,

111.

;

J.

D.

Clark,

Dayton, 0., and Thomas Millman, M.D., Toronto, Ont. Meyers, New York city. Protected Home Circle, W. S. Palmer Iowa Legion of Honor, Dr. E. R. Hutchins, Des Moines, la. and S. Heilman, M.D., Sharon, Pa. Knights and Ladies of Security, W. B. Royal Arcanum, John E. Pound, LockKirkpatrick, Topeka, Kan., and H. A. port, N. Y. ; J. A. Langfitt, Pittsburg, Justin F. Price, New York city; W. Warner, M.D., Topeka, Kan. Pa. Knights and Ladies of the Golden 0. Robson, Boston, Mass., and J. M. Star, Rev. Samuel P. Lacey, Newark, McKinstry, Cleveland, 0. N. J. Royal League, C. C. Linthicum and WalKnights of Honor, John Mulligan, Yon- lace K. Harrison, M.D., Chicago, 111. Royal Society of Good Fellows, D. S. J. W. Goheen, Philadelphia, kers, N. Y.
; ;

M. R. Brown, M.D., Chicago, 111. New England Order of Protection, Lucius P. Deming, New Haven, Conn. Order United Friends, John G. H.

NATIONAL FRATERNAL CONGRESS
Biggs, Arlington, Mass., and W. G. Weaver, M.D., Wilkesbarre, Pa. Eoyal Templars of Temperance, T. N. Boyle, D.D., Pittsburg, Pa., and J. W. Grosvenor, M.D., Buffalo, N. Y.
Select Friends, Dr. J. T. Tinder, Parsons,

165

system,'" with its endowment, tonand semi-tontine features. In this there is a contract between the company and the insured called a policy, and profit is the
tine,

premium

controlling object. In every State there are laws providing for the incorporation of com-

Kan.
Shield of Honor,

panies using

tliis

system and for governing

James H. Livingston,

their operations.

Baltimore, Md.

Supreme Tribe

of

Ben Hur, D. W. Gerard tem,

Second, the open business assessment sysin which the contract between the asso-

and J.F. Davidson, M.D.,Crawfordsville,Ind. United Order of Pilgrim Fathers, J. Albion Briggs, Somerville, Mass. ; J. S. Taft, Keene, N. H. United Order of the Golden Cross, John :N". Ehle, Washington, D. 0. J. D. Young, M.D., Winthrop, Mass.
;

and the insured is sometimes called and sometimes a certificate. This system has no lodges or fraternal bond to bind the insured together, and the associaciations

a policy

tions are merely business concerns without

a representative form of government, generally close corporations.
also,

In every State,

Woodmen

of the

World,

W.

0. Rogers,
;

laws are found for their incorporation

M.D., and Joseph C. Root, Omaha, Neb.
F. A. Falkenberg, Denver, Col.

and supervision.
Third, the fraternal beneficiary system,

composed of societies having a representaothers not tive form of government, subordinate although eligible, constitute the fraternal lodges, and ritualistic work, furnishing beneficiary system of the country, and are financial assistance to living members in in no way to be classed witli the old line life sickness or destitution, providing for the or open business assessment associations, payment of benefits to living members in nor with any orders or associations not case of partial or total physical disability recognized by the National Fraternal Con- arising from sickness or old age, and prowith probably ten represented in the Congress,
societies,

The above

gress as a part of the fraternal beneficiary

viding benefits at the death of members for
their families or dependent blood relatives.

system of
orders

life

protection.

The foregoing

hud a combined membership of over one million and a half in 189G, and had paid out within a year for life benefits the

The lines of demarcation between the three
and have been kept so enactments relating to them. The uniform bill adopted by the National Fraternal Congress, which has been engrafted on the statute books of several of
are clear
distinct,

and

in all legislative

sum
life

of

828,034,855

;

total paid
;

out since
$3,026,-

organization, $231,043,180
benefit
certificates

total value of
force,

in

membership the States, defines what constitutes a fraduring the year was 165,544, all of which ternal beneficiary society in the following goes to show what the fraternal beneficiary terms: Section 1. A fraternal beneficiary
545,042.
increase of

The net

system of the country as represented in the National Fraternal Congress has accomplished in a
little over a quarter of a century. In view of the extraordinary results from

association

is

hereby declared to be a cor-

poration, societ}', or voluntary association,

this

form of cooperation
it is

since the close of

the Civil War,

important to carefully
the three distinct sys-

distinguish between

tems of

life

protection

now

in operation.

formed or organized and carried on for the sole benefit of its members and their beneficiaries and not for profit. Each association shall have a lodge system, with ritualistic form of work and representative form of government, and shall make provision
for
tlie

First, the

" old

line life insurance, or level

payment

of benefits in case of death.

166

NATIONAL FRATERNAL CONGRESS
for the

aud may make provision

payments

of benefits in case of sickness, accident, or

fully

changes in the laws, etc., that may be lawmade during his membershij). He has

old age, provided the j^eriod in life at

payment

of physical disability benefits

which on

acconnt of old age commences shall not be under seventy (70) years, subject to their

no vested or property rights while living and belonging to such societies unless he should become sick or disabled, and then
only after his claim has been allowed.
the death of a

After

compliance with
benefits shall be

its

constitution and laws.

member who has complied
beneficiary has a vested
to the

The fund from which the payment of such with the laws, the made and the fund from or property right
which the expenses of such association shall be defrayed shall be derived from assessments or dues collected from its members. Payments of death benefits shall be to the

amount of a deceased member's certificate, as provided by
the society's laws.
operative bodies,

These orders are coagree-

members mutually

ing to protect each other and their families

families,

heirs,

blood

relatives,

affianced

husbands, affianced wives, or to persons de-

pendent upon the members. Such associations shall be governed by this act, and shall be exempt from the provisions of insurance laws of this State, and no law hereafter

and dependents in case of sickness, disabilcontributing a certain ity, or death by amount of money from time to time to pro.

vide for the jjayment of the

sum

specified in

the certificate.
tine, or

No term-endowment,

ton-

any other form of speculative cerpassed shall apply to them unless they be tificates are issued, neither can a certificate expressly designated therein. within the objects and purposes of a legitiThe laws of the National Fraternal Con- mate beneficiary order be made payable to a gress declare that no fraternal society, member or his creditor, nor can it be used order, or association shall be entitled to as collateral for a loan or have a surrender rejoresentation in it unless the latter " works value. The holder can transfer it to any under a ritual, holds regular lodge or sim- legal beneficiary without the consent of the ilar meetings, where the purposes are con- person named in the certificate, but the
fined to visitation of the sick, relief of distress, burial of -the

policy of a life insurance

dead, protection of wid-

be so transferred.

ows and orj)hans, education of the orjihan, beneficiary of a payment of a benefit for temporary or per- rights in the certificate, but that a permanent disability or death, and where these son named as, the payee has such rights. principles are an obligated duty on all mem- The decision of the supreme court of bers, to be discharged without compensation Pennsylvania in the Dickinson case, " Ella

company cannot The courts hold that a member has no vested

where the general M. Dickinson vs. Grand Lodge of Ancient membership attend to the general business Order of United Workmen of Pennsylvaof the order, and where a fraternal interest nia," defines the objects and purposes of in the welfare of each other is a dut}^ taught, fraternal beneficiary societies, and holds that recognized, and practised as the motive and they are not insurance corporations, but bond of organization.'' The mutual agree- purely benevolent associations, as follows: ment between the fraternal society and the The first specification charges error in
or pecuniary reward;
'•'

member

is

not a policy or contract like that
life

entered into between a

insurance comFraternal soci-

pany and
eties

its

policy-holder.

simply issue a certificate of member-

admitting the application thus referred This is grounded on the assumption to. that defendant (the A. 0. U. W.) is an insurance company, and the contract sued

which the member agrees to comply with all rules and regulations in force at the time he becomes a member, and with all
ship, in

on

is

a contract of assurance

on the

life of

plaintiff's

husband

for her benefit.
is

Such

assumption, however,

unwarranted.

The

NATIONAL PROVIDENT UNION
defendant is not an insurance company, but belongs to the distinctly recognized class of organizations known as benevolent associations.

l(i7

It

pays deatii
;

benefits
disability

of

from

§500
of

to

13,500

total

benefits

from

AVhat

is

known

as a benevolent or-

ganization, however, has a wholly different

object and purpose in view.

The

great unis

$250 to $1,250; and sick and accident benefits of from $5 to $25 weekly, with a cash distribution at stated periods of all earnings and accumulations, and a savings dividend
every five years of membership.

derlying purpose of the organization
sign
to accumulate a
its

not

Lodges

to indemnify or secure against loss; its deis

are governed by Sections, corresjtondiiig to

fund from the confor beneficial or

Grand

or State bodies,
is

tributions of

members

at large

and the Fraternity under the jurisdiction of the

protective purposes, to be used in their

own Board

of Control,

made

iip of

its

officers

aid or relief, in the misfortunes of sickness,
injury, or death.

and representatives of the Sections.
system of five-year credits
it is

By the

The

benefits,

although

secured by contracts, and for that reason, to a limited extent, assimilated to the proceeds Such of insurance, are not so considered.
societies are

proposed to cancel all sick benefits drawn during that Any excess is to be carried over period.
against a succeeding five-year credit period.

rather of a philanthropic or

Sick benefits,

previously drawn,
total

are

de-

and benevolent character; their beneficial feafor permanent or drawn benefits charlikewise all narrow or restricted of a tures may be acter; the motives of the members may be temporary disability are deducted from the
ducted from
disability

claims,

some extent upon which they
to

but the principle founded in the conThese benefits, by siderations mentioned. the rule of their organizations, are paying to their own unfortunate, out of funds which the members themselves have contributed for the purpose, not as an indemnity or security against loss, but as a protective reselfish,

ultimate death benefit, unless already cancelled

rest is

by the five-year credits.

''In this

manner those who never draw sick benefits The will not suffer from those who do." former A. 0. U. W. plan of fixed assessments of $1.10 characterizes the organization, the headquarters of which are at
Philadelphia.

The

ritual of the Society is

lief in case of sickness or injury, or to pro-

vide the means of a decent burial in the

based on the history of the United States, and its leading emblem is the dome of the

event of death.
ital stock.

Such

societies

have no cap-

They

yield

no

profit,

and their

contracts, although beneficial

and

protective,

altogether exclude the idea of insurance, or
of indemnity, or of securing against loss.''

Like so many other similar frait has a motto in three words -' The Charity, Union, and Fellowship. total number of members is about 3,000.
capitol.
ternities,
:

''

National Provident Union.

— An

as-

Hence

it

will

be seen that the fraternal

beneficiary orders are purely cooperative

non-speculative,

and do not

in

and any sense

sessment, beneficiary and patriotic organiIt zation, founded at Xew York in 1883.
is

governed by a Congress ])atterned after

furnish

life

insurance.

Neither can they

the United States House of Kejiresentatives.

be classed with the open business assessment
associations;

there

is

nothing in

common New England and
front and
cils
is

between them. National Fraternity. Organized at Philadelphia in 1893 by members of the Ancient Order of United "Workmen, a fraternal mutual assessment beneficiary society, which both men and women between

10,000 members are found principally in the Middle States, but the Order i.s pushing its way rapidly to the
Its

—

already establishing

new CounStates.
Its

in

Central and
character

Western
is

democratic

shown by there
its

being 300 ineml)er8 of

Congress.

Its

eighteen and

fifty years

of age

may

join.

death benefits range from $1,000 to $5,000, and the live interest taken in securing the

—
NATIONAL RESERVE ASSOCIATION

168

most advanced system of assessments to meet been designated in accordance with laws Certificates are issued in death benefit payments is indicative of the of the Order. It amounts of $1,000, $2,000, $3,000, $4,000, exceptional vitality of the organization. or $5,000. is very strong in Greater Xew York, where The feature in which the National Union it maintains permanent headquarters. National Association. Reserve diflEered from the fraternal societies that Founded in 1891 at Kansas City, Mo., by preceded it was in the adoption of a system F. W. Sears, 32°, an Odd Fellow, a Kni.sjht of assessments graded according to age, of Pythias, and a member of several f r.aternal advancing each year with the age of its It receives acceptable members, on the ^'step-rate ^' principle, by beneficiary orders. white men and Avomen on ec[ual terms, to which each member pays from year to year whom or their beneficiaries it pays, by means the actual cost of the protection afforded. of assessments, permanent, total, and death This system is based on the increasing cost Total membership about 5,000. benefits. of insurance as a member advances in age. National Union. One of the more pro- The vitality of the Order does not, therefore, gressive fraternal assessment beneficiary so- depend upon new members alone, but is also cieties, organized in Mansfield, 0., and in- preserved by the increasing rate of assesscorporated under the laws of Ohio, May 11, ments of members, thus overcoming the ob1881, by Dr. A. E. Keyes, N. N. Leyman, jection commonly urged against assessment E. V. Anders, George W. Cole, and others. societies which do not have reserve funds. Dr. Keyes, who was elected Medical Di- The argument is that the inducement for rector, had been Supreme Director of the new members to join will always be the Knights of Honor and Supreme Eegent of same, thereby preserving the life of the the Eoyal Arcanum. N. N. Leyman was Order by taking in younger members who also a man of experience among fraternal have the advantage of paying assessments societies, and for years was chairman of the at their own ages, but who are not comCommittee on Laws of the Supreme Council pelled to carry the burden of older members, of the Eoyal Arcanum. George W. Cole as each bears his equitable proportion of was a Freemason. Among the first Board the actual cost.

—

of Officers were Dr.
field,
;

W.

G.

Graham

of "Win-

Kan. George L. Fuller of Binghamton, N. Y., and J. "W". Meyers of Columbus, 0., each of whom had had experience in
similar societies.

The National Union is patriotic in charand the American flag appears in its The government of the ritualistic work.
acter,

Order

is

States, its

modelled after that of the United Supreme body being called a

forth at the time of organization, were:

Senate, to which representatives are elected That by the different State Assemblies or Legisthe National Union is a distinctively Ameri- latures. Eepresentatives to the Assemblies can, secret, beneficiary Order, formed to as- are elected, in turn, by delegates from the sociate white male citizens of good moral different Councils in the various States.
special purposes of the Order, as set

The

character,

sound

bodily health,

twenty and
to

fifty years of age, to

between advance its

The Order thus has a Senate, Assemblies, and Councils, or Lodges, the latter being

members morally, socially, and intellectually; subordinate bodies. The principal emblem. provide for the relief of sick and dis- is a badge representing a shield. A lapel tressed members and their families, and to button is also worn, which, like the shield, secure a benefit fund from which, upon the displays the national colors. death of a member, a sum not exceeding The membership has steadily progressed, 15,000 shall be paid to such beneficiaries but not phenomenally, and in personnel related to the deceased member as mav have is unexceptionable, comprising business and

NEW ENGLAND ORDER
professional
as those in

OF PROTECTION

1G9

men

of high character as well
of
life.

tlie

humbler walks

The

Order has Councils estal)lished in the following States Ahibama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, West At Virginia, "Washington, and AVisconsin. the close of 189G there were 48,000 members, and at that time there had been paid
:

to beneficiaries the

sum

of 87,500,000.

The

table of rates of assessments in the
is

National Union

given in

full,

owing
t^tep

to

the system constituting a marked
of fraternal assessment societies.

in

advance in the history of the development

TABLE OF ASSESSMENT KATES PER
[Inci

$1,000.

170

NORTH AMERICAN UNION
of

Honor on the question
Supreme Lodge
of the

separate juris-

diction which arose in that Order.

At the

Knights and Ladies of Honor, in Philadelphia, September 14, 1887, the petition of twenty-one Xew England Lodges, with over 1,300 members, for a New England jurisdiction was referred to the committee on the state of the order. A majority of that committee reported in favor of the petition, and a minority adversely; but the minority rejjort was adopted. Inspired by the success of the Ancient Order of United Workmen under a separate New England jurisdiction, those who had agitated the question were confident that an order
confined within the limits of the six

New

England States could be made successful, and one month later the new society was
formed.
all

Its objects are to unite fraternally

white persons of good moral character and steady habits; to provide for and comfort the sick; to establish relief

and benefit

funds from which, ujoon satisfactory proof of the death of a beneficiary member, a sum not exceeding $3,000 shall be paid to his or her family as directed by the member. The first Lodge was instituted November On April 30, 17, 1887, with 46 members. total membership waa 2,117; on 1888, the April 30, 1889, it amounted to 6,213; on April 1, 1892, to 11,949; on April 1, 1894, to 15,656; on April 1, 1896, to 19,722, and on January 1, 1897, to 21,122. The Order on January 1, 1897, carried 137,812,000

and had paid out $1,311,000. It pays $1,000, 12,000, and $3,000 benefits, and is conducted on the graded assessment plan,
j)rotection,

with an increase in the rate of assessment, as

shown

in the following table:

ORDER OF CHOSEN FRIENDS
It does business in

171

Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and

States and
for

Councils and 26,000 members in the United Canada. It makes provisions

State of Iowa.

was incorporated March 12, 1884, in the It is governed by a Grand Council composed of its officers and repre-

benefits,

payment, in addition to sick and death one to aged members, and also one to those who become totally disabled by reaIts objects are

sentatives

from subordinate Councils, thus
machinery of many similar
or-

son of disease or accident.

avoiding, like the Iowa Legion of Honor,

to unite, fraternally, acceptable white per-

much
to

of the

sons of good character, steady habits, sound
bodily health, and reputable calling,
believe
in

ganizations.

It issues beneficiary certificates

who

men and women members
$2,000,

alike for $500,

a

Supreme Being;

to

$1,000,

or $3,000 each.

Assess-

their condition morally, socially,
rially

improve and mate-

ments are graded according
fund from which
the death rate.

to age, one-fifth

of each assessment going into the reserve
losses are to be

lessons,

by timely counsel and instructive encouragement in business, and

met

in case

assistance to obtain

employment when

in

of epidemics or other causes of increase in

This Order frankly admits an offspring of the American Legion of Honor. Its ritual teaches benevolence. The total membership is about 2,500. The emblem of the Order is the six-jiointed star, with the abbreviations of the names of the
it is

need; to establish a relief fund from which a sum not exceeding $3,000 shall be jiaid,
first,

when

disabled by old age (provided

seventy-five

years

are

reached);

second,
be-

when by

disease or accident a

member

comes permanently disabled; and,

third,

when
cil

a

member
all

dies.

The Supreme Counmanagement of membership is
is

States

in

the angles

;

the motto,

''

We

makes

laws for the government of
Beneficiary

work together,"

in the centre, surrounding

the Order, and -has entire

"N.

^\.

L. of IL," the whole overhung

the relief fund.
optional.

with an encircling chain of seven links. (See American Legion of Honor.)

A

medical

examination

re-

quired before an apj)licant can become a
beneficiary
for $500,

Order of Alfredians.—^Dormant.
tive at Boston,

Ac-

member.

Certificates are issued

Providence, and elsewhere

$1,000, $2,000, or $3,000 as de-

—

than twenty years embodied beneficiary features, but was founded for the "descendants of the wdse and good King Alfred.'' It commemorated April 23d, because on that day in 871 Alfred ascended the throne, and also because Shakespeare was born on April 23d, "the poet of all time, the embalmer of the Anglo-Saxon tongue." Order of American Fraternal Circle. A Baltimore mutual assessment organization, founded prior to 18S9. It died in 1S94. Order of Aniitie. A Philadelphia mutual assessment insurance society. Died in
in

New England more
It

sired, subject to the approval of the super-

ago.

vising medical examiner.

Beneficiary

members
fund

are required to pay

into the relief

at deaths of
to

sums graded according

age.

members By the

equalization plan of paying assessments all

equal benefit.''
fifth birthday,

members "pay an equal amount for an The member who lives out
his expectancy of life, or passes his seventy-

"pays no more

for his one-

thousand-dollar benefit than the
Avho
is

member
a

so unfortunate as

to die within

—

short time after acquiring membership."

This plan " in this respect

is

unique.''

It

1894.

Order of Chosen Friends.
nal, benevolent,

—A

frater-

and protective

society, or-

makes the cost a fixed sum for each $1,000. Where this is not done, the cost would be uncertain and assessments frequently come
so often as to be burdensome.

ganized under the laws of the State of Indiana. It was established May 28, 1879, at
Indianapolis, Ind., and has

In the early

part of February, 1878, Albert Alcon and

now

over GOO

T. B. Linn, residents of Indianapolis, Ind.,

;

172

ORDER OF CHOSEN FRIENDS
of

and members

several fraternal

orders,

leading emblem.

By May

28,

1879, the

were discussing the merits and demerits of At tlie societies to which they belonged.
that time there Avere a

number

of organiza-

Order of Chosen Friends was declared an established fact, with twenty-three charter members on its rolls. The first set of officers

tions paying death benefits, but
disability

none paying
to

and members
;

is

as follows:

Supreme
In-

or old age benefits

members

Councillor, Rev. Dr. T. G. Beharrell,
dianajiolis, Ind.
cillor,

preme Vice-Councillor, Emi Kennedy; Supreme Recorder, T. B. Linn; Supreme Treasurer, W. W. Douglass; Supreme Medical Examiner, Charles D. Pearson, M.D., all of Indianapolis; Supreme Prelate, Hon. William Cumback, Greensburg, Ind. Supreme A third Marshal, C. Bradford; Supreme AVarden, ent, among them J. B. Nickersou. meeting, June 8th, brought in Emi Ken- J. B. Nickerson, both of Indianapolis; SuDuring the summer and fall of 1878 preme Guard, C. H. Buttner, Cleveland, 0. nedy. Messrs. Alcon, Linn, Nickerson, and Ken- and Supreme Sentry, M. C. Davis, IndianSupreme Trustees, W. H. nedy held many meetings and perfected a apolis, Ind. plan, constitution, and laws for the new Page, Hon. J. F. Wallick, Hon. John Mr. Linn acted as Secretary, and Cavin, G. H. Webber, and B. F. Rogers, Order. upon him devolved the labor of formulat- all of Indianapolis. Other original memThe admission of bers were Joseph Greenwood, M. D. Losey, ing the ideas agreed to. ladies to the Order was a subject of frequent William H. Partlow, Hamilton McCoy, F. D. and prolonged discussion, but finally it was Somerby, 0. S. Hadley, and C. H. Behardecided to admit them on the same terms rell, all of Indianapolis. On June 30, 1879, the first subordinate and in the same manner as men. Up to that date a few orders had established a Council, Alpha, No. 1, of Indiana, was orwomen's degree, or branch, into which the ganized at Indianapolis with 30 charter Ohio Council, No. 1, of wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters of members present. members could be admitted; but the Order Ohio, was instituted Jul}^ 15, 1879, at Woosof Chosen Friends claims the honor of lead- ter, with 24 charter members present; and
;
;

through a national organization. It was believed that there was not only room, but a demand, for an order with that feature. They solicited friends to unite with them, and received half-way promises from some and refusals from others; but a meeting was called May 2, 1878, and another on June 1st, at which there were four persons pres-

Supreme Assistant Coun;

Albert Alcon, Sheridan, Ind.

Su-

ing in recognizing the full cooperation of

Lincoln Council, No.
first

2, of

Ohio,
the

at Cleve-

woman
The

in

the fraternal insurance world.

land, October 8, 1879, with 34 present.

selection of the ritualistic

work gave the
selected as

annual session of

At Supreme

the founders
perfect

much thought and study.

number "seven" was

The Council, held in Indianapolis, October 21, 1879, the Supreme Recorder reported three
Councils with a membership of 150.

the central idea, and Mr. Linn was chosen
to write the ritual.

A

He

perfected the plan

year later this had grown to 60 Councils

and composed the charges. At that time, November, 1878, Eev. Dr. T. G. Beharrell, a minister of the Methodist Church, and well known in Masonic and Odd Fellows' circles, became interested in the movement, and to him was assigned the revision and

completion of the ritual. To be in with the central idea of the ritual, the " chain of seven links " was selected as the

and 3,536 members in eleven States. The Order rapidly increased during the following year, numbering 10,133 members in 176 Councils located in 24 States, at the end of This the fiscal year closing June 30, 1881. had further increased to 12,392 members harmony and 221 Councils by September 30th, when
a season full of troubles followed.

A

dis-

sension

arose

among

the

members

of the

ORDER OF CHOSEN FRIENDS
Grand Council
members.
of

173

California, resulting in

schism, by which the Order lost about 3,000

ance in the State of

The superintendent of New York attempted

ington, and Wisconsin, thirty-one States, and in Canada. insurMost of the original members were memto

bers of various leading fraternal beneficiary
societies,

rule the Order out of that State

on account secret

and some were prominent
It is parlat-

of its old age disability features, going so
far as to threaten with arrest

Odd
ter

Fellows and Freemasons.

and

inqirison-

ticularly

noteworthy that several of the

and members if they did not cease working in Xew York. The Order appealed to the courts, and after a prolonged and bitter contest was sustained in viz., that it was legally tloing its position business in New York. The situation there called attention to other States, and it was found that some of them made no jirovisions for the payment of disability benefits by a fraternal society, and such defects had to be remedied through the legislatures of such States. These contests caused a loss of 7,001 members during the fiscal year ending June, 30, 1882 but 8,126 new members were added, making a net gain
officers

ment

were members of the higher degrees in The princi2)al emScottish liite Masonry.
blem, a seven-pointed star containing the

primary colors in the angles, with two
scribed
triangles

in7

—

containing the figure

in the centre, is especially significant

points to

hedging

and the popularity of the mysticism about these ])articular symbols
ritual

among modern dent who is also
find

makers.

a Scottish Rite
this to

something in

The stuMason will interest him when

considered in connection with the historical

sketch of the Order of the Heptasophs, or

;

for the year of 925.

The following

years

were in the main prosperous, and the Order, after sixteen years of experience, had on

June 30, 1895, a membership of 38,095, and had paid to beneficiaries of 4,789 dead members 88,839,704;
1)562,980;
to 16

to 613 disabled

members,

members

disabled by old

and 45 advance or immediate payments to beneficiaries of dead members whose claims were in process of adjustment, 813,700; in all, 89,448,383. The Order is eighteen and a half years old, has paid
age, $32,000;

$10,209,513
of
its

to

the beneficiaries of 5,579

members who have died; 8620,780 to 734 members who became permanently dis-

Seven Wise Men. Members of the latter organization and of the Order of Chosen Friends have practically identical emblems. In addition to the foregoing the Chosen Friends present the clasped hands, a sevenlinked chain, and a representation of the Good Samaritan. The Order is also noteworthy for having given birth to five similar organizations, the results of disaiTectiou and The first was the secession in New schism. York State, which caused a good deal of feeling. The trouble between the insurance department of the State of New York and the Order of Chosen Friends has already been referred to. The result was the formation of the Order of United Friends in New York in 1881. The Chosen Friends
in California tion in 1882,

abled from earning a livelihood; and 8116,-

demanded a

separate jurisdic-

and it was denied, wliereujwn of old age, a total of 810,947,165. It has they seceded and formed the Independent Councils in Arizona, California, Colorado, Order of Chosen Friends. It flourished for Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, a few years and attained a membership of The Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Mary- 7,000 or 8,000, when it collapsed. land, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mon- United Friends of Michigan Avas organized tana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, in 1889, shortly after the meeting of the Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Ontario, Ore- Supreme Council of the Order of Chosen gon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Friends in that 3'ear, at which the repreDakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, "Wash- sentative of the Supreme Council from

872 to 61 members disabled by the burden

:

174

ORDER OF FRATERNAL HELPERS
Death benefit certificates
saloon keepers,
of $500, 11,000, and 13,000 are issued, except to women and to

Michigan failed to secure the recognition he believed himself entitled to. It was organized by Dr. G. A. Kirker of Detroit, and E. F, Lamb of Mt. Morris, Mich., and has grown and prospered. In the years 1891 and 1892 the Order had some difficulty with It was the laws in the Province of Ontario.
believed by
rate jurisdiction

who

are restricted to $1,000.

At

total disability a

member

is

entitled to

one-half the

amount

of his or her certificate, of seventy years,

and on reaching the age Sick the whole amount.

benefits are paid

some members there that a sejja- in the discretion of subordinate Lodges. No would remedy the matter, Lodges are established in the Southern States, but before it could be accomplished a schism excepting the two Virginias, Maryland, in occurred, and the Canadian Order of Chosen Kentucky, and in the District of Columbia. Friends was organized. In 1895, immedi- The government of the Order is vested in ately after the passage of the Morse equaliza- a Supreme Lodge composed of representation laws, a disappointed aspirant for office
tives of subordinate Lodges.

Total

mem-

headed a division of the German members bership amounts to about 5,000, and about in Chicago, and formed a new organization, 1600,000 has been paid in sick, disability, The ritual embodies the United League of America. and death benefits. called Whether the movement was a success or features found in the secret work of many similar organizations. The office of the Sunot is not known.

Order of Fraternal Helpers.

— One of

the numerous local mutual assessment in-

surance Orders founded in New England. Letters of inquiry returned unopened.

preme Secretary is at Chicago. Order of Mogullians. A "side degree " of the Ancient Order of United

—

Order of Fraternal Preceptors.
at

— MuUnat

Workmen. (See the latter.) Order of Odd Ladies.
festly

—A

New EngFellows.

tual assessment, beneficiary society, organized

land mutual benefit, assessment society mani-

Grand Haven, Mich., prior

to 1889.

named in

imitation of the

Odd

known there now. Order of Mutual Aid.

—Formed

Memphis, Tenn., where it collapsed a few years later, in 1878, owing to the ravages of
the yellow fever epidemic.
It

was a SouthIts

have been received to inquiries. Order of Protestant Knights. Described in the census of 1890 as a mutual assessment beneficiary organization, with the office of the Secretary at Buffalo, N. Y.
replies

No

—

ern offshoot of the Ancient Order of United

Workmen and of the Knights of Honor.

only surviving offspring is the Golden Eule, organized at Cincinnati in
1879.
(See Knights of the Golden Eule.)

the Knights of

Not known there now. Order of Shepherds of Bethlehem. Organized "in America," November 19, 189G, by Ira A. M. Wycoff, at Trenton,
N.
to

—

J., a sick and funeral benefit association which men and women between eighteen Its ized at St. Louis in 1878, an outgrowth of and fifty-five years of age are eligible. The Order is the Order of Mutual Aid, and incorporated membership is about 2,000. under the laws of the State of Missouri. evidently drawn from the same source as the Men and women between eighteen and fifty Order of the Star of Bethlehem, an outline years of age, in good health, not engaged in of which is given in connection herewith.

Order of Mutual Protection.

— Organ-

hazardous occupations, are eligible to memMembers enjoy the social privibership. leges of Lodge rooms, the moral and social

Compare the
tract

latter

with the following ex-

from the " History of the Order of the Shepherds of Bethlehem "
In 1875 a prominent officer

advancement, and the encouragement in business to which they are entitled under the " laws and bonds of mutual assistance."

named

came

to

New York and

started

Sir Fred Holt two Lodges, which
of the

grew nicely until Sir Holt's duties as Scribe

ORDER OF THE GOLDEN CHAIN
Sovereign Lodge called him to Europe, -when they quarrelled, and under a strange name ran on for a
time, and died out, with the exception of a few small

175

Smith,

all

of

Philadelphia, in 1879, as a

Western Lodges that had

their start

from them and

mutiud assessment, death benefit society. Its field is restricted to within one hundred
all

drifted into another snuiU Order not connected with

no good rethis.* The eJTort was sults. The next person who took up he matter was a popular antiquarian who went to the Holy Land to study the Order among the shepherds as it origiill-advised, witii
t

The founders were members of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, who souglit to establish a commiles of Philadelphia.

pact secret society with the one-dollar assess-

nally existed

and

is

now

in the

home

of these

and ceremonies, and the (American) Order of Heptasophs, or Seven Wise j\Ien. The Order is managed conservatively, and has There are marked similarities between the an invested permanent fund with which to two Orders of Bethlehemites, notably the pay the assessments of those who may reprovision that membership does not lapse in tain their membership twenty-five years, either for non-payment of dues, except so and a relief fund with which to pay the far as the right to share in benefits is conassessments of members who through sickcerned, and the custom of addressing memness or financial disability may be unable bers by the titles Sir and Lady. The ritThis is done to keep worthy to pay them. ualistic ceremonies of the Shepherds of distressed members in good standing, and is Bethlehem are declared to be beautiful and accomplished " without the general knoAvlelevating.

Holy Land. lie learned all and methods of the Order, and on his return presented tlie Order in the thoroughly original form, translated and put in modern shape. By special arrangement the Supreme Lodge of Nortli America was formed in 189G, and instructed in the beautiful ceremonies of this old and wondrous Order. The Supreme Lodge of North America, by authority of the Sovereign Lodge, is supreme authority in North America.
jincient people of the

ment of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. They confined membership to men
between twenty-one and fifty years of age, of good physical health, " believers in the Christian faith.'' Its ritual is founded on
the history of ancient Sparta, thus parallel-

the old legends

ing the English Order of Ancient
in its search for a

Eomans
its rites

new

source for

The

first

degree

is

of Light, the second the ShephercVs,

third the Disciple's degree.

/

Ancient Order of Shepherds, Order of the Star of Bethlehem, and Shepherds of AmerWhen one reads in the leaflets of these ica.) Bethlehemite Orders that each "is without a doubt one of the oldest in the world, and was founded as an Order shortly after the birth of Christ, by the shepherds who watched over their flocks on that eventful night, when they were first chosen of God to hear of the birth of our Saviour and went at once to see and worship him," he is compelled to wonder at the audacity of the
genealogist

the organization." The total of amount of benefits paid exceeds $1,000,000. (Com2)are with The Order is governed by a Great Senate

entitled that

and the

edge

which

exercises jurisdiction over tlie subordiIts 7,000 members are drawn from the mercantile and professional
life,

nate Senates.
largely

walks of

although nearly

all

trades are

represented.

The

seat of the Great Senate

contains a representation of a shield upon

which
or

is

a sword and the words,
it."

''

With

it

upon

Order of the Black Kiiig^ht. A German (Deutscher Orden Schwarze Ritter)
secret,

—

benevolent society.
principally in

It

claims an
Its

who

constructed

the

existence here of about thirty years.
society's

family tree.

strength

Organized by J. B. A. Welsh, James ^IcConnell, Alexander J. McCleary, and William H.
^Moffitt, "Robert

Order of Sparta.

—

Pennsylvania, New York, and District of ColumLike some other German Orders, it bia.
is

New Jersey,

claims great antiquity.

Order of

tlie

Goldi'u Chain.

— Organ1881, by

* Order of the Star of Bethlehem

?

ized at Baltimore,

December

22,

176

ORDER OF THE HEPTASOPHS, OR SEVEN WISE MEN
Order gives no adherence to any religious from its candidates the

members of the Knights of Honor, Royal Arcanum, American Legion of Honor, and
the Masonic Fraternity, as a mutual assess-

creed, but requires

jirofession of a belief in a
It bears aloft

Supreme Being.

ment

beneficiary society to

which men be-

the motto, ''In
its

tween twenty-one and fifty-one years of age
are eligible.
It insures the lives of

admitting to

mysteries both the

God We Trust," Jew

the Christian on the common ground of mutual dependence and universal brotherwhich it pays sick and total disability bene- hood under the Fatherhood of God. To the popular step-rate this end it inculcates the principles of It employs fits. graded system of assessments, and enjoys ''Wisdom, Truth, and Benevolence." The the enviable record of having paid out more earlier official history of the Order, as may

mem- and

bers for $1,000, 12,000, or 13,000, besides

than $1,600,000 to beneficiaries since organan average annual cost to those The total insured of about 18 per $1,000. membership is about 11,000, and is steadily The ritual seeks to exemplify increasing. the meaning of the golden chain of friendization at

have been
tion
of

antici2:>ated, carried

the inspira-

the society back to the Persian

ship, which, represented by twelve links of

a chain surrounding a monogram comjDOsed of the letters 0. G. C. and the motto of the

Magi, or Seven Wise Men, the initials of title being given in this form, S. •. W. M. •., the missing letters being represented by seven dots. In the precise form in which the Order "now exists in America," strict succession in ritual, forthe original
mulge, etc., from the Persian

Magi was not from Persia to Greece, from Greece to Rome, from Rome under the laws of the State of Maryland, to Britain and to the Western world, it was with its headquarters at Baltimore, and is a admitted that certain changes had doubtworthy sister of similar organizations which less been made in the course of adaptation to races, times, civilizations, and forms of have had their origin in that city. Oi'der of the Heptasoplis, or Seven government " but its legends, traditions, Wise Men. This is one of the oldest and teachings were claimed to be " as true
Order in Greek, constitute the emblem of The Order is incorporated the society.
claimed.

" In the

transfer

—

;

benevolent,

secret organizations in the country, and possesses the attractively mystical title of the Order of the Heptasoplis,

to the ancient tyj^e as are those of its sister

societies

to their venerable predecessors."

The

original story ran, that the Order of

or Seven Wise Men.

It is far

among
aims,

the larger

societies

from being with similar

the Seven Wise

Men

was " introduced into

the United States" at
;

New

Orleans, La.,

numbering only about 4,000 mem- April 6, 1852 that in June of that year bers in eighteen States. This is all the the Grand Conclave of Louisiana was ormore curious when one recalls that it is ganized, and that in 1854 it was incorponearly half a century old, and possesses an rated. It was not stated whence the Order elaborate and exceptionally beautiful ritual, came, or who brought it to New Orleans. based upon some of the ancient mysticism The society was, however, established at the which, in j^art, had remained unapiarojDri- Crescent City, and a Supreme Conclave was ated by older and better known secret organized in 1857, in which year the latter The organization was originally was said to have held its first " communisocieties. called The Seven Wise Men, but the title cation." This body was and is the Suwas changed to its present form, because preme legislative and governing authority of *'the higher excellence " impressed upon of the Order. The admission in printed its ritual "by the Hellenic mind,'' the proceedings that the Supreme Conclave term " Heptasophs " being derived from the established the " ritual, regalia, and workGreek Hepta, seven, and Sophos, wise. The ing paraphernalia now in use," evidently

ORDER OF THE HEPTASOPHS. OR SEVEN WISE MEN
appealed to later chroniclers, for they have admitted that the Order "had its
B.C.,
first

177

and couples
Zoroaster,

it

with the
is

name

of the

since

who

said to have been the

origin in the city of

New

Orleans."

When

head of the Magi of Persia at that time.

one recalls the period of Jewish history which led np to and witnessed the completion and dedication of King Solomon's temple, with which the Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons link so many of their traditions the story of David and Jonathan, concerning which the ritual of Odd Fel;

From these Magi, Persian kings iuid to receive instructions in the art of reigning and in worship before they could come to the throne, and from the most ilhistrious of their niunbers the king had to
men as counsellors, who, together with the monarch, constituted the celebrated council of seven. In a subterranean cavern, beneath the royal palace at Ispahan, the capital of Persia, was the only spot where it was lawful to impart the
select six wise

lowship has
of
identified

much to say the friendship Damon and Pythias, which is so closely
;

with

the
;

ceremonials

of

the

Knights of Pythias

the legends of Eobin

Men, which have been appropriated by the Foresters the manners and customs of the American Indians, which are being preserved by the Improved Order of Red Men and the struggles by the various Orders of ancient Knighthood to preserve the Holy Land from defilement at the hand of the Infidel, which have given us the Masonic Knights Templars, and various other secret Orders of Knighthood Avhen one contemplates not only this vast amount of material in the hands of modern secret
his Merrie
;

Hood and

;

most occult mysteries of the seven, and to which the heir of the throne was only admitted for merit and not of right. For many centuries the pliilosopliy of tlie Seven Wise Men formed the basis of the polity of the Persian dynasty, and without whose advice the king on the throne determined no imAs one among many evidences of portant matter. this, we refer to the language of Feridon (200 years B.C.), who, under the advice and guidance of the seven, after twenty years of exile with them, successfully revolted against Zohak, the usurper, and came in triumph to the throne of his fathers. He
*. W. M.\) "Have they not for centuries been the advisers and counsellors of the mighty rulers of this spacious realm ?"

said (referring to the S.

:

;

Firdisi, the

in the time of the illustrious

eminent Persian historian, records that King Kayomers, who
the council
of

reigned 900 years before Christ,

society ritualists, but the use of Druidic
lore

seven were

by modern Orders of Druids, legends
symbols of woodof other
Avhicli

of ancient Shepherdry by existing secret
societies of shepherds, the

craft by

Modern Woodmen, and
fraternal

by the grateful people " the earliest distributors of justice." On his deathbed this great ruler exhorted his son and heir to the throne to adhere to the teachings of the Seven Wise iMen, which was religiously done by him and his
styled

and
to

like

quarrying for material on

sons after him, until the dynasty of the

Kayomers

came

build

and beneficiary

secret

Pashdaidans, which means distributors of justice. It appears that about a.d.
to be called

organizations, then the antiquity, the appropriateness, the beauty, and the mystical

638, Yezdefird,

King

of Persia,

was conquered by

Mohammed,

then styled ''Camel Driver of Mecca,"

character of the groundwork of the ritual
of the Order of the Heptasophs challenges
attention.

The Heptasophs
traces
of
far

declared that

" the

earliest

the

chronology, reaching

Order defy back into the

twilight of legend and tradition clustering about the Magi of the East, which antedate the Druids of Gaul and Britain, and probably the Masons who existed in Judea." This brought the Order down to the The first alleged authentic history" of golden era of Greece, from whence ''the to Rome, from Rome to the Seven Wise Men is so ingenious and in- transfers teresting as to merit a permanent record. l^ritain and the Western world " were preIt takes the Order back to the period llO-l sumed to follow. It might prove interesting
''^

and with his downfall perished the influence of the Seven Wise Men in the national affairs of Persia. They, however, left the impress of their philosophy and wisdom upon the history of that country running through a succession of centuries, rendering their kingdom glorious and its subjects happy by (heir devotion to justice and the inculcation of Wisdom, Truth, and Benevolence long before the brighter and grander glories of Greece dawned.

...

13

178
to

ORDER OF THE HEPTASOPHS, OR SEVEN WISE MEX
Seven as unique among college fraternithat it was not given a Greek letter title. It was organized at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., in 1837, by Hamilton Brewer, uncle of Judge Brewer of the United States Supreme Court, fifteen years prior to the appearance of the Seven Wise Men at New Orleans. Its chajDters were called temples, and named after its emblems. The Wesleyan Temple was the " Wand "' that at Emory College, Georgia, where it was taken in 1841, was " Skull and Bones '' and that at the University of Georgia, where it was established in 1844, the " Skull.'' In all, there were ten Temples, eight of them in the South, two being at colleges in Georgia, and one each in Mississippi (1857), Louisiana (1857), Tennessee (1867), and Virginia (1867). Temples were also placed at two colleges in North Carolina as late as 1884. Thus, out of eight Southern Temples, two those at Emory College, Oxford, Ga., and the University of Georgia, Athens were esties, in
;
;

speculate on the possibility of the mysteries of the Seven AVise Men of old

having been carried from Rome by means the workingmen's guilds of the early and middle ages to England, as an inner
of
circle

or cult, in the recesses, as

it

were,

of ancient craft Masonry, which, some have declared, crossed Europe in that manner.
it may, the original Seven Wise America builded beautifully and well from a ritualistic point of view. That their ceremonials and ritual did not imbibe Freemasonry from Masonic guardians and protectors on a secret journey from Persia to Greece, through Italy and iiortli to England, but acquired it at New Orleans, where

Be that
in

as

Men

the Society was formed, may be accepted That it did acquire Masonic as a fact.*
traditions
its

and symbols

is

in part

shown

in

seven-pointed star enclosing a sevenbranched candlestick, the All-Seeing Eye,
the ark and the altar,
its

groups of seven,

—

the adoption of a three-word motto, and Efforts to learn more of other features. the origin of the Order than
its

—

officials

tablished,

respectively,

eleven and
at

eight

could furnish have been fairly successful.

years prior to the introduction or founding
of the

The

early history of

modern

secret societies

Seven Wise

Men

New
at

Orleans in

has too frequently been fragmentary because of lack of interest in compiling, or

1852.

The mother Temple,

Wesleyan,

became dormant in 1861, but was revived An examinarecords. preserving, some years later as a local senior society. in care tion of the "Greek letter," or college With other surviving Temples it united in secret society system, reveals the Mystical 1887 with and became absorbed by the widespread college secret society. Beta * In a letter from George W. "Wright, Supreme Theta Pi. The significance of this referSecretary, S.". W. M.'., Xovember 30, 1896, it is " The Order was founded at Xew Orleans, ence to the first college secret society to be stated April 6, 1852, by Alexander Leonard Saunders, a established in tlie Soutli * is due merely to resident of that city, and prominent Freemasons, two of its Temples having been j^laced in among the earlier members being ex-governors, Georgia some years prior to the establishex-mayors, etc." In 1855 Mr. Saunders " moved to ment of the Seven Wise Men at New Paducah, Ky., where his son published a newspaOrleans and the strength of the society in New York understood that he died
:

per.

It

was

city in 1869."

Members

of the Order tell that

some

of its

ceremonials are based on Grecian liistory.
is

This impress of "Hellenic influence"

natural

haying been largely at the South. Baird, the author of " American College Fraternities,'' says of the Mystical Seven
:

when a connection between
college
ritual of

this society

fraternity M'orld

is

and the contemplateel. The
strikingly

The customs
interesting.

of the Fraternity were quaint
is

the Mystical Seven includes

Much

made

of the

and number "7,"
was for

original featui-es with traces of Scottish Rite Free-

and the membership

in each Cliapter

many

masonry, which rank it among the first of such productions by American college fraternities.

* Baird's American

College

Fraternities,

New

York,

4tli edition, p. 60.

ORDER OF THE HEPTASOPHS, OR SEVEN WISE MEN
years retained at that figure, or a multiple of
it.

179

election " blew over, there was a reaction.

The badge
star,

of

the Fraternity

is

a seven-pointed
;

each point containing a Hebrew letter
is

within

the centre field of the star

displayed a caiddron

At Hamilton College, N. Y., in 1832, the Alpha Delta Phi was born, one of the first
of the great college fraternities,

and

ladle over a bundle of

burning faggots, encir-

cled by a snake.
white,

The color of the J^raternity is and each Chapter was assigned one of the
^
is,

same

year,

at

Yale

College,

Skull

and in the and

primary colors."

The conclusion
tliat

therefore, suggested
tlic

graduate or other members of
society

Mystical Seven, or of the Rainbow Society,
a college originating at

Oxford,

and strongly resembling the Mystical Seven, were, in whole or in part, responsible for the birth of the Seven Wise Men, especially when secret and jiublic characteristics of the two societies are found to have had so much in common. Even the Greek letter nomenclature of
Miss., in 1848,

various subordinate bodies

is

or has been
It

similar in both organizations.

was the

" Zeta " Conclave of the Heptasophs, or Seven Wise Men, in Baltimore, from which of appropriation of the secret society idea sprung the Improved Order of Heptasophs by the general jiublic as well as by college in 1878. It is unnecessary to explain why students, the Freemasons and the Odd
resemblances of the ritual of the Mystical

Bones, the famous local senior society, first saw the light Psi Upsilon made its appearance in 1833, at Union College, stimulated by a desire to rival Kappa Alpha, Sigma Phi, and Delta Phi, which had been founded there seven or eight years before, after which the Mystical Seven appeared at Wesleyan, with a ritual, as explained, having distinct Masonic thumb-marks.* It was about this period, also, that tlie Ancient Order of Foresters was introduced into the United States from England, and that the Improved Order of Red Afen, of distinctly American origin, was revived and entered on a career of prolonged prosperity. Coincident with these evidences
;

Fellows were enjoying seasons of renewed

Seven (now incorporated within the Beta Theta Pi) to that of the Heptasophs, or Seven Wise Men, cannot be given at length but they leave little room for doubt that
;

the benevolent, and afterward beneficiary,
secret
society,

the Heptasophs or Seven

1852, is an indirect descendant of the Mystical Seven college fraof

Wise

Men,

and rapidly increasing memberwas on this wave that the Mystical Seven floated out to sea, and from it undoubtedly arose, substantially as outlined, the Seven Wise Men, afterwards rechristened Order of the Heptasophs, or Seven Wise Men, the first general secret
interest
shij).

It

society, so far as learned, to find its origin

founded in 1837. During the in one of the American college fraternities. period 1830-1840 the birth and growth of Several of the larger and better known colcollege and other secret societies were no- lege secret societies have found their inspiticeable, due in part to the reaction which ration in, or have been established by Freefollowed the anti-Masonic agitation. The masons, Odd Fellows, Foresters, and other but the springing of latter brought before the public, as never general fraternities before, the whole subject of secret societies, the Seven AVise Men from the Mystical their ceremonials and objects, with the re- Seven, which fact is, apparently, known to sult that much not secret, but which had or ajipreciated by few, if any, of its living not been discussed out of Lodge rooms, members, marks the incident as unique found its way into daily papers, almanacs, and warrants the space given it. The pamphlets, and other publications, late in earlier growth of the Heptasojihs, or Seven the second and early in the third decade * This could be made plain to any "mystic" of this century. When the storm raised who is also a Scottish Rite Freemason, S.'. P.". by the ''good enough Morgan until after R.-. S.-.
ternity,
;

180

ORDER OF THE IROQUOIS
consisting of Subordinate Conclaves acting

Wise Men, was principally in the Southern States, and at the outbreak of the Civil

War

it

naturally lost

many

of

its

members
always
Its

and much

of its influence.

It liad

under charters issued by Grand Conclaves, by the Supreme Conclave when in territory where Grand Conclaves have not
or

been conservative, and

little effort

had been

been formed.
are

Grand
of Past

(State)

Conclaves

made

to carry

it

north, east, or west.

composed

Archons (presiding

and former presiding officers) of subordinate Conclaves, and the Supreme Conclave is made up of Past Grand Archons. After the due reverence for the Supreme Archon of conclusion of the Civil War the Order began the Universe and the beauties of a blame- to grow again, and early in the seventies took less life, whicli " never fails to make a last- on something like a rapid increase of meming impression on the initiates,'' and three bership. In 1872 it provided that Conclaves additional degrees, emblematic of the vicis- might arrange to pay benefits at option. situdes encountered in pursuing the course Prior to that year the Order had been To satisfy the modern demand benevolent rather than beneficiary, and its of duty. Its total for a military feature, a uniformed rank has membership had remained small. members, within year or about a of 4,000 in but membership it is been introduced,
ritualistic

work now

consists of an intro-

ductony degree, with beautiful scenes and impressive ceremonies, designed to teach

The life insurance branch was established in 1880. It is called the endowment rank, and is composed of members in good standing who desire to join and can pass the medical examination. The amount paid beneficiaries is 1300, and the total membership is about 1,000. The Order has also established what is known as the Heptasophian Mutual Benefit Fund, to
not compulsory.
give aid to widows, heirs, or assignees of

two,

is

the largest in

its

history.

The

busiits

ness depression (1873 to 1879) checked

growth, after which a movement gained

headway payment
Zeta

in favor of a j^lan for the general of death
a
benefits.

This excited
of

opposition, and

number

brethren of

Conclave, Baltimore, becoming dis-

satisfied

with a decision of the Supreme

tagonism between the two Orders was conformed of officers of spicuous for a few years, but gradually died Wives of members out. The parent society has continued its the Supreme Conclave. are also eligible to membership in the Fund, way conservatively, but, as explained, has which is met by an assessment of twenty- vindicated the position of some of its former five cents. members by adopting, in 1880, the system of Membership in the Order is limited to payment of death benefits by means of white men of good moral character, be- assessments. While its membership is not lievers in a Supreme Being, 2:)ossessed of as large as that of its offspring, its paths some known reputable means of support, are those of peace, and its prosperity is free from any mental or physical infirmity, attested by the loyalty of its members. Order of the Iroquois. Organized June and having sufficient education to sign their own applications for membership. 26, 1896, by some of the representative No person under eighteen years of age can citizens of Buffalo, N. Y., among them Dr. be admitted. Each Conclave is allowed to Ernest Wende, Health Commissioner C. Walter A. Eice, its Supreme determine the maximum age of applicants. Lee Abell There is no auxiliary branch for women. Secretary D. Clark Kalph, and others, a
the

deceased members to the amount of $500, management being in the hands of a

number members leaving in 1878 to found the Improved Order of Heptasophs. The anConclave, the result was a schism, a
of

Board

of

Directors

—

;

;

;

The

organization of the society

is

similar

fraternal beneficiary society for

men

only,
to

to that of other

well-known

like societies.

the ritualistic work

of

which

seeks

ORDER OF SELECT FRIENDS
perpetuate
tlie

181
for its motto,

name and fame

of tlic Iro-

charity,

and

quois Confederation, so intimately associated with the early history of the country.

Caritate."
incidents,

Its ritual .is

"Omnia pro based on Biblical
men
it

and from the

fact that both as

What

the Improved Order of

done for Lenape, the Order of the Iroquois seeks to do for the Tribe from which it takes its name. The society, wliilo distinctly patriotic in its teachings, demands no religions or political tests from those who
seek
to

Red Men have and women are admitted the Delaware Tribe the Lenni may be inferred that its
about
ritual
all

members,

title

constitutes

the similarity there
rituals of

and

is between its Masonic and other Or-

ders of the
fits

Red

Cross.

It

pays death bene-

join

it.

The prospectus

of

the

and numbers about 7,000 members, most of Avliich are residents of central Western States. More than $200,000 has been
paid to beneficiaries since the society M'as

Order bears upon the title page a cut of the noted Indian chief and orator. Red Jacket, who was one of the most conspicuous
figures
in of

founded.
those
of

The emblem

is

as pretentious as

the

Iroquois

Confederation.

Red Jacket is also used as the design of the Supreme Lodge Seal and for a white five-pointed star in the centre, with The bene- the motto of the Order on a blue band engold buttons worn by members. ficiary department presents a plan that is circling it. The similarity between this Its feature is a table design and the emblem of the Order of the easy to understand.
of
certificates

The cut

some older and better known Orders of the Red Cross, consisting of a red Greek cross surmounted by a crown,

graded according

to ages.

Golden Cross, a

like organization,
is

founded
direct

Only men between the ages
fifty-five

of twenty

are

admitted

to

and membership.

by Freemasons in 187G,
relationship.

suggestive, but
to

no particulars are at hand

show a

The average benefit certificate is $1,500, and all members pay regular dues of II per month, or $12 per annum.
Another feature is the accumulation of a reserve fund for the payment of benefits The name of John in case of necessity. E. Pound, Past Snpreme Regent of the Royal Arcannm, is at the head of the charter list of the Order of the Iroquois. The government of the Order is based* upon that of local, or subordinate Lodges State, or Grand Lodges and a national, The first Lodge was or Supreme Lodge. organized with over one hundred charter members, and is known as Red Jacket, No. 1. In the first eight months the Order received over 500 applications for membership. Order of Red Cross and Kiiigrhts of the Red Cross. Usually referred to as Knights of the Red Cross, founded in 1879 by memJaers of the Ancient Order of United AVorkmen and other similar so;

Order of Select Friends.
several

— One

of the of

fraternal

beneficiary

Orders
It

" Friends,"

inspired, directly or otherwise,

by the Order of Chosen Friends.
organized in Kansas
])orated
in

was do

1888 and incorto
all States,

under the laws of that State,

a fraternal insurance business in

except those subject to yellow fever epidemic. It issues death benefit certificates
for $1,000,
disability,

$2,000, or $3,000
;

;

pays sick,

and old age benefits and admits men and women between eighteen and fifty years of age to membership on equal terms.
pations are

Followers of certain extra hazardous occunot eligil)]e to mem])ership.

—

Subordinate Lodges are governed direct by the Supreme Lodge. Assessments to meet death benefits are graded according to age at time of joining (thirty-five cents per
$1,000 at eighteen years of age, and seventyfive

cents at

fifty years),

and are not

in-

cieties as a fraternal beneficiary organiza-

creased with advancing years. The Order has paid over $200,000 to beneficiaries since
it

tion,

having for

its

fundamental principle.

was founded.

Its

motto

is

" Friendship,

182

ORDER OF THE SANHEDRIM
The
total

Hope, and Protection."
bersliip
is

mem- government
sists of

of the

Order in America" con-

over 5,0Q0, relatively the larger proportion being in Kansas. (See Order of

the Eminent Grand Commandery,

Grand Councils, Uniformed Conclaves, and
Subordinate Lodges.

Chosen Friends.) Order of the Sauhedrim.
at

Some

of the official
its

— Organized
beneficiary

history

of

the organization, prior to

Detroit, July 2G, 1887.

A

introduction into the United States, particularly the

members of the press and others Michigan and elsewhere. It is divided into Priests, Elders, and Scribes, together with ''one who sits in Moses' seat." The National Sanhedrim is the governing body. There are also State Sanhedrims and subordinate or little Sanhedrims. Order of the Star of Bethlehem.— '' Permanently established in America in 1869, where it was introduced into New York and Pennsylvania, according to its official legend, by Albert Gross of NewAt that period castle-on-Tyne, England. it was known as the Knights of the Star of Bethlehem. The Grand Commandery of Pennsylvania was instituted in 1870, and the Eminent Grand Commandery of North America in 1871. The Order prospered for several years, but fell behind in membership between 1878 and 1884, when an entire change was made in the officers, and the society reincorporated under its present title. The headquarters are at Detroit, in which city there are sixteen Lodges of the Order.
society of
in
''

more recent portion

of

it, is

on fact. Much of it, particularly that which reaches far back into the distant past, would seem to rank with traditions once current, which brought Entered Apprentices, Fellowcrafts, and Master Masons in Masonic Lodges, organized as at present, in an unbroken line down to to-day, from the building of King Solomon's temple.
probably founded

The

story of

the Bethlehemites,
it is

much

abridged, states that

'"'believed to

been originated in the
all

first

have century of the

Christian era," exact date

unknown,
In

'''as

records prior to the thirteenth century

have

been

entirely

destroyed."

the

thirteenth century,

we

are told, '"it was an

order of

monks

called the Bethlehemites,

who
.
.

the Dominicans, and wore a five-pointed star on the left breast," dressed
like
.

''.in

commemoration

of the star that

It exists in

nineteen States of the Union
total

and reports a

than seventeen thousand

membership of more men and women.
are respec-

The

objects of the society are to unite ac-

Bethlehem," etc. "In the fourteenth century it was a powerful Order in England," and during the next two hundred years " seems to have consisted of two branches, the Monastic and the Knightly," evidences of which, it is declared, appear in the ritualistic work in use to-day. It seems
shone
over

ceptable

men and women who

unfortunate that the expression, " Star of

tively eighteen

and sixteen years of age or

Bethlehem tradition informs us,"
thing similar,
is

or some-

and believers in a Supreme Being, in social and fraternal bonds, to "perpetuate the traditions of the Order;" pay death, sick, accident, and disability benefits to defend the life, limb, and reputation of members from unjust assault and to assist members to obtain employment and to settle disputes by arbitration. Members
over,
;
;

not prefixed to the histori-

It is probably true cal revelations made. that " the time when the Order in France

and Spain ceased to be purely Monastic, and became a semi-military organization^ Other extracts inwill never be known." clude those which identify the Order with the AYaldenses in 1260, and state that

in arrears for dues lose the right to speak

many

and vote
benefits,
social

at meetings,

and

forfeit

pecuniary

but are not debarred from the advantages of Lodge meetings. " The

of the persecuted meinbers of the Order of the Temple, after its destruction by Clement v., in 1313, " united with other Orders;" "that there are good reasons

ORDER OF rXITED COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS OF AMERICA
for believing that quite a number united with the Bethlehemites, or Kniglits of the

183

York city by John Bell in 1849 or 1850, when one realizes this new who established several commanderies at complication jDut upon the various theories that city in 1S51, which did not long surto be regretted

Star of Bethlehem." What the "good reasons are " is left to conjecture, which is

the war between England and France, but was suppressed by the colonial authorities and also that it was brought to New
;

which have been advanced
to-day and their fraters
ally

to

show a conperson-

vive.

A

reference to the third and success-

nection between the Knights Templars of

ful effort to

bring this ancient society to

who were

acquainted with Jacques de Molay, Godfrey de Bouillon, and the rest. The practical teachings on truth, fraternity, Bethlehemite legend also relates that the charity and the moral law, drawn from the Knights of Bethlehem (Equites Bethlehe- ancient ritual. There is an auxiliary society within the mensis) were placed under the ban of the Inquisition at Salamanca in 1359 that Order of the Star of Bethlehem, known as the Order was introduced into France by the Eastern Star Benevolent Fund of Sir Jean Lodet, in 1470, where it was exter- America, organized in 1893, designed to minated by the massacre of 1572, and that increase the pecuniary benefits available to members of the Order. it was brought to England from Spain, about Only members 1473, by George Henry Percy. Nothing was who have attained the Eastern Star degree heard of it there, however, '' until 1571," may join it. (See Shepherds of Bethlehem by which time the Monastic and Knightly and Shepherds of America.) Order of the Triang^le. Registered in branches "had united and become a benevolent and scientific Order." Here there is the United States census reports for 1890 as a gap of 180 years, when it is related that a mutual assessment beneficiary society, with Brooklyn. Nothing is Sir Henry Seymour succeeded Sir Herman headquarters in Oviedio as Grand Commander, and after learned of it there to-day. Order of True Frieiid.s. Organized at him others at reasonably short intervals. As women Avere admitted to some com- New York in 1886 to insure its members manderies and not to others, a schism took by means of mutual assessments. It paid place in 1813, the seceding party, presum- death benefits of ^200, and weekly sick Letters ably those who objected to women as benefits of from 12.50 to 85.00. members, " uniting with others at Leeds to addressed to it are unanswered. Order of United Coniiiiercial Travform the ' Eoyal Foresters.' " This will inOrganized at Columterest the Ancient Order of Foresters, who elers of America. omit all reference to this in their account of bus, 0., and incorporated September 25, the origin of their society. By 1857 it is 1890, under the laws of the State of Ohio declared the Order was well established by John C. Fenimore, Levi C. Pease, S. H. throughout England, Scotland, and North Strayer, W. E. Carpenter. John Dickey, C. Ireland, but it declined in membership in S. Ammel, F. A. Sells, and Charles B. later years, because each commandery was Flagg to unite fraternally commercial trav"made a Grand Commandery unto itself," elers of good moral standing, to assist and because, owing to the semi-religious members and those depending on them, character of the Order, it refused to be en- and to pay accident, sick, and death beneIn case of sickness members receive rolled under the friendly societies act. It fits. $25 weekly for not to exceed fifty-two is of interest to learn that the Knights of Bethlehem was first introduced into America weeks, or during illness, and a like Aveekly in 1G91 by Giles Corey of London, during benefit during disabilitv on account uf
; •

America has been given. The ritual of the American branch is said to retain only the

;

—

—

—

—
ORDER OF UNITED FRIENDS
The sum of $5,000
of the
is

184

accident.

paid to beneTlie total

tary.

The

colors of the organization are
It has its

ficiaries of

a deceased member.

royal purple and gold.
tics for
drill

own

tac-

membership

about 10,000. These indemnity features have been maintained at an average cost to each member of
is

Order

$7 per annum.

and furnishes life insurance to its members, based on mutual assessments. Each Temple establishes sick and funeral benefits at its
exercise,

and sword

Order of United Friends. Organized oj^tion. The principal emblem consists of and incorporated in New York State in three elongated links, connected so as to William form a triangle, the words "Honesty, Frater1881 by John C. Nott, Albany H. Lee of Boston, Mass. A. A. Lamprey nity, and Fidelity " and a representation of The auxilof Lawrence, Mass.; 0. M. Shedd of Pough- a knight's helmet at the top. A secret fi-a- iary for women is called the Circle of the keepsie, N. Y., and others. ternal beneficiary society, paying death and Golden Band, Temples of which insure the Men and women are lives of its members and establish funeral disability benefits. The ritual is based on and sick benefits if they wish. This society eligible as members. the teachings of the Golden Rule, and was originally an organization of Odd Felthe motto is " Unity, Friendship, and Se- lows, formed to confer " the new degrees This organization was the out- for Uniformed Patriarchs." It was re]3ucurity." come of a schism in the Order of Chosen diated by the Sovereign Grand Lodge of Friends, and numbers more than 20,000 the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in members. (See Order of Chosen Friends.) 1885 but has continued to exist ever since in Order of United Fellowship. Covered the State where founded. (See Independent by the account of the Golden Rule Alliance. Order of Odd Fellows.) Pennsylvania Order of Foresters. Order of Unity. A mutual assessment
;
;

—

—

—

beneficiary society, organized at Philadel-

See Foresters of America.

phia in 1889, by members of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, by Freemasons,

Protected Fireside Circle.
at Detroit, Mich.
;

— Organized

a social, beneficiary se-

Knights of Pythias, and others, for men and women, to secure the payment of $500 and $1,000 death benefits and weekly sick and accident benefits ranging from 13.50 to
130.
of
It is

men and women. Protected Home Circle. While in no way connected with the Home Circle of
cret society for

—

Massachusetts, the Protected

Home
in

Circle,

and numbering only about 2,500. chartered under the laws of Pennsylvania, Total benefits paid since 1889 amount to presents a similarity in name and emblem,
the smaller organizations
Pa.,

among

organized at Sharon,

1886,

its

class,

about $140,000. The Order is non-sectarian, and through its ritual teaches strength
in

the latter being a
the
tion
letters

P,

H, and

monogram formed of C. As the first-

union,

justice

to

all,

and

protection

named

secret fraternal beneficiary associa-

through fraternity. Patriarchal Circle of America. Organized at Milwaukee, Wis., in 1880, by Newell Daniels, General A. B. Myens, and

—

was formed seven years before the latter, the likenesses between them suggest and has been declared to amount to more than a coincidence. But it is certain that
the Protected

six others, as a fraternal beneficiary society.

Home

Circle resembles the

has 3,000 members and confers three degrees Preparatory, Perfection, and the Patriarchal Feast and Knighthood ; the first
It
:

way except in has been successful and in that it, like its prototype, admits both men and
older society in no other

that

it

two written by Newell Daniels in 1893, and women to membership. But it makes a the last prepared by G. C. Ridings, the Su- radical departure in that, by placing twentypreme Secretary. The work is largely mili- five per cent, of all monthly assessments in

A

ROYAL AID SOCIETY
a reserve fund,
it

185

maintains a fixed rate of

zation

is

about $400,000, and
is

its

total

member. Those headquarters is at Sharon, Pa., but its and preserve their members are found as far west as Missouri standing and jiay all dues and assessments and nortli as far as Miciiigan. Provideut League of Aniericu. for five years may, at any time thereafter, take paid-up certificates for the amount Detroit assessment, mutual benefit Order,
for each

payment and a ments annually

definite

number

of assess-

membership

over 2,000.

Its

permanent

who

join the

society

—

whicli their respective portions of the re-

referred to in the census of 1890, but not

serve fund warrant, and thereafter, by sim-

known
day.

to the postal officials at Detroit to-

ply keeping up the j)ayments of dues, be
entitled to the

amount

of said certificates at

founded by prominent members of the Equitable Aid Union,
death.
Tlie society was

the National

Union

— both secret

Prudent Patricians of Pompeii of the United States of America. Organized at Washington, J). C, under act of Congress, assessment March 4, 1897, tlie first fratermil Ijeneficiary

—

beneficiary societies

— and

of the Indepen-

association so formed, by Dennis T. Flynn,

dent Order of

Odd

Fellows, and possesses

delegate in Congress from
lip

Oklahoma

;

Phi-

an instructive ritual based upon biblical teachings. It pays total and permanent disability benefits, death benefits ranging in six classes from $500 to $3,000, with payments adjusted to age, rate, and risk. Its motto is " Safety, Economy, Fidelity, and Purity,'* and its jDrincipal emblem is the representation of an eagle perched on the edge of its nest, guarding its young.

The

fraternal obligations enjoined are calits

culated to form a real brotherhood, and
distinctive

feature
of

is.

the

requiring of a
of

certain

number
so that

payments

a fixed

amount

member may

each 2)erson becoming a compute the exact cost of his

Walker, Orand Vice-licgent of tlie Royal Arcanum ; George A. Reynolds, Grand Secretary of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks W. J. Palmer, Past Noble Grand Manchester Unity, Independent OrIts objects der of Odd Fellows, and others. are to provide for the payment of death benefits to white persons of both sexes on an immediate payment ])lan (the customary one), or an annuity payment plan, at the rate of ten per cent, annually to pay members a total and permanent disability benefit and also an old age benefit ; to educate members socially, morally, and into establish a bureau of infortellectually
; ;
;

or her insurance for a given period.

The mation

for

members

to aid

them

in obtain-

funds are divided into four classes for the payment, respectively, of death and
sick benefits, to provide for the regularity of

ing employment, and to assist each other in Members who reach the age of business.
seventy years are -to be free from assessments and receive ten per cent, of the face
of certificates annually.

assessments and for maintaining and con-

ducting the organization. There is a hazand an extra-hazardous class of occupations, followers of which are eligible to membership at special rates. Subordiardous
nate
bodies
is

The President
S.

of

Prudent Patricians

is

W.

Linton, Past

are

called

Circles,

and the

Great Commander of the Knights of the Maccabees, of Michigan, and tlie oftico of at Saginaw in that its prothonotary is
State.

governed by a Supreme Circle composed of the founders of the Society,

Order

Royal

Aid

Society.

— Organized

at

Lynn, Mass., early in 1896, to pay $1,000 representatives from subordinate Circles, as and $3,000 to beneficiaries of deceased provided in the constitution. The total members, and maintain the usual accomamount of death and sick benefits paid by panying social and fraternal features. It the Protected Home Circle since its organi- differs from most of the later societies of
otliers elected to the

Supreme

Circle,

and

186
this character iu that
it

ROYAL ARCANUM

a

The Supreme assesses members at necessities of their families. and $1 per thousand Council has charge of the Widows' and Ordollars of insurance at each death, instead phans' Benefit Fund, as the life insurance of at the graded rate according to age, which fund is called, which is collected by and the older and larger beneficiary fraternities paid out on order of subordinate Councils. The membership of the Order, while drawn have generally adopted. Royal Arcanum. One of the largest nominally from all ranks of society, averfraternal mutual assessment, beneficiary, ages higher than in many organizations and benevolent secret societies in the and at most of the larger centres includes United States, founded by Darius Wilson, some of the best representatives of other C. K. Darling, W. 0. Eobson, E. M. Craw- fraternities, as well as of business, profesford, J. A. Oummings, G. W. Blish, W. sional and official life. Its chief emblem inBradley, J. H. Wright, and J. M. Swain, cludes a royal crown Avithin a circle, on the of Boston and vicinity, in 1877, and incor- circumference of which are ten small MalThe motto porated as the Supreme Council of the tese crosses without notches. Royal Arcanum under the laws of the S"fi«te of the Order is " Mercy, Virtue, and CharSeveral of the founders ity," which is mystically referred to in a of Massachusetts. the Ancient Order of manner known only to members. members of were The initiatory ceremony, which has been United Workmen and of the Knights of Honor and some were members of the changed once or twice, is quite the reverse Masonic Fraternity and of the Indepen- of that found in the American Legion of dent Order of Odd Fellows. The title of Honor, being an elaborate ceremonial the society suggests a '''royal secret," and " well calculated to impress " the meaning the secret is declared to be the method by of the motto of the Order uj^on the minds which to obtain '^ fraternal society 'protec- of all novitiates, even though they have at less cost than old line insurance passed through the ordeals required by tion companies furnish it." The Order owns a other secret societies. But the almost unhandsome building at Boston, where the exampled jDrosperity of the Royal Arcanum Supreme or Governing Council meetings in its fifth of a century of existence has are held and where the general business of not blinded its leaders to the necessity for
flat

rate of 50 cents

—

'

the organization
Councils, which

is

transacted.

Subordinate

remodelling

its

system of assessments, at

found throughout the States and Territories in the more healthful districts of the Union, are governed by Grand Councils, or by the Supreme Council when situated Avhere no Grand Councils exist, and the Supreme Council consists of its officers and representatives of Grand Councils. The Order is composed of acceptable men between twenty-one ajid fiftyfive years of age, and issues benefit certificates for $1,500 and $3,000, payable at
ai'e

among those employed and now among the most Signs of an increasing number advanced. of assessments appeared in 1896, and the
one time the best

by like

societies

necessary steps were taken to so adjust the

method
the

of collecting

them

as to continue

and prosperity which many years marked the progress
success
fraternity.*
*

for
of

so

the

The

twenty-first anniversary of the society was

death.

Starting with
its

nine members in
is

1877,

membership
it

now

in excess of

200,000, and
efits alone,

has paid out, in death ben-

more than 140,000,000.

Subor-

by radical action looking to the more members. This was done by " discarding the old post-mortem system" ol assessments at deaths of members and establishing an emergency fund and " i^rOviding for the war hazard " by laying twenty-one assessments accordsignalized
efficient protection of its

dinate Councils provide funds for the relief
of sick or disabled

ing to the existing scale.

The twenty-one

assess-

members, and for the

ments are based on expert estimates

of eighteen

ROYAL LEAGUE
In order to enable members to increase
the amount of their insurance, i>ractically

187

regular mutual assessment beneficiary society.

within the ranks of the Order, the Loyal
Additional Benefit Association was formed in 1889 and incorporated in 1890 under
the laws
of

Royal Fraternity, The.

— Organized

at

Minneapolis, October 16, 1896, by N. W. Bloss, C. F. Underbill, H. AV. Hatch and

the

State

of

New

Jersey.

Only members of the Royal Arcanum, after an additional medical examination,
are eligible to join the Loyal Additional,

pay death and various other beneto membership. The chief emblem is composed of three triangles forming a nine-pointed star, with
others, to
fits.

Women are not eligible

which offers benefit certificates payable at death for 11,000 or $2,000 as preferred, and establishes funds for the relief of sick

other details understood only by members. In less than a year the society reported a
total

membership

of 1,500.

William E. HalRoyal Knights of King David. Relenbeck of Jersey City founded tlie Loyal corded in the census of 1890 as a fraternal Additional, which numbers more than 6,000 beneficiary society, but no evidence of its members. The Association is not a com- continued existence has been obtained. petitor of the Royal Arcanum, but is its Royal League, The. A glance at the supplement. The Supreme Council of the chief emblem of this mutual assessment Royal Arcanum, while not in any way con- beneficiary fraternity suggests that it is an nected with or responsible for the Asso- offspring of the Royal Arcanum, as it condistressed

and

members.

—

—

ciation,
its

expressed

its

commendation

at

tinues the use of the

word ''royal"
''

in con-

session in

Milwaukee, in 1890, of the

nection with the motto,

Virtue, Mercy,

motives that prompted the organization and extended to its promoters its praise and encouragement. Royal Conclave of Knights and Ladies. See sketch of Golden Rule Alli-

and Charity." Inquiry corroborates this, the
founders of the Royal League, at Chicago, in 1883, being members of the Royal Ar-

canum.

The former

is

—

incorporated under

ance.

the laws of the State of Illinois, and its operation is confined to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
all

Royal Fraternal Guardians. — Organized at

Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and

San Francisco

in

December, 1805, a
mortality within a

the States and Territories west of the

Mississippi River, north of the thirty-sixth
assessments to meet current
year, one to cover

parallel.

It

was

evidently organized

to

war risk, and two assessments to establish an emergency fund. These assessments are collected in twelve equal amounts, thus making a regular monthly call. The new system was adopted at the annual session of the Supreme Council, held at Cleveland in 1898 and went into operation August 1st in that year. By the new plan, $3,000 protection at the age of twenty-one calls for an annual payment of, or twelve monthly payments amounting to, $21.12 at
;

introduce some modifications of the then

method of cooperaemployed by the Royal Arcanum, and bears practically the same relationshij-) to the latter as the Iowa Legion of Honor and the Northwestern Legion of
exceptionally advanced
tive life insurance

Honor bear to the parent fraternity, the American Legion of Honor. The Royal thirty-one years, $30.24; at forty-one, $45.36; at League offers to unite acceptable men between twenty-one and forty-six years of age fifty, $68.40, and at fifty-nino years, $136.56. These rates promise to produce an emergency fund to provide what it (and the Royal Arcaiuuu) of about two-thirds of a million dollars annually. calls a widow's and orphan's benefit fund, The Order is to be congratulated on the wise and from which, at the death of members, to pay
it

conservative action

has taken, the significance of
transacting

which
a
like

lies in

the fact that no similar organization
is

$2,000 or $4,000 to their families or dependents.

of like age has so low a death rate or

volume

of business at so small an c.xihmisc.

The option of $-3,000 or $4,000 insurance (instead of $3,000 only) constitutes only

188

ROYAL SOCIETY OF GOOD FELLOWS
ciety,

as the

one difference between the two fraternities, younger introduced a $50 and a $25
week!}' benefit for

with headquarters at Sedalia, in that

permanent

disability (to

be deducted from the death benefit), to be paid at the request of the insured and the
beneficiary,

and

it

prohibited membershiiito

followers of a long
tions.

list of hazardous occupaFollowing in the footste2:)s of the

Royal Arcanum, the League makes a feature
of the social side of the organization, with

the reading of papers, debates, and other

entertainments.

latter is vested in a

The government of the Supreme Council, with

Advisory Councils in States having the There were about necessary membership.
14,000 members at the end of the thirteenth

by John N. Dalby, H. G. Clark, Ira J. E. Ritchey, B. H. Ingram, E. C. Mason, Philip E. Chappell, R. S. C. Reaugh, August T. Fleischmann, E. E. Durand, Stephen Pirkey, and William H. Black. H. G. Clark, St. Louis, was General Superintendent of the Missouri Pacific Railway Philip E. Chappell, Kansas City, had been State Treasurer of Missouri, and August T. Fleischmann of Sedalia was President of the Missouri State Board of Pharmacy. White men between twentyone and sixty years of age, socially and
State,

T. Bronson,

;

otherwise

acceptable,

write, believers in a

able to read and Supreme Being, not

year

of

the

society's

existence,

during which period nearly 11,000,000 had been paid to beneficiaries. Royal Society of Good Fellows. An incorporated fraternal assessment beneorganized on the lodge ficiary society, system in Ehode Island, in 1882, by members of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, Royal Arcanum, Knights of Honor, the Masonic Fraternity, and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. It admits men and women to membership and pays death and

engaged in the manufacture of or traffic in alcoholic stimulants, who can pass the reqiiired jihysical

examination, are eligible
It

—

to

membership.

will

accept railway

engineers, firemen, freight conductors, express messengers, yardmasters, and postal
clerks,

who

are excluded

from some similar

but railroad brakemeu and others engaged in extra-hazardous occupations
societies,

are excluded.

Beneficiary certificates are

issued for $1,000 or 12,000 below the age
of fifty
fifty
;

for $1,000
fifty-five,

membership is principally in the New England and Middle States, and aggregates about 15,000. Within fifteen
sick benefits.
Its

and

between the ages of and $500 between the
if

ages of fifty-five and sixty, thus permitting a person below fifty to carry $4,000
sired
sixty,
;

de-

years

it

has paid nearly 13,000,000 to bene-

below
$1,000.
is

fifty-five,

$2,000, and below

ficiaries.

The Good

Fellows'

emblem
crown

consur-

sists

of the re^iresentation of a

certificate

One-half the face of the payable in case of total dis-

mounted by

a small Latin cross, the whole surrounded by a ring of twelve small tangent circles, in eleven of which are the letters forming the words " Good Fellows," and in the twelfth a five-pointed
star.

ability in ten

annual installments.
is

The

payment
cates

of sick benefits

optional with
benefit certifi-

subordinate Lodges.

Death

Tiie office of

the
is

Premier,

as

the

chief executive officer

called, is in

New

York city. Royal Standard of America.

provides a graded rate, which increases with the age and risk of the member, and is payable in definite amounts each month. The other division
a certificate being paid

may be taken The first divisions.

out in either of two

—A

mu- permits
periods,
tificate

up

at once,

tual assessment beneficiary society,

which

or in annual installments, during various

may

be addressed at Jersey City, N. J.

from one
in

to

twenty years.

A

cer-

Royal Tribe of Joseph.
April, 1894,
as a

— Incorporated
in
so-

the latter class has a cash suris

under the laws of the State of Missouri
fraternal
beneficial

render value, and
benefit

payable as disability
reaches the
asre

when

a

member

of

— "
THE GRAND FRATERNITY
expectancy, or to his beneficiary at deatli
prior to that period.

189

bow and arrow on an open
society.

Bible, which, with the hour-glass, form the seal of the

This society operates in the United States and Canada, bnt not south of the southern
line of the States of Virginia, Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois,

The membership, which
is

aggre-

gates about 14,000,
officers of

heavy in Maryland and Pennsylvania, most of the
relatively

and Missouri, nor
is

in
Its

known

to be unhealthful.

any district form of govlike frater-

the

Supreme Lodge residing

at

Baltimore or Philadelphia.
ver.sal

ernment

the usual one

among

nities, the

laM'-making power resting in the
(State)

Snprenie Coniniandery of the UniBrotherhood. Founded by G. F.

—

Supreme Lodge, under which Grand

Bowles,

at

Natchez,

Miss.,

as

a

secret

Lodges have jurisdiction over subordinate Lodges in particular districts. The cere-

beneficiary organization to

pay

sick, acci-

dent, disability, old age, annuity, and death
benefits.
It is

mony

of initiation

is

confined to one degree

unique in that

it

contains

and considerable ingenuity has been exercised to render it attractive and impressive.

members of both sexes, black and white. That an exemplification of the meaning of It is based on Pharaoh's dream, its inter- its title is possible is shown by a total mempretation by Joseph, and the measures taken bership of about 9,000. The headquarters
to provide food for the residents of the land of the

Order are

at Natchez.

of

Egypt

in

"the seven years

in

which there

Templars of Liberty.
tion

— An

organiza-

no corn crops." Referring to this and to the biblical statement that " in all the land of Egypt there was bread," the Rev. T. De Witt Talnuige, in a sermon on *' Life Insurance," is quoted as saying " this was the first life insurance company
shall be
;

by this name, believed to have been beneficiary and patriotic in its objects,
is

known

to

have existed in Brooklyn and
at

New York in recent years. The Grand Fraternity. — Organized

Philadelphia, in 1885, by Michael Nesbit
of Philadelphia, Past Grand Master of Freemasons in Pennsylvania, member of the American Legion of Honor, Royal Arcanum, and Chosen Friends; Howard H.Morse of New York, also a member of the three

of the ritual of the Royal Tribe of Joseph. The society has over 3,000 members. Seven Stars of Consolidation, The.

whence the suggestion

Organized at Ilearne, Tex., ten years ago, but not found there now beneficiary and
;

beneficiary societies
of

named W.
;

J.

Newton

fraternal in its features.

Shield of Honor. Organized at Baltimore in 18T7, by .John W. Mceks, W. J. Cunningham, and Henry Duvall. Cunningham was a Freemason and an Odd Fellow.
to

—

Acceptable white
to

men

are permitted

become members,

whom sick and

benefits are paid, the former

death through sub-

may be determined, and the latter through the Supreme Lodge, for stated sums, to meet
ordinate Lodges, in such amounts as

Washington, D. C, Supreme Treasurer of the Chosen Friends, and Chester Bradford of Indianai:)olis, Ind., a Freemason and a member of the Knights of Honor, Royal Arcanum, and Chosen Friends a charitable and beneficiary society i)aying permanent disability, old age, and death benefits, and annuities, by means of mutual assessments. The system adopted is based upon that in use in Great Britain, and is
;

designed to afford a protection to the family

which the entire fraternity is assessed. and support in old age. Men and women Death and sick benefits paid during the between eighteen and fifty-five years of age
past

twenty years
ritual is based

will

exceed $500,000.
in the

are admitted on equal terms.
of a

On

the death

The
life

on an incident

of a prominent character in the Old Testament, suggested by the swords and

male member, an annuity is paid his widow as long as she lives without remarrying
;

if

she marries again

it

goes to the

190

TRIBE OF BEN-HUR
until they

minor children

become

of age.

reaching the old age limit a member receives an annuity as long as he or she

On

uary of the same year the first meeting of the Sujjreme Tribe was held in the city of
Crawfordsville, Ind.

Ex-Governor Ira J. Chase was elected the first Supreme Chief. reaching the old age limit, a member be- The Order grew out of a conference becomes entitled to a half-rate annuity until tween D. W. Gerard and F. L. Snyder, reaching the old age limit, when full annuity both of Crawfordsville, Ind., and General There are six classes of annuities, Lew Wallace, the author of the book is paid. ranging from $100 to $600, on which '" Ben-Hur," at the latter 's residence in
lives,

and

if

permanently disabled prior

to

old age limit or

monthly assessments are collected (until the permanent disability intervenes) of from fifty cents to $3, making the
total

Crawfordsville, Ind., in November, 1893.

Prior to this interview Messrs. Gerard and

annual assessments $6, $12, $18, $24,

$30,

and $36.

The experience
first

of the Fra-

decade showed a total annual revenue of $30,000 per 1,000 members, or enough to support seventy-five
ternity during its

$400 annuitants. During the jieriod named, its death rate had been only four to 1,000, at which rate it would have required twenty years to produce the seventy-five annuitants, during which time the annual surpluses

would go on accumulating
interest.

at compound The organization has not grown

rapidly,

numbering about 2,000 members,

by far the larger proportion being men. Its ritual is not based upon any so-called

mystery or historical incidents, the ceremonial being confined to an explanation of the principles upon which the society seeks
to accomplish its objects.
Its best

known
distrib-

emblem
ters

is

a four-leaf clover, with the let-

composing the word "help"

uted upon the leaves. The primary aim of the society is not to pay insurance at the death of a member, but to turn over annually during the lifetime, or the lifetime
of
relatives,

Snyder had carefully considered the adfounding an Order upon the book " Ben-Hur," providing the consent of General "Wallace could be obtained to use some name which would be suggestive During the interview, it was of that book. suggested that the name, " Knights of Ben-Hur," be selected, but General Wallace dissented, and remarked that " There were only tribes in those days," and suggested the "Tribe of Ben-Hur" as approThis was adopted and General priate. Wallace gave his consent to the founding of the Order upon the story of "Ben-Hur," and secured the consent of his publishers, who hold the copyright on the book. Immediately after, the preparation of the ritual and by-laws was begun, and in a short time thereafter several prominent men were invited to join in the work of founding the Order. Prominent amongthese were ex-Governor Ira J. Chase and Colonel W. T. Royse, both of Indianapolis,
visability of

Ind.; S. E. Yoris, postmaster of Crawfordsville
;

and Dr.

J.

F.

Davidson of Crawof experience in

fordsville, Ind., all

men

of them prominent in the insurance world, notably Messrs. Gerard, Royse, and Voris. The first subordinate Court of the of $100 for his declining years, or for his family in the event of his untimely death, Order was instituted at Crawfordsville, March 1, 1894, and was named " Simonihas practically insured himself for $2,000. Tribe of Beii-Hiir. One of the young- des Court, No. 1, Tribe of Ben-Hur." The est of the better known secret assessment beneficiary plan was not perfected until beneficiary societies is the Tribe of Ben- April 5, 1894, when beneficial certificate Indiana, No. 1 was issued. The popularity of the Hur. It was incorporated in January 9, 1894, and on the 16th of Jan- book "Ben-Hur" soon made the Order to

what would amount

the

fraternal Orders,

and most

earnings of a given amount of insurance if invested. Thus, one who secures an annuity

—

UNION FRATERNAL LEAGUE
prominent. By January 1. 1895, it liad secured a membership of 1,701, and by

191

the very light mortality in 1896, 2| to 1,000,
attests its present success.

The Supreme

January

1,

189G, 5,050.

On January

1,

1897, the membership was 12,322, 1,200 of which joined during December, 1896. Since its organization there have been and the novelty of

Tribe owns a home in Crawfordsville, Ind., which cost S6,600. The Order is spreading rapidly throughout the various States,
its

beneficiary plan un-

thirty-one deatlis, representing a total of

doubtedly has
growth.

much

to

do with

its

rapid

$51,250 in

losses,

every one of which has

Instead of insuring the lives of
for a stated
it

been paid promptly without an assessment. The distinctive features of tlie Order are (1) ^len and women admitted to member:

members
instances,

sum

or sums, in

all

varies the full

amount

of in-

surance granted, according to the age of the
for membership, from $3,000 between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three down to $500 for those joining between the

ship upon absolute equality

;

(2)

Uniform applicant
whole
(4)
;

monthly payments
certificate
;

of

§1 for each

(3)

Insurance graded accord;

ing to age, from 18 to 54 years
Certificates

No
(5)

ages of fifty-four and sixty-five, to be paid

assessment upon death of members
paid up
at
''

expectancy of

(G) A reserve fund created from the beginning (7) Two beneficial divisions, northern and southern. The Order has collected from the beginning a stated monthly payment from each of its members, which has enabled it to promptly pay all losses, and to accumulate in the surplus and reserve funds $35,664 within the first thirty-three months of

life"

;

;

from regular monthly dues kept steadily at $1 monthly in all instances. The latter feature is characteristic of the Ancient Order of United AVorkmen, but the decreasing scale of sums for which members

may be

insured, according to age at joining,

constituted a
fraternal

new departure

in the field of

beneficiary

insurance.

On

half

monthly payments are 50 cents, and at a like rate on one and one-half and on double certificates, but not more than its existence. $3,000 is granted on one life, nor more than The Society is not a schism, or a branch a whole certificate on the life of a woman. Triple Link 3Iutiial Iiideinnity Asof any other fraternal Order, but its foundA non-secret, incorporated and ers brought to it years of exiDcrience in sociation. fraternal Orders, more especially in the licensed insurance company, chartered unAncient Order of United Workmen, from der the laws of the State of Illinois in 1890, which they differed in being strong advo- by members of the Independent Order of cates of the necessity for and Avisdom of a Odd Fellows, who were also members of Its ritualistic inspiration is the Grand Army of the Republic, to insure reserve fund. wholly from the book '' Ben-Hur." the lives of Odd Fellows and Daughters of drawn Its beneficial jilan is unique, and tends to Rebekah (attached to the Order of Odd Its emblems are " The Fellows) who are under sixty years of age. attract attention. Galley Ship," with ''T.B. H." upon the The insurance is met by 'mutual assessments graded according to age. The home sail, the " Chariot Race," and the sevencertificates
,

—

pointed

star.

It is

operating in Indiana,

office is at

Chicago.

York, New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Kentucky, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, California, Oregon, Washington, Colorado, and elseOhio, Pennsylvania,
where.
ship

New

Union Beneficial Association.
tual assessment
ton,

— A mu-

insurance society at TrenLeajjiie.

N.

J.

Union Fraternal

— Organized

as at present at Boston,

Mass., in 1895,

Every applicant for beneficiary membermust pass a medical examination, and

by members of the Knights of Honor, Royal Society of Good Fellows, Pilgrim

192

UNITED AFRICAN BROTHERHOOD

Fathers, Ancient Order of United Work- another Order of the same name operating in men, and of other leading fraternal soci- another State. It has about 2,000 members. United African Brotherhood. Organeties, prominent among them John C. ized, as indicated, by negroes, at Clinton, P. William Barthelmes of Brookline, Mass.

—

;

McKeever, Salem, Mass. John F. Keynolds and P. Kirk of Somerville, Mass.; John S.
;

Tex., as

a

fraternal

beneficiary

society.

Letters sent to the Brotherhood at Clinton

Smith, Dorchester, Mass.; A. Marois, Meland F. X. Desjardins of Monrose, Mass. treal, Quebec, as a beneficiary society, to pay
;

were returned unopened. United Friends of
incorporated
society,

Michigan.
beneficiary

— An

fraternal

secret

death benefits of from $250 to $2,000, and sick and accident benefits graded from $3.50 Benefits are also paid for to $14 per week.

composed of both men and women, which pays death, disability, and old age benefits by means of assessments, and does
business exclusively in Michigan.
dates for beneficiary

permanent

paralysis, or loss of eyes, feet,

due to chronic illness, and hands, under the incorporated one or both. It is and adof Massachusetts, the State of laws mits men and women to membership. Asdisability

Candi-

membership must be over eighteen and under fifty-one years of
Its distinctive

age.

emblem

is

a cornuco-

horn of plenty, across a shield bearsemblies, as subordinate bodies are called, ing the American colors and the initials U. are found in the provinces of Ontario and F. & P., Unity, Fraternity, and Protection. Quebec, in most of the New England and The society was founded at Detroit in 1889, Middle, and some of the Southern, North- by Dr. G. F. Kirker of that city, E. F. western, and Pacific States. The League's Lamb of Mount Morris, Mich., and othheadquarters are at Boston, and its princi- ers, and numbers nearly 10,000 members. pal officers are representative business men (See Order of Chosen Friends.) United Leag-ue of America. A diswho are acquainted with the management
jna, or

—

of

organizations of

this

character.

The

affection

among German members

of the

Union Fraternal League was

originally in-

corporated under the fraternal beneficiary laws of Massachusetts, on June 19, 1889,

Order of Chosen Friends at Chicago, in 1895, due in part to dissatisfaction with a
projected plan for equalization, resulted in

under the name of the International Fra- a schism and the formation of an indepenternal Alliance, by J. B. Moses, P. Kirk, dent fraternal beneficiary secret society It is not under the title given above. S. Rothblum, William P. McKeever, J. F. Reynolds, William Horwood, and James T. known whether it is still in existence. (See McNamee, and began business as a frater- Order of Chosen Friends.) United Order of America. A new nal endowment corporation. It issued certificates for seven hundred dollars, payable beneficiary, society, organized at Los Anin seven years, and provided death, sick, and geles, Cal. disability benefits. United Order of Foresters. The origThe Order was fairly successful up to 1893, when the Massachu- inal United Order of Foresters consisted, in setts Legislature proposed to close out En- its best estate, of 13,000 members, practically dowment Fraternal Orders. A trustee was the American membership of the Indepentherefore appointed to wind up the business, dent Order of Foresters, when at Albany, and the endowment class is now perma- in 1881, that branch of the Independent nently closed. Previous to closing out of Order changed its name to the United the endowment class, the issue of certifi- Order of Foresters. (See IndeiDendent cates was begun on the present plan. In Order of Foresters.) The Canadian branch 1895 its name was formally changed to refused to adopt the new name and conthe Union Fraternal League, as there was tinued as the Independent Order, while

—

—

UNITED ORDER OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS
the

193

a few years.

new United Order disappeared within The present United Order is

— Early

United Order of th« Pilgrim Fathers.
in the fall of 1878, the following

founded in gentlemen and their wives, residents of 1894, and its Courts are located princi- Lawrence, Mass., some of them members pally in Chicago, elsewhere in Illinois, and of one or more of the fraternal insurance through Wisconsin and Minnesota. Its Orders, Ancient Order of United Workmen, approximate total membership is about United Order of the Golden Cross, Knights This society is practically an of Honor, Royal Arcanum, and American 1,200. imitation of other Orders of Forestry so Legion of Honor, as well as of the Masonic far as the name, titles, and emblems are Fraternity and the Odd Fellows, conceived concerned and, like the other children of the idea of forming an insurance Order the parent Order, was organized by mem- which would confine its membership to the bers of older Orders of Foresters. In New England States J. C. Bowker, James general government and objects it is not E. Shepard, A. J. French, Charles R. unlike the latter, except that its Supreme Peters, M. B. Kenney, Fred R. Warren, Court governs the Order direct. Its mem- Charles Lloyd, II. A. Wadsworth, W. L. bers pay regularly each month into the Seaver, A. V. Bugbee, A. W. Allyn and insurance fund a due proportion of the Henry W. Rogers. Associated with them total cost of carrying the risk for the aver- were Miss Mary P. Currier and Charles age duration of life instead of collect- McCarthy. Several meetings were held, and ing for death benefits, as deaths occur a constitution and ritual adopted, and plans
of recent origin, having been
;
:

"

regardless

of

this

unavoidable average
latter

perfected for organizing.
sultation the

After

much

con-

cost."

The United Order claims the

name United Order

of Pilgrim
15,

system (very largely in use by prominent fra- Fathers was adopted. ternal beneficiary societies) works cheaply 1879, the first Colony
the
rate
five or ten years, while the death below the average, but causes a shortage in the insurance fund, which must ultimately fall on surviving members. Although the youngest Order of Forestry, it has adopted some of the best insurance features of the Independent Order of Foresters, which was founded at Newark, N. J.,
first
is

On February

was formed in Lawrence, Mass., which took the name Mayflower, Included in its membership were
all

of the

incorporators and seventy-five

others, in all one

hundred and one.

In the

following

month

thirteen of the founders

were granted a charter under the laws of
Massachusetts.

The

objects, as set forth in

the charter, are to aid

members when

in

in 1874.

It

does not go south of the 38th

need, and assist the widows and orphans

parallel of latitude for
certificates for

or other legatees and beneficiaries of deand ceased members. The Supreme Colony $3,000 are issued, one quarter of which is was organized immediately and Supreme payable upon partial permanent disability, officers elected. The total membership one-half upon permanent disability, and the December 31, 189G, was 21.4(13. This wiiole amount on arriving at seventy years society presents graded assessments insurof age, or at death. ing men and women from eighteen to fifty United Order of Hoi>e. The address years of age, for 8500, 81,000, or 83,000, and of the Supreme Lodge of this mutual bene- has one hundred and ninety-three Colonies fit organization is St. Louis, Mo. Its em- scattered throughout the New England blem is formed of a monogram of the let- States. The principal emblems consist of ters 0. H. and an anchor. No replies to a representation of the ship '• Mayflower," inquiries concerning the society have been encircled by a white enamelled band with

members.

Benefit

$500,

§1,000,

82,000

—

received.
13

U. 0. P. F. over the top, E.

II.

F. at the

19i

UNITED STATES BENEVOLENT FRATERNITY

bottom, with the dates 1620-1879. Supreme Colony meets annually.
tative

The Lodges,
It
is

or Assemblies, as they are called,

to

their

moral,

intellectual,

social,

and
are

comjjosecl of the incorporators, a represen-

financial

advantage.

Death

benefits

from each subordinate Colony, and

paid by means of fixed monthly, quarterly,

an additional representative for each one hundred members. Five trustees are elected at each annual meeting, who, together with the Supreme Governor, Supreme Lieuteiiant Governor, and Sui^renie Treasurer, constitute the Board of Directors, who meet once in each month for the purpose of approving bills, jjassing upon proofs of The Ordeath and ordering assessments. It has der is in a flourishing condition.
paid nearly $2,500,000 to beneficiaries of
deceased members.

semi-annual and annual payments, or, if a paid-up " benefit bond " may be secured on a single payment. The Associapi'ef erred,
is composed of its local Assemblies ; Grand Assemblies, made up of representatives elected by local Assemblies and of the Supreme Assembly, the legislative body of the Association, which comprises representatives from Grand Assemblies and

tion
its

;

the original incorporators.

Woodmen

of

tlie

World.

— Organized
June
3,

as a fraternal beneficiary society,

United States Benevolent Fi-ater- 1890, at the Paxton Hotel, Omaha, Neb. Founded by Thomas H. McGechin, W. 0. Rodgers, M.D., of Omaha, presided, nity.

—

its first

president, at Baltimore, Md., Feb-

ruary
ability,

22, 1881, to

pay death,
benefits.

total
It

dis-

and annuity

admits
is

white
lineal

men and women on

equal terms,

a

descendant of the Royal Arcanum and American Legion of Honor, and numbers about 1,000 members. United. States Benevolent Fraternity. Organized at Baltimore j^rior to 1890 as a mutual assessment beneficiary society.

—
It

died in 1894. " V. A. S."
est, or

terna

The Vera Amicitia SempiTrue Friendship is Eternal,

—

was organized at Grenell, la., in 1879, as a graded assessment, fraternal benefit society,
confined to the
State of

and F. A. Falkenburg of Denver, Col., The following were also was secretary. present J. Cullen Root, Lyons, la.; F. F. Roose, Lincoln, Neb. W. N. Dorward, Omaha, Neb. Robert T. Court, SpringJohn T. Yates, Omaha, Neb.; field, 111. B. Wood Jewell, Manchester, la., and W. Murray Guiwitts, Lincoln, Neb. The following, not present, sent word they intended to become members Buren R. Sherman, Waterloo, la. ; Theodore H. Thtsmas, Denver, Col. ; L. J. Moss, West Superior, Wis. S. Leonard Waide, Muscatine, la. ; C. K. Erwin, Tomah, Wis. ; C. C. Farmer, Mt. Carroll, 111., and W. C.
: ;

;

;

:

;

Iowa.

It

paid

Ilomermiller,

In 1891 it death benefits of 12,000 each. was merged into the Security Life Association of Clinton,
tions
tity.

ing body of this

Tomah, Wis. The governnew society of Modern

la.

It paid

all

obliga-

up

to

the

date

of

loss

of

iden-

was a small insurance company, with headquarters at WashingIts successor
,

ton

la.

AVestern Kuiglits Protective Association. Founded by fifteen members of

—

various fraternal societies at St.

Charles,
as

Minn.,
all

its

present

headquarters,

a

straight death benefit organization, to unite

acceptable

white
fifty-four

persons
years
of

between
age
in

eighteen

and

America, as it was then Sovereign Camp of the At a meeting in Omaha, June 4, World. 1890, benefit certificates were authorized at $1,000, $2,000, and $3,000, to be issued only to members of the Sovereign Camp, and it was further provided that when the Sovereign Camp exceeds 10,000 members, a separate jurisdiction maybe formed, provided membership in the proposed jurisA Pacific diction shall exceed 5,000. Jurisdiction was established, consisting of Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Nevada,
of
called,
is

AVoodmen

the

WOODMEN OF THE WORLD
Washington, Oregon, California, and ColoOrganization was perfected at a
5,

195

cable, to tread in paths less frequented

by

rado.

modern

secret society ritualists,

the idea

meeting, June
meeting, August
the World,
to

1890.

13, 1890, the

At the fourth evidently having been to parallel efforts of name of the earlier secret societies, to utilize in cere-

organization was changed to

Woodmen
of

of

and that

of the governing

body
the

monials customs aTul implements employed in some of the primitive occupations of

Sovereign

Camp,

Woodmen

an additional step is taken by preserving in form and ceremony implements and teachings drawn The principal of- from woodcraft. There is no relationship separate jurisdiction. ficers are salaried and give bonds for the between the two Orders of AVoodmen exfaithful performance of their duties, from cept that the same man founded each, and which it is j^lain that the life insurance that they employ similar emblems, as do The growth of the some other important but independent sofeature dominates. organization is shown in the following cieties, such as the various Orders of Odd Fellows and of Foresters. figures
of the World,
:

World, owing to the similarity between the former title and that of the original ^lodIn the interern Woodmen of America. vals between sessions of the Sovereign Camp the society's affairs are managed by its officers and the Sovereign Executive The Order has also spread into Council. the Canadian Dominion, where there is a

mankind. Results of this method are seen not only in Masonic rituals, but in the snggestiveness of the titles, the Ancient Order
of Shepherds,

the Fishermen of Calilee,
of

the Ancient Order of Foresters, and the

Ancient

Order

Gardeners.

In

the

Woodmen

Year.

Certificates in Force.

Insurance
in Force.

Insurance Written during
the Year.

Death Rate
per
1000.

lives

The Woodmen of the World insures the of members between 16 and 52 years
$500, $1,000, 81,500, $2,000,

1891 1893 1893 1894 1895

5,461

10.106 14,057 20.272 33,027

$11,971,300 22.604,600 30,780,200 41,612,200 65,693,200

$13,277,000 15,502.600 17,495,900 21,147.000 38,419,500

3.3 4.3 6.1 8.6 6.8

of age, for

$2,500, or $3,000 each, by

means

of assess-

ments graded according

to age, and, fur-

thermore, agrees to place a

monument

to

While the development in membership and financial strength has been rapid, the death rate and assessments have been low, as there were sixty-eight assessments during the first seventy-eight months of the Order's existence fewer than one per month. The system and the growth shown

cost $100 at the grave of every deceased

member. Only white men are eligible membership, and there is no restriction
to religious creed

to

as

or political conviction.

The

ritual

is

dignified

and

impressive,

—

teaching no abstract dogma or jihilosophy, seeking to exemplify the "grandeur of the

are credited to J. C. Root, a thirty-second

degree Scottish Rite Freemason, a
of the of the

^

Independent Order of Knights of Pythias, of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Iowa Legion of Honor, and founder of the Modern Woodmen of America. The ancient Roman methods of obligating underlie the initiatory ceremonial, and, as shown by its principal emblems the beetle, wedge, and axe, symbols of the woodmen's craft (also displayed by the Modern Woodmen of America) it attempts, so far as practi-

voluntary association of good men for their member advantage and improvement." Only one Odd Fellows, degree, known as the Protection degree, is
obligatory.

Additional degrees, Morning,
to

Xoon, and Night, are furnished

Camps

desiring to elaborate fraternal work.

Women may
ganized

unite with the recently orCircles,

Women's

which contain
are said
to

over 1,000 members.

They

—

form useful

social auxiliaries.

Woodmen's
and
erect
of

Circles also pay death benefits

monuments

at

the

graves

deceased

—

women members.

Circles

meet in Groves

196

WORKMEN'S

B-ENEFIT ASSOCIATION

which are governed by a Siipreme Forest,
subject to the approval of the Sovereign Camp of the Woodmen of the Workl.
joining' between the ages of 16 and 33 years become life members in 30 between 33 and 43 years they beyears come life members in 25 years and those joining at over 43 years of age become life members in 20 years. Death benefits of life members are paid by means of a spe; ;

men's Circles. In Canada there are about The Woodmen of the 3,000 members. World *' is the only Order of its kind that
places a

Woodmen

monument

at the grave of every

deceased member, that issues a paid
certificate at the

up

end of a certain period,
its certificates

and that makes

incontest-

able after one year."

Workmen's
Founded by
J.

Benefit

Association.

—

Varnum

Mott, M.D., at

cial

quarterly assessment
is

when
by a

necessary.

Boston, Mass., June 23, 1893, as a fraternal beneficiary society, to afford additional

The Order

governed

Sovereign

Camp having three subordinate Head Camps, two in the United States and one Subordinate Camps have been in Canada. established in more than 1,300 cities and towns in the more healthful portions of the United States, in central western and northwestern States and in the Dominion of Canada, and more than $1,000,000 has been paid in death benefits during six years
of

insurance to members of the Ancient Order of United
eligible to

Workmen, who
It

alone

are

join.

issues

certificates of
Its

$1,000, payable at death of holders.

membership

is

5,500.

World Mutual Benefit Association.—
non-secret stock company doing a life insurance business on the assessment plan. It makes a specialty of insuring members
of the fraternal secret Order of the World,

A

the fraternity's existence.
in the

The
is

total

membership
35,000,

United States
of

about

exclusive

members

of

Wood-

which does not insure its own members. (See Order of the World.)

—
ECLECTIC ASSEMBLY

197

III

MUTUAL

ASSESSMEISTT BEISTEFICIAEY FRATERNITIES
[SHORT-TERM OR ENDOWMENT.]

American Benevolent Association.
One
its

follows the path

marked out by the

Inter-

of the

more recent
sick benefit

accident, total dis-

national

Fraternal Alliance of Baltimore.

Men and women between and fifty-five years of age may betificates, providing life insurance to a cer- come members. Holders of shares may apply tain amount during continuance, and "a for loans after six months' membership. competency " for the holder if he survives. Shares are issued in nine amounts, rangThe Association was founded and incorpo- ing from $200 to 65,000, which mature in rated by W. R. Eidson, F. H. Pickrell, ten years, or are payable in full, prior thereJohn H. Allen, Dr. J. D. Irwin, Erie De to, at death of holders. Its ritual is based Jong, Dr. A, T, Martin, and Henry T. on the '' Landing of Columbus." Eclectic Assembly. Incorporated unBurns at St. Louis, Mo., in 1894. Men between fourteen and sixty-five, and women der the laws of Pennsylvania, January 3, between fourteen and fifty-five years of age 1893, with headquarters at Bradford, Penn., Certificates are by W. R. Weaver, C. P. Collins, L. E. are eligible to membership. issued in eight amounts, ranging from 1250 Hamsher, W. E. Burdick, II. A. Canfield, to S2,000, on which regular monthly pre- George A. Berry, Freemasons; and by T. J. miums are paid. The Association is ac- Melvin, Alanson Palmer, C. F. McAmbley, tively at work in Missouri, Kentucky, Illi- W. W. Brown, and J. B. Cochrane, to offer nois, Indiana, ^Michigan, Nebraska, Iowa, a combination of the most desirable features
ability

and

endowment

orders,

(See the latter.)

feature being ten-year distribution cer-

fifteen

—

Kansas, Colorado, Indian Territory, Texas,
Louisiana,
Florida,

•'found in the justly popular insurance orders of the present

Arkansas,

Alabama,

Georgia,

day."

Its

system of

and Tennessee. Equality for man assessments is declared to be adjusted so and woman, faith, hope, and benevolence, that only twelve payments are necessary and loyalty to country are typified in the each year in order to build u]i the reserve emblems. It confers one degree, the cere- fund, pay accident and death benefits, and monial of which is said to be dignified and one-half the sums called for in certificates, impressive. The total number of members where holders reach the "age of expectancy." Men and women are received as is about 13,000. American Benevolent Union. Date members on equal terms, and insured in (See any of six classes, which range from $500 of organization at Boston unknown. The Order is governed by a to §3,000. Order of the Solid Rock.) Benevolent Union. Organized at Bos- Supreme Assembly and a Supreme Board

—

—

ton in 1889.
tion.

(See Order of the Solid Rock.)
at Philadelphia in 1893, of Pennsyl-

of Directors.

It publislies

the

obligation

Columbus Mutual Benefit Associa-

required

of

those

who become members,

— Organized
It

which

is

merely a solemn promise to obey
its
is

and incorporated under the laws
vania.

the rules of the organization, and not com-

combines the features of the
it

municate
Its

" private work " unlawfully.
based on mythology, and
its

building and loan association with those of

ritual

the fraternal beneficiarv order, in which

signs

refer to God's covenant

with man.

—
FRATERNAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA
also to red

—

198

There are references
of the organization
is

men, the

early inhabitants of America.

The emblem

been fairly successful in its chosen field. Its ritual shows traces of Masonic handiwork.

eqiulateral triangle, the sides of

an anchor within an Much of its success has been due to the which are activity of C. H. Unverzagt. The "Fradenominated Hope, Truth, and Charity. ternal Monitor," published at Rochester, N. Y., says that the stand taken by the Its membership numbers about 1,500. Alliance, as an exponent of the system of Fraternal Association of America. Organized at Boston. (See Order of the paying benefits during life, " has done much to keep the system alive and oppose oppresSolid Eock.)

Fraternal Guild.

—A

short-term or en-

sive legislation."

dowment
in 1889.

order, founded at

San Francisco

Untraced.

Industrial Benefit Order, Boston.
(See Order of the Solid Rock.)

International Order of Twelve, of Knights and Daughters of Tabor. Founded by Rev. Moses Dickson, a prominent clergyman of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, at Independence, Mo., August 12, 1872. It is an " Afro- Ameri-

Industrial Order of America. A Bos(See Order of the Solid ton organization.
Rock.)

—

can labor and benevolent association," orInternational Fraternal Alliance of ganized on the lodge system, with an elaboBaltimore. Organized by William Bauni- rate series of titles and ceremonials. It garten, C. E. P. Brewer, W. J. Wroth, and "numbers 100,000 members" in thirty others, members of a number of the best States, England, Africa, and the West Indies. known beneficiary Orders, the Masonic Fra- The society explains that there was an antiternity, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, slavery secret organization of negroes at the and Red Men, to pay sick, disability, and South in 1846, entitled the Order of Twelve, death benefits, and enable its members to and two others, some years later, the secure homes on the most favorable terms. Knights of Liberty and the Knights of It seeks to combine in its " bnilding loan Tabor, upon which the founder of this and insurance shares" the advantages of a society built the International Order of sound system of insurance with the building Twelve, of Knights and Daughters of Taand loan system of protection and accumu- bor. Knights of Tabor now meet in TemOne advantage claimed over the ples and Daughters in Tabernacles, while as lation. regular building and loan association is in Princes and Princesses of the Royal House the payment of the full face value of shares of Media they convene for literary and soMaids held at the death of the lending member, cial entertainment in Palatiums. instead of only the amount paid in on them and Pages of Honor, as juvenile members Should the deceased be are called, meet in Tents. The Order pays at date of death. a borrower on his shares, the possessor of a death and sick benefits, and, except in the house mortgaged to the Alliance, "the juvenile department, endowment or short mortgage is cancelled at once," and "the term benefits also. The chief emblem disfamily or home left entirely free from debt." played on its publications is an eye beIts membership includes about Id, 000 men tween two groups of numerals, 777 and 333. Iron Hall, of Baltimore City. Anand women, residents of thirty States of the Union and the Dominion of Canada. Pay- nounced to have been "reorganized" on ments on shares are made on the assessment "the original plan" of the Order of the The Iron Hall, an Indiana fraternal beneficiary system, or as regular monthly dnes. The latter Alliance, in common with short-term, en- society for men and women. dowment, or life-benefit orders, has been went into the hands of a receiver in 1892. The Iron subjected to criticism and litigation, but has (See Order of the Iron Hall.)

—

—

A

—
199

NATIONAL DOTARE
Hall, of Baltimore City, was formed at Baltical

examination as a prerequisite to admis-

more by Freeman D. Somerby and others sion and men and women between sixteen in 1892, and incorporated under the laws of and sixty years of age are eligible to membership. Its subordinate Councils are govtfie State of Maryland as an insurance society. Its different branches control the erned by a Supreme Council. It loans to reserve fund of the Order, which " in members from $G0 to $000 on certificates of not even a receiver from $100 to $1,000, and pays a cash benefit case of trouble
.
.

.

end of months' membership. The buildgrowth. Among other features it embodies ing and loan society feature combined with a plan of seven-year maturing certificates, sick, disability, and death benefits characand death benefit certificates of from $200 to terize the Society. There is also an arrangeI>1,000 each, which include sick and total ment for cash withdrawals, and the cost of All disability payments. It also issues straight each $100 certificate is $1 monthly. life policies of 11,000, 12,000, and $3,000, loans are limited by the amounts i)aid in, which are to mature in twenty years, and and in case of death prior to the maturity has a pension savings fund, certificates un- of a certificate, the benefit paid consists of der which head are issued in like amounts the total amount paid in with 6 per cent, inwith a benefit provision for old age on at- terest. Loans are made on first mortgages taining the age of seventy-three years. Any on real estate at 6 per cent., and are repayThe secret accejitable white person between sixteen and able in monthly installments. sixty-five years of age, a believer in a Su- work of the organization is not elaborate. preme Being and who is competent to earn Its motto is " Love, Truth, and Justice." Kniglits and Ladies of Protection. a livelihood, is eligible to become a member. The Order has '' a brief and pointed ritual," A short term or endowment order for men with "just enough of secret society machin- aiul women formed at Roxbury, Mass., and ery" to secure mutual obligations. Among recorded in the United States census of founders were Knights of Pythias, 1890. Not known to exist now. its Modern Order of Craftsmen. FoundKnights of Honor, Chosen Friends, and Freemasons. AYomen are received on the ed at Detroit, Mich., in 1894, and incorsame terms as men, and are eligible to the porated under the laws of Michigan as a
could touch."
bers,
It

has nearly 9,000
of

mem-

of $100 to $1,000 at (death or) the
sixty-five

and

gives

evidence

increasing

—

highest

office.

fraternal beneficiary order.

Its certificates

Knights and Tjadies of America. mature in twenty years, and a paid-up value "mutual benefit, savings, and loan frater- is given them, if desired, after five years.
nity," instituted in 1894 under the laws of

—

There

is

also a plan

l)y

which surplus funds
real estate, first

the State of
ters in

New

York, with
city.

its

headquar-

are loaned to

members on

New York

It is non-sectarian,

and seeks to form a medium " between the high-priced tontine insurance companies and the very low-priced fraternal orders," a sort of "compulsory savings bank." Its founders were members of the Masonic Fraternity, the American Legion of Honor, Royal Arcanum, and the Junior Order of United American ]Mechanics, the influence of the latter showing itself in the stress laid upon "our glorious country America " in its ritual. There is no physinon-political,

mortgage security, to enable them to procure homes. National Dotare. Organized at Detroit, Mich., in 1892, a short term mutual

—

benefit society.

It

agreed to

i)ay

$1,000 to
of cer-

holders of certificates
specified assessments
tificates.

who should pay the
life

during the

The plan depended on lapses of membership to make it "a success." The
society soon
ers.

At one time

went into the hands of receivit had a monthly income

of $5,500.

200

NATIONAL FRATERNAL UNION

National Fraternal Union. One of the younger in the sisterhood of secret beneficiary

—

Legions, and
order.

Legions are governed by Grand or State the latter by the National

societies,

having been organized at

Legion, which transacts the business of the

Cincinnati by Freemasons, members of the Knights of Pythias and of the Independent
the lives of

The Legion

seeks to combine

of the desirable insurance features

some found in

Order of Odd Fellows, in 1889, to insure similar societies, conspicuously among them its members in sums ranging a semi-endowment plan, by which part of from ^500 to ^5,000, or furnish ten, fifteen, the face of death benefit certificates is paid and twenty-year endowments. The Union during the life time of holders; a cash sur-

was incorporated under the laws
its

of

Ohio by

render value after
certificate holder
fit

five years

and

founders, S. L. Miner, John B. Peaslee,

disability benefits; in addition to

sick and which the

A. Alanson Phelps, W. C. Lockwood, Lee H. Brooks, L. E. Casey, and F. M. Dillie.

may borrow from
The

the beneof

fund up

to a certain as

amount, giving the
office

The endowment

certificates are

framed to

certificate

security.
is

the
Its

provide sick and accident policies, and after two years' membership a cash surrender is

National Legion
total

at Waverly,

N. Y.

This allowed on endowment certificates. society enjoys the unique distinction of
being "the first of its kind" to loan its surplus funds to members on the building

and loan

association
life

plan.

It

therefore

offers regular

insurance on the assess-

ment
sick

basis, or

on the endowment plan, with

and disability insurance, and its reserve fund as loans for building. No charges are

made

for initiation, medical examination,

dues, the regular monthly payment including the entire cost of memBoth men and women are membership. bers. The six-pointed star containing a monogram formed of N. F. and U., encircled by a chain and the initials of the motto, " Ad- given period or to their beneficiaries in the vancement, Protection, and Fraternity," event of their not surviving the certificate. The ritual The emblem of the Order is a shield bearing constitute its public emblems. the Stars and Stripes surrounded by a scroll is suggested by the motto, and includes The containing the motto, "Fraternity, Protecthree degrees, one for each word. Total memtion, Equality, and Security." membership numbers about 10,000. National Protective Legion. A fra- bership about 6,500. Order of Equity. Founded at Indianternal beneficiary society organized and chartered under the laws of the State of New apolis, Ind., in 1889, by some of the leading York in 1891, by members of the Masonic officers of the Knights of Pythias in that Fraternity, to unite all acceptable men and State, and by Freemasons and Odd Fellows, women in one association, the aim of which to pay members from ^6 to 125 weekly in shall be benevolence, social culture, the care case of accident or sickness, and funeral of the sick and needy, and to provide and benefits of from $40 to $100 at the death of maintain a fund for the benefit of its mem- a member, to comfort sick and distressed bers while living, and for the protection of members of the Order, and to assist them their families in the event of death. Its local in obtaining employment and in business.
or for lodge

membership is about 4,000. Order of iEgls. Founded at Baltimore, in 1892, by Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, and members of various fraternal orders, to insure by means of assessments the lives of acceptable white men and women between sixteen and fifty-five 3'ears of age for S500, 11,000, 12,000, or 13,000, and pay them weekly benefits during sickness. The secrets of the Order are reduced to those At the first serving to identify members. biennial session of the Supreme Lodge of the Order it was decided to issue certificates on the ten-year endowment plan, thus placing the organization among those which pay a specified sum to members at the end of a

—

—

—

ORDER OF THE CONTINENTAL FRATERNAL UNION

201

It issued certificates of §200, ^300, 8400, the same city in the same year, is based on and §500, "to mature in five and eight its short term in this instance, five-year mayears from date of issue," which ckxssed it turing certificates as opposed to the system

—

—

among
These

the short-term or
certificates

endowment
sick,

orders.

of

payment

of benefit certificates only at

temporary death. There were Freemasons, Odd FelBoth men lows, Knights of Pythias and members of and women were admitted to member- the Grand Army of the Republic among the ship. The Order was scattered through founders, but there is no particular trace of nearly twenty States, but was strongest in the influence of any of those societies in the the central West. It paid more than private work of the organization. The $200,000 in benefits, with a total member- 7,000 members, mostly in Pennsylvania, inship of only about 4,000. Its ritual re- clude women and men between the ages of ferred to the parable of the Good Samaritan sixteen and sixty-five years to whom it and the healing of the lejiers. The Order pays sick and disability benefits of from went into the hands of a receiver in March, $5 to $25 weekly, and from $100 to $500 1897, owing 172,000 to holders of certifi- in case they hold a certificate for that
carried
disability,

and funeral

benefits.

cates,

with assets amounting to only $35,000.
failed

The

institution was similar to the original
in

Order of the Iron Hall, which
1893.

sum for a period of five years. It also loans money upon certificates up to 75 per cent, of the amount paid in on them. The seal
of the

Builders. Organized January 25, 1890, and registered as a fraternal

Order of

Home

—

Order discloses a five-pointed star

inscribed Avithin a pentagon.

beneficiary

order

with

the

State

Order of Solon. Organized at Pittsburgh in 1888. (See Order of the Solid
Rock.)

—

of Pennsylvania. Its Grand Lodge, or governing body, is permanently

Department

Order of Sons of Projji-ess.
in Philadelphia in 1879.

— Organized

located at Pliiladelphia.

It

admits

men and

(See Order of the

fifteen and sixty- five years Solid Rock.) on equal terms, and pays $500, 1250, Order of Twelve. An anti-slavery seand $125 death benefits, according to age; cret society of negroes formed in 184G. Desick benefits of $7 per week for a monthly funct. (See International Order of Twelve, payment of 40 cents, and annuity benefits of Knights and Daughters of Tabor.) to widows, orphans, or other beneficiaries, Order of the Benevolent Union. See ranging from $100 to $500. There is also a Order of the Solid Rock. savings department in which members may Order of the Continental Fraternal make monthly deposits for six years, after Union. Similarities of names of secret which they are to receive the sums paid by beneficiary societies are strongly marked them into the benefit fund, together with among the various ''Unions," one of the their pro rata shares of the profits of the younger of which, the Continental Fratersavings department. nal, with about 3,000 members (men and •Order of Peudo. A mutual assessment, women), has its headquarters at Richmond, beneficiary organization doing business un- Ind., where it Avas founded in 1890 by memder the laws of the State of California. Its bers of the Knights of Honor, the Royal headquarters are at San Francisco. Arcanum, the Ancient Order of United Order of Pente. Organized at Phila- Workmen, and, as usual, the Independent delphia in 1888, and chartered under the Order of Odd Fellows and the Masonic Fralaws of that State as a fraternal, coopera- ternity. It pays sick and death benefits, tive, beneficiary association. Its name, as in and seeks to insure its members as near the case of the Sexennial League, formed at actual cost as possible. Its aim is economy

women between
of age

—

—

—

—

—

202

ORDER OF THE FRATERNAL CIRCLE
its

and mutual helpfulness, and a feature of

method

is

the payment
years,

of §1,000 to

memit

bers on a stated basis of assessments, in six

At the beginning men only were words. admitted, and later women were admitted as social members, without the right to vote
in its councils, but at the time of the ap-

and one-half
as one of
Its

thus characterizing
of the clasped

pointment of the receiver they had all the hands privileges of the association. Persons were across a shield, above which are the letters admitted between the ages of eighteen and U. H. F., and below, the word "Union," sixty-five years. The total membership durthe whole surrounded by a wreath of oak ing the life of the Order was about 125,000. The highest membership at any one time was leaves. probably about 70,000. The membership at See Circle. Fraternal Order of the the time of the appointment of the receiver, Rock. Solid Order of the The society Order of the Golden Rod. Organized August, 1892, was 63,000.
the so-called short-term orders.
is

emblem

made up

—

—

at Detroit in 1894 by George Raviler (of Knights of the Maccabees, International

failed because the system or theory of its

organization

was

not

practicable.

The

Fraternal Alliance, and Order of the Orient) and Emil C. Hansen (of Royal Adelphia,

moneys paid
of

into the Order by the

mem-

bers earned no increment so far as the books

Order of Vesta and Woodmen of the World) to encourage economy and thrift among its members, both men and women. The feature of its system
National
Dotare,

the association

disclosed.

The Order

was said to make money on lapses of membership and claimed that there was an increase of four members for each certificate its maturing; or all that a member had to do each to is the issuing certificates of 150 fee which a "was to get in four other members, and on series of 250, members in a are would enable the association to pay him cents that of 25 assessment semi-monthly and No member carries fewer than out." Practically the association lost in the charged. two certificates, which mature in their nu- aggregate more than 1100,000 on account
merical order as soon as funds from assessments accumulate to the par value of the
lowest numbered.
of

lapsing members.

The Iron Hall

of

In case of death of a

Baltimore city was organized in 1892 by members of the original Iron Hall, with

member in good standing the beneficiary Freeman D. Somerby at its head. Order of the Orient. A Michigan mumay continue to pay the assessments and

—

dues and receive the benefits at maturity, or draw out the sum total paid in assess-

tual benefit, fraternal order,
itself in

which found

the hands of a receiver in 1895 and

ments with interest at 7 per cent. Order of the Helping- Hand. Organized at Lynn, Mass., prior to 1890, a short-

has since disappeared.

—

An order by the same name was in existence on the Northern Peninsula of Michigan and in Wisconsin in
1895, but efforts to obtain details of their
origin, character,
fruitless.

term, assessment insurance society.
registered in census reports for 1890,
it

It is

which

and progress have been

did not long survive.

Order of the Iron Hall.

— Organized

a fraternal beneficiary secret society by

Order of the Royal Argosy. An enas Emi dowment or short-term fraternal society,

—

Kennedy, Freeman D. Somerby and others, organized at San Francisco in 1888. Unat Indianapolis, Ind., in December, 1881, traced. Order of the Royal Ark. See Order and incorporated under the laws of that State. Its object was fraternal, sick, dis- of the Solid Rock. Order of the Solid Rock. Founded in ability, and endowment insurance upon the assessment plan. It was also a secret soci- 1889 at Boston, Mass., a short-term or It is ety, having an initiation ceremony and pass endowment fraternal organization.

— —

PROGRESSIVE ENDOWMENT GUILD OF AMERICA
recorded in the census of 1890 as

203

among

the

three classes of membership.

many

similar societies of that period which

endeavored to pay back the face of endowment certificates of from $100 to $200, $300,
$400, $500, and, in some instances, $1,000
to surviving

Subordinate Chapters are governed by a Supreme Chapter, between sessions of which the business
of

members within

a few years.

the order is managed by a Supreme Executive Committee of seven members. In Class A, to which those between eighteen
fifty

weekly sick benefits, so long as they lasted, ranging from $3.50 to A great many un$5, and from $5 to $20. thinking or uninformed people became insocieties also paid

These

and

years of age are admitted, certifi-

cates of

from $500

to $5,000

are issued,

payable in ten
case of death,
fits

years, or immediately in

which Jilso provide sick beneweekly on every $1,000, to be societies and some lost money. Most of deducted from the amounts carried. This these societies died after meeting one set of is met by monthly jiayments at the rate of maturing certificates, and comparatively few $3.60 for every $1,000. Class B, ''intermediate," consists of those between fiftyremain to-day. Order of the World, of Boston. See one and fifty-eight years of age, who receive like benefits, except in case of death during Order of the Solid Rock. Order of Touti. A Pennsylvania short- the ten-year period, when beneficiaries reterm or endowment mutual assessment ceive one-tenth of the face of certificates fraternity. It assigned in 1895, and its for each year of membershii? and fraction Class B includes those between assets were divided by the court among thereof. fifty-nine and sixty-five years of age, who more than 15,000 certificate holders. Order of Vesta. One of the numerous cannot pass a satisfactory physical examinmutual assessment, short-term, or tontine ation or are unwilling to submit to one. fraternal organizations which started up a They enjoy similar benefits, but in case of few years ago. Its membership was chiefly death their beneficiaries receive only the in Pennsylvania, where it made an assign- amount jiaid in for assessments. The funds ment in 1895, and was su^bsequently wound of the Guild are invested in mortgages on improved real estate. Five per cent, of all up. People's Favorite Order. See Order assessments is set aside for the Reserve Benefit Fund, no part of which is to be of the Solid Eock. People's Five-Year Benefit Order. expended until it amounts to $500,000, and then only to limit assessments to one for See Order of the Solid Rock. People's Mutual Life Insurance Or- each month. A feature is made of the
terested
in

these

short-term

endowment

of $5

—

—

—

—

—

der.

—A

short-term or

endowment
where

assess-

provision

that

after

membership

for

six

ment

fraternity, located in census reports

consecutive years in good standing all

mem-

for 1890

at Nashville, Tenn.,

it

was

bers unwilling or unable to continue pay-

founded in 1882. Progressive

America.

—A

ing assessments may have their certificates of made non-forfeitable to the amount paid conservative and well-estab- in, which sum is payable at death or on
there now.

Unknown

Endowment Guild

lished cooperative, beneficiary societ}% or-

ganized by Freemasons, Knights of Pythias,

following

reaching the age of seventy years. hazardous occupations

Persons
or

who

and members of the Royal Arcanum, and live in localities subject to epidemics are chartered by the Legislature of Virginia, eligible to membership, but in case of death embodying endowment or short-term in- during the ten-year period are treated as surance, sick benefits, and cash willidniwals. members in Class B, "intermediate.** This White men and women between eighteen applies also to those who commit suicide and sixty-five years of age are eligible to its during the first ten years of membership.

204 Wliile

ROYAL ADELPHIA
disclaiming being a secret society, the ordinary meaning of the words,"
the features of the ordinary
life insurance tendency to the business

"in

company.

Its

the Guild has its obligations, its "private work " and means of identifying members,
Avhich constitute about
in
all

rather than the social or fraternal side of
secret society life

that

is

secret

that

it

is shown in the statement has a " plain, business-like ritual

many

latter-day

secret societies.

The and manual."
stead-

'

Sexennial League. Organized and under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, July 18, 1888, by David ily, and ranks second to none of the endowment or so-called short-time orders. Its C. Eeynolds and others, one or more of membership numbers about 5,000, and in- whom were members each of the Ancient cludes the names of many whose reputation Order of United Workmen, Royal Arcacrosses State lines, conspicuously, Charles num, American Legion of Honor, Order of T. O'Ferrall, formerly governor of Virginia. Sparta, of the Masonic Fraternity, and the Royal Adelphia. Founded at Detroit Independent Order of Odd Fellows. The in 1883, a fraternal beneficiary society of definite object of the association was offithe short-term or endowment variety, or- cially stated to be "to enable all persistent ganized to pay death benefits of $1,000, members to have an opj)ortunity to save 82,000, and S3,000, and sick benefits of $15 small amounts periodically, which, merging Some of in a common fund, would produce large inweekly. It died ten years later. crease from safe investments, the benefit to its members were identified with the National Dotare and the Order of the Golden be shared by the persistent members in proportion to the certificates held by them. Eod. mutual as- The features of paying an ample sick beneRoyal Benefit Society. A beneficiary fit and a moderate death benefit were also and endowment sessment, life The distinctive feature was organization, incorporated under the laws incorporated. of the State of New York with its home the termination of membership at the end each six years, if It was organized of six years from joining office in New York city. in 1893, and among its founders were Free- a person continuously rejoined, being thus masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, a period of reaping the benefits of faithful and members of a number of the Eoyal Ar- membership. The certificates were of five canum and other beneficiary secret societies. denominations, $200, $400, $600, $800, and Extra assessments, if required, Its membership amounts to more than $1,000." that is, members might pay It issues certificates to .men and were optional 3,000. women in sums of from $250 to $3,000, pay- them or allow their certificates to pay them; able at death or at the end of ten, fifteen, but the latter course drew upon the amounts and twenty years, by means of monthly as- to become due at the expiration of the Beneficisessments or premiums of from $1 to $15. sexennial, or six-years' period. There are also weekly benefits in cases of aries of members who died during the life " Paid up " benefits of their certificates received one-tenth of sickness or accident. are issued at any time after three years, and the certificates if two years had elapsed, cash surrenders are allowed after five years. and proportionate amounts at later dates, There are also joint certificates for husband or the heirs could continue the certificates, and wife, payable to the survivor, or, if on and receive the full amounts due at maturthe endowment plan, as arranged in the ity. Sick benefits are paid for four weeks application. This society combines charac- during one continuous illness, and a proteristics of the long and short term, mutual vision is also made for total disability beneThe laws provide "that a stated cash assessment, fraternal orders, with some of fits.
Guild has grown
less

rapidly than some

—

similar organizations but far

more

chartered

—

—

;

;

—
UNITED ORDER OF EQUITY
rate of

205

two assessments per mouth sliall be nearly 25,000 members, both men and and "it is ex- women. The Supreme Lodge, by which pected that the reserve accumulations with subordinate Lodges are governed on a interest and lajjses will produce the face strictly representative system, is located at
called during the six years,"

value of the certificates."

The plan

of co-

Philadeli)hia.
sesses

The

society's

ritual

joos-

operative endowment, combined with sick

something of

novelty

among

like

and other benefits which the Sexennial productions, being based on the life of League made ])rominent among American Archimedes, having particular reference to fraternal orders, is referred to in the Ameri- his discovery of the principle of the lever, can supplement to the "Encyclopaedia Bri- and the words, "Give me a fulcrum on tannica " (vol. iv., p. 545) as a distinctly which to rest, and I will move the earth." modern idea but it is fair to add that so The emblem displayed in its Lodge rooms many similar organizations have met with contains representations of Archimedes, the disaster that the success, or jjartial suc- lever, fulcrum, and the earth. Society of Select Guardians. A shortcess, of the system appears to be practically dependent on lapses of membership of a term or endowment order, which issues considerable number who embark in the certificates of from ^100 to $1,000, payable That this is appreciated by in seven years, and death benefit certificates enterprise. those most interested is shown by the use of $500, $1,000, and $2,000. It is as promiof the expression " persistent members " in nent as elsewhere at Newark, N. J. Sons and Daughters of America. the official announcement quoted above. The League's first sexennial period ended Fall River, Mass., short-term beneficiary sowithout loss, but owing to interference by ciety. (See Order of the Solid Rock.) The Union Endowment. See Order the Insurance Commissioner of the State of
;

—

—

Pennsylvania in 1895, the endowment feature was modified and the League permitted to continue its operations '* on a reduced
scale."
It
is

of the Solid Rock.

United Endowment licague.
der of the Solid Rock.

— See OrOrder

still

relatively

successful

United Order of Equity.
of the Solid Rock.

—See

among

similar

organizations,

numbering

A

206

AHAVAS ISRAEL

IV

HEBEEW
Ahavas
nevolent
Israel.

ASSESSMEl^T BENEFIOIAET SOCIETIES

—A

charitable

and be- at many of the larger
sissippi River.

cities east of

the Mis-

Hebrew

beneficiary society paying

It insures the lives of

mem-

death and sick benefits by means of muIt was founded at New tual assessments. York city in 1890 by B. Nemberger, Alter
Gottlese, L.

bers for $1,000, and the lives of wives of

members
Death

in one-half that

amount.

Subor-

dinate Lodges pay sick benefits as arranged.
benefits are paid by the Supreme Lodge. The order is similar to other Hebrew assessment beneficiary secret societies. Its ritual is based upon the covenant of God

Elerman and
the

others, variously

Masonic Fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Sons of Benjamin, and Independent Order Wives of members are B'rith Abraham. system of insurance, and its covered by been paid for relief has $60,000 over

members

of

with Noah, Abraham, and Moses, and
principal

its

emblem

consists of the All-seeing
pillars

Eye above three

which frame the

and death

benefits since 1890.

The
a

chief
of

tablets of stone containing the

Roman

nu-

emblem
3,000.

is

the

ancient

one,

pair

merals suggesting the

Ten Commandments,

and inculcates the practice of charity, not only within, but beyond the limits of the American Star Order. A charitable membership of the Order. Its membership and benevolent society of Eoumauian He- exceeds 3,000. Independent Order of American Isbrews organized at New York city in 1884, raelites. Founded at New York city in to pay death and sick benefits by means of Heller, Magnus Levy, Rob1894 William by whose husWomen mutual assessments. Aaron Blum, Levy, Carl L. Leweustein, the ert members while are members, bands are husbands are alive and in good standing. and Leopold Kramer, some or all of whom Death certificates of $500 are paid, and had been members of the Independent Orabout $140,000 have been so expended since, der, Free Sons of Israel and of the Sons of The total mem- Benjamin; a charitable and benevolent Hethe society was organized. bership is about 5,500, nearly one-half being brew society, paying $1,000 to the heirs of a women. The motto is Charity, Harmony, deceased member, if a man, and $500 to and Brotherly Love," and the emblem is a beneficiaries of a deceased woman member, Subordifive-pointed star containing three Hebrew by means of mutual assessments. It exbenefits. sick pay XIII nate lodges also characters with the Roman numeral and reports only, States in the United ists letter G- above. below and the about 3,000 men and 2,500 women memIinprovecl Order of B'nai B'rith. mutual assessment beneficiary society which bers, to whom or their heirs about $9,000 The It was has been paid in relief or as benefits. only Hebrews (men) may join. founded at Baltimore in 1887 by two Lodges secret ceremonies of the order are based on of the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, the story of the Exodus of the Jews from numbering about 230 members, who, as ex- Egypt. The seal of its Grand Lodge disclasped hands.

Total membership about

—

—

'"'

—

plained, ''were dissatisfied" with the laws
of the latter order.
It exists only in the

plays the words, "Liberty, Equality, Fra-

ternity," over a spread eagle, with shield,

United States, where its Lodges are found

holding American

flags in its talons.

INDEPENDENT ORDER, B'NAI B'RITH

207

Independent
in 1843 in

Order,

B'nai

B'rith

(Brotherhood of the Covenant).

— Founded

New York

city as a fraternal,

and benevolent Jewish organizaIt numbers nearly 500 Lodges in tion. America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, with a membership of about 35,000. The emigration of Jews to America from the old country began about 1830, and ten years later there were several congregations here, most of them conforming to ancient practices and
charitable,

In the interval an execucommittee of one representative from each Grand Lodge and a president elected as delegate-at-large, were to exercise supreme control, subject to the fundamental law as embodied in the constitution and as interpreted by a Court of Appeals consisting of a member from each District Grand Lodge. The Order has directly or inditive

Grand Lodges.

rectly established

many benevolent

institu-

York, a free circulating liA number brary with more than 30,000 volumes; at clinging to traditional forms. of German Jews possessing a liberal educa- Yonkers, a home for the aged and infirm, tion perceived that Jews who had come from affording shelter for 100 men and women; foreign villages and country towns, and had at Cleveland, an orphan asylum supporting begun here in an humble way, would not and educating more than 1,000 children; be able to work their way up except through and at New Orleans, Atlanta, Ga., and at education; and Henry Jones, a native of San Francisco similar refuges, supported by
tions

— at

New

Hamburg, conceived the
society, the chief

idea of forming a

the

members

of the Fraternity.
is

At

Phila-

purpose of which should be to foster education and to encourage the He found a few higher pursuits of life.

delphia there

a technical school, and at
free religious school.

San Francisco a

A

well-equipped trade school at Chicago, supthe entire Jewish

men

in accord with him, twelve in

all,

who ported and maintained by

laid the foundation of the new society deep community, owes its existence to the Order. and strong. Their greatest success was in re- District Grand Lodges meet at New York, Chicago, New conciling the orthodox, conservative, and Philadelphia, Cincinnati, reform Jews. Among the founders of the Orleans, and San Francisco. In 1882 petiOrder were Dr. Leo Merzbacher, the first tions were received from Jews residing in reform preacher of Temple Emanuel Rev. Berlin for a charter to establish Lodges in Dr. Lilienthal, subsequently of Cincinnati; Germany, which was granted, and the first Baruch Rothschild; Dr. Emanuel JMoses Lodge at Berlin was called the '' ReichSome of the foremost German IsFriedlein, lately deceased; and Julius Bien, stage." the Fraternity, and tliere are joined raelites who has been president of the Order since Lodges there, working untwenty-nine now was reor1869, in which year the Society Lodge. The Order Grand own their der names of the original Among the ganized. members are also those of William Renau, soon spread to the far East, and Lodges of Reuben Rodacher, Isaac Dittenhoefer, the B'nai B'rith are at work in Jerusalem, Henry Anspacher, Samuel Schafer, Hirsch Jaffa, Beyruth, Cairo, Alexandria, and elseHeineman, Valentine Koon, Isaac Rosen- where in the Levant, where, owing to their bourgh, Jonas Hecht, Henry Kling, and influence, schools, libraries, and agricultural
;

Michael Schwab. In the beginning its government was patriarchal, but at the New York convention of delegates in 1869 the
sovereignty of the

plants have been established.

A

branch

Supreme Grand Lodge

was transferred to subordinate Lodges, which were to exercise their functions through delegates who were to assemble every five years and form Constitution

was established in Roumania by the late Benjamin F. Peixotto, during his residence Bucharest as Consul-General of the at United States, and Roumanian Lodges are

now working under

a

Grand Lodge

of their

own. In Austria a sufficient number of Lodges have been instituted to form a

208

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FREE SONS OF ISRAEL
The
a hossonic nomenclature

Grana Lodge, which meets at Prague. Order has schools in Roumania, and
pital in the ancient city of

has for

its

and outward forms, but motto, " Friendship, Love, and
is

Jerusalem, and

Truth," which
Orders of

identified

with various
its official his-

anticipates an early invasion of the

United

Odd

Fellows.

In

Kingdom, where
and continue
Avhich its

it is

expected to establish with

tory, referring to the political

and

intellec-

Lodges of the Brotherhood of the Covenant
the

benevolent work

world.

name is associated throughout the The death benefit paid by means of

assessments to surviving relatives of members of the Order amounted to $1,000 prior
to 1893, but since that time

which Moses Mendelssohn, who lived at Berlin more than one hundred years ago, was identified, it recalls that dissensions on the Continent of Europe "drove large numbers of
tual emancipation of the Jews, with

the irrepressible race to the shores of liberty-

members have loving
exhibit
cation.

America,"

where

they

"banded

been insured in the sums of 11,000, $1,500,

themselves together for protection and edu-

and 12,000.
states

A

recent
its

financial

that since

organization in 1843,

the Order has aided needy

members

to the

" The first Lodge of the Independent Order Free Sons of Israel, Noah, No. 1 (named after Judge Mordecai M. Noah of

extent of $18,000,000, has paid to widows

and orphans 130,000,000, expended in the
construction or improvement of charitable
institutions $15,000,000,
ties

and

for other chari-

$35,000,000; in

all,

$98,000,000 within

fifty-five years.

monument
inspiration,

to the philanthropy

This record constitutes a and benevo-

which was of Masonic and whose emblem is the Menorah, or seven-branch candlestick, the emblem of Light. Its ritual is based upon
lence of the Order,

Light, teaching the uniting of Israelites in

New York, ex-Consul General to Tunis), was established at the corner of Ridge and Houston Streets, New York, January 10, 1849, by Friedman Kohn, Henry Strauss, H. Stern, Carl Abales, Charles Heyneman, Abraham Posner, S. Buttenheim, I. RegensThe same men bergh, and Lazarus Lobel. were delegates to the Constitutional Grand Lodge, which was instituted March 10, 1849, and met again one week later, when the motto of the society was adopted. The third meeting of the Grand Lodge was on
March 22, 1849, when laws for the government of subordinate Lodges, regalia, etc.,
Although special returns were adopted. concerning the Order state there is no women's branch,

works of benevolence and the interests of humanity. The Secretary of the Executive

Committee and Treasurer of District Grand Lodge, No. 1, is Solomon Sulzberger of Xew Moritz Ellinger. is editor of the York. " Menorah Magazine," the official organ of the Order; and S. Hamburger, Secretary of District Grand Lodge, No. 1, New York,

the

official

history says that

Toechter (Daughter) Lodge, No. 1, "a ladies' lodge," was instituted July 8, 1849,

and is " still in existence." In the message has been identified with the Society since of Grand Master Julius Harburger before Other well-known officials are Joshua the Grand Lodge of the L^nited States, 1897, 1851.
Kantrowitz, lawyer. President of District Grand Lodge, No. 1; and Simon Wolf, of Washington, a member of the Executive
the following explanation ajDpears:

"For

Lodges composed of ladies being the wives, relatives, and friends of the members of the Brotherhood Committee. ludepenclent Order of Free Sons of have been doing most excellent work, and Israel. A charitable and benevolent secret while they are not under the direct jurisdicsociety of Hebrews which pays $1,000 to tion of our Brotherhood, yet they consider beneficiaries of deceased members, and cares their work, so to speak, linked with that of for sick and distressed members, their wid- our Order." Abraham Lodge, No. 2, was inIt employs some Ma- stituted May 7, 1849, and late in that year ows and orphans.
years a
of

many

number

—

ORDER OF
Reuben Lodge, No. 3, thirty former members
17, of the
wliicli

R'RITII

ARRAHAM

209

of Strnve Ijodge, of llarugari

was joined b}No.

^30,000 have been paid for sick and death
benefits.

Itsemljlcm

is tlie

lion of the tril)e

Judah. had just resigned from the latter. This acKeslier Shel Burzel. A charitable and cession brought with it Isaac Haml)urger, benevolent mutual assessment Hebrew beneafterward Past Grand Master, and II. J. ficiary society, having a branch for women. Goldsmith, who became Past Grand Secre- It has paid about 82,000,000 for the relief tary of the Independent Order Free Sons of of members and their families during tiie Israel, and who, for eminent services, are past thirty-six years. The emblem includes ranked us founders. The latter was elected the All-seeing Eye and the ark, below which Secretary of Reuben Lodge in 1855, two are three Hebrew characters. Its ritual is years after he had drafted a new ritual for based upon the history of Noah, Abraham, the Order and been elected Degree Master. and Isaac. IIead(iuarters are at New York The growth of the society was conservative city, where it was founded in 1860, and the but healthful, the membership numbering total membership is about 6,000. only 453 members divided among seven Order of B'ritli Abraham. A charitaLodges in 1850, and 928 members in ten ble and benevolent Hebrew societ}' founded Lodges in 18G3. On April 25, 1865, the at New York city in 1859 by Oscar Wiener Order, as yet confined to New York city, of Newark, N. J., Leonard Leisersohn of assembled and took part in the funeral New York city, and others, in part along ceremonies of Abraham Lincoln. The first lines laid down by the Independent Order Lodge established out of New York was B'nai B'rith (1843) and the Independent Benjamin, No. 15, at Philadelphia, July 30, Order Free Sons of Israel (1849), to pro1865, where the society grew and prospered. vide, by means of assessments, for sick and The Order includes many of the leading distressed members, for widows and orphans, and progressive Jewish citizens of the coun- and to educate members to become worthy try, numbers about 15,000 members in 104 citizens of the United States. Like all simLodges, has a reserve fund of 1735,000, and ilar Hebrew organizations, it embodies some has paid out nearly $5,000,000 in relief to of the features of Freemasonry. Its emmembers and their families. Membersliip, blem is the interlaced double triangle and a which is restricted to Israelites, is scattered representation of Abraham about to offer through twenty-one States of the L^nion. up his son Isaac as a sacrifice. Its memberPast Grand Master Julius ILirburger and shij) is restricted to reformed Jews, those Grand Master M. L. Seixas are prominent classed as not orthodox. Its ceremonial of among those in recent years who have had initiation is calculated to emphasize the much to do with building up the Order. meaning of harmony, wisdom, and justice. (See Independent Order American Israel- It pays both sick and death benefits, and
of

German Order

who

—

—

ites.)

has ex])ended for the

relief of

members and

Independent Order of Free Sons of
Judali.
at

their families since the date of foundation

— Founded

New York

city in

by Rev. Dr. AVechsler 1890 to pay ^^oOO to

members, and ^G a weeks in any one year, by means of mutual assessments. Hebrews only, both men and women, are eligible to membership, meeting in separate
beneficiaries of deceased

week

sick benefits for thirteen

Lodges.
14

Total meml)ership

is

nearly one-half being

women.

about 3,500, More than

Lodges for women, relaformed with the sanction of the Grand Lodge, and may elect Past Presidents of men's Lodges to act as officers. There are more 'than 160 Lodges of the Order of B'rith Abraham in the United States, three-fifths of which, with 8,000 members, are in New York city. The total membership exceeds 11,000,
nearly !5'2,000,000.
tives of

members

of the Order, are

)

210

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF SONS OF ABRAHAM
members of women's York city
in

exclusive of about 1,000

1877 by William Heller, Adolph

Lodges.

(See Independent Order, Sons of
;

Silberstein,

Abraham Kayser, members

of

Ahavas Israel, and the Inde- the Order B'rith Abraham, and others. It spread rapidly to many of the principal pendent Order of Sons of Abraham. Independent Order of Sons of Abra- cities of the United States and into the DoFounded at New York city in minion of Canada, and of late years, under liaiu. 1892 by Berman Bonner, Osias Dulberger, the Grand ]\Iastership of Ferdinand Levy of Mayer Moscowitz and others of New York, New York, has achieved a marked degree of members, variously, of the Masonic Fra- prosperity. It preserves the usual secret ternity, the Sons of Benjamin, and the society forms, ceremonies, and privileges, Order of B'rith Abraham, as a charitable and has expended about $2,000,000 for the and benevolent Hebrew beneficiary society relief of members and their families. It paying death and sick benefits by means authorizes the formation of Lodges excluof mutual assessments. The membership, sively for women, of which there are about which is almost exclusively in New York twenty. Its emblem presents a triangle becity and Brooklyn, numbers about 2,400, tween the letters F and P, with the letter L including almost an equal number of men in its centre. There are about 18,000 members, exclusive of about 2,500 women in and women. Independent Order of Sons of Benja^ Lodges set apart for them. (See Ahavas niin. A charitable and beneficiary mutual Israel, Sons of Abraham, also American assessment Hebrew society, founded at New Israelites.)

Benjamin

—

—

ANCIENT ORDER OF HIBERNIANS

211

EOMA]^ CATHOLIC ASSESSMEl^T BENEFICIAET
FRATERJSriTIES
Ancient Order of Hibernians.
cret

—A

se-

leading
point.

officials in

the United States having

or semi-secret

patriotic, religious,

and

confessed their lack of information on that

The foregoing extract from a letter from National President O'Connor makes who are of Irish birth or descent, practi- sufficiently plain the reasons why the Order But it may well be doubted cal Eoman Catholics, are eligible. It was was organized. founded in Ireland, in the last century, for whether it met in lodges, with systematized the i^rotection of its members in their right 2)rivate means of recognition, a ritual, an to worship God after the forms of the Ko- initiatory ceremony, lectures, and the like, man Catholic Church, to cherish Irish na- modelled (but not copied) after those of the tional traditions and the names of illustri- Freemasons and the Odd Fellows, until after ous sons of Ireland, and to care for its sick it was introduced into the United States. and distressed members and their families. This view is enforced because those portions The events which led to the formation of of the so-called work of the Ancient Order the society are thus referred to by P. J. of Hibernians which have been made public O'Connor, Savannah, Ga., a prominent offi- in whole or in part, give evidence of having cial of the organization in the United States come after the founding of the Loyal Orange Association in 1707-98 and the public disin 1897:
beneficiary (friendly) society, paying relief,
burial,

and

sick benefits, to

which only men

In 1691 Patrick Sarsfield evacuated Limerick, Ireland, and agreed to depai't to foreign shores,
leaving his people, however, protected by a treaty

cussion of secret society ceremonials incidental to

the anti-Masonic agitation of 1837-40.

Secret societies were not tolerated by the
British

That
fect

signed by William of Orange, King of England. treaty guaranteed, among other things, per-

Government
of

late

in

the

last

and

early in the present century, with the ex-

freedom of religious opinions, and accepted the

claim of Ireland to a nationality and form of government distinct and separate from that of England,

ception

the

Masonic Fraternity.

The
from

Odd

Fellows,

Druids, and Foresters had

though forcing the acknowledgment of William as King of Ireland. The treaty was broken shortly after, and the Irish people were by legal enactment
forbidden to study a profession, learn a trade, or

difficulty in preserving their identities

1780 to 1810, and the Orange Association did 60 mainly through the help of Freemasons, from whom it acquired some of

even to acquire a knowledge of the alphabet. For years no edifice for Catholic worship was allowed
to exist

and a

price

was put upon the head of the
Realizing

Catholic priest and the schoolmaster.

the folly of open resistance, the Catholic Irish re-

solved themselves into secret bands for the preservation of their religion and nationality, and in later days organized the Ancient Order of Hibernians.

forms and peculiarione may presume that the Ancient Order of Hibernians, in something like its present form, appeared between 183G and 1845, its ceremonials, emblems, lecthe outward Masonic
ties.

If

tures, examinations, toasts, etc., are easily

All efforts by the writer to learn even the

explained on the basis of what had gone before. To imagine that they were originated
in the eighteenth century,

approximate date of the founding of the Ancient Order of Hibernians as a secret society have failed, more than a score of the

secret

societies
is

borrowed

and that other them from the

Hibernians

out of the question.

The Or-

212

ANCIENT ORDER OF HIBERNIANS
with the Order abroad, while the larger as the Ancient Order
In 1897,

der was introduced into the United States
at
six

New York

one hundred and years after Freemasonry had been estabcity in 1836,

number reorganized
efforts

of Hibernians of America.

when

lished in this country, seventeen years after

Odd Fellowship was founded
six years after the

at Baltimore,

United Order of Druids had found its way here from England, and about two years after the Improved Order of Red Men, as at present organized, had been placed upon its feet at Baltimore. With its advent its characteristics changed Its motto now is Friendship, somewhat. Unity, and True Christian Charity to its members, and peace and good will to all men; and its objects, other than the paying of relief and death benefits, are the advance-

were made looking to reunion, the Board of Erin in America claimed about 40,000 members, most of them in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, j\Iichigan, and
Illinois
;

the Ancient Order of America, about 125,000, scattered through nearly all the States of the Union, and the Order in the United Kingdom and Ireland, about

The two 50,000; in all, 215,000 members. branches in America finally reunited in 1898.
In July, 1896, the report of the National Secretary of the American branch showed disbursements for sick benefits within a year
for burial expenses, for charitable

ment

of the

Eoman

Catholic religion,

encouragement of the country's welfare, the promotion of the sacred cause of Irish nationality, and the propagation of the prinLodges are ciples embodied in the motto." found in the United Kingdom and Ireland and in the United States, w^here (until 1884) they were governed by a Board of Erin selected from representatives of higher bodies in the United Kingdom and Ireland, by whom signs and passwords were selected and communicated to members on both sides of
the Atlantic.

"the amounting to $345,768; $86,025; and 1239,838

and

other purposes, with a balance of 1545,211
in the division treasuries.

A

women's auxiliary

to

the American

Order was organized in 1894, known as the Daughters of Erin, and has since been authorized b}^ the Order to work in conjuncThe Daughters are recruited tion with it. from among relatives of members of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, and numbered in 1897 about 20,000. Their purpose is to assist the Ancient Order of Hibernians
in perjoetuating the
fathers, in

The National

ofl&cers in

the United States

memory

of their fore-

promoting love for the mother Secretary and Treasurer, and the President church and countr}^, in aiding sick and disof the Board of the City and County of New tressed widows and orphans, and to find York. After these ranked the State and them homes and employment. County Delegates, and then the chief oflBAny historical sketch of the history of the cers of Lodges, called Body ]\Iasters. In Ancient Order of Hibernians in America 1873 there were 6,000 Lodges of the Order without a reference to its temporary degrain this country Avith about 150,000 mem- dation by unworthy members (1865-75) Emblems of the Order include the would be as unfair to the public as to the bers. clasped hands, the harp, and the shamrock, Order. During the period mentioned the and the three links which have so long been society was used by men, who afterward identified with Odd Fellowship, but which turned out to be Molly Maguires, as a cloak parallel the triangle and form one of the for the commission of crime. (See ]\Iolly most ancient symbols of the Trinity. In Maguires.) While every member of the 1884 the society in the United States suf- Order of Hibernians in the Pennsylvania fered from schism, the smaller branch tak- anthracite coal regions at that time was not ing the title Ancient Order of Hibernians, a Molly, practically every Molly belonged Board of Erin, and remaining in affiliation to the Hibernians. The good character of
(prior to 1884) were the National Delegate,

CATHOLIC BKXEVOLENT LEGION
the

213

Order without the coal regions, even
was
it

ship in

1890 had jumped to 23,553, an

then, was not called in question, but ho completely

increase of nearly 150 i)cr cent, within five

dominated by the Mollies in
of Pennsylvania, that for a

some counties

few years it became, locally, a nuicliino for the encouragement of crime and the ])rotecWith the breaking up of tion of criminals.
the ^lolly ^Maguires came the reorganization of the Ancient Order of Hibernians in the
coal regions,
ternal,

and

its

benevolent, moral, fra-

and

religious professions again re-

asserted

to-day

themselves. The society stands among the foremost in its class. Catholic Benevolent Liegion. Organ-

and at the close of 1896 the increase compared with ten years before was fivefold. The Supreme Council is composed of representatives from the several State Councils, and ten of the incorjKjrators who shall continue in good standing in the Councils to which they belong. State Councils, after the first year, are composed of its officers only, who are elected from among representatives from subordinate
years,
as

Councils.

State Councils send one repre-

—

sentative each to the

Supreme Council, and

ized in

Brooklyn, September
11.

5,

1881, by

Kuhn, with whom were asOnly one subordiCarroll, John C. McGuire, tional 5,000 members. John D. Keiley, John Rooney, Patrick F. nate Council is permitted in each parish or Keauy, Ivoberfc M3'han, Thomas Cassin, Da- congregation. Sick and disability benefits vid T. Leahy, William G. Ross, and James are paid by subordinate Councils from H. Breen, as a fraternal beneficiary society, initiation fees and dues. A distinction beDr. George
sociated

one more when their membership exceeds 2,500, and one in addition for every addi-

John D.

to

which Roman Catholic laymen between

the ages of eighteen and fifty-five years are
eligible,

lectual

and to afford facilities for intelimprovement, social advancement,
prosperity.
It

and material
benefits
$•4,000,

pays death
$3,000,

of

$500,

$1,000, $2,000,

and $5,000, by means of assessments

graded according to the ages of members when joining, and is governed by Supreme Councils, to which State Councils are subordinate, which, in turn, regulate

more than

GOO subordinate Councils in nearly every
State in the Union.
years the Legion has paid out

tween this and some other similar Catholic societies is that it also invites to its ranks men who are merely nominal Catholics, if their lives and conduct be otherwise commendable, without exacting promises to perform religious duties as a requisite to membership. This is in the hope of saving thousands of little children from becoming charges on charitable institutions or depending upon the charity of the world at A strict physical examination is relarge. quired from all applying for admission. Its

Within the past sixteen more than

emblems and inspiring cardinal Faith, Hope, and Charity, and,
im])lies, its

virtues are
as its

name

$7,000,000 to beneficiaries. Its plan is to give insurance as nearly at cost as possible,

design and scope are to be catli-

olic

without the aid of a reserve fund. The growth of tiie organization has been more rapid than tliat of any other of tlie various Roman Catholic benevolent societies, increasing from 134 members in the first year of its existence to neary 900 witliin one year, to 3,000 at the close of 1883, two years after it had been incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, and to nearly 10,000 at the end of 188G, five years The total memberafter it was founded.

and benevolent. It is classed, ui)on the authority of representative members,
secret societies
;

among
''

but, as explained,

has no ulterior objects beyond those pub-

licly

announced."
official

In the
is

publication of the Order
it

it

pointed out that

was

difficult to secure

Roman

Catholics to join the Royal Arca-

num

and American Legion of Honor '* because no assurance could be given that the societies might not be prohibited by ecclesiastical authority. That they apparently

214

CATHOLIC KNIGHTS OF AMERICA
no
condemnation,
but deserved
all

merited

so popular

the support aud encouragement of
citizens was

good

among beneficiary societies, by organizing a uniformed rank, with special
tactics

no assurance that their pur-

and

drill.

Among
Army

its

members

are

poses would not be misinterpreted in some

Edward Feeney
secret

of Brooklyn,

N. Y., a

mem-

days before the late plenary council every pastor exercised the authority of condemning societies that did
localities, for in those

ber of the Grand

of the Republic, a

military organization,

and

promi-

nently identified with newspaper work in

fection.

not size up to his individual o2)inion of jjerIndeed a case just then occurred
in the city of Brooklyn, of the

New York

where a member
sick

city and Brooklyn. He was at one time a member of the New York State Board of Mediation and Arbitration. Will-

iam Purcell, editor of the Rochester " Union and sent for the priest, was required to and Advertiser," is also a member. When abandon his insurance and all connection the Catholic Knights met in convention at with that society. It was under such con- Omaha in 1895, they were addressed, among ditions that the work of creating and build- others, by Most Reverend Archbishop Gross, " You are to ing up a great fraternal association of Eo- who said, in part, as follows

Arcanum, who having taken

:

man
and

Catholics was undertaken by Dr.
his associates.

Kuhn remember it well. Catholic Knights of America,

The

ritual of the Le-

not of France, or Germany, or Ireland,
;

gion refers to the sacrifices for the relief of

Vincent de Paul, St. Dominic, and others. Its badge displays ujjon a passion cross a band containing the name of the Order, a heart and an anchor. Catholic Kiiiglits of America. This
others
St.

made by

—

Roman
ciety

Catholic

fraternal

beneficiary soit is

makes the

special plea that

not a
it

secret society in
fers

any sense, in which

dif-

from some other similar organizations. It was founded in 1877, and the statement is volunteered that none of the organizers were members of any of tbe secret beneficiary orders which preceded it. Among its founders

were R. L. Spalding, W. B. Dalton, J. J. O'Rourke, D. H. Leonard, and W.Nehemiah
Its

membership is confined to the and it has paid out for sick and death benefits more than $7,000,000.

Webb. United

States,

The

society

is

largely identified
its

with the

Lodges are found in many States of the Union. The total membership is about twenty-five thousand, and though it is not the largest among
the various

West and South, though

Roman

Catholic organizations of

like character, it has been

prominent

in urg-

ing the amalgamation of Catholic fraternal societies, by having them '^'consolidate with
the

Catholic

Knights

of

caters to the military idea,

America." It which has been

you are natives of you gave up all allegiance to the land of your birth and have sworn solemn allegiance to the Constitution. Be true to your country. Uliless you wish the downfall of your society, vote not for a candidate because he is German, or Irish, or French, or belongs to any nationality, but vote for him who is, as you know, a staunch and true upholder of the Constitution of the United States of America." He added " If you, my Catholic brothers, are what you should be, and I doubt not but you are loyal and true, you will render useless the existence of all secret societies, and we have but one answer to give all those who speak to us about joining any society ; namely, join the Catholic Knights of America, that noble band of Catholic Knights. They have all the advantages and insurance of other societies, and have no secrecy, for that which is honorable and pure loves not darkness." The banner of this Order is the blazing cross, 1)1 Hoc Sig)W Vinces, 'Hhe cross and the flag, the stars and stripes." Catholic Knights of Illinois. Organized at Carlyle, 111., and incorporated in 1884, to unite fraternally all practical Roman Catholics, men and women, between eighteen and fifty years of age, to give them
or Spain, or Italy

either

this great republic, or

:

—

CATHOLIC ORDER OF FORESTERS OF ILLINOIS
encourage them in employment, give their cliildren a Cliristian educaaid,

215

moral and material

Foresters at Chicago was suggested by a Mr.

business, assist

them

in obtaining

Taylor, a shoemaker, with

Scanlan, Michael B. Bailey,
ry,

whom John F. John K. dowCollins,

tion, and give them "cheap life insurance without the danger of going into associations or orders forbidden by our Holy

Patrick Keane,

John

J.

and

Francis

W.

Fitz-Gerald cooperated.

The

Mother the Church." Benefit certificates of S500,, §1,000, and |;3,000 are issued to men, and of from ^100 to 81,000 to Avomen, which are met by a graded system of assessments.
efits

The Order

does business in

the

State of Illinois only.
000.

The amount

of ben-

paid in twelve years was about §150,Its present membership is about

Order was organized at Chicago, in 1883, about four years after the secession of the Independent Order of Foresters of Illinois from the Independent Order of Foresters, by a member of the ^lassachusetts Catholic Order of Foresters and a number of Roman Catholics, members of the Illinois Order of Foresters, and because of the well-known
desire of the

Roman

Catholic Church to

2,000.

have those of the faith, who wish to join
institutions of this character, select those

Catholic Mutual Bcnelit Association. at Niagara Falls, in July, 1876, and incorporated under the laws of the State of Xew York, June 9, 1879. A fraternal beneficiary society, to which only men, practical Catholics, between the ages of eighteen and fifty years, are eligible for membership. It issues certificates, payable at the death of members, in the amounts of §500, §1,000, and §2,000, which are paid by means of assessments graded

which recognize and cooperate with the Church. The Catholic Order also drew some of its members from the Independent Order. The former has no connection or affiliation with any other Order of Forestry, though it employs similar insignia and emblems, has a ritual modelled upon the Robin Hood legend, and a system of government like those of other and older Forestic Orders. In one of its leaflets it states *' Unity according to the age of the member when through Catholic organizations is one of joining. This is one of a number of Roman the great instruments in perpetuating and Catholic associations of similar character, spreading the truths of the Church." From which have been provided by that religious this it is plain that only members of tlie denomination to afford an opportunity for Catholic Church are eligible to memberThe Catholic Order confines its members of that faith to participate in ship. mutual benefit association j^rivileges with- activity principally to the northwestern out joining like societies which have been States of the Union and to the Canadian condemned by that church. Tlie order Dominion. It pays endowment, sick, and was the outcome of a suggestion by the late funeral benefits by means of assessments, Et. Rev. S. V. Ryan, Bishop of Buffalo. and within the past fourteen years has exSubordinate bodies or lodges are governed pended §1,500,000 in that direction. Its by Grand Councils, which have charge of growth has been rapid, comparing favorthe affairs of tlie order in the States, which, ably witli many assessment mutual benefit It numbers in turn, are controlled by the Supreme secret societies of equal age. Council, which meets biennially. The or- more than 45,000 members. On December
:

— Organized

ganization has disbursed §6,000,000 in sick

and deatli benefits and numbers about

31, 1896, its 627 Courts were distributed was founded, throughout Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Min-15,000 members. Its nesota, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, N'ermont, New Hampshire, and the provinces of headquarters are at Brooklyn, N. Y. Catholic Order of Foresters of Illinois. Ontario and Quebec. One of its features The formation of the Catholic Order of is tlie Side Rank. All members do not

since

it

—

—
216

CATHOLIC WOMEN'S BENEVOLENT LEGION
it.

belong to

Its

mission

is

to

fnrnish
of con-

amusement
ventions.

after the lieavy

work

and sick members.

benefits,

and has about 17,000
is

The

secretary's address

Phil-

The work

of the Side

Rank

re-

adelphia, Penn.

quires a complete set of paraphernalia and

This feaincludes elaborate ceremonies. Thomas originated by ture of the Order was
Calleu.

New
by

Knights of Columbus. Organized in Haven, Conn., March 29, 1882, and

—

incorporated under the laws of that State,

Michael J. McGivny, Matthew C. Benevolent Le- O'Connell, Cornelius T. Driscoll, James gion. A beneficiary association incorpo- T. Mullen, John T. Kerrigan, Daniel ColIts rated under the laws of the State of New- Avell, William M. Gearv, and others.

Catholic "Women's

—

York, August 23, 1895, restricted to ac- objects are to promote social and intellecRoman Catholic women in sound tual intercourse among its members and to health, between seventeen and fifty-five render pecuniary aid to them and their Men only, of the Roman Its design beneficiaries. years of age at time of joining. Catholic faith, between eighteen and fortyis to have a subordinate Council in every Roman Catholic congregation in the United five years of age, are eligible to membership.
ceptable

Death benefits of from $1,000 to $3,000 are Sick benefeature of the organization. a members. and moral improvement The with local Councils. fits are optional of means revenue by secure Councils Local quarterly dues and from proposition fees. Order made rapid progress in Connecticut Provision is also made for a representative and Rhode Island, but did not enlarge its government by State Councils and in the field of labor until 1892, when the first Supreme Council. Members are insured Council in Massachusetts was instituted at Its progress in Massachufor 1250, $500, $1,000, and $2,000, which Charlestown. amounts are secured by assessments graded setts from 1892 to 1897 was remarkable, according to age at joining. The Legion there being more than one hundred flourStates, to be a centre for social, intellectual,

of its

is

yet in

its

infancy, but
of

it

has secured the
authorities,

ishing Councils in that State, with about

approbation

ecclesiastical

10,000

members out

of about 35,000

mem-

and has established more than one hundred subordinate branches with 4,000 members.

bers throughout the country.

The Order

has been extended west to Chicago, east to Bangor, Me., and south to Baltimore and

The names of leading members of the Supreme Council in 1897 are as follows Supreme President, Mrs. Mary A. Murray, Supreme Secretary, Miss Brooklyn, N. Y. Annie O'Conner Supreme Treasurer, Miss Mary J. Hughes, both of New York Supreme Orator, Mrs. Katie Coleman, Jersey City, N. J., and Supreme Guard, Mrs. Mary A. M. Trainer, Baltimore, Md. Irish Catholic Benevolent Union. Founded by Dennis Dwyer of Dayton, 0.,
:

Washington.

There

is

a social

side

be-

yond that
ically

of insurance,

by which men who

;

;

do not care to be insured, or who are physunable to pass the required examinaBy means of tion may become members.
this, a

;

man who

is

otherwise eligible, or
age,

more than 45 years of member and enjoy the
the order.
ety are at

may become

a

social privileges of

The headquarters

of the soci-

New Haven, where the Supreme Knight and Board of Directors meet every

an assessment fraternal beneficiary Saturday for the transaction of business. composed of Irish Roman Catholics, The Supreme Knight is elected by national by State conventions. of the semi-secret character confessed by delegates chosen like associations, to which only members of The latter also elect State deputies, who It appoint district deputies, and hold office the Roman Catholic faith are eligible. has disbursed about $3^000,000 in death for one year. The emblem of these Knights
in 18G9,
society,

ST.

PATRICK'S ALLIANCE OF AMERICA
adopted as
admits both
St.
its

217
It

is

an eight-cornered

cross,

ornamented with

second degree.
beneficiary
to

has a

representations of a compass, dagger, an-

separate insurance

chor and vessel, having reference to the

men and women
Alliance

fund and membership.

voyage of Columbus in 1402. Knights of Father 3Iathcw.
the

(See Catliolic Order of Foresters of Illinois.)

— One
Its

of

Patrick's

of America.

smaller

lioman
is

Catholic

fraternal
total

— Organized
men, most
It

in 18G8

beneficiary semi-secret societies.

Friendly Sons of St.
of

by members of tke Patrick and others, a

about 3,000, the larger proportion of which is in the central Western and Western States, The Order has paid
out $250,000 in sick and death benefits
since
its

membersliip

benevolent and charitable secret society for

whom

are

Roman

Catholics.

pays sick and

death

benefits,

and

a

funeral

benefit of ^75 at the death of a

It has paid altogether Leading officials in member's wife. it was founded. Supreme Council reside at St. Louis about 61,750,000 in benefits. Its ritual is based upon the right of every man to woraud Kansas City. Knights of St. Rose See Massachu- ship God according to the dictates of his own conscience and denounces bigotry setts Catholic Order of Foresters. Massachusetts Catliolic Order of For- coming from any source whatever. The esters. Founded at Boston in 1879, at the more frequently displayed emblem is a disk period which gave rise to the Forestic schisms bearing the initial letters of the title of entitled the Canadian Order, and the Inde- the society, S. P. A. of A., and a represenpendent Order of Illinois (see Foresters of tation of a tree, referring to the " tree of

—

—

America), in part through a desire to secure local self-government aud in part because
of the

life."

bers

dominance of Koman Catholic

influ-

There are more than 50,000 memthe Alliance in New England, Middle, Pacific Coast, and some other States.
of

ence

among Massachusetts

Foresters aiul a

The

office of

the Natiomil Secretary
St.

is

at

desire of those of that religious faith to place

the control of the society in that State in the hands of their

Newark, N. J, while an offspring
St. Patrick,

Patrick's

Alliance,

own

religious

faith.

The motto

of

this

branch of the group

of American bodies of Foresters is " Fraternity, Unity and True Christian Charity," and its standard displays the Roman cross upon a shield. The Knights of St. Rose was originated by members of the Massachusetts Order of Foresters in 1889 and

of the Friendly Sons of admits having drawn inspiration from the Foresters and other like orThere is no religious or political ders.

membership, as the National Sec"'We have Democrats and Republicans and Catholics and Protestants, among our members, but they must be Irish
test of

retary writes:

or of Irish descent.

^3-

218

ACTORS' ORDER OF FRIENDSHIP

VI

CHAEITABLE A:N'D BEISTETOLEI^T, ^O^^-ASSESSME^T OR ''FRIENDLY" SOCIETIES
Actors' Order of Friend!>;liip. A benand charitable associatiou composed of actors of not less than three years' experience, organized in Philadelphia, January 12, 1849, where the first Lodge, " ShakesIn 1888 the peare, No. 1," still continues. more progressive and energetic members of the Order then residing in New York, realizing that the changed condition of affairs in the theatrical world made the meeficiary

—

Norval " in Rev. John Home's tragedy of '^ Douglas ; " the crown worn by him as " Macbeth," and the shackles used by J. W. Wallack, Jr., as '' Fagin," together with other interesting mementos. A hand-

some bookcase filled with rare volumes, presented by Joseph Jefferson, a member of the Order and its first Treasurer, adorns the The Actors' Order of FriendLodffe room. ship is the oldest, as it is the most influential of all

the natural headquarters of the drama, met and organized Edwin Forrest Lodge, No. 2, the first officers of which were. President, Louis Aldrich ; Vice-Prestropolis

the various theatrical organizait

tions.

Charitable as well as beneficial,
in
its

moves quietly on

conservative way,

gaining strength as the years roll by, dis-

Frank G. Cotter Secretary, Archi- pensing with a liberal but Judicious hand, bald Cowper, and Treasurer, Frank W. to many without as well as those within Under this leadership the list of its pale. A friend, a protector, a faithful Sanger. members rapidly increased, until the roll monitor, it cordially invites all to enter its carried the names of nearly every important fold whose years of service entitle them to actor in America, from Edwin Booth down its manifold advantages. and Illustrious Order, Ancient to the humblest aspirant on the first rung In material pros- Knig-lits of Malta. Formed and incorof the ladder of fame. perity Edwin Forrest Lodge has exceeded porated early in 1884, the outcome of a the expectations of its most sanguine pro- schism, late in 1883, from the Grand Priory During the nine years of its exist- of America, Ancient and Illustrious Order, jectors. ence, not only has it met every obligation Knights of Malta, Avliich, in turn, resulted promptly, but has accumulated assets valued from a rebellion, in 1882-83, from the Chapat more than eighteen thousand dollars. ter General of America, Knights of St. John In 1895 it acquired the property at 16G and Malta. The latter was the Supreme body West 47th Street, New York city, which in America, under a warrant from the Imperial Parent, Grand Black Encampment it has altered and adapted to its purposes, fitting up handsome reception and lodge of the Universe, at Glasgow, Scotland, but rooms, on the walls of which hang many withdrew from the latter in 1881, because it portraits, old play bills, and other reminders was not permitted to confine its secret work of the stage celebrities of the past and pres- to the ancient Malta orders, and because it ent. Here are to be seen the programme insisted on discarding the Orange and of Edwin Forrest's first appearance on the nominally Masonic degrees which the Imstage, November 27, 1820, when, in his fif- perial Parent conferred. (See Non-Masonic teenth year, a "young gentleman of this Orders of Malta Knights of St. John and city " (Philadelphia), he played " Young Malta (modern); and the Knights of St.
ident,
;

—

;

ANCIENT AND ILLUSTRIOUS ORDER, KNIGHTS OF MALTA

219

John of Jerusalem, RIkkIcs, Malta, etc.) The of the Craiid ('omniaiidery, and, so far as is Grand Priory of America, with George G. learned, straightway proceeded to Scotland Oheesmun at its head, was formed at Phila- and secured the recognition of the Imperial delphia, from six schismatic hodies of the Parent for the Grand Commandery. 'i'lius
Chapter General of America, February 30, The Im1883, but it did not last long. perial Parent was responsible for the organization of the Grand Priory, and in 1884
transferred the authority delegated to Chces-

the Glasgow body was recognizing two in-

man
the

to a Continental
7,

Grand

Priory.

On

February

1884, a notice was published in

"Protestant Standard" Grand Encamj)ment, Ancient and Illustrious Order of Knights of Malta which, as announced, consisted of Constantino Commandery, No. 1, which met in a certain hall on such and such evenings. One week later it was similarly announced that the Grand Commandery in question had celebrated the investment of its incorporate body by instituting a new Commandery, again Constantine, No. 1, meeting at the same hall and on the same nights. The same paper also contained a commiinication that the warrant of Constantine Commandery, No. 34, Ancient and Illustrious Order, Knights of Malta, had been cancelled by the Grand Priory of America in January, 1884, about one month before,
Philadelphia
of the existence of a

—

dependent Supreme organizations in America the one last referred to and the Grand Priory of which Cheesman was the head. AVith the chartering of the Grand Commandery, the Grand Prioi-y began to decline, and has practically ceased to exist, although its charter from the Imperial Parent, so far as known, has never been recalled and may become useful to degree peddlers to spring another ''Order of Malta" upon the community. In fact, there were rumors from Columbus, 0., in the summer of 1897, that a new Order of Malta was about to be launched upon the sea of fraternities, but whether based i\\)on the old Grand Priory charter, or not, is not known. The representatives of the existing Ancient and Illustrious Order, Knights of Malta, state that Charles IVIcClintock and George H. Pearce of Philadelphia, Orangemen and Freemasons, and the latter an Odd Fellow as
:

well, are the founders of the organization.

The name

of the former

is

linked with the

schism from the Grand Priory in 1883.
unite

and that

its

four principal
in

officers,

were prominent

organizing

the

who new

The Order is declared to be designed to men under the most binding forms,
in the practice of

Grand Commandery, had been expelled. Hence the inference is that the new Grand Commandery, Ancient and Illustrious Order,
Knights of Malta, was a self-created body, an outcome from the Grand Priory of
America.
In 1888 the Grand

"to comfort 6ne another
in the

Christian religion, to offer mutual assistance

time of need, to promote Protestant

unity,

and
all

to

defend the Protestant faith
It is also said

against

foes whatsoever."

Commandery,
membership,

to be the staunch defender of civil

and

re-

which had slowly added
of Glasgow, Scotland

to its

ligious liberty.

" While opposing
superstition,
it

all

forms

offered to unite with the Imperial Parent,

of error

and

nevertheless

and the latter, faithful to its Sovereign Grand Inspector General for America, George G. Cheesman, at the head of the Grand Prioiy of America,
;

teaches and exorcises the fullest tolerance

authorized the latter to negotiate with the

then independent, and, if one pleases, irregular Order of Malta, looking to union. Cheesman delegated his authority to Robert Stewart, who, in 1880, met representatives

and charity toward all men, being inca])able, from the nature of its constitution and of the religion in whose interest it has been pcrj)etuated, of o})i)ressing any man or body of men on account of religious or political
belief.

...
for

It

demands

as

the sole

qualitication

membership,

purity

of

morals, zeal for the Protestant cause, faith

220
in the

ANCIENT AND ILLUSTRIOUS ORDER, KNIGHTS OF MALTA
Holy Scriptures as the infallible rule and life, belief in the Holy Trinity
the Apostles' Creed, and
as the only Mediator."
all

of faith as

expressed in

reliance
Its

upon Christ

prospectus ''calls, therefore, upon

Protestants, by whatever
love our

name known, who

connect it w'ith the ancient Order of Malta beyond a portion of its tille. Following in the footsteps of modern fraternal beneficiary societies, the Order has a system of death and sick benefits, which, in almost all instances, are moderate
to

in truth, to enlist

Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity and in amount and are said to be paid from under its banners and to dues instead of assessments. In 1895, according to published accounts,
nized
it

take their part in the religious regeneration
of the world.

recog-

"With Protestantism aroused

and
a

incorporated
series

an

organization,

and
the the

faith kindled,

our religion would sweep
destruction of

within
cients,

itself,

entitled the College of
of

An-

nations,

to

the utter

every form of error and superstition.

May

Lord hasten the day and grant the The speedy coming of His Kingdom," printed leaflets of the Order also contain

"degrees of merit.''' (See Knights of St. John and Malta.) George G. Cheesman, at the head of the

Grand

Priory, the parent of

the existing

" the Ancient Knights of Malta, confers the old degrees exactly as they have been given for ages throughout Europe and the Orient, imposes the same solemn and binding obligations, and is composed solely of Protestants." As the Ancient and Illustrious Order confers twelve degrees, some of them of Orange origin and some not known to the Ancient Knights of Malta, and as the latter did not confer degrees at all and was not a secret Order, a mistake has evidently been made. (See (Ancient) Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, Rhodes, Malta, etc., and Non-Masonic Orders of Malta in America.) There is evidence that the Ancient and Illustrious Order, etc., has no affiliation whatever with the revived ancient Order of Malta in England, the Sixth or English Language, the headquarters of which is at Clerkenwell and of which the Prince of Wales is the head with the Brandenburg Order, and naturally not with
the doubtful statement that

and

Illustrious Order,

Ancient and Illustrious Order, had been a member of the College of Ancients designed and created by Robert E. A. Land of the Knights of St. John and Malta, and at his own request was authorized by the Imjierial Parent to establish an Order of Merit of the Ancient and Most Illustrious Order of
the Great Cross (instead of Grand Cross, as

Knights of St. John and Malta) of Malta and St. John of Jerusalem, and in December, 188G, a Supreme Council of the Great Cross was instituted. In the same year the Imperial Parent empowered Cheesin the

merge the Continental Grand Priory Supreme Council of the Great Cross. In 1885 an Order of the Great Cross was
to in the

man

taken to Scotland by Robert Stewart, adopted

by the Grand Black Encampment and by
it

given to the Grand

Encampment

of Ire-

land in 1886.

Cheesman declares Stewart did not get the Order from him and that Stewart must have invented the one he
took abroad.

;

Stewart was never a

member

of the original College.

The

idea or plan

the Italian

(Roman

Catholic) Order. Its sole

of a College of Ancients evidently spread

must be confined to tlie Scotch, from its creator. Land, in 1880, through Irish, and American bodies chartered by the the Chapter General, Knights of St. John Imperial Parent at Glasgow, a body of in- and Malta, to Cheesman, who, as he dedependent origin, witli Orange and Masonic clares, after seceding, borrowed merely its earmarks, which made its appearance in title and the names of two of its degrees, Scotland in 1844. There is undoubtedly the Eagle and Great Cross, upon which much in the Ancient and Illustrious Order to build up a series of degrees of merit of Stewart, McClintock, and others to commend it. but there are no links his own.
relationship

ANCIENT ORDER OF FORESTERS
of the Ancient and Illustrious Order then proceeded to create a College of Ancients
of their own, the third, which, strange to
say, they

221

may not be of interest to add that S. C. Gould, in his " Societas Rosicruciana " (Manchester, N. II., 1896), says '* A small
:

adorned with emblems and mot-

book,
title
:

now out
'

of print, bears the following

toes of the Scottish Rite

and other degrees of

Important concealed information,

Masonry, and made it presumably a sort of ne plus ultra of their own Order of Malta. The organizations of Daughters of Malta and
of
relatives

obtained from an old manuscript found in

of Malta, composed of women and friends of members of the Order, are not known to have yet been

Dames

Alexandria, shows that Jesus in a trance was taken down from the Cross, brought to life again, and in reality died six months
after,

within a secret religious society called

formally recognized as a part of the organization.

of the Ancient and

There are about 17,000 members Illustrious Order of rent or English Order of Foresters is unique Malta in the United States, and the society in that its ceremonies, ritual, and legends promises to grow even more rapidly than in arc founded on the history and traditions of preceding years. Its Scotch and Irish mem- the English people. The revival of Freemasonry in England, in 1717, carried along bership is not believed to exceed 2,000. Ancient Esscnic Order. Founded in and emphasized historical and traditional 1888, at Olympia, Washington, by Charles incidents which long antedated records afA split from or It seeks to unite fraternally fecting the British Isles. J. Weatherby. the Freemasons of 1830 an imitation of acceptable men to give moral and material aid and assistance to members and to those to 1845, or an antagonism to them, redepending upon them for support to en- sulted in the founding of a Lodge of Odd courage each other in social and business Fellows, in 1745, and remains to this day matters, and to assist each other in obtain- a mighty organization, but one which has ing employment to care for the sick and betrayed the thumb-marks of Freemasonry The Loyal Order of Orangedisabled and furnish relief to the poor and on its pages. distressed, and is to be classified as a frater- men, organized later in the eighteenth nal, social, semi-military, and benevolent century, while entirely unlike Freemasonry and ritualistic material, society, without what are called beneficiary as to objects lines borrowed from built along also The public appear- is or insurance features. ance of the Order during the opening cere- Masonic trestle boards. But with Forestry monies of the Tennessee Centennial Ex2)o- a new departure was made. By 1813 Freesition at Xashville, in 1897, was said to be masonry was the only widespread, internaThe badge of the Order is a tional secret society in the United Kingimposing. It was growing rapidly, and had golden crescent and star. Total member- dom. The Order makes no already become powerful, not only from the ship is about 35,000. claim to antiquity, or to trace a morc-or- character of its membership, but from the less disconnected existence back to the origi- fact that it had just healed a mighty schism nal Jewish sect of Essenes, which was co- of more than half a century's duration. existent with the Pharisees and Sadducees, The Odd Fellows, too, were relatively strong 200 B.C., and conspicuous in Jewish his- in number at that time, but more 2>referred tory until it disai)peared with the coming by the people as distinct from the classes. The headquar- That Order was even then giving evidence of the new dispensation. organization are at of its strength through the secession of a ters of the modern New York city, where it is presided over by large share of its members, who formed It may or what has since become the main branch or its founder and Supreme Ruler.

Essene Brethren, of which He was a member. A manuscript for Freemasons.' " Ancient Order of Foresters. Tbe pa-

—

—

;

;

;

222

ANCIENT ORDER OF FORESTERS

stem of the Independent Order of
lows, Manchester Unity.
of

Odd

Fel-

The

first

evidence

resolution was passed " against levellers and other seditious folk.^" * These Foresters
are declared by late official publications of

the existence of a Court of Foresters from which a direct line of succession is obtained is dated 1813, and takes the form of a dispensation from No, 1 Court of Eoyal Foresters, held at Old Crown Inn, Kirkgate, Leeds, for the opening of No. 1 Court at the Shoulder of Mutton Inn, Knaresborough.

the (English) Ancient Order of Foresters not to have been their kith and kin at all, not '''sworn brothers" of their "secret

swaine mote," but merely inhabitants or tenants of the royal forest of Knaresborough,

who thus
It
is

testified

to their loyalty at

the

The

dispensation says

:

centre of authority of the

manor and

forest.

The Supreme Chief Ranger and officers of No. 1 Supreme Court of Royal Foresters, held at the
house of Mr. Hugh Black, inn-holder at Leeds, having the welfare of the institution at heart, as tending to improve the morals of men, and make those good who are inclined to be so, do grant, and give our full consent to Brother John Smithson of Knaresborough to assemble and hold regular Court of Royal Foresters at the house of j\Ir. Richard Lister, inn-holder of Knaresborough, by the firm, style, and title of No. 2 Royal Foresters, and there to perform all the rites and ceremonies of Ancient Foresters as practised of old at our Secret Swaine Mote.

open to conjecture that a similar gathmay be termed operative foresters, who were ''royal" because loyal, may have been held at Knaresborough Castle in 1745 also, and that the founders of the modern Royal Foresters, early in this century, in their search for an ancient lineage, may have gotten hold of the story, and so dated themselves back more than
ering of what
three-quarters of a century.
ability because

This theory or conjecture takes on probof the interest regarding
spread
of Freemasonry from 1725 and the coincident formation of

the

The dispensation
sole

provided, also, that the

to 1750,

power to grant dispensations was re- convivial secret societies of Odd Fellows. Supreme Court No, 1, and that It is possible that meetings of Royal Forthe Chief Eanger of Court No. 2 should esters of that period were of a similar outcommunicate at least once a year with Su- growth at least, so the Foresters of 1838 preme Court No. 1. The date of the dis- thought, argued, and printed as a foot-note pensation, 5,817, translated (counting from in the preface to their general laws. Adam) as 1813, '' is the only absolute date Evidently a few years of comparative proswe can find in connection with the early perity had stimulated a search for the real history of the Order." * For a long time, origin of the secret society of Foresters, however, it was claimed and believed the for in the preface to the general laws Koyal Order of Foresters was founded at in 1829 it was exijlicitly stated that the Knaresborough Castle, October 29, 1745, No. 1 Court at Leeds was " the oldest on the year, by the way, in which we have the record" only that and nothing more. first record of a Lodge of Odd Fellows. In The later, or Knaresborough tlieory, that fact, the preface to the general laws of the the birth of the Order was in 1745, which Royal Foresters for many years contained has long been discarded, was picturesque a foot-note to that effect. But no records and had a local flavor which was sure to were ever in existence, as far as known, to attract. It declared that congenial sj)irits show that the pioneer Royal Order of For- formed secret convivial clubs or courts, esters ever met at Knaresborough Castle. under the name of Foresters, and that their There was, however, a meeting of " Royal ceremonies were drawn from the legends Foresters " at Knaresborough, in 1792, to and stories concerning Robin Hood, Little " show their loyalty," at which a strong John, and their merrie men, with which
served by
;

—

* Foresters' Directory, Glasgow, 1887.

*

London Sporting Magazine.

ANCIEXT ORDER OF FORESTERS
the
Englisli
jieople

223

were

so

familiar.

tiie

organizations became Courts

;

the chief

Sub-Chief Ranesters builded better than they knew, when gers, Woodwards, and Beadles. In addithey veiled their so-called mysteries witji tion to the development of the forestry of tapestry decorated with the exploits of one an outlawed peasantry into a forestry of so popular among English legendary he- law-abiding, peaceful yeomanry, there were roes, or else they stumbled upon a most a great many societies of Foresters in Engattractive background of ^tradition against land prior to 1790 with varying titles and which to arrange their ceremonies. In objects, but, so far as history or chronicle any event, they produced a secret society, shows, entirely unconnected with and difequipped with legend and ritual which were ferent from modern Foresters. At the unique in that they appealed directly to the present time, the Ancient Order of Forimagination and sympathies of the masses, esters, with 900,000 members, ranks second with the lays of the minstrels of the middle only, as to number of members and age ages which made popular the lawless dar- among the British affiliated friendly soing of British yeomanry. Ballads in praise cieties, to the Manchester Unity, the prinof knight errantry charmed the nobility, cipal branch of English Odd Fellows. A but the plain people were fascinated by the l^oint of contrast between these friendly stories of Eobin Hood, Little John, Friar rivals in the United Kingdom lies in the Tuck, and their followers who roamed fact that while schism has rent Odd Felthrough Sherwood forest, levying on no- lowship into twenty-seven distinct but bles and clergy, waging constant warfare similar societies, the Ancient Order of against "the usurpers of English soil," Foresters includes all of British Forestry and exacting toll from castle and abbey on except a small schismatic branch known the confines of the forest. Small wonder as the Irish National Order, the English that the earlier members of the modern branch of the Indejjendent Order, and a Order of Foresters sought to trace the few Courts of Royal Foresters, whicli relinks which might connect them with the main faithful to and constitute all that conofficials.

Either the founders of the Order of For-

Chief Rangers,

Foresters

who represented

the resistance of
Later,

tinues of the ancient organization of that

the yeomanry of centuries ago at being
despoiled of their lands.

when the
over the

power of
trees

the

kings

prevailed

guarded them and the and wild beasts within their bailiwicks, and organization became necessary to preserve the '* vert and venison " against attacks from bands of outlaws. A mode of government then became necessary and a " code of the forest " was the outcome. Three courts were formed, the Wood Mote, a warrant or attachment court ; the Swaine Mote, a court of preliminary examination, and the Justice Seat, or court of trial and conviction. As might naturally follow, these banded foresters had signs and tokens of recognition. With a code of laws their very environment created the need for means of recognition. Hence
forest, the foresters

name. In America the situation is different for aside from a branch of the (English) Ancient Order of Foresters there arc The Foresters of America, the Independent Order of Foresters, the Independent Order of Foresters of Illinois, the Canadian Order of Foresters, the Catholic Order of Foresters of Illinois, the United Order of Foresters, the Massachusetts Catholic Order of Foresters, and the Irish National Order of Foresters. But the Foresters of America has nearly as many members in the United States as all the others. There was also an independent Pennsylvania Order of Foresters, but little has been heard of it in recent years. There are, or were not long ago, a few, perhaps live or six, negro courts of an independent (clandestine) Order of Forestry in New
;
:

224

ANCIENT ORDER OF FORESTERS
city.

York
*'

They
Pythias

probably
got
the

got
as the

their

forestry " in the

same manner

negro
little

50 out of 408 Courts of Koyal Foresters had The seceded and Joined the Ancients.
initiatory
alterations, but

Knights of

name and Eoyal
Very

emblems
is

of the latter society. of

new

ceremony was used with regalia was adopted.

known
All

the

them or their whereabouts. Orders of Forestry, except the
Ancient
Order,

In imitation of like outgivings by the Odd Fellows and the Druids, the joublication of
a directory of the Order was begun, after

(English)

when
titles,

strictly

classified, are clandestine,

and, in a sense,
insignia,

which, in 1836, a new ritual was prepared,

not entitled to the use of

although

it

differs

from that now in

use,

and ritual which infringe on those of the concerning which members declare that no Ancient Order. This characterization in- trace of Masonic influence, "which so pervolves a fine point in ethics, one upon meated the Odd Fellows' ritual," can be which conscientious men may differ. But found in it. At that period the Forestic ritthe least that may be said is, that whatever ual included only one degree or ceremony of In 1835, prior to the complete the merits or demerits of the disputes or dif- initiation.
ferences which have resulted in schism

among

revision of the old ritual (and after refusing
to recognize or organize a

Foresters, the various branches would have

been absolutely right if they had begun their careers with essentially different names,
with newly created
titles,

of

Forestry), the Ancient

bodily the ritual
as its

and something- Shepherds*

women's Order Order adopted of the Ancient Order of Whether second degree.
of Foresters is also unique

different or original in the

way

of ritual
*

and ceremonies.

The (English) Ancient

The Ancient Order
it is

Order, the Foresters of America, and the ate what may be called an additional degree or Independent Order easily lead in member- grade by incorporating within itself another and ship and promise prolonged careers of use- perhaps older secret society. In making this comWhile there is no more connection parison, reference is had, of course, to so-called " affulness. between them than between the Freemasons filiated, friendly " or secret, beneficiary societies
alone. and Odd Fellows, they are traveling parallel its self-appointed chroniclers to date back to "some uplifting humanity, of in the work courses unknown period in the early pai't of the present and it is to be regretted that the prospect century." The Shepherds met in "Sanctuaries,"
is

in that

the only similar society or order to cre-

The

origin of the Shepherds

declared by

for

their

being

reunited

is

not bright.

With three

great bodies of Foresters, with
officials,

three sets of salaried
three times as

and, therefore,

many

opportunities for pre-

ferment and distinction for services rendered, it seems, in view of the tendency of human nature, that the dream of only one universal Order of Forestry is not likely to be realized in the near future. Beginning, in 1834, with about 12,000 members, as a schism from the Eoyal Order of Foresters, the enthusiasm of the Ancient Order may be judged by the addition of Nearly 3,000 new members within a year. 300 Courts of Eoyal Foresters gave allegiance to the new body within three months. The one American Court Joined the Ancient Order in 1834-35, at which time all but about

were originally called Royal Shepherds, and early became allied through tradition or otherwise with The governing body of Shepherds the Foresters. was called the Supreme Sanctuary. For these and other reasons the two Orders were believed to liave Sanctuaries of Sheplong had a common origin. herds are declared to have been in the liabit

by dispensaSupreme Sanctuary, and there is in existence a dispensation fx'om the Supreme Sanctuary of Royal Shepherds, Leeds, to members of Covirt of Truth, No. 21, Royal Foresters, and their successors, to "assemble and hold a second degree of Royal Foresters," etc., "under the title of Royal Shepherds, and there to make and form Shepherds and to perform all rites and cereof meeting with Courts of Foresters

tion of the

monies as practised by the Ancient Shepherds." It is signed, among others, by the Worthy Royal Pastor, First and Second Attendants, and Worthy Supreme Pastor. In 1835 a meeting of delegates of Sanctuaries of Shepherds was held at Leeds,

ANCIENT ORDER OF FORESTERS
this

225

means that an existing but moribund only in " temperance hotels ;" that sessions Order was adopted en hloc by Britisli For- must close by eleven o'clock at night, and esters in 1835, or whether merely tluit the that in ceremonies in which swords had been ritual of a practically extinct or a dormant used, clubs should thereafter be employed. society was incorporated within English It was not until 1837 that Forestry was inForestry, docs not appear. By 183G, within troduced into London. Between 1837 and two years, the total membership had in- 1843 much was suggested and begun in creased to 17,260, a gain of more than 5,000 the way of extending and enlarging philanwithin two years, and the extent of tlie ref- throi)ic work, and elTorts were made to proormation of sentiment as to the purposes vide for the relief of the superannuated and conduct of the society may be inferred and maimed as well as the sick and disin that meetings were authorized to be held tressed. The nine years following the reformation, after the revolution in 1834, conwhich
is

referred to as the

first

High Sanctuary

stituted the primary period in

the

life

of

had been manof rules prepared, and heraldic emblems, motto, and aged at odd moments by men whose attenword were adopted. From that time the progress tion was, in most instances, nearly all ocMeeting.
organization was perfected, a code

An

the society, during which

it

of the Ancient Order of Shepherds within the l)ody

of Forestry (more particularly in the United States)

cupied with the task of earning their
ings.

liv-

has been steady, but without other noteworthy deA'elopraent. A suspension of a Forester from his Court formerly acted as a suspension from his SancExtuary, which in later years was not the case. pulsion from a Court, however, expelled from the Sanctuary also. The tendency in England has been to loosen the tie between the two organizations. Shejtherds there now govern their own affairs, the
natural outcome of a ruling that a Forester's ad-

In 1843 the practical jjeriod in the

life-

work

of British Forestry

was begun with

the election of permanent, salaried ofKcials.

This indicates that Forestry had been following or watching closely the strides of its older sister, the Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows, which in 1844, in order to
insure solvency, went so far as to interfere
in the financial affairs of its subordinate

vancement in olBce is not affected by his not having joined the Ancient Order of Shepherds. Membership in the Shepherds (England) carried with it "half benefits" for which "half contributions" were necessary. The practical breakdown of Shepherdry in Forestry in England was due primarily to unwillingness to keep up two organizations in one, with two rituals and two sets of expense.
like, are

Lodges, one of the
financial

first

steps looking to

soundness on the part of such societies, and one which the more successful secret beneficiary assessment societies have imitated. Hardly second in importance was the persistent, even courageous,

Elaborate ritual, extensive paraphernalia, and the more popular in the United States than in
the United Kingdom.

The emblem

of

tlie

Shep-

compilation of vital statistics by the Manchester Unity
tics, as

herds

is

the slieepskin sack or white wool scrip.

Odd

Fellows.

Vital

statis-

The
the

heraldic emblem, adopted sixty yeai's ago, was
;

a basis on which to establish a scale
to

Lamb and the Cross but the Cross was afterward eliminated "in deference to the wishes of Jewish brethren." The motto as given in authorized Forestic publications was Noster Pastor Domine, and " the word " formerly was Quam Dilecti.

determine something in of an api)licant for menil)ership, were little understood by the working classes of the The "Handbook of Foresters of America," published United Kingdom sixty or seventy years in 1893, New York, states tiiat the Ancient Order ago, and were lightly esteemed by nearly of Shepherds severed its connection witli the Order all meml)ers of the then leading beneficiary in England and became Americanized shortly after Orders Foresters, Druids, and Odd Felthe Minneapolis Convention in 1889. It now forms lows. Foresters were among the first to branch Foresters of America,
of assessments, to

relation

the probable lifetime

—

a beneficiary

of the

"but

its

distinctive

aim

is

to

socially unite the

recognize

the
of

necessity

for

the business

brethren of the different Courts."
15

methods

the

Odd

Fellows.

Althougli

226
all

ANCIENT ORDER OF FORESTERS
Orders named, as well as the uon-secret.
the ages of twenty and seventy) on the

generally local, beneficiary societies, con-

assessment of only fourpence
capita.

jier

week

2)er

tinued to hold meetings, initiate members, and relieve distressed bretliren by systematic

contributions,

for

fifteen

or sixteen

years after the birth of the Ancient Order
of Foresters in 1834, all except the purely
local societies

In 1857 a prize and honorary membership were awarded Mr. George Faulkner of Manchester for a new ceremony of initiation, and in 18G2 £500 were sent to relieve distress in the cotton districts of the

continued under the ban of

the corresponding societies and the seditious meetings acts,
tect themselves,
theft.

States, the result of the Civil
relieve the distressed

United War, "and to

legal

and were unable to proby law, against fraud or Not until 1850 did they finally gain recognition through the friendly
act,

members of the OrIn 1865 the passing of a satisfactory medical examination was made compulsory on those applying for membership, and as
der."

which required the registr}^ an evidence of the growth of the society, at The Ancient Order of the High Court Meeting at Wolverhampton Foresters has been described as the first in 18G8, at which the Earl of Litchfield presocieties

of

their

rules.

affiliated

friendly

society
act,

apjolying

for

sided, delegates were present

from Ireland

registry

under that
tliis

October, 1850,

and by that date, and from Australia. At that meeting, also, Order numbered nearly was first urged the payment of a graduated
scale of assessments according to age,

but was not perfected until 1882, although between its officials over the investment of nominally put into operation in 1872 so far funds. This had no sooner ended in the as new members were concerned. The pubinterest of the society at large than an lic spirit of the society is attested by its presunfaithful treasurer disappeared from Glas- entation of a life-boat to the National Lifegow (1849) with a considerable sum belong- Boat Institution in 1864,and another in 1869. ing to the organization, which almost The Order was formally introduced into killed Forestry as well as Odd Fellowship the United States in 1832, by the estabat that city, and it was fully sixteen years lishment of Court Good Speed, No. 201, before they recovered from the blow. Yet, at Philadelphia, by the Eoyal Foresters. by 1855, only six years later, there were, in In 1836 Court Good Sj^eed seceded to the all, 100,000 members of the Ancient Order of Ancient Order, but died some time after, Foresters, a gain of 34,000 within ten years. leaving no records. Court General WashIn the efEort to extend the work of relief a ington, No. 1,361, was opened at Brooklyn Early in 1842 levy of one shilling per member was made in in 1841, but was short-lived. 1850 for the erection of a Foresters^ Home, Court Potifar, No. 1,412, and Court Transand in that year, and those immediately atlantic " were opened somewhere in the following, mortality and sick tables were United States," but no records remain to compiled. These were imperfect, but were tell where. A dispensation was granted to greatly improved in 1855 by the incorpora- "City of New York," with no name of tion of features developed in like statistics Court, early in 1843, but apparently nothprepared by the Manchester Unity. Not- ing further was done in the matter. Court withstanding imperfections in the earlier Bay State, No. 2,249, was opened at Boston Forestic tables of membership, sickness, in December, 1847, but has not been heard deaths, etc., the compilations demonstrated of since. But on May 28, 1864, Court the then unsuspected ability of the Order Brooklyn, No. 4,421, was instituted at to pay fourteen shillings per week for the Brooklyn, N. Y., and on May 5, 1865, Court full term of sickness of members (between Eobin Hood was instituted in New York
this

70,000 members, although it sulfered in 1848 from the results of a bitter struggle

ANCIENT ORDER OF FORESTERS
city, both of whicli continue to this day and are therefore the oldest living Courts Between of Forestry in the United States. 1864 and the year 1874, when the first dissension in the ranks of American Forestry took place, the Order in the United States grew until it numbered 43 Courts with 2,300 members, all holding allegiance to the High C'ourt of the Ancient Order of Foresters of England. As pointed out in a " History of the Independent Order of Foresters " (Toronto: Hunter, Rose & Co., 1894), an

227
its

mise differences with
of

the Ancient Oi-der, a Subsidiary

American brethren High

Court of the Ancient Order of Foresters for the United States was finally granted by the High Court of England, at Worcester, England, on proposition of Court Wines, No. 5,738, New York, now Court Republic. Jerome Buck of New York, and Mr. Phillips of Scranton, Pa., were delegates to the meeting of the English High Court
at Worcester.

The now Subsidiary High

Court was established at New York late in agitation arose as early as 1871 to secure a 1874, and the first Executive Council was Subsidiary High Court for the United States, located at Brooklyn, N. Y, Jerome Buck the demand being based on a desire for local was Subsidiary High Chief Ranger. Chronself-government. It is declared that several iclers of the (English) Ancient Order place petitions to that end Avere sent to the Eng- its American membership at that date at lish High Court, where they were thrown over 2,000 and the number of Courts at 43. out. After that the movement became in Evidently the leaders of the Independent part one for separation from the mother or- Order had gone far enough to taste the ganization, and the establishment of an in- sweets of being in control of what promised dependent High Court for tlie United States. to be a successful beneficiary secret society, As stated by the leader of the movement for because the granting of the original demand independence, A. B. Caldwell (who joined by the seceders for a Subsidiary High the Order in 1870), '*he (himself) became Court to the American branch of the Anat once restless and dissatisfied witli the cient Order, only a few months after the arbitrary laws and general mismanage- schism, failed to exercise any appreciable ment and soon commenced agitating influence to reunite the American bodies. independent Forestry."' For the next fifteen years the Ancient OrA convention of Foresters was held at der in the United States continued its alleLiberty Hall, Newark, N. J., June 16 and giance to the High Court of England, 17, 1874, in response to a call signed by when it, too, at the meeting of the Sub500 Ancient Foresters, residents mostly of sidiary High Court at Minneapolis, August New York and New Jersey. Court Inde- 15, 1889, seceded from the English organipendence, No. 1, of Newark, had already zation and became the Ancient Order of seceded and organized itself into a Court of Foresters of America, and in 1895 the Independent Foresters, and prior to the Foresters of America, under Avhich title it convention had instituted two independent enjoys the distinction of having the largest Courts of Foresters under the names Court membership of any of the various orders of General Kearney, No. 2, Kearney, N. J., Forestry into which it and the Independent and Court United States, No. 3, New York Order have been divided. From 1875 to city. These three Courts in convention 1889, wiiile still a branch of the English declared their independence of the High society, the Ancient Order in the United Court of the Ancient Order of Foresters of States greatly outstri])ped the mother fraEngland, and elected A. B. Caldwell Most ternity in rate of progress, increasing in Worthy High Chief Ranger. Before the membership in fourteen years from about end of 1874, and only shortly after the new 2,000 to 56,000. By 1895 it numbered Independent Order had refused to compro- 119,000 members, an increase of more than
.

.

.

228
fifty-fold

ANCIENT ORDER OF FORESTERS
American side of "the negro question." They did so, and the English High Court
was sufficiently impressed to content itself with merely reaffirming its previous opinions, relying "ou the good faith and sense of justice of the American brethren to open
their portals to all
ble

within tweuty-one years, while Order daring the same period English the The latter, howtrebled its niembership. ever, has eight members to one of the Foresters of

America.
years after the

For
of the

five

establishment

American Subsidiary High Court, the progress of the Ancient Order was slow, membership increasing from about
2,000 to only 4,500. In the following ten years extension was rapid, membership increasing to 9,950 by 1881, to 10,780 in 1883,
to 23,570 in 1885, 29,000 in 1886,

men

at the earliest possi-

and

to

56,000 in

1889.

The "color question"

appeared early in the life of the American organization, there having been " two or more Courts of colored Foresters in the
of

Notwithstanding this conciliatory action, the English High Court at its next session, Glasgow, 1887, declared that no law of any Subsidiary High Court, etc., should prevent the admission of a man on account of his color, and that any existing law to that effect was deemed invalid. The reply from the United States was that
the charter rights of the Subsidiary

moment."

High

Order/'* which were "quietly gotten rid by the Subsidiary High Court refusing to accept their per capita tax," on the ground that " to attract members and pre- the Subsidiary High Court. It is further serve unity it was necessary for the Order claimed by permanent Secretary McMurtry to place itself regarding the negro on the and others conversant with the situation, same ground with other leading secret be- that the American Subsidiary High Court nevolent societies." These Courts of negro sanctioned at Worcester, England, in 1874, Foresters afterward afl&liated Avith the Eng- was the outcome merely of a general law that lish Order. At the second Subsidiary High for the government of such a Court Court, at Scranton, Pa., 1875, rules for no charter was ever issued to it, and that admission to the Order were adopted, limit- the Subsidiary High Court of America was ing applicants to " white males," etc. This virtually an independent, self-created body, brought it into conflict with the High sanctioned by the High Court of England,
;

Court iu the United States permitted the adoption by it of the rule referred to, and that no law existed permitting tlie High Court to curtail or regulate enactments of

Court of England, by which no distinction The subject was deis made as to race. High Court meetEnglish three in bated ings, and strong expressions were made against the American rule, while in two
Subsidiary High
strike out the

owing allegiance to the
sense
only.

latter in a fraternal

Evidently British

Foresters

thought differently, and it is possible they were not influenced by the most conservative among them, for the Reading (England)

Courts

propositions

to

High Court,

in 1888, rescinded the

word "white" were voted

down by

large majorities.

At the eleventh
Detroit, 1885,

Subsidiary High

Court, at

permanent Secretary E. M. McMurtry, to whom the Order owes much of its success, and J. J. Hayes, were appointed a com- Orders of Foresters in the United States, mittee to attend the High Court at Leices- and suspending all members thereof who 1886, and present the refused to comply with the action taken. ter, England, in Excitement naturally ran high among * Handbook of the Ancient Order of Foresters affected, j^articularly Forestic Publishing Company, New American Foresters of America as the English body had made public its York, 1893.
:

adopted at Worcester in 1874, fourteen years before, viz.: "That a Subsidiary High Court for the United States of America be granted," thereby cancelling the existing government of the English
resolution

BENEVOLENT AND PROTECTIVE ORDER OF ELKS
willingness to reassume direct parental relations with
is

22i)

the Artisans' Order of Mutual Protection
its

individual American

Courts.
fa-

one of

oldest children.

The

latter oper-

A

great majority of American

Courts

ates only in Pennsylvania,

New

Jersey, and

vored independence, only eighteen actively
favoring English
in

supremacy

—thirteen

in

California, two in Michigan,

New Jersey, New York,

and one each and Connecticut.

New York, and pays sick and death benefits, but by means of fixed quarterly dues, instead of by mutual assessments. Sick benefits
amount
to $5 weekly

These afterwards formed the nucleus of the remaining Ancient Order in the United States. The eighteen Courts which re-

from death

benefits,

and are not deducted which range from
society's

$1,000 to $«2,000.

The

ritual

is

"based purely on business principles," yet fused to recognize the Subsidiary High the principal emblem, containing an illusCourt were suspended, and subsequently tration of the application of the screw and
aflSliated

with the English Order.

the pulley to

mechanics, the whole

with

and surleni. See Ancient Order, Knights of Je- rounded by the words *' Peace, Power, and rusalem. Protection," is suggestive of an appropriate Ancient Order. Knights of Jerusa- and instructive ceremonial. The office of ^^n\. One of the smaller fraternal benefi- the most Excellent Recorder is at Philaciary associations, paying death and funeral delphia, where a large proportion of the Associated with it is a similar so- four thousand members may be found. benefits. ciety for women, the Ancient Order of Benevolent and Protective Order of Daughters of Jerusalem. Its headquarters Elks. A charitable and benevolent organare at "Washington, D. C. ization, designed to contribute to the soAncient Order of Sanhedrims cial enjoyment of its members, to relieve Founded by AV. 8. Iliff and Franklin Van the necessities of deserving brethren, their Nuys, at Richmond, Ind., A2)ril 1, 1895, as widows and orphans, and perpetuate the

Ancient Order, Dung-hters of Jeriisa- a

—
—

triangle inscribed within a circle

—

a fraternal beneficiary order.

It i)ays sick

memories of deceased members of the Order.
Its origin is given in

benefits of 15 weekly for five weeks in a
year.

Allen 0. Myer's history
:

To

be eligible to membership a

man

of the

Order

as follows

must be sound physically, of good moral character, and a member of some secret sogood standing. The Order is an outgrowth of the Orientals, a ''side degree '^ attached to the Knights of Pythias. Ancient Order of Shepherds. Originally constituting one degree of the (English) Ancient Order of Foresters, it now forms a beneficiary branch of the Foresters of America. (See Ancient Order of Foresters, Foresters of America, and Loyal Ancient Order of Shepherds.) Artisans' Order of Mutual Protection. Founded by James N. Bunn of Altoona, Pa., in 1873, who withdrew from the Ancient Order of United Workmen for that
ciety in

In 1866 the Legislature of excise laws that closed
etc.,

New York passed

seven

up

all

the saloons, theatres,

—

on Sunday. Actors are a social class, and law deprived them of friendly intercourse and recreation on the only day in the week tliey could call their own. IMiey looked around to find some way to evade this law and enjoy themselves as they saw fit on the day of rest. A few of them raised a
this

purse by small contributions to pay for a room and buy refreshments and a lunch for the company. They met first in a room over a place on Fourteentli Street in New York city, and afterwards they met in a room on the Bowery. As the members increased they saw the necessity of having some sort of an
organization to prevent confusion in their social sessions and to transact the little business necessary.

—

An

organization

Corks."
society,

was formed, called the There was a social organization
It

"Jolly
in

purpose.

pioneer

As the latter is i)ractically the American mutual assessment,
paying death
benefits,

land called the " Buffaloes."
actors in the
tion

Engwas a convivial

secret fraternity

so

and as there were a number of English company, the first ideas of organizawere doubtless suggested by that society, aud

230
the

BENEVOLENT ORDER OF BUFFALOES
name "
Jolly Corks " was given the new body, from the flying corks that came from the

One of the more conspicuous evidencesof this
is

either

or has been found in the use of aprons
'
"

bottles,

or because of the connection of the
tlie

mem-

bers with

theatrical profession.

Order is given an EnglisliVivian, Algernon S. to Chiirles man, an actor, and the son of a clergyman

The

credit of founding the

of

the established churcli.

After the

so-

York, the members desired a distinctively American name, one which would harmonize with the desire
ciety

was formed at

New

and Lodges of Sorrow, by Elks, and " Tylers." The rule which permits the existence of only one lodge of Elks in a city The (since 188G) works well in practice. governing body is the Supreme Lodge, to Avhich subordinate Lodges send represent^,In 1898 there were about 300 Lodges tives. at as many cities throughout the country, The notion that the with 35,000 members.
'
'

for

making

the organization secret in char-

Order

is

made up almost

exclusively of
is

mem-

acter and social and benevolent in purpose. Several Avho happened to be at Barnum's old Museum in New York city were struck

bers of the theatrical profession

erroneovts.

While many actors are Elks, the Order contains members from all the leading walks of The initials head, business and professional life. moose fine of a appearance by the and agreed to select it as the society's of the titles of some of its officers (Esteemed emblem, and the word "Elk*' for the name Leading Knight, Esteemed Loyal Knight, This choice of name was and Esteemed Lecturing Knight) are just of the new Order. due to the impression made by the descrip- Kabbalistic enough to excite interest, and '' Buffon's Natural what the members of the Order do at halftion of Cervus Alces iu
History," "fleet of foot, and timorous of doing wrong, avoiding all combat except in fighting for the female and in defence of Goldthe young and helpless and weak."
smith's description of the elk in his "Animated History" also exercised an influence
past eleven
is

Elks' Memorial
first

Sunday

in

known only to themselves. Day occurs annually on the December, when the memo-

ries of

departed brethren are revived and But above all things fittingly referred to.
istic of

else is charity the distinguishing character-

name. Some confusion has arisen within and out of the Order over the use of the name Cervus Alces with Some years the head of the American elk. ago, when the Order had begun to grow, the moose (Cervus Alces) head was dropped by order of the Grand Lodge and the elk head (Cervus Canadensis) was adopted as the offi-

on the choice

of

the Order, charity which

is

inoffen-

sive,

untraced, and unsuspected.

Benevolent Order of BufTaloes.— Whether or not the original Benevolent
Order of Buffaloes, a social secret organization in England, had any more to do with the forming of the American secret society by the same name, which consists of one Lodge in Philadelphia and one in New York, has The New York body not been ascertained. was organized May 1, 1881. The Order pays
sick

cial

emblem

of the Order.

The secret

society

affiliations

of the earlier Elks, the original

"Jolly Corks," in addition to the Benevolent Order of Buffaloes, an English friendly

and death
states

benefits, and, in reply to in-

cannot be ascertained; but the real founders of the Elks, those who so shaped
societ}^,
its destinies as to make it one of the leading brotherhoods among the few not founded

quiries,

New York
existence."

that the Philadelphia and Lodges "are the only ones in

Brethren Hospitalers of St. John the on political or financial considerations, may Baptist of Jerusalem.— See Knights of be safely classed as Freemasons; for the cere- St. John of Jerusalem, Rhodes, Malta, etc. Chevaliers of Pythias.— Organized in monial of the Elks, although it has been
changed several times,
familiar to
still

presents features

workmen from

the

quarries.

Boston in 1888 as a charitable and beneficiary societv, but with the payment of

—

COXCATEXATEU ORDER OF HOO-HOO
death and sick benefits optional.
is

281

Its title

The

first

regular Concatenation was held

plainly a i)lagiarisni

from that of an older
It is reported

in the old St. Charles Hotel at

New

Orleans

and well-known
dofnnct.

fraternity.

on February 18, 1892, and
leading

thirty-five of the

Coiupaiiioiis of the Forest.
bers of the Foresters of

—A

social

tiated.

beneficiary secret society confined to

memtheir

America and

of the country were iniwas not long until Concatenations were being held in several States. The Order is often spoken of as a lumber organIt

lumbermen

ization on account of the fact that more San Francisco in Jnne, 1883. (See Foresters lumbermen have availed themselves of the of America and Ancient Order of Foresters.) opportunity to become members of the Order than any other class who are eligible Coiicatenatecl Order of Hoo-Hoo. Organized at Gurdon, Ark., on Jannary 21, to membership. The word Iloo-IIoo and There were present at the founding the word lumbermen have, by common 1892. of the Order, B. Arthur Johnson, of the edi- usage, come to be almost synonymous terms.

women

relatives

and

friends, organized at

torial staff of the
;

''

Timberman," Chicago,

Under the
gible

constitution those

who

are

eli-

William Eddy Barns, editor of the St. 111. Louis ''Lumberman," St. Louis, Mo.; George Washington Schwartz, of the Vandalia Koad, St. Louis, Mo. A. Strauss, of the Malvern Lumber Company, Malvern, Ark.;
;

George Kimball Smith, Secretary of the Southern Lumber Manufacturers' Association, St. Louis, Mo., and William Starr Mitchell, Business Manager of the Arkansas " Democrat," Little Rock, Ark. Only two of the above-named Avere in any sense secret These were members of the society men. Freemasons and the Elks. With the excep- Order believed tbat the greatest achievetion of Mr. Strauss they were all camp fol- ment known to humanity is to live a hearty, Therefore, the healthy, and happy life. lowers who lived by, but not in, lumber people who, as a duty, attended probably objects of the Order, as stated in the conthirty or forty meetings of the lumbermen stitution, are the promotion of the health, annually, which were held in all parts of happiness, and long life of its members. It was first suggested Hoo-IIoo does not believe in accepting memthe United States. the Independent bers from all walks and ])rofessions of life. Order be called the that
;

must be white male persons over the age of twenty-one years, of good moral character, and engaged in one or more of the following avocations: lumbermen, newspaper men, railroad men, and sawDuring the first year mill machinery men. of the organization one lady, Mrs. M. A. Smith of Smithton, Ark., owning a sawmill and railroad, was initiated, and has the honor of being the only lady member, as the constitution was changed at the next Those who founded the annual meeting.

Order
course,

of

Camp

Followers,

which,

of

Believing these things, the

members

of IIoo-

would imply not actual lumber- IIoo have attempted to gather together peomen, but such people as railroad men, ple who have in a business sense a common newspaper men, and those other people who interest. The constitution does not provide found it necessary to attend lumber retail for sick, disability, or death benefits. Ever and manufacturers' association meetings, since its foundation, however, the Order has but it was at once determined to make the done in a quiet way some charitable work
matter vastly broader than that and have
include the
it
is

not out of

lumbermen themselves. It the way to state that not one

of

among its members. One of the objects of the Order is to assist a member in finding employment. The trawhich were rei>resented at the Gurdon meeting and about which the principles cling, were of the black oat of the
ditions

those present had any idea that the Order

then founded would ever have more than possibly one hundred members.

232

DAUGHTERS MILITANT
The
is

Egyptians, principally because the founders believed and still think that there is no one

Avork in each State or foreign country
of

under the supervision

a Vicegerent

Christendom who knows very much about a cat. It was chosen because many
in all

people believe a black cat to

who has charge of Concatenations held in his territory. The membership of be unlucky, Hoo-Hoo is over 5,000, and is limited by
Snark,
the constitution to 9,999.

and

Order among other things was and conventionalism. The Order of Hoo-Hoo has no lodge rooms, no enforced attendance at lodge meetings, no plumed helmets, and, without desiring to cast reflection on any worthy societies,
this to fight superstition

Daughters Militant. An organization of women members of the society of Daughters of

—

dent Order of
of America.

Rebekah, a branch of the IndepenOdd Fellows, United States
(See the latter.)

has nothing that other orders possess that The IIoocan in any way be avoided.

Daxigliters
the latter.)

of

Hernianii.

— AVomen's
(See
social

auxiliary to the Sons of

Hermann.

Hoo might have
the

" Order of
carries a

been appropriately called Acquaintance," as every

Daughters of Rebekah.

—A

and
Fel-

member
nually,
of every

handbook, published, an-

beneficiary secret society to which

Odd

which contains the business address lows and women relatives and friends are member, arranged in such a way eligible. It Avas established in 1851. (See that the information cannot be used except Independent Order of Odd Fellows, United by the initiated. The ritual of the society States of America.) Daughters of St. George. A charitable in a literary way compares most favorably with that of any of the secret societies. It and benevolent secret sisterhood composed of Avomen relati\'es of members of the Oris composed of some portions that are very (See the latter.) serious, while others have for their object der, Sons of St. George. Order of Knights of Dramatic the amusement of those present. The executive afEairs are administered by a Khorassan. Prompted, perhaps, by a deSupreme Nine, and the judicial affairs and sire for Pythian seasons of relaxation and the care of its emblem are represented by the amusement of a spectacular as aa^cH as mys-

—

—

House

of Ancients.

The

latter is a repository

tical

character, leading spirits
of Pythias

among the

of the past executive rulers of the Order,

Knights
of

produced, full grown,

membership in which body lasts for life. A striking and entertaining feature of the HooHoo Annual is the embalming of the Snark, his passing into the House of Ancients. The present members of the House of Ancients are B. Arthur Johnson, William Eddy EveryBarns, and James E. Defebaugh. thing in Hoo-Hoo goes by nines. The initiation fee
is

Dramatic Order of the Knights Khorassan, to which only Knights of It is presided over by Pythias are eligible. a Most Worthy and Illustrious Imperial
in 1894, the

Prince and

is

notcAvorthy, in addition to cre-

ating ncAV Knights of Khorassan, for illumi-

nated pageants and fantastically costumed processions between sessions of the Supreme

$9.99, the annual dues are 99

Lodge

cents; the annual business meeting of the

These of the Knights of Pythias. Persian quality-folk are plainly suggested

Order is held on the ninth day of the ninth by the Arabic nobility, to join Avhich one month. Annual meetings since the organiza- must be either a Masonic Knight Templar tion have been held at St. Louis, Chicago, or a thirty-second degree Mason of the AnKansas City, Minneapolis, Nashville, and cient and Accepted Scottish Eite. The AnThe Supreme ISTine consist of a cient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Detroit. Snark, a Senior Hoo-Hoo, Junior Hoo-Hoo, Shrine, dates back a quarter of a century a Bojum, a Scrivenoter, a Jabberwock, a in the United States, and was followed a Custocatian, an Arcanoper, and a Gurdon. few years ago by the Imperial Order of

FORESTERS OF AMERICA
Muscovites, which meets in Kremlins, and to which members of the Independent Order

233
disease,

freedom from

and a

belief

in

a

Supreme Being.

The government

of

the

of Odd Fellows alone are eligible. Then Order as well as its material benefits are in came the Knights of Khorassan, of the part patterned after those of the Odd FelKnights of Pythias, also with the word lows, as, indeed, is the form of govern"Imperial " in its title. It meets in Tem- ment of nine out of ten of the hundred and ples, as do the '' Mystic Shriners,'* to which more mutual benefit assessment secret sociare also given Persian or Arabic names. eties which have sprung into existence in There were thirty Temples of Knights of the United States within the past twenty-

Khorassan represented at a meeting at five years. Cleveland in 1896, at which time the memThe Supreme, formerly High, Court of the bcrshij) of this Pythian imperial appendix Foresters of America is composed of officers was 9,000, compared with 1,500 in Decem- and representatives of Grand Courts, M'hich ber, 1895. (See Knights of Pythias.) in turn are made up of officers and repreForesters of America. (See Ancient sentatives from subordinate Courts in States, Order of Foresters.) The thirteenth meet- territories, provinces, or countries. In ading of the Subsidiary High Court of the dition to declaring itself independent of the Ancient Order of Foresters in America con- English Order, changing its name and the vened at Minneapolis August 13, 1889, titles of governing Courts, the Ancient Orand on the third day of the session, in a der formulated new general laws, adopted set of formal resolutions, reciting at length new regalia and ritual, incorporated the what has been explained regarding the dif- American flag in its insignia, prefixed " Libferences between the English and Amer- erty " to the ancient motto of the Order, ican affiliated Orders (see Ancient Order "Unity, Benevolence, and Concord," and of Foresters), severed its connection with established August 15th as "Foresters' the High Court of the Ancient Order of Day,'" and the second Sunday in June as Foresters, which had already been accom- Memorial Day. In the United States the plished by the action of the English High paraphernalia and ritual of Forestry have Court, and formed a Supreme Court of the been elaborated more than in England, and Ancient Order of Foresters of America, with in 1879 a benevolent branch of the Ancient a new constitution and by-laws. Curiously Order, known as the Knights of the Sherenough, the newly organized American Or- wood Forest, was instituted at St. Louis. der began with thirteen Grand Courts in At the Philadelphia Subsidiary High Court thirteen States of the Union, subordinate to in 1883, this l)ranch or appendant Order of its Supreme Court. Its primary objects are Forestry was recognized as the second deto provide sick and funeral benefits for gree, and now constitutes the semi-military members and to contribute to their moral or uniformed body among this Order of Forand juaterial welfare and those dejiendent esters, with a Supreme Conclave of the World upon them. A feature 'of this Ancient numbering fifty subordinate Conclaves, and The Ancient Order of Order of Foresters for a number of years 1,700 members. was an endowment or insurance fund, not Shepherds became the third degree of the to exceed $2,000, for the benefit of widows, Order in 1889, shortly after the jMinneapolis children, or other representatives of de- Convention, it having finally separated from ceased members. There are, in addition, English Forestry, by which it was incorposick, temporary relief, and burial funds. rated iis the second degree in 1835. As in Membership is confined to white men from England, the Shepherds degree, while a beneeighteen to fifty years of age, of good moral ficiary branch, has the distinctive aim to socharacter, soundness of health and bodv. cially unite the brethren of different Courts.

—

234

GERMAX ORDER OF HARUGARI
COMPARATH'E STATISTICS OF MEMBERSHIP OP VARIOUS ORDERS OF FORESTERS.
Total

Membership.

—

GRAND UNITED ORDER
b^^t,

OP^

ODD FELLOWS

235

not being knit together, accomplished
the face of the hostility with which

One
is

of the outgrowtlis of the organization

little in

the Ilarugari Singing Society, to which

German immigrants were then regarded. 30,000 members belong. The Order was formed, in addition to the Grand United Order of Galilean Fishpurposes specified, for the preservation of ermen. Founded by Anthony S. Perpener the German language, literature, customs, at Washington, D. C, in 185G, one of the

—

and traditions
existence,

in

America.

This

it

has

oldest benevolent
cieties in

and beneficiary

secret so-

succeeded in doing during

its fifty

years of

the country, membership in which

which were duly celebrated at is confined to negroes. It pays from §3 to Newark, N. J., July 12, 1897, when it was 15 a week in sick benefits, death benefits of announced that Philipp Merkle, Fredrech from $300 to ^-lOO, and claims to be "one Germann, and Peter Schnatz, among the of the wealthiest institutions" of its kind founders, alone survived. The name Ilaru- in the United States, as the aggregate vahie
gari was identified with the ancient
tribe,

German

of the halls, land, personal property, bonds,
etc.,

the Cherusci, wliich was conquered

owned by
it

it is

about $125,000.

It will

by the Romans under Tiberius, but achieved its independence, led by Arminius, when it defeated the Romans under "S'arus. The name was taken from the old German. Haruc signified a forest, and the old Teutons who met in the forests were called Harugaris. The first Ilarugari Lodge was called after the great Cherusci leader, ArThe motto adopted, followminia. No. 1. ing the example of older and similar organizations, was "Friendship, Love, and Humanity." An exceptionally altruistic declaration of principles was adopted, features of which were the brotherhood of man and the desirability of working for the good of society in general instead of for The Order grew slowly, but soon made self.
appearance in Pennsylvania, thence in Illinois, and, successively, in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Maryland, and Ohio. It now has about 300 Lodges in twenty-seven States
its

interest Scottish Rite

that

Freemasons to learn claims Masonic origin, and that it

displays the sacred

emblem

the fish as well
I

as the passion cross, rose,

and

N R

I of

the eighteenth degree of the Ancient Ac-

cepted Scottish Rite.

(See the account of

the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite
the negroes in the United

States.)

among The

Order of Galilean Fishermen claimed 56,000

members in 1897 in Lodges scattered from New England to the Gulf. Both men and

women are eligible to membership. Grand United Order of Xazarites.
One
of the older societies for the

payment

of sick

and funeral

benefits, it

having been

organized at Baltimore in 1803, primarily

and fraternal purposes. Letunopened, but the society evidently had an existence
for charitable
ters addressed to it are returned

of

nearly thirty years, as

its

title

appears

in the records of the census for 1890.

of the Union, and a total membership of Women about 30,000 men and women. members, which number about 7,000, meet in separate Lodges, which are governed and

Grand United Order of Odd
lows.

—

It

is

singular,

yet

Felno more than

a coincidence, that in 1843, the year folthe declaration of independence by the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, United States of America, from the English Independent Order, Manchester

lowing

conducted as are those for men. Subordinate Lodges are under the direction of Grand Lodges, which, in turn, are controlled by
the

Grand Lodge of the L^nited States. Unity, a Lodge of colored Odd Fellows During a half century the German Order was established in the city of New York of Ilarugari has paid out more than §5,- by the mother organization, the United 000,000 for the relief of sick and distressed Order of England, although prior to 18-43 worthy members, their widows and orphans. there had been several Lodges of white

236

GRAND UNITED ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
Fellows at and uear Pottsville,
allegiance
to

Odd

Pa.,

with

men

of color.

Whether they discon-

liolding

the

Grand United

tinued their Lodges or allied themselves

In 1843 Patrick II. Reason, James Fields, and others (negroes) of Xew York city, members of a social and

Order in England.

not known.

with the American Independent Order is Peter Ogden, the founder of

the Grand United Order in this country,
energy.

Philomathean Institute, petitioned the American Independent Order jjrobably just prior to the secession of the latter from the ^Manchester Unity for a dispensation to form the InThe stitute into an Odd Fellows' Lodge. the signers because granted petition was not were of African descent. But the latter
literary society

known

as the

—

—

was of humble birth, but evidently of great He enjoyed a superior education, which enabled him to lay broad and deep the foundations of the American branch of the parent stem of British Odd Fellowship. Neither the latter nor the former body
prescribes

conditions

of

race

or color as

requisites for membershij),

Avith others,

notably

members

of the Phila-

del])hia Library
ciety,

Company and Debating

So-

had seen and appreciated the need for societies affording mutual aid and protection in case of sickness and distress, and were determined not to be jmt ofP, as they believed,
because of a prejudice against associating Then it was that with people of color.
Peter Ogden, a negro

member

of A^ictoria

Odd

Fellows' Lodge, No. 448, at Liverpool,

Grand United Order, a seafaring man, advised that

a

dispensation be asked for a

Lodge of Odd Fellows at New York, through Victoria Lodge, from the United Order of England. It will be borne in mind that
that Indejjendent' Order of

and the fact that the American branch is composed of men of African descent is due solely to its having been established by men of color with whom those of their own race have naturally associated. Ogden's published letters show him Evidently the to have been a clever man. English body acted wisely in making him their representative in the United States. He was the Thomas Wildey of his branch of Within four American Odd Fellowship. years (in 1847) there were twenty-two American Lodges under Ogden's administration, and in 1851, eight years after Philomathean Lodge was organized, representatives from Lodges in New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts,

Odd

Fellows,

New

Jersey, Dela-

United States of America, then held alle- ware, and ]\Iaryland presented credentials giance to or was just about severing it from at the meeting of the Annual Movable the Independent Order, Manchester Unity, Committee, which met in New Haven, England, Avhich, in 1813, seceded from the Conn. Peter Ogden died in New York city in Grand United Order, which was then (1842establish Lodges in asked to and his name will undoubtedly be held about to be 1852, 43) the United States among petitioners of Afri- in grateful remembrance by all members of Peter Ogden's advice was the Order. By 1850 there Avere thirty-two can descent. He sailed to Liverpool, and secured Lodges of the Grand United Order in Amertaken. through Victoria Lodge and the governing ica, and in 1860, sixty-six, of which sevenbody of the Order at Leeds a dispensation teen Avere not working, a net gain Avithin to institute Philomathean Lodge, No. 646, seventeen years of forty-nine Lodges. When at New York city, which was formed March the questions agitating the public and the The four self-instituted white disturbed political conditions during those 1843. 1, Lodges, chartered by the Grand United Or- seventeen years are recalled, the progress
der, situated near Pottsville, Pa., refused to

achieved

is

seen to be creditable.

At the

recognize Peter

Ogden

as

Deputy from the celebration

of the tAventieth anniversary of

English Grand Body, because, as they admitted, of a prejudice against associating

the Order in the United States at Washington, in 1863,
it

Avas

announced there

Avere

GRAXD UNITED ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
fifty active

237

Lodges in the United States,

Canadti, and Beniiuda, with a total

mem- having

About 81,500 had been paid for relief of the sick and burial of the dead within a year, in addition to which !i?4,000 had been invested. In 18G7 the membership was 3,358, double the total
bership of about 1,U00.

Lodges there are 1,003 Households of Ruth 40,000 members, 182 Councils with 3,420 members, and 88 Patriarchies with 1,889 members. The growth of the Order
tlie

since 18G3 has been continuous,

mem-

bership increasing seventy-two times within

thirty-two years, and the annual expenditure Lodges for relief fifty-six times. The child with its was sixty-six. By 1873 the Order had ex- various branches has evidently reached the tended west to Colorado and south to Flor- stature of the parent, for the total memberida. At that period the ritual was revised ship of the British Grand United Order is and improved. It divided the society, as now, only about 107,000, perhaps one-seventh of into Lodges (symbolic color, white), House- that number being in Australia, East and hold of Ruth (color, blue). Past Grand Mas- West Indies, and Africa. Councils of Past ters' Councils, judicial branch (colors, scarlet Grand Masters or the Patriarchal Order of and black), and Most Venerable Patriarchies Past Grand blasters in America were estab(colors, royal purple and emerald green). lished in 1844. Only Past Grand Masters During the next decade rapid progress was are eligible to membership. Patriarchies, made. Lodges, Households, Councils, and composed of Most Venerable Patriarchs Patriarchies being established with notice- (Past Grand Masters), who have rendered In 1879, according to offi- the Order particularly meritorious services, able frequency. cial reports, the Order had "spread like are an English adjunct of the Grand L^nited wildfire '' in Texas and the links of the Order of Odd Fellows, introduced into the fraternity had been extended to San Fran- American branch in 1873. It is unlike any cisco. The forty-first general meeting at similarly named division of any other branch Washington, 1893, was the largest gather- of Odd Fellowship. In it are conferred ing of its kind ever held. There were 400 three degrees, as is also the case in the delegates present, among them clergymen, Households of Ruth and Councils of Venerphysicians, lawyers, bankers, merchants, able Grand Masters. The Household of manufacturers, army officials, and others the Degree of Ruth receives wives, widows, from New England, California, Canada, the widowed mothers, sisters, and daughters of Gulf States, and Cuba, among them "a members of the Order, and Past Noble Spaniard from Xew York,'' and one other Grands among male members, ami was sug" white brother from Pennsylvania. Since gested by Patrick II. Reason of Hamilton then the Order has continued to grow and Lodge, No. 710, New York city, in 185G. Its English allegiance remains In 1857 a ritual of this degree was submitted prosper. unshaken, and its hands are said to be ex- and forwarded to the English governing tended to all throughout the world who l)ody, which approved it in time for its adopThe first Houseclaim to be Odd Fellows. The single Lodge tion in America in 1858. instituted at New York in 1843 through hold of Ruth was established at Harrisburg, This branch of the Order, the efforts of Peter 'Ogden, has increased Pa,, in 1850. within fifty-three years to 2,253 Lodges, and with its three degrees, has proved popular the few original members to nearly 70,000. and numbered in 1893 over 800 Households There are thirty-six Grand Lodges control- with 40,000 members. The ritual is origling 2)roperty valued at ijil, 500,000, and in inal with the Grand L'nited Order of Odd 1894-95 the Order paid out 184,000 for the Fellows in America, and is founded, as may relief of sick members, widows and orphans, be inferred, on the story of Rn tb and and for funeral expenses. Besides 2,253 Naomi.

four years before, and the

number

of

'

'

'r..<<

vi^^^V.-

238

IMPERIAL (IRDEK OF MUSCOVITES

Imperial Order of Muscovites, See Independent Order of Odd Fellows, United States of America. Improved Order, Knights of PythThe only break in the ranks of the ias. Knights of Pythias has been the secession of some of the German- American members becanse permission to conduct the work in the German language was withdrawn. The action of the Supreme Lodge of the Knights of Pythias, in 1892, in 1894, and again in 1895, in declining to jierniit Lodges to render the ritual in any other than the English

—

the establishment of the Improved Order of

Ked Men
ditions,
tions,

at Baltimore in 1834,

In

its tra-

teachings,

principles,

and

aspira-

—

the

Improved Order

of

Eed Men
its

seeks to elevate the character, relieve the

misfortunes, and add to the happiness of
novitiates.
nials,

ceremonomenclature, and legends, it ranks
its

From

the nature of

language,
of

when

there Avere quite a

number

an acknowledged conservator of the hisand virtues of the aboriginal Americans, Local organizations are designated Tribes; these are subordinate to Great (State) Councils, and the latter to the Great Council of the United States, which is the
tory, customs,

Lodges in which it had been customary to Supreme body. The ceremonials of Tribes use the German language during the cere- are divided into the Degrees of Adoption, monies, resulted in the secession of mem- and the Hunter's, Warrior's, and Chief's bers of a number of German Lodges, At Degrees, A few additional honorary deIndianapolis, in June, 1895, the seceding grees or grades are attainable by those who element organized the Improved Order, have filled executive positions in Tribes and Knights of Pythias, The schismatic branch Great Councils, in addition to which there has not grown rapidly, and the outlook is is the Beneficiary Degree, the Chieftain's that the breach will be healed. League, described as the Uniformed Eank, Improved Oi'der of Red 3Ieii. The and the Degree of Pocahontas, designed for oldest charitable and benevolent secret so- women, but to which members who have reciety of American origin founded on aborig- ceived the Chief's Degree are also eligible. inal American traditions and customs.. Candidates for the Improved Order of Red Its government is modelled on the lines of Odd Men must be white citizens of the L'nited Fellowship, as are its practical aims, and, States, twenty-one years of age, of good like Odd Fellowship, it has cut its cloth, but moral character, of sound health, and have to a more limited extent, after Masonic pat- a "belief in the existence of a Great Sjnrit terns. Its claim to be "the oldest secret in Avhom all power exists," Xorth Amerisociety of purely American origin in exist- can Indians are not eligible to membership. ence," * rests on its being a virtual continu- Xo question of politics or religion is allowed ation of the Sons of Liberty formed prior to to enter the Wigwams, and as a man enters the War of the Eevolution, and the secret the Wigwam " so he departs a free man." societies, to Avhich the latter gave birth. The The nomenclature of the Order is rich Greek letter college secret society. Phi Beta with Indian expressions, words, and names. Kappa, was founded in 1776 (though it has Members are said to attend a Council, in a not been secret since 1831), and the Col- Wigwam, on a certain Sun of a certain Moon lege Greek letter fraternities. Kappa Alpha of the Great Sun (year) of Discovery, i.e., The Council fire is (1825), Sigma Phi (1827), Delta Phi (1827), discovery of America. Alpha Delta Phi (1832), and Psi Upsilon kindled instead of the meeting being opened, (1833), well-known social and literary col- and the close is described as the quenching Fathoms, feet, and lege secret societies to this day, all antedate of the Council fire. inches stand for dollars, dimes, and cents, * Letter from Great Prophet Thomas E. Peckin- and every adopted paleface receives a new paugh, November 24, 1894. proper name, often that of an animal, bird.

—

—

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN
or

239

some quality or characteristic of mind or Hudson to the Potomac for twenty years The names of officials are Indian, following the War of 1812. The genealogy and methods of expression and rituals are, of the Order, as given in the " Official Hisas may be supposed, replete with Indian tory of the Improved Order of Red Men" words and figures of speech, many of the (edited I^y Charles 11. Litchnuin, Past Croat
body.
latter

being

picturesque,

often

2)oetical.

Ocohonee, The Fraternity Publishing Company, Boston),
traces

The

roll call of tiie

Order shows more than
of

the line of descent

from the patriotic societies of colonial days. 2C,000 women members of Councils of the These were the Sons of Liberty, 1705, the Degree of Pocahontas, a grand total of 1G6,- Saint Taniina Society at Annapolis, 1771, 000. The annual receipts are in excess of and the Society of Red Men organized at '" cer$2,000,000, and the expenditures one-half Fort Mifflin on the Delaware in 1813 which incorporated of that sum, while investments of the or- tainly prior to 181G " ganization aggregate no less than ^1,500,000. the usages, names, and ceremonies of the In summarizing the characteristics of Saint Tamina, or Tammany societies. The this oldest American charitable, l)enevo- first society of Red ]\[en had an existence of leut, and originally political secret society, twenty years when it succumbed to the domit is proper to explain that from 1772 to inance of conviviality, which, by the way, 1830, under its several forms, it was first was a primary cause of the first great schism jwlitical and afterward social or social and in English Odd Fellowship in 1813. Durcharitable in its objects. Not until 1833-3-4 ing and subsequent to the War of the Revo140,000

members, exclusive

probably

—

—

Avere all the

political

features eliminated.

lution, Saint

Tamina

ajipeared to have been
soldiers
alike.
ol)-

In the eighteenth century the qualifications for membership were that the candidate should be, first, a citizen, and next of "correct political principles."

l^opular

with citizens and

Saint

Tamina* Day, May

12th, was

The value

of this

explanation

lies

in the fact, not heretofore

pointed out, that from colonial days dow^n to
the present time we have not been without one or more great secret, political societies, except, perhaps, for a decade or more at the
close of the first half of the present century.

* Tammany (or Tamina, Tammanen, Teraeny, Tamanend, Tamane, or Tamancd, said to mean "the Affable '") was a distinguished Indian cliief, said to be both merciful and brave, a cultivator of the arts of peace as well as those of war. One account states that he was a Delaware, at the head of the Lenni Lenape confederacy, and that his wig-

Not since its reorganization in 1 834 has the Improved Order of Red j\Ien tolerated political
cils.

or religious discussions in

its

Coun-

once stood where Princeton College is located. declared he lived in Pennsylvania, near the Schuylkill, and was buried about four miles from Doylestown. Bucks County. While not authenticated, he is declared to have been at the Great
It is also

wam

advent of the United Order of American ^Mechanics in 1845 and other American secret societies which have
Avith the

But

Council under the elm tree at Shakanuixon, after

taken a more or
questions,

less active interest in political

Penn's first arrival in America. His name appeal's on the treaty for the purchase of lands by Penn in 10^2, but not on the subsequent treaty " liv

we

find a direct continuation

by

means

something akin which marked the eai'lier lied Men's or Tamiua Societies from 1772 to
of secret societies of
to the activity

1830.

The Kcd

^len,

as

now

organized,

which a large portion of Pennsylvania was acThe inference, therefore, has been drawn The that Tammany died between those years. purely legendary accounts of Tammany, whicli. perhaps, maybe presumed to have a place in the ceremonials of the Improved Order of Red Men,
quired."

was founded
eties of

at Baltimore,

Md., 1833-34,
secret
soci-

embody

the oldest story in

history, the struggle

the natural outgrowth of the

Eed Men which

flourished at
'

or

near the centres of population from the

between good and evil, between Tammany, the great and good chief of the tribes between the Allegheniesand the Rockies prior to the discoveries of De Soto or La Salle, and the Evil Spirit. For

240

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN
army from the time
of the

served by the

became old and

feeble, his tribe

abandoned him in a

Eevolution until the practice was forbidden just prior to the War of 1812.

Extract from "Myths and Legends of our own Land," by Charles M. Skinner ; published by J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1896.

hut at New Britain, Penn., and there he tried to kill himself by stabbing, but failing in that he flung burning leaves over himself and so perHe was buried where he died. It was a ished. princess of this tribe that gave the name of Lover's

Leap to a cliff on Mount Tammany, by leaping from it to her death, because her love for a young European was not reciprocated.

The

aborigines, whatever

may

be

said against

them, enjoyed natural beauty, and their habitations were often made in this delightful region, their councils being attended by Cliief Tamanend, or Tammany, a Delaware, whose wisdom and virtues were such as to raise him in the place of patron
saint of America.

The Sons
secret

of

Liberty, which became a
first

revolutionary society,

appeared

in

Maryland in 17G4-65,

as organized oppo-

sition to

of

New York

is

The named

notorious
for him.

Tammany Society When this cliief

the

"taxation without representation," act,^' the "quartering act,'' and other oppressive legislation. It was Colonel Isaac Barre, among the few mem-

"stamp

years the two

waged a bitter warfare, the latter sending plagues of poison sumach and stinging
and mammoths, all of which Tammany overcame. The Evil Spirit then dammed up what are now called the Detroit and Niagara
nettles, rattlesnakes

bers of Parliament
of the

who opposed
in 1765,

the passage
called the

stamp

act,

and

opposing parties in the colonies " the Sons
of

Rivers, threatening the overflow of the trans-Alle-

History, that

gheny region, which the great chief overcame by digging the drains which are now the Miami, Wabash, Allegheny, and Ohio Rivers. After Tammany had overcome the tribes of the North and East, which had been sent to overcome him by his enemy, after he had astonished them by treating them leniently instead of torturing them, he engaged in a personal encounter with the Evil Spirit and nearly slew him, forcing him to retreat to the remote regions of Labrador and Hudson's Bay. This was followed by a season of peace, in which agriculture was prominent, and "Tammany and Liberty " were said to be the watchwords of his
people.

As declared in the Official name was immediately afterward adopted by the society. The early
Liberty."
of the colony of

history

Maryland

is

au-

thority for the statement that the Sons of

Liberty "claimed a genuine Indian chieftain as
its

tutelar saint

and patron."

The

formation of a Saint Tamina Society at Annapolis, in 1771, is, therefore, a natural sequence, amounting, practically, to a change

The precepts which Tammany
Mexico

delivered to
to

his followers, prior to visiting

meet the

name of one of the societies of the Sons of Liberty. The secrecy attached to both organizations was the natural outcome of their persistent and consistent opposition to the English Government in view of the
only of

Inca of Peru and advise him as to his form of government (according to " the researches of the
late Dr.

posed.

Samuel L. Mitchell'"), are cleverly comThey consist of brief addresses to Chil-

consequences of rebellion. The career of the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts, 17651774,
is

familiar to every American, includ-

dren of the Thirteen Tribes, in which he counsels .them as to their action, citing the characteristics of the Eagle, Tiger, Deer, Wolf, Bufl'alo, Dog, Beaver, Squirrel, Fox, Tortoise, Eel„Bear, and Bee On his return from Mexico, Tamfor illustration.
his old enemy had instilled notions of and dissipation into the minds of his people, which he finally overcame. He lived to an unusual age, in peace and happiness, and was wonderfully beloved. Great honor was paid him after death, and the legend says he lies buried under that wonderful monument, "second only " in size and labor to the Pyramids, the great Indian fort near Muskingum.

ing the

boarding of English vessels in Boston harbor by forty or Mty "Mohawk Indians," who emptied 342 chests of tea into the bay as a protest against the tax on

many found

tea.

idleness

The

fact

that

the
of

modern

Improved

1834 continues the Indian ceremonials, nomenclature, and customs adopted by the Sons of Liberty, and
by them, in part at
least,

Order of Red

Men

transmitted to
or

succeeding organizations,

may

may

not

be rendered of special significance

when one

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN'
is

241

reminded that the forty or fifty ^' Mohuw k bian Order, at New York city in 1789, who threw the tea into Boston which exists to this day. The new form of harbor were nearly all members of a Boston the name is due to a compromise, the origiLodge of Freemasons. Yet this certainly nal idea having been to discontinue a referpoints to a general membership of Free- ence to Saint Tammany and call the society masons in the Sons of Liberty and may ex- after Columbus. It should be added that plain how and why the ceremonial fabric this New York branch is the only one wiiich of earlier Red Men's societies was em- preserves an unbroken cluiin of existence broidered after Masonic designs, even thongli back to the patriotic societies founded in
Indians "
at

with novel material. Paul Revere, himself, one time Grand Master of Freemasons of Massachusetts, was sent with news of the

the early portion of the latter half of the

century. The Grand Sachem Columbian Order, or Tammany Soci" tea party " to New York and Philadelphia. ety, incorporated, which exists only at New The activity of the Sons of Liberty at Bal- York, is the president of that organization. timore and elsewhere in Maryland as early as The latter owns the building known as 1T66-77, gave rise to the organization of St- Tammany Hall, on Fourteenth Street, New George's, St. Andrew's, and St. David's York city, and is nominally, if not actually, societies in that State, composed of those a more or less secret charitable society. It who were loyal to the British crown, and it is secret, at least, in that only its members are is explained that in order to ridicule those present at its meetings, which constitute its organizations, the Sons of Liberty "^claimed only known activity. It should not be the patronage of an undoubted American, necessary to add that it is in no wise conan Indian chief or king named Tamina or nected with the widespread secret society Tamanend " whose life and exploits they known as the Improved Order of Red Men, professed to trace from liis own descendants. which has the same ancestry. This will The Sons of St. Tamina, after the War of make plain the apparent similarity in official the Revolution, constituted the organized titles and reported Indian ceremonials at embodiment of j^opular patriotism and the reception of new members by both the loyalty of antagonism to the writings of New York City Tammany Society and by opposition the Improved Order of Red Men. Paine, Rousseau, and Voltaire Allied to resident royalists and those among tiie to but distinct from the Tammany Society Federalists who talked of and for a dicta- is the political organization known as

eighteenth
of the

;

;

torship, or presidency for life

;

and,

lastly,

was

opposed to the Society of the Cincinnati, as then regarded, with its
actively

Tammany Hall, although the latter is to an extent controlled by the former. Some Tammany Society members have been con-

hereditary membership

republican features.

Sons of
disguise

and alleged anti- spicuous for their opposition to the TamThus the affiliated many Hall })olitical organization. Governor Saint Tamina, who employed the Tilden was a member of the Tammany of Indians and secrecy to conceal Society when he was fighting the Tweed
if

the identities of members, who,
ful were to be patriots, and,
rebels,
if

success-

ring,
J.

unsuccessful,

and Power

so
is

was Abram

S.

Hewitt.

Maurice

stated to have been a

member
old

found new reasons for existence, not
the tendency, as

of

least

among them being

they believed, of a return to royal customs,
particularly through the elevation
of the
spirit

Tammany Society while leader of the New Y'ork County Democracy which tagonized Tammany Hall.

an-

military
first

above the
itself

civilian.

This

A society known as the American Sons of King Tammany was founded at Philadell)hia in 1772,

showed
16

in the formation of the

Tamina (now Tammany)

Society, or

Colum-

with a like

name

one year later than the one at Annapolis, although

242

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN
existence
of

claimiug a previous
political

''some

years," which, as a patriotic and afterwards

transmitted to the Sons of Saint Tamina were made the basis of tlie ritual used. One

and benevolent
of the

society,

ized by

many

first

citizens of

was patronPennSociety, or

sylvania.

A

Saint

Tammany

Columbian Order, like that at Xew York, was founded at Baltimore in 1805 and became a i)urely secret political organization, witli "a characteristic word " to gain admission to
long-lived.
its

gatherings,

but

it

was not

The Annapolis society preserved
Another

a continuous existence until 1810.

outgrowth of the early secret societies with Indian ceremonials was the Kickapoo Amicable Association which existed at Washington in 1804.
'No Saint are recorded north or east of
city,

Tammany societies Xew York

which is natural, when it is recalled the hunting grounds of the Lenni Lenape extended over what are now New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and part of Maryland.* The Saint Tamina (and
that

most prominent officials of the new was a Freemason. The purposes of this society, as indicated by the preamble of the constitution of the Red Men's Society of Pennsylvania, were not only social, " but to relieve each other in sickness and distress " and to '' adhere to each other in defence of our country's cause." The prominence now given to relief from distress among members of the Improved Order of Red Men suggests the only conjecture found as to wliy the name Red Men was substituted for Tammany. Tammany societies had first and last been political rather than otherwise. Under the new dispensation of mutual relief a different name was needed, yet one in harmony with the character and traditions of the organizations of which this was merely an adaptation. For that matter. Saint Tammany
of the

organization

Tammany)
later,

societies

of

1771-1810,

or

societies still

continued to

exist,

notably at

were,

at

first,

political

organiza-

Philadelphia until

1822, and

many were

tions.

Most
social

or

all

of

them

afterward
in

become

and
social

benevolent

their

known to have held membership in them and the new Society of Red Men. In consequence of the

purposes, with the accent in some instances

War

of 1812, reorganization

more on the
features.

than

the

benevolent

In the third stage of their develthey again

opment
political,

became distinctively and from 1790 to 1810 many am-

bitious political leaders were enrolled

among

them.
at

A

military

company was

stationed

Fort Mifflin, about four miles below Philof

adelphia, on the Delaware Eiver, in 1812,

" composed

sons

of

leading

men

of

became necessary, which was accomplished in 1816, after which the work of extension was pushed. Records are meagre prior to 1821, yet mention is made of a Tribe at Charleston, 1818-21, which is striking, as no slaveholder could become a member. At about the same period the society found lodgment in New Jersey, and a little later, probably, in New York. Tribes were estab-

whom, in 1813, lished at Lancaster, Pa., in 1819; at Wiloriginated a Society of Red Men. The mington, Del., in 1823 at Albany in 1826, claim is made that members of Saint Tamina and at Baltimore about that time or soon societies were among the founders, and that after. In the period 1826-28 a Tribe was
Philadelphia,"*
;

among

the Indian

usages, ceremonials,

customs,
of Liberty

and nomenclature which the Sons

formed at Reading, Pa., which achieved distinction by maintaining an independent
existence as a society of

Red Men

until

* The reports of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons of North Carolina record the institution of St. Tammany Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, December 25,
1795,
at

1854, before consenting to be absorbed by

Wilmington

in that

State,

the

founders being desirous of escaping the "too frequent calling from labor to refreshment."

the Improved Order of Red Men which was founded at Baltimore in 1834 after the collapse of the Society of Red Men. The latter would appear to have been quit^

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN
prosperous in 1821, holding regular monthly meetings in Pliiluclelphiu and elsewhere,
brothers and their burying their dead. It is not unlikely that at that period it was more successful than the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, which was established at Baltimore in 1819, three years after the reassisting
Fell's

243

Point, Baltimore,

Society of

Red Men, Tribe

under the name. of Maryland,

distressed

families

and

No. 1, while the other declares the preliminary meeting to have been held in December, 1833, and the meeting of permanent organization early in 1834, certainly during the winter season. According to
the
latter version, at Elisha Snike's

Tem-

organization of the Society of
Philadelphia.
so late as 1825,
It is

Red Men

at

not even unlikely that

when the Independent Order

House, Thames Street, Logan Tribe, No. 1, Order of Red Men, afterwards rechristencd Logan Tribe, No. 1,
perance

of Odd Fellows numbered, all told, only about 500 members, that the Red Men were

Improved Order
proclivities,

of

as a protest against the

Red Men, was organized dominance of social
''^

far stronger numerically.

an

association

for
It

mutual
adopted

With the

final dissolution of Saint

Tam-

fraternity

and benevolence.''

"Freedom, Friendship, and George A, Peter was the first had been members of both organizations. Sachem of Logan Tribe, and is regarded as From 1823 to 1827, Saint Tammany's Day, the founder of the Improved Order of Red May 12th, was duly celebrated, and in the Men. The first act of Logan Tribe was to announcements of the ceremonies with prohibit meetings in buildings where liquor which the Red Men were to welcome La- was sold, and the next to get rid of memfayette to Philadelphia the somewhat bers who opposed such action. With such surprising mention is made of George success did the Improved Order meet that Washington as our "'late Grand Sachem." a second Tribe was instituted at Baltimore Xo explanation is obtained of the marked in 1834, and delegates from the two Tribes decline of the society from 1827 to 1830, established a Grand CouTicil of Maryland, though one may suppose the anti-Masonic May 20, 1835, of which William T. Jones excitement had something to do with it. was the first Great Sachem. The Grand
the

many societies in Philadelphia, about 1822, many members joined the Red Men. Others

motto,

Charity."

numerous Council instituted a third Tribe in 1838, mem- and with a growing, zealous membership bers having become " too clannish, espe- the new organization seemed on the high
chronicler attributes

One

the

resignations and lack of interest to

Philadelphia." It is admitted, however, that for some time meetings had been held at or over taverns and that adjournments for convivial purposes liad
cially at

road to prosperity

;

notwithstanding, only
1

two Tribes, Numbers

and

3,

remained in

existence as late as 1840.

The Order con-

tinued to grow in Baltimore, and in 1844

caused great dissatisfaction and
drawals from membership.

many with- and 1845 Tribes were established in WashBy 1830, or ington, which also organized a Great Coun-

soon after, except at Philadelphia and a few other points, the society was practically dead, which closes the second epoch in the life of the organization which was revived at Baltimore in 1834 as the Improved

Red Men. There are two claims as to the date of the organization of the Improved Order of Red Men. One gives it March 12, 1834, at the house of D. McDonald, Bond Street,
Ord-er of

A Great Council of the United States was formed by the Great Councils of Maryland and the District of Columbia in 1847, and incorporated. Just prior to that time there were ten Tribes in existence, six in Maryland, two in the District of Columbia, and two in Virginia, under the jurisdiction
cil.

of the Great Council of the Federal district.

The disputants

of

the foregoing account Tribe,

claim that Logan

No.

1,

was not

244

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN
rendered
its

formed until May 12, 1836, being organized by withdrawing members of Tribe of Maryland, No. 1, organized March 12, 1834. Documentary evidence is wanting, and the
recollections of aged

charter and formed an Inde-

jjendent Order of

Red Men.

Most

of the

members
Tlie

are all that

few German Tribes or Stamms of 1850 were asked to join in the secession, but few if any did so. This schismatic order had before
it

remain on either

four years in the

of the "Ancient" Lodge of England, one of the United States were filled with hard hundred years before, and the cutting loose work. New Tribes were instituted in of the Manchester Unity (English) Odd Pennsylvania and in Delaware in 1847, and Fellows from the Grand United (parent) in New York in 1848, where "•'ancient" or Order in 1813 but in this instance no hold-over Orders of Red Men were dis- like measure of success has been attained. covered. The latter readily recognized the The fact that the Independent Order of Red
side.
first

three or

the precedent

life of

the Great Council

Masonic

Grand

;

authority of

the

Great

Council

of

the

Men

uses the

German language
its

naturally
its

United States and applied for and received charters as Tribes of the Improved Order. In 1850 a Tribe was formed at Newark, N. J., and soon after at Camden in the same State. The period 1835 to 1860 was
one of upbuilding, following the anti-Masonic agitation
;

circumscribes

field,

yet

it

planted

York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia,

Stamms

in

New

Illinois,

Missouri,

Louisiana,
Island,

California,

Massachusetts,
other States.

Rhode
Its

maximum

and in a few membership
12,000.
is

it

was not only a quarter
fraternities,

during forty-five years has been

of a century of prosperity in the life of all

During the past

fifteen years it

declared

then existing secret
birth to a

by officials of the Improved Order that which many members of Stamms or Tribes of the are still active and growing. The Improved Independent Order have returned and atOrder of Red Men, as now formed, was tached themselves to the trunk of the born promptly after the recession of the parent tree. From 1851 to 1860 the prinanti-Masonic wave, and by the time it was cipal work aside from extension was directed thirteen years old, in the year the Great to obtaining a new and satisfactory ritual. Council of the United States was formed, So much difficulty attended this that the the customary reaching-out after more or Great Council of the United States offered " higher " degrees was experienced in an a j)remium to the brother who would proagitation which afterward resulted in the duce one that would prove satisfactory. It establishment of Beneficial Degree Councils is noteworthy that a proposition to estaband a Chieftain's League, and in the desire lish a Pocahontas Degree was made in 1852, to have business of Councils done in the by Brother George Percy of Virginia, and Chief's or highest degree. It was also in again in 1853. The Independent Order of 1847 that a demand was made for a revision Odd Fellows produced their Rebekah Deof the ritual and for a uniform regalia, both gree for wives, mothers, and daughters of of which were secured by 1850. In the Odd Fellows in 1851, and Percy's Degree of year last mentioned tlie permanence of the Pocahontas was probably suggested by it. growth of the Order was attested by the The extension of the Order called for conbut gave

number

of similar societies

schism of Metamora Tribe of Baltimore,

siderable activity,

when the natural

effects

working

1857-58 are mora Tribe had refused to pay a benefit considered. Tribes were formed in Ohio even after the Great Council of Maryland in 1853 North Carolina, Kentucky, and and the Great Council of the United States Massachusetts in 1853 Indiana, Illinois, had decided it was legal. It therefore sur- Iowa, and California in 1854 ; Louisiana
in

the

German

language.

Meta-

of the business depression of

;

;

(

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN
and Missouri iu 185G Connecticut in 1858, and in Mississippi in 1859. Serious dissen;

245

again

in

1870,

unsuccessful efforts

were

sions

among

Tribes

in

Pennsylvtuiiti

New York marked
in the latter gave
tliis

tliis

period,

and and Tribes

up

their charters.

To

time Maryland, the

home

of the Or-

der, continued to report the largest total

membership, and

Baltimore remained to

be the place of the annual meeting of the
eral

SevGreat Council of the United States. changes were made in the title of officers in 1853, and in 1854 a ritual was

Independent (German schismatic) Order of Red Men. In 1870 the use of the apron as a j)art of the regalia of Red Men was discarded. For about a dozen years after the founding of the Improved'Order, its growth was irregular and its future uncertain, and it was not until the formation of the Great Council of the United States in 1847 that statistical data of value were obtained. Comparisons durto absorb the

made

ing the
of the

first

twenty-three years of the
:

life

adopted for ''raising up Chiefs.'' Overtures were made to the "ancient" (unreconciled) Order of lied Men at Eeading, Pa., iu 1853, looking to union, and in 1854 a committee was appointed to form a " general recognition sign."

Order are as follows
18C
. .

Total No. of Jiiristlictions Total No. Tribes
Totiil

5
* 12 1,168

1850 5 45
3,17.5 2,3.58
10.3

18(iO

1870
Ul
3!tG

11

No. ineinbeiK

91 O.W»6
7,890

2.3,784

Total relief paid brethren... S^705 Total relief paid widows.... \jm Total relief paid for cducatioii
1'
S

S4,015 SIS-OB-t
410

84«,(>43

12,192

3,8
181,!)-J5

The

public appre-

Total receipts of the Order..
*

.5,390

ciation of the high standing of the Order at

About that number.

shows that within membership inCustom House at Wheeling, (now West) creased twenty times, and the number of Virginia, which ceremony, although hardly Tribes twenty-five times, total annual rein line with the traditions of the society, ceipts thirty-six times, and the total annual The period of l^ayments for relief, benefits, funerals and it performed satisfactorily.
that time
is

shown by the

latter

having

This

comparison

been invited to lay the cornerstone of a

new twenty-three years

the

the Civil War, 1861-G5, was marked by a
falling off of about one-third of its
ship.

education,

thirty-six

times.

The decade

member- 1870-1880 opened

auspiciously, but follow-

No

national

Council was held in

ing the panic of 1873 there were four or

ceremonial for

declining membership and five years of opening and closing was financial stringency, which began with an adopted, and in 1863, after many years unusually large expenditure in 1874 by of effort, there was secured a "complete the Great Council of the United States for By mileage and per diem. This left practisymmetrical and attractive ritual." 1865 membership began to increase again, cally no funds for expenses of organizers and the growth of the Order was rapid, of new Tribes. Renewed l)ut unsuccessful many Tribes being revived and new ones efforts were made in 1873 and in 1878 to It was consolidate with or harmonize schismatic established, notably at the South. in this year, also, the Order began the use of or other "Red Men," and in 1873-74 fur-

1862 or 1864.

In 1861 a Beneficial Degree

the

official date,

from the Great Sun (year)
discovery of America.
Philadelphia.

of Discovery,"

i.e.,

ther attempts were made to establish a degree for women, and to have the work
of Tribes conducted in the Chieftain's
gree.

In 1867 the Great Council of the United
States was held
at

De-

There

The example and

i)opularity of the

was another revision of the ritual in J 808, Masonic Orders (»f Knighthood and of the and from 1866 to 1870 inclusive the work Encampment Degrees of Odd Fellowship of rehabilitation and extension was ])ushed, are doubtless seen in a proposition, in 1877, Tribes being established in Texas in 1866, to establish a new or uniformed degree of in Tennessee and Michigan in 1868, and in Red Men, in which the continental uniform Alabama in 1869. In the latter vear, and of Revolutionary days was to be worn. A

246

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN
consequent depression in industrial and commercial lines had a perceptible effect on
the membershij) in 1894, the net loss being

standard or banner of the Order was adopted In 1876 a system of life insurance in 1875.

amount of $2,000 was suggested, and was put into operation in 1877. One would naturally suppose, after noting the doing away with aprons, that the Order would have seen the anomalousness of adopting a ceremony to be used in laying *' corner stones of wigwams," yet such a ceremony was adopted by the Great Council of the United States \n 1876. The year 1877 was marked by establishing a Tribe on the Hawaiian Islands, but, notwithstanding King Kalakaua and other distinguished residents of the then Island kingdom were memto the

about 4,000
temporary.

;

yet so great was the

headway
was only

of the organization that the check

The degree of Daughters of Pocahontas was adopted in 1885 and established in 1887, after repeated efforts to secure such
a

degree since 1852.

The name

of

the

degree was taken, as

may be

supposed, from

the historical character Pocahontas.

Any

woman

over eighteen years of age and of

good moral character is now eligible to membership. The degree has proved popbers, this outpost of Improved Red Men ular, as shown by its 26,000 women members. A Chieftain's League was established in did not long survive. Prior to 1870, the Order, while growing and prosperous, num- 1886-87 to gratify the desire for a uniformed In 1889 a separate government bered only about 20,000 members, and con- degree. granted the Chieftain's League, with with other secret societies at Avas some trasted that only Eed Men should qualification it comparatively obscure. the time was that The effects of the check to its growth, be eligible to membership, but this did which revealed itself about 1875-76 and not prove as successful as expected. It was in 1889 that the Great Council of continued several years, are shown by the the United States finally consented to have following official exhibits 1875 * 1879 1880 t the business of the Tribes conducted in the
:

Total Total Total Total Total
o\v8

No. Jurisdictions No. Tribes No. members
amt.
relief paid brethren. amount relief paid wid.
1

35 582
40,504 $91,530

33
505 38,075 $79,811

33
491 37,314

Chieftain's

Degree.

A
:

general review of
is

$71,337
a am 8,694

the growth of the Order

shown

in the

and orphans Total amount paid education orphans
Total receipts
* t

(

on ir20,16,
,„„
"163

o -ei 3., 61
,_^ 153 234,049

following comparisons
Total Total Total Total Total
Total

I

)'

35o
244,376

„,_

1847*

315,345

1860
11
'

High water mark

Low

to that date. point after the decline which began in 1875-76.

No. Jurisdictions No. Tribes No. members

5 13
1,168

94
9,096

Thus within four
Tribes
total
fell off

years

the

number

of

and orphans
Total

relief paid brethren... $1,705 $1.5,065 relief paid widows j. j 539 7 ego
t
/

1879 33 505 28,079 $79,811
2,761

1895
.32

1,678 133,485

$319,352
8,893
j

almost 20 per cent., and the

amount paid educa-

jy
5,396

membership nearly one-third. The amount paid brethren for relief diminished 22 per cent., and that for aid of widows and
orphans 55 per cent., while the sum paid annually for educating orphans decreased 45 per cent. The total amount expended annually for relief was more than 28 per cent, smaller in 1880 than in 1875, while the grand total of receipts shrunk 22 per cent, during the same period. In 1880, however, with the revival in general trade, the Order awakened and a new career of growth and prosperity followed, the end of which is not yet. The panic of 1893 and

tion orphans amount receipts

44Q

553

gQ 553
'

f

234,049
+

1,087,787

* Present

Order organized

1834.

For burial of the dead.

From

the foregoing

it is

forty-eight years the

number

gathered that in of Tribes has

increased 140 times, the total membership

114 times, and the total annual receipts of
the Order 201 times, while the total

amount
fore-

of relief paid annually was nearly ninety-five

times larger in 1895 than in 1847.

The

going outline marks the organization as having in some respects particularly attractive characteristics among the many important
secret societies in the

and successful charitable and benevolent United States. Its

—
INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
distinctively

;

2i7
relief

American
the

origin, its

tendency

monial was revised, and mutual
charity became the practical
that time the organization had

and

to stinmliite interest in tiie early history of

objects.

By
its

the country tiud

entertaining details
res]>ectiug its

spread to

which have been preserved

most of the larger
its

cities of

England,

evolution from the patriotic and political
societies of Revolutionary days into a

sphere of influence had been extended and
character improved.
of the society was to

mod-

ern social, charitable, and benevolent secret
fraternity, should

for

—

form a substantial basis of the sovereign of permanent growth and prosperity. also recorded that each member })aid one ludepencleut Order, Mystic Brothers. penny a week for the poor and burial fund Founded at Boston in 1883 to pay weekly undoubtedly the beginning of the pressick bench ts of $3. It was in existeuce in ent system of regular contributions for

One of the objects "uphold the dignity the realm.*'* But it is

—

is now untraced. the relief of the poor and distressed, their Independent Order of Odd Fellows. widows and orphans. Details of the origin The first recorded Lodge of Odd Fellow^s of the society of Odd Fellows will i)rob-

1890, but

was Loyal Aristarcus, No. 9, ably ever remain obscure. But the inciOakley Arms, South wark. dents attending the extension of FreemaGlobe Tavern, Hatton Garden, or the sonry in England, America, and on the Boar's Head in Smithfield, '^ as the Xoble continent, between its revival in 1717 and Master may direct." The London "Gentle- the year 1740, together with the similarity man's Magazine " refers to the Odd Fellows of emblems, and, to an extent, the mechanLodge as a ])lace where very comfortable ical arrangement of ceremonials, and the and recreative evenings might be spent. fact that Odd Fellowshiii could not have Daniel Defoe also mentions the society of appeared prior to 1739, lead to the presumpOdd Fellows. One writer states that the tion that Freemasonry was the inspiration society in its earlier days evidently had for of the organization of the other. Lideed,
(England)
17-45,*

at the

its objects,

and the like Lodges contributions were made to a fund from which relief was afforded needy and unfortunate brethren. The membership was originally largely composed of day laborers and mechanics. They were not overburdened with funds, but, as explained, mutual relief from sickness and distress was afforded through voluntary contributions by members and visitors at Sometimes " a whole Lodge meetings. lodge would visit another lodge, each
beefsteak, tripe, ale
its
;

there
ber of

is

but in some of

a well-known tradition that a numLondon Freemasons, 1830-40, had a

difference with their Lodge, withdrew,

and
1739

started
6f

another society
Fellows.

—a

lodge or club

Odd

Even

as early as

Freemasonry had begun to attract wide attention throughout the United Kingdom Not and on the continent of Europe. only had it crossed to America, but the work of embroidering the original fabric of Freemasonry in France liad excited wide
attention

on both sides of

the

channel.

member making

a contribution, '' and,
visit

if

Alleged exposes were })ublished, as well as

needed, would continue to

week

after

week until the needs of the i)articular Lodge were met. This was the beginning of the existing system of paying " weekly dues and benefits." Before the end of tlie last
century the practice of holding meetings at
public houses, so
ties in

pamphlet attacks and defences, in the midst of which Odd Fellows' Lodges appeared.

Shortly after 1845 they began to

spring

up with

more

or

less frecpiency,

practically independent one of the other

but gradually a bond of
* History of the Onler of
ter Unity,
18G6.

unity grew up

common among

all socie-

those days, was checked, the cere* Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Odd Fellows, ManchesLondon, James Spry, Provincial
District.

Corresponding Secretary. Plymouth

248

INDEPENDEXT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS

between them, and they adopted a similar Honorable Loyal Order, both of which, at ritual, ultimately becoming confederated as the close of the century, were merged into During the the Ancient and Honorable Loyal Order the Union, or United Order. The custom followed Lord George Oordon riots in 1780 a number of Odd Fellows. by nearly all societies at that period, of of Odd Fellows were arrested for denouncmeeting at taverns and indulging in con- ing the government, which may have reviviality, soon became one of its character- sulted in the change of the name of the
istics.

In 1788 the British poet Montgom-

society.

The jjossible debt
1797,

of

Odd Fellowship
as the
''

ery wrote an ode to

Odd

Fellowship, which

to Freemasonry, in that the former conferred

would indicate that the Order had become known. It finally extended to Liverpool, where the Lodges united in a general system, first under the name of the Patriotic Order, and later the Union, or United Order
of

a degree, in

known

Royal

Arch
be of

of Titus, or degree of Fidelity,"
little

may
it

or no significance.

By

that time

schism had begun to assert
had, long before,
of

itself,

even as

among Freemasons.

One

Odd
The

Fellows, with

London

as the seat of

government.
titles,

the Ancient and Honorable

Loyal Order, and the Patriotic Order, late in the eighteenth century, were due to the period being one tending to stimulate 2:)olitical partisanship.

Suspicions of sedition

re-

sulted in laws prohibiting meetings of secret
societies other

which royalty
records that

itself

than of the Freemasons, to was attached. History

other organizations, notably

Orangemen (1795-1800), occasionally met in Masonic Lodge rooms immediately
the
after

the latter had

closed,

in

order to

avoid

official surveillance;

but whether

Odd

Fellows participated in this extension of what may be regarded as extreme fraternal
courtesy,
is

is

not known.

In any event,

it

certain that

that

Orangemen sometimes met in manner, when they would not have

been permitted to meet by the authorities, there being instances of a Masonic warrant
conveniently left with them, from which
fact,

the first secessions to appear was the Ancient Independent Order, in 1805. It did not live long, but was revived in 1861, fifty-six years later, under the same name, but with the additional description, Kent Five years earlier, in 1800, the Unity. Free and Independent Order of Odd Fellows appeared as a separate organization, but did not prove long-lived. Many Lodges seceded from the Union or United Order prior to and after 1800, owing to the proscription of all secret societies, except the Freemasons, and also because the Order was so wedded to conviviality. In 1809 an effort was made by some Lodges to reform this tendency, but without success, and in 1812 there was another schism, seceding members taking the title, Nottingham Ancient Imperial Independent Order of Odd Fellows. This is still in existence. In 1813 there was a distinct revolt against the predominance of

the convivial over the charitable objects of

the society and the result was a large secesand the additional one that many sion from the United Oi-der, under the title, Orangemen were members of Masonic Lodges, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, are explained superficial resemblances of Manchester Unity, which body grew rapidly, some Orange and Masonic ceremonies. It is prospered greatly, and to-day includes by not beyond probability that Lodges of Odd far the larger proportion of English Odd Fellows were occasionally treated similarly, Fellows. While not the mother Order, it
particularly as

Odd

Fellows at times were

is

the jH'iucipal re^jresentative of the society

also obliged to conceal their affiliation with

England in point of numbers, wealth, That the organization showed and influence. The first Lodge of the Ina desire to be Avell regarded is indicated by dependent Order, Manchester Lenity, was at the titles Patriotic Order and Ancient and Ashton-under-Leeds, Victoria, No. 1, and
in

that society.

'174-0

'1750
/760
\l7'7'0

1

730

irgo
r»l

•1650

/546 1850

teeo

•jaro
I860

ja9o

Hon «- TMCRt ARE 20 OThCR 50CI£T/CS OF OOD FtLLdiVS (5CHlSMAriC)-ORi6IISAr/fiG rROM TMC MASCM€5T£R UNITY Off THE (jfiAND UHITED OPD£ff
or England

CHART SHOWLNU THE LAK<iEK AND MOKE PROMINENT ENGLISH AND AMEHU'AN ORDERS OF ODD FELLOWS, ANCESTRY OF EACH AND DATES OF ORIGIN.
'

250

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
its

seventy-four years after

foundation this

among them

the Foresters, Druids,* ShepIf the

Order reported $35,000,000 of sick, funeral, and other benefit funds. The English Orders of Odd Fellows mentioned, with other among the more important branches into which they have been divided, are as follows
:

herds and Free Gardeners.

memberto

ship of the American children of English

Orders of
of
is

Odd Fellows

be added

that

the English

societies,

the grand total
as follows
:

found to be approximately
Odd Fellows

No. Members.
1895.

Membership,
1895.

Various British
tions

organiza1,081,000

Grand United Order (Parent Society) 107,000 Ancient Independent Order, Kent Unitv
(1805)
.

3,000

Nottingham Imperial Independent Order
(1812)

50,000

Independent
(1813)

Order,

Manchester

Unitv
.

Norfolk and Norwich Unity (1849) National Independent Order (1846) Ancient Noble Order, Bolton Unity Improved Independent Order British United Order Albion Order Derby Midland United Order (1856) Leeds United, Economical, Enrolled Ancient True, Kingston Unitv, Aux.

740.000 7,000 64,000 35,000 15,000 14.000 8,000 7,000

Independent Order of Odd Fellows,U.S. A., including Dausrhters of Rebekah, ". about 900,000 Grand United Odd Fellows in America (negro), including Households of Ruth, about 111,000 Grand Total Membership, British and American Orders of Odd Fellows 2,192,000

Contemplation

of

this

extraordinary

membership

of the twenty-seven divisions

.

1
|

West Bromwich, Wolverhampton, and Handsworth, other Orders of Odd Fellowship. and
iliary, Staffordshire,

V
|

31,000

cient

* Ancient Order of Romans. The English AnOrder of Romans, while not a large society,
it is

—

deserves recognition, because
ration of several well-known

the probable insiii-

J

Grand Total

1.081,000

In

1893

the

Grand

Secretary of

the

English Grand Lodge of the United Order of Odd Fellows wrote that after the schism
of the

Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Manchester Unity, in 1813, the next most important English secession was that of the National Independent Order in 1846 (which was from the Manchester Unity), and after that (from the Grand United Order) the Nottingham Order in 1812, already mentioned. Odd Fellows' societies in England, the outgroAvth of the United Order, present slight originators of the Ancient Order of Romans have differences as to ritual and management, and been described as comjiaratively humble though the "All-Seeing Eye," the "three links," well read and earnest men — prominent among and the story of David and Jonathan are them John Cheesman, a schoolmaster, and Thomas The first Burras, afterwards the celebrated artist. familiar to the members of all of them. or Grand Senate (corresponding to Grand Lodge) Their objects and methods of contributing was opened at Leeds, England, August 26, 1833.
;

—

American beneficiary societies. Unlike Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship, which drew freely on sacred history differing from the Druidic Order, which utilized the ceremonies and legends attaching to ancient Druidic priesthood, and from the Foresters, who revived Robin Hood, Friar Tuck, Little John, and others who accompanied the gentle outlaw and quite distinct from the Ancient Order of Free Gardeners, or the Shepherds, which may be said to have gone back to t-he soil to plant the ceremonies with which they propose to teach morality, benevolence, and truth the Ancient Order of Romans seized on some of the more brilliant incidents in profane history for its mythical prototypes, among them ^Eneas, " the noblest Roman of them all," whom the Ancient Roman of tliese days is taught to emulate. The
;

relief

are

also

much

the same.
into
so

It is of

The presiding

officer

was originally styled "Most

interest to note that the separation of
lish

Enginde-

Excellent Dictator," afterwards changed to " Most

Odd Fellowship

many

Excellent Consul."

pendent secret societies with similar titles and ceremonies went even further, in many
instances
tions,

takes the form of an

The government of the Order Annual Movable Congress

giving

birth

to

like

organiza-

but with

entirely different

names.

or Committee, consisting of one member from each Senate, patterned after the Odd Fellows and Foresters, Grand, provincial, and subordinate SenThere is a sick and funeral benefit, but the ates.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OK ODD FELLOWS
into

251

which the ancient. United Order
Fellows
is

of

the sati.sfaction uf counting the 2,200,000
in one a

Odd

split excites

regret.

One members

cannot well help wishing the various branches might be reunited, if only for
Order does not centralize
Senates to disburse their
ments.
its

singular

coincidence

the very year in

grand organization. By it was in 18L3, which British Freemasonry

funds, leaving the
collections or assess-

methods of collecting and paying sick and funeral
beneiits, continue<l

own

firmly opjiosed to

registering
its

Chief oflicers of Grand Senates are a Most

under the
of

frieniljy societies act,

hedged

trustees

Excellent Senator, a Most Excellent Vice-Senator,

four Lictors, and two Centurions.
bership of the Society
is

The

total

mem-

extraordinary checks against dishonesty, and provided for suspension of

beneficiary funds

with

not large, about 10,000,

but

its

liberality to

meml)ers in

business management, are said to
itation by

and its be worthy of imdistress,

many

older

with similar aims.
seeks by
civilizing
its

and better known societies The Ancient Order of Romans
wretched condi-

ritual to contrast the

tion of Britain {)rior to the Christian era with the

and peaceful nature

of the

Roman

do-

minion, and has therefore naturally remained in

England. Xo recbi-d is known of an attempt to extend its membership across the Atlantic, but members of the English Order of Romans, or others who have seen its ritual, have apparently utilized its achievements in building up similar organizations in the United States. Ancient Order of the Golden Fleece, Bradford
Unity.

— The

pretentiousness of the

title

of this
is

exclusively English secret beneficiary society

not
led

altogether unwarranted, although Jason,
Fleece, which

who

membei*s who should obtain goods or property from any brother and not act according to contract. By 1851 another dissension arose, and twenty-one lodges with 900 members seceded and formed the Independent Order of the Golden Fleece, whicli for some years prior to 1880 it was thought could be induced to reunite with the Ancient Order. The government of the Order is lax, although it follows in general outline that of the Ancient Order of Foresters. The chief officer of the Order is the Grand Sire, which statement is also true of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Tlie Ancient Order of the Golden Fleece, of England, is the skeleton of what such a society should be. It was started on a modern basis one year before the Ancient Order of Foresters seceded from tlie Royal Order of Foresters, yet the Foresters number 900,000 members, and the former perhaps 5,000. The Ancient Order of Golden Fleece is chiefly of interest here because
of its contributions to rituals of similar societies in

the Argonauts to Colchis in search of the Golden

was guarded by tame bulls and the

the United States.

monstrous dragon, is not claimed as the founder. But the name of Jason is perpetuated in the society which styles the chief officer of a Lodge " Most Xoble Jason," and his assistant, '" Deputy Jason."
Tradition has
it

Loyal Ancient Order of Shepherds.
distinctly a child of

— Even more Odd Fellowship than was the

that there existed in Bradford,

England, as long ago as 1780, some say earlier than that, an Ancient Grand United Order of the Golden Fleece, which was brought into England by some German workmen at the time of the introduction of woollen goods manufacture into the United Kingdom. This earlier Order of Golden Fleece was largely convivial in its objects, although charitable purposes were not overlooked. It is to

many other of the old workingmen's guilds, no records or early history have been preserved of this one. The ceremonial of the Ancient Grand United Order was very florid, and, like the Forestei's, contained a second order within it, the Patriarchs, to wliich none was eligible exbe regretted that like so
arose in 1833,
of the Golden Fleece. Dissensions and John Milncr, " founder of the new Order," and ten others, seceded, and at Bradford opened Lodge No. 1 of present, or Ancient Order, Bradford Unity. This Order did not grow very rapidly, did not adopt tested and approved

cept

members

Ancient Order of Foresters, the Loyal Order of Shepherds must not be confounded with the Ancient Order of Shepherds,* which now constitutes the second degree of the Foresters of America, an order within an order. When dissensions broke out in the English Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Manchester Unity, in 182(5, over the limit of the powers granted the Grand Master, an application for a fourth Odd Fellows' Lodge at Ashton, Lancashire, was refused by the Grand Lodge, which was not to be wondered at when tlie Grand Lodge was "fighting for its very existence."! The petitioners for a charter to open a Lodge of Odd Fellows, among them Thomas Scholtield, William Shaw, George Down.sand nine others, at a meeting in Friendship Inn, Ashton, lie landlord of which, Mr. Thonuis Scholfield, was an Odd Fellow, thereupon determined to form a new society. They accordinglv met on Christmas Dav, 182'!, with the
t

* See Ancient Order of Foresters. + A .Short History of the Chief Friendly Societies,

Leeds, England.

.

252 consolidated
after
its

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
long schism, that

English

and

American

Orders

of

Odd

the

first

serious

and

permanent
English
of

split

took place in
Fellows.

the ranks of

Odd

Fellows from the parent English society " is shown in an accompanying "family tree
of

The

line of descent

various

Odd

Fellows^ societies.
emblems,
ritual,

intention of forming an ordinary sick benefit society,

to ceremonial,

and decorations.

an open local organization, but changed their minds This and agreed to make it a secret society.* implied no small degree of courage, for as an open benefit society it would have secured the protection of the law and the approbation of the authorities The second as a secret society it could get neither. meeting was held February 3, 1827, when it was re;

The

Inside and Outside Guardians carried shears in

solved to call the organization the Society of Ancient

Shepherds. Chroniclers of this prosperous English friendly society have referred to it as the Loyal Order of Shepherds, Ashton Unity, notwithstanding that within two months of its birth it christened itself the Society of Ancient Shepherds. It is singular, too, that its chroniclers do not refer to the apparently coincident existence of this with a more "ancient" Order of Shepherds, Royal Sanctuaries of which were originally " attached " to the

Royal Order of Foresters, but which was absorbed by and became the second degree of the Ancient Order of Foresters at the disruption of the Royal Order in 1834. In any event there is no evidence that this "Loyal" or Ancient Order of Shepherds of 182G had any connection with the Ancient Order
of Forestic association.

The name,

Society of Ancient Shepherds, was

suggested at the February meeting, 1827, by Phillip Buckley, the son-in-law of " a real sliepherd." His

and insignia of the new by his collating all the passages in the Bible having reference With these to shepherds and their employment. and his gift of expression, his pastoral references *and "apt similitudes between Judean shepherds and the Order of Shepherds he sought to see
interest in basing the ritual

society

on shepherdry

is

illustrated

established," he secured the adoration of the

new
1,

and wore broad-brimmed hats. A harp was carried by the Minstrel, and " lambskin aprons were worn by members." In the first six years the Order numbered 2,160 members, and by 1836 its In 1840 the total was total membership was 5,468. in 1856, 18,151 in 1847 it was 15,206 8,667 in and in 1880, 73,596 while to-day it i& 1865, 30,844 estimated at approximately 120,000 in which aggregate about 40,000 wives and widows are included. The jubilee meeting of the Order was celebrated at Ashton in 1876, when a fully equipped life-boat, " The Good Shepherd," paid for by voluntary subscriptions of members, was presented to the National Life-Saving Association. The Order suffered from the secession of 1,384 members at Wisbeach, but in 1876 received 400 members of the Worcester Lodges of the Wolvei-hampton Unity of Odd Fellows, who brought witli them a capital of £2,000. Prior to 1860 the business of the Order was conducted by the three chief officers, who were always chosen from the Ashton district but they have since been chosen from the entire membership. In 1878 the annual meeting was held at Hawarden, when the Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone was initiated into the mysteries of Shepherdry, in what was, perhaps, the most unique initiation ceremony ever held by The lawn in front of a sick benefit secret society. the rectory at Hawarden was the " Lodge room," and the fringe of trees, and fleecy clouds which, ranged across the sky, probably proved as pastoral as the most enthusiastic shepherd could wish. The laws of the Order are modelled after those of the Manchester Unity of English Odd Fellows. Graduated scales of contributions were enforced as early
processions,
; ;

;

;

;

;

;

name and
"after the

basis of ceremonial.

The

first

Lodge

as 1875-77.

From one

point of view this organiza-

was characteristically named Loyal Abel, No.
first

shepherd."

chief officer of

At the beginning, the the Lodge was called the Deputy
was a
;

Master
'

;

the initiating ceremony was called the
there

"making;"
'

Past
all

charge " was delivered

of

Master, and a which savors of

certain Masonic titles
of the chief officials

and phrases.

But the

titles

were changed to Chief Shepherd and Deputy Chief Shepherd soon after, prior to the fir.st annual meeting at Ashton, December From that time more attention was paid 23, 1827.
Short History of the Chief Friendly Societies, Leeds, England.
*

Odd Fellowship under a different name and with a ceremonial and It has spi-ead to the ritual exclusively its own. (Compare with United States and to Australia. the Orders of the Star of Bethlehem, Shepherds of Bethlehem, and Shepherds of America.) National United Order of Free Gardeners. The Order of Gardeners is one of the older English bention
is

virtually another order of

—

eficiary secret societies.

No

authentic or satisfac-

tory account of

its

origin has

been

published,

although

it is

believed the different English orders

of Garderners, like the orders of

Odd

Fellows, are

A

the result of successive secessions from the parent

body.

Among

the various branches are the Scotch

The Ancient and Honorable, Loyal Odd Fellows,
the

Patriotic Ordkji ok Odd Fellows and various iudepeiideut Odd Fellows' Lodges,

merged as

The Union

[later

United, afterwards (Ihand United] Order op Odd Fellows.

From

the T^nioii Order spraiii^

:

The Independent Order of Odd Fellows,
Manchester Unity, England;
and from that

The Independent Order of Odd Fellows,
United States of America
;

I

«

with
Lodares

The Grand, United Order op Odd Fellows
itS"

in Asierica (Neqro).
I
I

Daughters of Rebekah, Daughters Militant.

Lodges.

Households of Rath.

Encampments.

I

Councils.

Patriarchs Militant, also the Imperial Order of Muscovites.

I

Patriarchies.

The following English Orders

of

Odd Fellowship

I

Ancient Independent Order, Kent Unity,

Nottingham Imperial Independent Order,
I

National Independent Order,

'

Ancient Noble Order of United

Odd

Fellows, Bolton Unity,
Unity,

Improved Independent Order,
Derby Midland,
I'nited Order,
I

S. L.

The

British Order,

and

The Norfolk and Norwich, the Albion, the Kingston Unity, the Leeds United, Leicester Unity, the Elconomical, the Ilkstone Unity, the Enrolled, tlu! Ancient, True, The Staffordshire, The Auxiliary the West Bromwich, and the Handsworth Orders of Odd Fellows.

CHART SHOWING THE

LEA1)L\(J

S()(TP:TIHS
IS

INTO WHICH ANCIENT ENGLISH ODD
DIVIDED.

FELLOWSHIP

254

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
of

The Independent Order
is

Odd

Fellows

educates

tlie

orphan.

Its

cornerstone

is

the oldest and largest of the beneficiary

societies in the United States in which members systematically contribute to a fund from which to relieve sick and distressed members, their widows and orphans. It was established in the United States, in 1819, by five Englishmen, at Baltimore, members of the English United Order, since which time its membership has increased to nearly 1,000,000. There are more than 11,000 Lodges of the Order, all but 400 being in the United States. It aims to inculcate truth, visits the sick, relieves the distressed, buries the dead, and

secret

and the motto on its banner is "Friendship, Love, and Truth.*' An Odd Fellow who is sick is entitled to and refraternity,

ceives specified financial relief, irrespective

of actual need.

An

applicant for

memberLodge

ship must profess a belief in the existence
of a

Supreme Being, and within

the

'

he is impressed, in addition toother lessons, with the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. When Washington Lodge, No. 1, was organized at Baltimore in 1819, there were only three degrees conferred, the White, Blue, and Scarlet. In 1820 two additional or intermediate degrees, called the Covenant degree and the Order of Free Gardeners, one of the oldest, dating degree of Eemembrance, prepared by Past back into the eighteenth century, and an Ancient Grand John P. Entwisle of that Lodge, were Order in the North of England. In addition there and conferred in the Lodges as numadopted are tlie British, the United, the Loyal, and the National United Orders of Free Gardeners, the bers two and four, the original three being last named of which is by far the largest. The five renumbered one, three, and five. These new first named have probably no less than 25,000 memor intermediate degrees were jiresented to
bers, while the National

three

United Order has nearly Gardeners' Lodges were originally called after the flowers, such as Moss
times as many.
Rose, Myrtle, Lily of the Valley, and in the early

the attention of the parent body, the
chester Unity, in 1826, and by
it

Man-

incorpo-

rated in the English ritual. there until

They remained

days of the Order tlie ceremonies are declared to have been of an extreme though impressive type.

1843, the year the American

Order
degrees.
in

The

initiatory

ceremony and lectures were not

the English

became independent, after which Order discarded those two

printed, and, with the rules of the Order, were jeal-

ously guarded.

A

considerable item of expense

The

five

degrees were conferred

American Lodges from 1820 until 1880^ formerly incurred was for relief of members when " tramping in search of work." The latter, about when the Sovereign, American, Grand the middle of the century, received two shillings Lodge reduced or condensed them into the per day and what was voluntarily given them. A Initiatory (White) and the Pink, Blue, and
refusal to cut

down

the

''tramping allowance,"

and

to have the initiatory ceremonies

printed, resulted in

and lectures a secession from the Order of
L^nion,
in

Scarlet degrees.

The presiding

oflBcer of

the Lodge

is

called the

Noble Grand, and

Ancient
1842.

Free

Gardeners, Lancashire

The newly formed society described itself by the same general title, Yorkshire Union, and as the Grand National Order merged with the parent body in 1871, then known as the United Order, the reunited bodies became known as the National United Order. The general government
of the Gardeners suggests that of the English For-

and Odd Fellows. The titles of officers of Grand Master and Deputy Grand Master, were drawn directly from the Freemasons and Odd Fellows. The Gardeners, so far as known,
esters

the Order,

have not spread to the United States, whicli is remarkable in view of the vogue of beneficiary
secret societies here.

former presiding oflBcials are Past Grands, on whom is conferred the Grand Lodge degree. Past Grands, as well as Noble Grands, represent Lodges in Grand (State) Lodges, and the Grand Lodges in turn send presiding and past presiding officers. Grand Masters and Past Grand Masters who receive the Eoyal Purple degree in the Encampment, as delegates to the Sovereign Grand Lodge, the presiding ofiicer of which must have been a Grand Master and is
called the

Grand

Sire.

The Sovereign Grand

Lodge

of the

Independent Order of Odd

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
fellows exercises jurisdiction over the largest beneficiary secret society in the world.

255

Lodge minutes as "the fourth degree." In 1825 the Royal Purple degree was promulgated by the Grand Lodge, and became
a part of the ritual in 182G, both being of American origin. In tiie same year the
Patriarchal degree was received from the English Independent Order, which " com-

The

principal

emblems

in the Initiatory

degree are the All-Seeing Eye, the
links,* skull

three

and cross bones and scythe; bow and arrow, and the quiver and bundle of sticks;
in the degree of Friendship, the
in the degree of

Love, the axe, the heart
;

pleted the superior degrees of the Order."

and hand, the globe, ark and serpent
in

the degree of Truth,

the

scales

and and

Though

last to

be adopted, the Patriarchal
first

degree was placed

in the of

work

of the

sword, the Bible, hour-glass and the

coffin.

Encampment.

Not much

any of these

In the

Encampment
toleration,
its

of Patriarchs, charity,

three degrees, as ado])ted in 1821-26, re-

mains to-day, except the names, owing to revisions, alterations, and additions in 1835, and Charity." The Jew, therefore, the 18-45, and 1880. When these degrees had Mohammedan and Christian are alike eli- been adopted in 1825-2G, they were conferred gible to membership in the Encampment as only on Past Grands and at sessions of Grand Lodges. The word Encampment was then well as in the Lodge. The so-called superior degrees of Odd tmknown. The first Encampment appeared Fellowship are conferred in Encampments. at Baltimore, in 1827, formed to confer the To be qualified to receive them, an Odd ''superior degrees" on brothers who were Fellow must be in good standing in his not members of a Grand Lodge. It was, Lodge, and apply for and be elected to therefore, a distinct innovation; for in Engmembership in an Encampment. Encamp- land, even to this day, the only degrees ments are presided over by Worthy Patri- known to the Order are conferred in Lodges. archs, and are under the immediate direc- It was named and chartered Encampment tion of Grand (State) Encampments. The Lodge, No. 1, but in 1829 was rechartered latter, though entirely separate from Grand as an Encampment of Patriarchs, with Patriar(State) Lodges, are, like them, subordinate power to establish Encampments.
religious

emphasized, and

and hospitality are motto is '* Faith, Hope,

to the Sovereign

Grand Lodge

of the L^nited

chal

Odd Fellowship

spread

rapidly

into

States of America.

Subordinate Encamp-

ments form a strong section of Odd Fellowship, having an enrolled membership of
about 150,000, one-sixth of the entire Order. They contribute annually for relief ^lerhaps one-tenth as much as the gross sum so expended by the Lodges. The Encamp-

York, and in 1831 the possession of the Royal Purple degree was made a necessary qualification to become

Pennsylvania and

New

Grand Representative.
of

After the revision
the

the ritual, in 1845,

Encampment

branch became more popular, and Grand

Encampments

multi|)lied so fast that jeal-

Golden Rule, and Royal Purple, were invented or adopted from ''floating material," and originally conferred in Odd Fellows' Lodges as supplementary degrees or ceremonies, much the same as various Masonic degrees were originally conferred. In 1821 a Golden Rule degree was introduced into the Lodge ritual, and frequently referred to in Grand
degrees.
Patriarchal,
* Tlie tliree interlaced circles were an ancient

ment

ousy was shown at the interest taken in the
Patriarchal degrees.
to

An

effort

was made

merge the Encamiunent degrees in the Lodge work, which extended over a number
it

of years, but

was successfully resisted in

the

Grand Lodge, now Sovereign Grand Lodge, of the Ignited States, and Patri-

archal

Odd
it

Fellowship remains to this day

where
attain.

began, a goal toward which

mem-

bers of Lodges travel or which they hope to

emblem

of the Trinity.

A

little less

than thirty years ago

256

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
isted among the Caatons, and that many dormant Cantons had been revived and new In 1896 no fewer than ones organized.

the desire spread for a patriarchal uniform, admittedly influenced by Masonic Knight Templar displays, and after an extended

propaganda

in

1874 the movement
of

suc-

25,000

Odd

Pellows were enrolled in the
Fel-

ceeded, and in 1883 the Sovereign

Lodge adopted a degree
triarchs.

Grand army of Patriarchs Militant. American as Avell as English Odd Uniformed Palows regard with veneration
dey, founder,
or
chief
of Patriarchs

The

Patriarchs Militant, as the

Thomas Wilof

reorganized Uniformed

Rank

organizer,

the

is called, furnished the degree which supersedes the Uniformed Camp degree of the

Uniformed Patriarchs.
cruited from

This

is

the existing
is

military branch of the Order, and

re-

among

the Patriarchs.

Can-

tons, as the separate bodies of Patriarchs

Militant are described, are organized into Memregiments, brigades, and divisions. bers of Cantons are known as Chevaliers

the organization have disThe uniform, tinctively military titles. somewhat as modelled are tactics drill, and

and the

ofl&cers of

Independent Order of Odd Fellows, United The early portion of States of America. the century naturally witnessed the emigration of English Odd Fellows, members of the L'nited as well as the Independent Orders, to the new but democratic empire of possiAmong bilities on this side of the Atlantic. them, in 1817, at the age of thirty -five, came Thomas Wildey. He was born in London, January 15, 1782, where he attended a parish school until he was fourteen years old, Avhen he learned the trade and became
skilled as a blacksmith.

are those of the Masonic Knights Templars.

A

member

of

Odd

This new military branch of the Order was It took shape in first proposed in 1870. 1885, and in 1887 was reorganized to confer three degrees: (1) The Grand Decoration of Chivalry, to be conferred on Chevaliers, selected by the Commander; (2) the Decoration of Chivalry, to be conferred on Chevaliers selected by Cantons and by Department Commanders; and (3) the Decoration of Chivalry, to be conferred on women members of the degree of Rebekah, as provided for. On September 30, 1885, there Avas only one Canton of Patriarchs Militant, with a total membership of thirty; but two years later there Avere reported 462 Cantons and In preceding years the 15,259 Chevaliers.

Fellows Lodge, No. 17, at London, he took a great interest in the Order, being the leader
in establishing a
of the city.

new Lodge in the suburbs Over that Lodge he presided
Shortly after his arrival in

three terms.

Baltimore, he, with

John Welch,
call for

a brother

Odd

Fellow, published a

a meeting

of such

members

of the

Order as the notice

might reach.

On

April 13, 1819,

Thomas

Wildey, John Welch, John Duncan, John Cheatham, and Richard Rushworth met in
response to the
call.

They

or most of

them

were members of the United Order, by whose laws any five members "by ancient
usage"'' could organize

and constitute a

legal

Lodge.
26,

So, at the city of Baltimore, April

but of late there is a revival of interest in this the uniformed branch of Encampments. On September 1, 1894, there were reported 171 Cantons of

growth was

less rapid,

1819, they organized and constituted

such a Lodge. It was opened by Thomas Wilde}', he taking the obligation '"in the presence of the other four," after which
'•'he

Patriarchs Militant in fourteen States and

administered the obligation to them."
title.

one Territory, and one each in British Columbia and Manitoba, with a total membership of 7,310, having $92,669 worth of In Sepproperty, and $7,425 cash on hand.
tember, 1895, the Sovereign Grand Lodge reported that " the usual prosperity" ex-

lows, copied

Independent Order of Odd Felfrom the English Order of that name, was given to American Odd Fellowship, probably because Washington Lodge, Xo. 1, Baltimore, was chartered by Duke of York Lodge, Preston, England, one of the

The

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
subordinate Lodges of the

257

English Inde- There was Init little progress for several pendent Order of Odd Fellows, Manchester years, which is jiot surprising when one reUnity. This indicates that some of the calls the difficulties attending travel and infounders, though from English Lodges be- tercommunication in the third decade of the longing to the United Order, sympathized century. It is striking testimony to the with the schism of 1813. In 1802 a self- energy and perseverance of Thomas Wildey constituted Lodge of English Odd Fellows that he was able to keep alive the fires of (United Order) ajipeared at Baltimore and enthusiasm and fraternity, not only within another at Xew York in 1800, but they himself, but among his brethren, and so enOthers sprang into life kindle them in the hearts of those with did not live long. similarly, prior to and after the War of whom he came in contact, that even after a 1812, but it remained for Thomas Wildey few years Avithout making much progress and four brethren to establish the society. he undertook the task of building up a Several Lodges Avere chartered in the United great brotherhood, a conce])tion he did not States l)y both the L^nited Order and by the appear to have entertained at first. Manchester Unity between 1820 and 1825, Grand Lodges were formed in Pennsyland as late as 1841-42 there were several vania, Xew York, and ^Massachusetts within Lodges in Pennsylvania holding wai-rants four years after the fornuition of the Cirand from the English United Order. One ac- Lodge of Maryland and the L'nited States, count of the society in the United States and on January 15, 1825, the first Grand says there were sixteen Lodges with Man- Lodge of Odd Fellows of the United States chester Unity charters in Boston as late as Avas organized and a communication Avas held 188G, with a total membership of 976; seven February 22, that year. At that time there in Providence, with 438 members; and one were only nine siibordinate Lodges and 500 in Xew York city, Avith sixty-one members; members, all'told. Thomas Wildey Avas ina total of twenty-four English Lodges, with stalled Grand Sire on March 30, 1825, and in At that the following year he visited the mother 1,475 members in these cities. date there were forty-one Manchester Unity country, Avhere ''he Avas joyfully received by Lodges in the Dominion of Canada, the total Odd Fellows as the founder of the Order in membership of which was 1,908. It is not America." It is seldom allotted to man to unlikely that there are still a few Lodges of live to see so large a share of the fruits of his Odd Fellows in this country with Manchester labor as was granted the founder of American
Lenity charters.

Odd

Fellowship.

At the date

of his death,

Grand Committee of the Mancliester Unity confirmed the charter granted an American Lodge by an English Lodge, and constituted the ''Grand Lodge of Maryland and the United States," with power to grant charters. The subordinate Lodge receiving this dual charter surrendered the Grand Lodge charter to its Past
In
1821
the

October
there

19, 1801, forty-two A'ears after the
1,

organization of Washington Lodge, Xo.

were

forty-two

Grand

jurisdictions

and 200,000 members of the Order. Fully 500,000 candidates had been initiated during the forty-tAvo years, >!20,00(>.0(i() weekly dues had been paid, and nearly !?9,000,000

Grands,
States.
]\Iaster

who thereupon
of

constituted

the

Grand Lodge
of

Maryland and the United
the first Grand Grand Lodge, which held
First

Thomas Wildey was
this

expended for the relief of the sick, and education of orphans. The growth of the society was delayed between 1827 and 1835 by the antagonism exin all

burial of the dead,

allegiance to the Manchester Lenity,

among

subordinate Lodges chartered were
1.

"Washington, Xo.
"it

and Franklin, Xo.

2.

cited toward all secret societies consequent on the anti-Masonic agitation. There was, hoAvever, some gain, and the first Odd Fellows Hall erected and dedicated to the

258

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS

that the separation was due to a desire on During the years 1820-30 the or- the part of American Odd Fellows to be ganization was practically only a beneficial relieved from the obligation of granting society, numbering a few Lodges at larger pecuniary assistance to visiting English Odd Soon after (at the height Fellows, in addition to a reassertion of the Eastern cities. of the anti-^lasonic agitation) ""educated " spirit of secession which showed itself in men from every honorable profession and England in 1813," and which descended to business " sought admission, and are said to the offspring of the schismatic Manchester have eliminated what remained of the con- Lenity rightfully, as an inheritance. Early vivial character of meetings, and to have in the fourth decade Odd Fellowship began strengthened the moral and the beneficial to make rapid progress, increasing in memA comparison of official 2:)ublica- bership and influence steadily until checked features. Since 1865 its record tions concerning Odd Fellowshij) and Free- by the Civil War. remarkable. without sighas been It has thirty-one point is not this on masonry Systematic contributions for the times the membership to-day it had in 1843, nificance. and flve times what it had in 1800. Very relief of the distressed, burial of the dead, and education of orphans amounted to only soon after the close of the Civil War, in 15,000 in the year 1838, from which it may 1865, the northern and southern divisions be inferred that the total membership twenty of the Order met at Baltimore, where the years after the establishment of Washington Society was founded forty-six years before, Lodge, No. 1, Avas small. Five years later, and reunited under the Grand Lodge of the In 1879 the title of the in 1843, the total membership was only United States. But in the single year 1879, latter body was altered to that of the Sover30,000. $1,714,805 were expended for relief, and in eign Grand Lodge, Independent Order of 1893 the total appropriated was 13,313,000, Odd Fellows, United States of America. American Odd Fellowship was taken to nearly double the amount in 1879. On September 32, 1842, the Grand Lodge the Dominion of Canada as early as 1843, of the United States adopted a resolution to the Sandwich Islands in 1846, and to A few Lodges were prohibiting all intercourse between the Inde- Australia in 1868. pendent Order of Odd Fellows and the In- established in England, but did not live dependent Order, Manchester Unity, pro- long. There appears to have been no other claiming the sole authority the Grand Lodge reason why it has not successfully invaded Since 1843 the the United Kingdom, except that the Engof the United States. American Order has been actually as well lish Orders are preferred there. Lodges This secession of the American Order were established in as nominally independent. was a blow to the English Society, for its Germany in 1870, in Peru and Belgium in American branch promised, as has proved 1872, Chili in 1874, Den^iark in 1878, Mexthe case, to outrun the parent organization ico in 1882, Cuba in 1883, Japan in 1891, Causes France in 1892, and in Newfoundland, Holin numbers, wealth, and influence. which led to complete separation have been land, and Italy in 1894. American Odd One version is that the Fellowship in foreign lauds has, on the variously stated. In AusManchester Unity "abandoned the ancient whole, progressed satisfactorily. violated its tralasia, except Victoria, there has been enwork and landmarks, and invaded "chartered couraging progress, but in Chili it has not principles," to the probability rights," which points of met expectations, owing to lack of interest. the American Order having grievances Cuba reported an increasing membership which the English body refused to, or at until 1895, when the insurrection broke out. Another version is Lodges in Denmark have been doing well, least did not, redress.
exclusive use of the Order was in Baltimore
in 1831.
. .
.

.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
bnt
in

259

France

tlie

spread of atheistic ideas

has checked the previous rate of gain.

In

Germany, however, the Order has grown and prospered. Arrangements were made through a number of Freemasons to organize a Grand Lodge of the Independent Odd Fellows only were eligible, as well as Order of Odd Fellows for Italy at Naples, several mutual accident associations with they '* having considered not only greatly similar requirements as to membership. useful tlie propagation of said Order in this ke\t:nues received and relief afforded. nation, but also of great usefulness to the 1893. 1897 Masonic Order itself."* But the Italian United States. Revenues. Relief Paid. lievenues. Relief Paid. venture did not succeed. In Japan there Suljord. Lodges. 87,54r,.'>15 $2,980,378 $7,810,17.5 83,047,285 " Encamj)have been reverses, owing to the acts of inents (J50,.5C(> 289,418 603.170 20.5,965 Rebekah Lodges.. 312,!122 43,172 432.907 51 ,.378 unworthy members. Mexico has held its Totals g8,511,(XM 83,312,970 §8,840,258 83,364,628 own, although interest is lacking. Holland, with only a few Lodges and little inThe systematic annual contributions of crease, reports the outlook encouraging. In funds for the relief of the sick and disPeru growth has been slow and " non-j^ay- tressed, the burial of the dead, and the ment of dues " conspicuoi;s. The Hawaiian education of the orphan has increased, Islands report lack of material, but the therefore, from 85,000 in 1838 to $3,364,628 outlook since annexation is brighter. The in 1897, or more than 660 times during Order in Sweden, as in Germany, has con- sixty years, while the membership has intinued " in a highly prosperous condition," creased forty times.
.

United States, 2 in Canada, 1 in Australia, and 1 each in Germany, Denmark, and Switzerland. There were also no fewer than 10 mutual aid societies in the United States, and one in the Dominion of Canada, to which

and the brethren are enthusiastic and untiring in their efforts.

In Switzerland, while

STATISTICS OF
January,
1.

the membership

THE CONDITION OF THE ORDER. For'n & Domes- Foreign, Domestic,
tic,
1

is

small, considerable pro-

1894.

1894.

1894.

gress has been made.

Indeiicnd't C;rand Lodges,

Order owned 3,830 halls or buildings used for Lodge meetings and
In
1895
the

other purposes, which, with the land, cost

§12,857,468 and Avere valued at 116,521,In addition it owned twenty-four 724.

homes, asylums, and orphanages,
acres of land valued at
sjil,

((ierni' y, Aiirtralia, Den. V and Switzerland) No... ) Subord. Grand Encampments, No Subord. Encamp'e, No.. Subord. Lodges. No M'b'sh'p, in Lodges " Sub. Enc... Rebekah Lodges, No M'b's'p, men... " women

4

*55

54 2,581 10,644

4 24
.349

50
2.337 10,295 780,192
13(>,090
(

800,013
1.37,222

2.5,281

1,131

3,300
9:5.910
1

8
o^n
t
"'^"l

108,732)"

3,292 +93,810 +108,632

Avith

3,882

* Subordinate, not independent.

Approximately.

000,000.
(4),

Homes
STATISTICS OF THE CONDITION OF
January

are situated in
(4),

Xew York

Pennsylvania

THE ORDER.
Domestic.
1896!^

Ohio

(2),

Connecticut, Florida, Idaho,
Massachusetts,

Illinois,

Kansas,
Carolina,

MinneVer-

1.

1895.
.

1898.
*.55

sota,

New

Hampshire, Missouri, Nebraska,
Tennessee,
also

Indep. G'd Lodtrcs, ((iormany. Australia, Den. & Switzerland) No. Subord. (i"d En( :iiii|MiiiHl.<, No

*.56

50
2.610
10..592 7il0.795

.54

51
2,6.33

North mont,

Texas,

Subord. KiK-anipinents.
Subord. Lodges.

No

No

California, and Wisconsin.

An Odd

Membership, Lodges Sub. Encampments....

2,651 11,222 825.629
1.3.3.857

Fellows
at Greiz,

Home

has

been established
the kind on There were, in

Rebekah Lodges, No
'•

13»,:«0 3,027
>
("

11,229 814,776 129.917
4,7516
) )"

Membership, men

Germany, the

first of

women
Subordinate, not independent.

laa —^•'»*
cy.-,c.

'

,

4,117 110,242 143,251

«oi '^' '""^
.,or.

the continent of Europe.
1895, 49 papers and

periodicals published

The

total

number

of initiation.s into subor-

in half a dozen languages, in the interest of
this

dinate Lodges from 1830 to 1895 was 2,012,840, and no

branch of Odd Fellowship: 43 in the
* Report, Sovereign Grand Lodge, 1895.

more striking testimony
within
those
sixty-five

to the

work
than

of

the in.stitution can be furnished
years

that

260

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS

assist- favorable notice of the Grand Lodge for sevand other eral years, and when the minority report members of families of members. Revenues was made, embodying the completed degree, for sixty-five years amounted to 1176,780,- it was adopted, 47 to 37, " in spite of power202, of which $67,828,570 were paid to the ful opposition " by a small majority of a Thus the work of five committee. A well-known writer on Odd sick and distressed. humble mechanics, who organized Washing- Fellowship regards the degree of Rebekah

1,902,562 members received material

ance, inelutling 21G.178 widows

ton Lodge, No.

1, at

Baltimore, in 1819, has

as

"an epitome

of

spread until the one Lodge has become more

parts," and adds that

Odd Fellowship in all its "a woman who re-

members have increased to ceives it (wives, sisters, ^vidows, and daughand the material aid af- ters of Odd Fellows and Odd Fellows only forded has grown to 13,300,000 annually, were then eligible) and appreciates it propwhile gross annual revenues are $8,500,000. erly, comprehends the Institution," knows Meetings of Odd Fellows, originally made what Odd Fellowship is. The degree was up largely of those in the humbler walks of named Rebekah because the practical worklife, now include not only laborers and meings of the Order suggest so forcibly the tenthan 11,000;
five

nearly 800,000;

chanics, but

merchants, clergymen, phy-

sicians, lawyers,

and statesmen.
of the Sovereign
list

der and considerate action of the Biblical character of that name when she first looked

An
Lodge

old

member

writes that the

of distinguished

Grand upon Eleazer at the well of Nahor. Of the ritual and impressiveness of the ceremonial
of the degree,
it

citizens

very long one, some of the best

who are or have been Odd Fellows is a known being
Hayes, Garfield, and
w^as the

has been declared that no

degree of
tion."

Odd

Fellowship,

"not even the

ex-Presidents Grant,
fax; x4.ustin Jones,

RoA^al Pur23le, excels this excellent producIt remains to this day substantially unchanged since its adoption. The principal emblems are the beehive, moon, and seven stars, and the dove. The popularity of the degree among the immediate relatives of Odd Fellows has been and continues marked. Rebekah Lodges in the United States reported a total membership, January 1, 1898, of 297,691. The degree was originally conferred in Odd Fellows Lodges on wives and daughters of such Odd Fellows as had attained the Scarlet or highest Lodge degree. In 1869 separate Rebekah Lodges were in-

Harrison; ex-Vice-President Schuyler Col-

who
;

second Presilate

dent of the Republic of Texas; Secretary of
State

John Sherman
is

and the

Senator
of

Oliver P. Morton of Indiana.

The work

the Order

carried on in fourteen countries,

in eight of the leading languages of the world, as far east as

Germany and west

to

Japan

and Australia.
Late in the first half of the century efforts were made by I. D. Williamson, of the Grand Lodge, " to institute a ladies' degree," but
according to his
unsuccessful."

own statement, " it was At the Grand Lodge of the

stituted.

The requirements for eligibility

to

United
States,

States, in 1850, the late Schuyler Col-

the degree have been changed several times,

fax, afterward Vice-President of the

United was appointed chairman of a comi:)repare a

mittee to

degree to be conferred

1894 "all single white women, moral character, over eighteen years of age," were declared eligible, in ad-

and
of

in

good

on the wives of Odd Fellows. He received valuable suggestions from a Past Grand in Maryland, some of which he adopted in a
modified form, he himself writing the lectures and preparing the ritual in 1851, in
Avhich year the degree was adopted.
I'his

dition to wives, widows,

Odd

Feilow^s.

and daughters of In 1896 the Sovereign Grand
it

Lodge adopted what

described as a uni-

lows and Daughters of Rebekah.

between Odd FelRebekah Lodges are presumed to supplement the
versal sign of recognition

innovation had been strongly urged on the

work

of

Odd Fellowship

in relieving the

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS
sick and distressed and caring for the widow and orphan. An extract from the address of the Grand Sire before the .Sovereign Grand Lodge of the Independent Order of

261

traced in a few of the unimportant parts of the ceremonials, in the fundamentals they are essentially
different.

Masonry

is

a noble institution, but

is

Odd

Odd Fellowship as two institutions organized by human beings can well be. The one
as unlike
is

Fellows, in 1895, states that the organ-

theoretical, the other practical
;

;

the one

is

ancient,
is

Daughters Militant had been prohibited, yet such Coteries still existed and new ones were being organized with ritual, secret work, constitution and by-laws. The Imperial Order of MuscoYites bears i)ractically the same relation to Odd Fellowship that the Ancient Arabic Order of Xobles of the Mystic Shrine does to the Masonic Fraternity. Odd Fellows alone are eligible to become ^Muscovites. The society was founded at Cincinnati a few years ago. Its sessions are secret, and its objects are largely social and recreative.
ization of Coteries of

the other modern
cratic,

the government of one
;

auto-

the other democratic

the one deals out

charity and assists

its needy members, but only to a limited extent and only as a charity the other assists its members, not only from charity, but because it is their due, and their assistance is afforded in large measure. American Odd Fellow;

ship

is

composed of

the
;

middle and

industrial

classes almost exclusively

j\Iasonry of all grades

of society, from the titled and wealthy of this and foreign lands, to the humblest laborer in our midst.

In England, when
told that

Odd Fellowship

arose,

we

are

The chief oflEicer is styled Supreme Czar, its present standing. Odd fellowship in less than and the various branches or bodies are called two centuries has outstripped it in numbers and Kremlins. The Patriarchical Circle was importance, and is to-day the grandest fraternal formed in 1881. It existed almost solely organization of the world. The two great Orders of in AVisconsin, and its members were drawn Odd Fellows, the Manchester Unity and the Ameriexclusively from the Independent Order can Order, from actual returns, number 1,164,000
of
lish

Masonry was composed almost exclusively of the titled and the proud, and not of the mechanics and working men who organized tlie more modern institution. Masonry has been long in achieving

Odd

Fellows.

It

sought

to

estab'"'

adult males,
globe.

and propagate, independently, the from estimates from all jurisdictions, numbers new degrees for Uniformed Patriarchs." among its devotees throughout the world, 1,082,992 Despite strenuous opposition from the Sov- persons, or 81,898 less (1895) than the two branches ereign Grand Lodge, this oi'der within an of Odd Fellows above mentioned. IIow nearly cororder continued to live and even to grow rect these estimates may be is, of course, much a matter of speculation, as there are no returns acfor four or five years, when it was officially cessible; for.unlike Odd Fellow.ship, it has no grand reported to have been killed by the action central head to which its various Grand Bodies hold of the Sovereign Grand Lodge, which threat- allegiance and to which they seiul annual reports.

scattered throughout the habitable Masonry, according to partial returns and

ened to expel every Odd Fellow who continued his membership in it. As a matter of fact it did not die, but continued an independent existence. At the annual convention of
its

The foregoing
and

is

true in some respects

in others not.

There

is,

indeed, an
in

occasional similarity of
rituals of

expression

the

Supreme Council, held

in

Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship.

Chicago in 1897, it discussed a plan for reuniting with the parent body, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

Each and both indeed are noble institutions. But Freemasonry is not merely theoretical;
it is

intensely practical.

It dispenses char-

H. White, in '* Odd Fellowship, its History and ^lanual," M. "\V. ITazen, Xew York, 1887, sayB:
Past
Sire
It is soinetiraes said

Grand

John

that

Odd Fellowship
is

and relief, or both, not only when needed and as agreed upon beforehand, as is the case in various orders, but to an extent based upon the requirements of each parity

is

the

offspring of Masonry, but this

and the writer of this While occasionally a similarity of expression can be

no sense true, knows whereof he speaks.
in

ticidar case.

practical

;

so

Odd much
is

Fellowship
so

is,

indeed,
is

that

its

charity

systematized,

based on a business arrange-

262

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF RED MEN
Red Men
language.
in 1850,

meut, a })ractical contract to jjaj' such and such sums under such and such conditions. With this understanding as to Odd Fellowship^

composed

of

some

of the

Tribes, or Stamnis, \vorking in the

German

It still existi^, and at one time numbered 12,000 members, but gives no But it is hardly fair to declare that the older sign of vigorous growth. The schism was society is autocratic and the younger demo- the result of the refusal of Metamora Tribe

Freemasonry

is,

perhaps, theoretical.

cratic,

unless qualified by the explanation
is

of Baltimore in 1850 to

"pay

a benefit,"

that Freemasonry

governed absolutely, by

the consent of the governed.
to only a limited extent,

But

it is

ac-

even after the Great Council of Maryland and the Grand Council of the United
States

curate to say that the one deals out charity

had decided
so.

it

and then only
due.

as a

per to do

(See Improved

was legal and proOrder of

charity, while the other assists needy

mem- Red Uen.)
Irish National

bers because
ficiaries of

it

is

their

The beneas they

Order of Foresters.

—

Freemasonry receive aid
it,

may

require

not because
pretense

it is

their due,

beneficiary fraternal order.

Organized in 1876 at Dublin, Ireland, as a Irishmen or men

but because they are brethren or relatives of
brethren.
those

of Irish descent alone are eligible to

mem-

No

is

made

of assisting
It is also

bership.

It is believed to be

one of the nu-

who do

not need assistance.

unfair to both societies to compare
to

them

as

numerical strength.

Candidates for ad-

mission into the Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons must apply of their
Avill

own

free

and
in

accoi'd.

Ko

one

is

solicited to join,
is

merous modern Forestic societies which find their model in the English Ancient Order The Irish National Order of Foresters. soon spread throughout the United Kingdom, to Canada, Australia, and the United States, and has about 22,000 members attached to
its

and

this

respect the society

unique.

1,700 Courts.

The

latter are

added that the membership of the various branches of Odd Fellowshi]^ exists almost wholly iji the United States, the Dominion of Canada, Australia, and in the United Kingdom an extremely small proportion being in Germany, the Scandinavian peninsula, France, Italy, Mexico, and in Less a few countries in South America. than three per cent, of the Indejiendent Order of Odd Fellows of the United States of America are members of foreign Lodges. The Masonic fraternity, which has an orIt should be

subordinate to the Executive Council at

Dublin.

New York city is the governing body.
is

In America the District Council at There

—

an honorary and a beneficiary memThe latter pays 1100 to the family of a deceased member and 175 to a member Each Court or at the death of his wife. branch pays its own benefits, and as this is
bership.

ganized existence in almost every civilized
land,
it

is

gives freely to

specific

who knock, and needy members without agreement. The younger society,
open only
to those

done by means of dues, entertainments, etc., the Order may be classed as one of the many varieties of English friendly secret societies. Junior Foresters of America. An outgrowth of the English Juvenile Foresters, attached to the Foresters of America.

—

(See the latter.)

Knights of Cyprus.
St.

— See

Knights of

with modern ideas as to increasing membership, and With specific agreements as to
reciprocity of material relief, has

John

of Jerusalem, Rhodes, Malta, etc.

grown

to

Knights of Golden Links of the World. A Nashville mutual sick and fu-

—

unexampled proportions, and has an enviable record of sums paid for charitable and
beneficial purposes.

neral benefit order founded in

1886,

but

not

Iiidepeiideiit

Order of Red Men.

—

known there now. Knights of Liberty. — See

International

Order of Twelve, of Knights and Daughters
of Tabor.

An

offshoot

from the Improved

Ordfer of

KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS

263

Knights of Pythias. — Among American himself and
cluiritable

and benevolent

secret

societies

the others. The meeting adjourned after the ajjpointment of a committee to secure additional

not more than one outranks the Knights
of Pythias in

members.

It is re-

numbers and influence

for

lated that the ritual read by ^Ir.

Rathbone

good.
first,

That the Odd Fellows should stand was

originally

composed and written by him

is

with a membershij) of nearly 900, 000, not strange when it is recalled that the
country
of
is

while living at Eagle Harbor,

Keewenaw
the win-

County, Lake Superior,
ter of 1860-61.

]\Iich., in

latter order in this
old.
tells

eighty years

The Knights
with

Pythias,

however,
after

Four days

later,

February 19th, a meet-

a story of unexami)led enthusiasm and

ing was held at Temperance Hall, Washington, since acquired by the Order, at
it

prosperity,

450,000

members

which

thirty-one years of existence.
is tlie

This society

was formally decided
its

to organize a secret

outgrowth of the period marking the War. It was born at the capital of the nation, and the hold it took on the interest of its members and the resjject of the public easily makes good the claim of its founders that it forms an imclose of the Civil
poi'tant link in the chain of larger secret
fraternities.

society with friendship,

benevolence,

and

charity for

ultinuite ol)jects.

An

obliga-

tion of secrecy was imposed, the Order was
styled the

Knights

of I*ythias,

and the

ritual

read at the previous meeting was adopted.

A Grand Lodge for
8tli,

the District of Colum-

bia was organized seven weeks later, April

Like the Independent Order
it

of

Odd

Fellows,

seeks to

systematically
to

relieve the sick

and
the
is

distressed,

bury the
to

dead, care for the
in one section,

widow and orphan; and

Endowment Rank,
optional,
it it

which admission
lives of those

insures the

belonging to

on the mutual

assessment plan.
interest in
this

An

idea of the growth of

and the work of organizing subordinate Lodges begun on Ajiril 12th, with Franklin, No. 2. The latter act was most fortunate, as Franklin, No. 2, is said to have saved the Order from destruction by keeping its torch burning for many months when the lights of sister Lodges had all been extinguished. On February 1, 1865, Alexandria Jjodge was

and kindred bodies may established at that city, in Virginia, after Odd Fel- which little or no progress Avas nuide for On April 18, 1866, Blount Verlowship increased in membership about 700,- two years. 000 from 1864 to 1895, the Knights of non Lodge was organized in the District of Pythias, with 13 members in 18G4, now Columbia, and on July 30th Liberty Lodge, at the Xavy Yard. A year later, February numbers about 450,000. It was on February 15, 1864, at Washing- 23, 1867, Excelsior Lodge, No. 1, was institon, D. C, that Justus H. Eathbone, a tuted at Philadelphia, and in July of that Freemason, with J). L. Burnett, W. II. year Keystone Lodge, at the same city. The Burnett, his brother, and Robert H. Cham- success of this movement north of the MaThe pion, a Freemason, government department son and Dixon line was pronounced. clerks; E. S. Kimball, M.D., and IVfessrs. growth of the society was steady, and later beRoberts and Driver, all accomplished musi- came rapid. In November. 1S6T. Maryland cians, and members of the '' Arion Glee was invaded at Baltimore, and in December, Club," took preliminary steps looking to the New Jersey at Camden and Mount Holly, fornuitiou of a secret society. Mr. Rathbone while in Ajiril. 1868, three Lodges were During 1867 and "was the moving spirit, as shown by the fact constituted in Delaware. that he then and there read a proposed rit- 1868 Lodges were also formed in Massachuual of an order to be called the Knights of setts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Pythias, to keep the secrets of and })erform other New England States; in Ohio, Inthe duties enjoined by which he obligated diana. Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas,
be derived by recalling that while

2U
and Iowa.

KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS

By September 30, 1866, within two years and a half, the four active Lodges had only the society, and at a convention at Washing- 324 members; by December 31, 1866, only ton, June 9, 1868, a new constitution was 370; March 31, 1867, only 470; and on adopted, under which was organized and June 30, 1867, (six Lodges) the total was established, August 11, 1868, the Supreme only 694. In 1887, twenty years later, the Lodge, Knights of Pythias of the World. membership had increased to more than Kathbone Lodge was formed at New York 100,000, and in 1895, at thirty-one years of city, and later in 1868 the Order appeared age, the Order embraced nearly 450,000 Sir in California, West Virginia, and Nebraska. Knights had more than quadrupled within
that period, enlarged views
prevailed as to the function and prospects of

At

—

This order of knighthood, with the story of Damon and Pythias on which its ceremonials are founded; with its cardinal principles of Friendship, Charity,

a decade.

and Benevoand the Pythian motto, "Be Generous, BraA-e, and True," speedily found its way into nearly all the States and Territories of Jonathan Edwards. After attending of the Union, across the border into the Mount Vernon boarding school, CourtCanadian Dominion, beyond the Atlantic land Academy, and Carlisle Seminary, he into the United Kingdom, south into Mexico became a student at Madison University. and west to the Hawaiian Islands. To-day In 1857 he went to Eagle Harbor, Mich., there are about 5,000 members of the on Lake Superior, where he taught school Order in foreign Lodges holding allegiance and acted as clerk for a miniiig comj^any. to the Supreme Lodge of the World in the While there "he became so inspired with Uni ted States. Its pri ncijDles are declared by the story of Damon and Pythias" * that he John Van Valkenburg, Past Supreme Chan- wrote a ritual of an " Order of the Knights cellor of the Order, "to be those of human- of Pythias." In 1861 he repaired to Gerity and religion," and its object, to promote mantown. Pa., where he became chief clerk the general good of mankind and to spread in the United States Hospital. In 1862 he the light of morality and knowledge. Like married, and in 1863 was ordered to WashFreemasonry, Pythian knighthood confers ington for duty in the medical department. three ranks or degrees, and there are other He accepted a civil clerkshi}? in the office of similarities between them in addition to the the Commissary General of Subsistence in fact that the chivalric orders naturally fur- 1865, and in 1866 resigned to accept a clerknished some of the fabric on which Rath- ship in the Treasury Department, which he bone and his successors wrought the designs held until 1869, when he resigned and went
lence;
Avhicli have made it distinctively Pythian. In May, 1866, after the Order had been almost at a stand for nearly two years, the

Justus Henry Rathbone, the founder, was born at Deerfield, Oneida County, N. Y., October 29, 1839. His father was a wellknown lawyer at Utica, and his mother, Sarah E. Dwight, was a lineal descendant

to

Boston to

fill

a position in a publishing
to

house.

He went

New York

city in the

ritual

and work were revised and placed
or Initiatory rank
is

substantially on the basis occupied to-day.

The
tlie

first

that of Page;

and became treasurer of the Independent News Company, afterward its superintendent. Returning to Washington, he entered the Adjutant-Geninterest of the firm,
eral's
office.

second, the Armorial rank of Esquire;
third, the Chivalric

Besides

the

ritual

of

the

and the

rank of Knight.

Knights of Pythias, Mr. Rathbone was the

The
blue,

colors of the regalias are respectively
* The Knights of Pythias Complete Manual and Text Book. John Van Valkenburg, Canton, 0.,
1887.

yellow, and red. Requisites for admission include a belief in a Supreme Being

and sound bodily health.

KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS
author of the ritual of the "
the
S. P.

266

K.,"*

paid for death benefits during that period a
little

"Monks

of

xVvcadia/'* the "Mystic
*

Order of Seven,"

and other compositions',

among them
self

a musical burlesque, entitled

less than *3, 000, 000. It has since, within ten years, paid nearly $10,000,000, or nearly $13, 000,000 of death benefits in the

" Pocahontas in Black," in which he himappeared.
Besides his

marked

literary

gifts, ilr.

Rathbone possessed a talent for

eighteen years of its existence. There Avere more than 43,000 members of the EndoAvment Rank out of nearly 450,000 Sir

music, composition as well as execution, in
Avhich he was like all of those
diately associated with

Knights, and the
Avas

total

insurance in force
scattered

more imme-

over 1^85,000,000 two years ago, represections

him

in

founding the

senting 2,800

through

Order.
1889.

He

died at Lima, 0.,

December

9,

the States and Territories and most of the

Canadian provinces.
the

Among the earlier Supreme Chancellors, those on whom the work of building uji the
fraternity

The Uniform Rank Supreme Lodge.

is

under the control of
Eligibility to

memre-

devolved,

in

addition

to

the

bershij) is confined to those Avho

have

founder, J. H. Rathbone,
to that office in 18G8, were

who was

elected
of

ceived the rank of

Knight and

Avho are ap-

Samuel Read

come of the existence of Patriarchs Militant John Van Valkenbnrg of Iowa. Of the five in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, who more than others contributed to create and the Masonic Knights Templars. The
and
establish the

Berry of Illinois, S. S. Davis of New Hampshire, an Odd FelloAV, David B. Woodruff of Georgia, an Odd Fellow, George W. Lindsay of Maryland, John P. Linton of Pennsylvania, and
Jersey,

New

Henry

C.

proved and withstand the test of the ballot. One of its purposes, beyond particiimting in the ceremonial of initiation Avhich is said
to be a masterpiece, is to

branch.

It

supply a military seems to have been a logical out-

Knights

of Pythias,

the
in

regulations provide for parades tAvice each

first to

die was Robert Allen

Champion,

1873, at the early age of thirty.

The EndoAvment Rank
tablislied,

or grade was es-

not without opposition, in 1S77,

August 30th, anniA^ersary day of the Uniform Rank, and February 10th, known as Pythian period. The Uniform Rank has grown rapidly in recent years, and numbers
year,

demand for something in addi- about 50,000 members. minimum weekly sick benefits and There are tAvo organizations of Avives, ^20 minimum funeral benefits. New secret daughters, sisters, and mothers of Knights
owing
to the

tion to $1

insurance and

endowment

fraternities were
left

of Pythias, the

Rathbone

Sisters,

formerly
R. L. C.
of

being established right and

between

the Pythian Sisters, and the Pythian Sister-

1875 and 1880, and the Knights of Pythias were not slow to perceive that they had machinery with which to promptly put such

hood, "neither of Avhich,"

Avrites

White,

of

the

Supreme
"
In
is

Lodge

the

Knights

of Pythias,

recognized by the

an organization full grown into the field. So the Endowment Rank Avas formed, with a separate government, subordinate to the Supreme Lodge. Neither the Endowment
nor
the

Supreme Lodge." A\'ood, of Kansas

1896

Mrs. M.

D.

City, Mo., occupied the

Uniform

ranks

are

"higher"

grades, but are

created as additional nui-

chinery with which to carry out the purposes of the Order.

Ten years

after the
it

ranking position in the Rathbone Sisters of the World, and Mrs. Alva A. Young, of Concord, N. H., the founder, a corresponding position in the Pythian Sisterhood. A fundamental difference between the Rathbone Sisters and the Pythian. Sisterhood lies
in the eligibility to

formation of the
*

Endowment Rank
Unknown.

had

mer

membership in the forKnights of Pythias, Avhile the latter prefers to remain a secret society for women
of

266
only.

KXIGHTS OF PYTHIAS OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA

A

ritual

foi"

an auxiliary secret

so-

ciety,

to be

composed of both

meu and

women, had been presented to several meetings of the Supreme Lodge by James A.
Hill, of Greencastle, Ind., prior to 1888, ask-

on several West India Islands and in CenAmerica, and in all distributes about $60,000 annually in relief to sick and distressed members. There is an auxiliary society to which
tral

ing for authority to organize the Pythian (See Ratlibone Sisters, bnt without success.

women,

relatives of

members
in these,

of the Order,
as well as the

are admitted,

and

For supSisters; also Pythian Sisterhood. plementary order of Knights of Pythias see Dramatic Order of Knights of Khorassan.) Knights of Pythias of North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. James C. Eoss, Supreme Chan-

Lodges of colored Knights, death, sick, and disability benefits are paid. In 1891 the Supreme Lodge of negro Knights met at New York city and paraded with 700 Sir Knights in line in full uniform. As

—

may

be inferred, there

is

no

affiliation or

cellor of the

World,

of

the
at

organization

relationship between the white

and negro

named, a school

principal

Savannah,

Ga., on being asked as to the origin of this negro fraternity, writes as follows:

Orders of Pythian knighthood other than the similarity of names, emblems, titles,
uniforms, rituals, and ceremonials.

At the session of the Supreme Lodge of the World (white) held at Richmond, Va., March 8, 1869, an application from a number of colored men of Philadelphia was made for a charter for a Lodge The petition was refused of Knights of Pythias.
because of the color of the petitioners, per ConstiThereupon E. viii., Section 5, etc. A. Lightfoot, T. W. Stringer, and others, were nevtution, Article
•

Kuights of St. John and Malta (Modern).

— Introduced

into

America through

Eobert E. A. Land, of Hamilton, Ontario, at Toronto, in 1870, by the Imperial Parent, Grand Black Encampment of the Universe,
situated at Glasgow, Scotland.
cient chivalric Order of

The
St.

latter

declares itself a lineal descendant of the an-

ertheless regularly initiated into the mysteries of

Knights of

John

the Order, receiving the degrees of Page, Esquire,

of Jerusalem, Rhodes, Malta, etc., but
is

much
(For

Knight,

etc,

by those who had been regularly

lacking to substantiate the claim.

initiated into all the mysteries of the Order in a

its

regular Lodge working under the (wl\ite) Supreme

probable origin see Non-Masonic Orders
of

Lodge

of

Knights of Pythias.

of Malta in America.)

ment
This appears to confess the clandestine nature of the colored Order, and technically
warrants statements made by leading
of the Knights of
officials

The Grand EncampCanada introduced the Order into
city in 1874,

New York

when the
itself

title of

the supreme body resolved

into Su-

Pythias

(white)

that

'"'there are no negro Knights of Pythias." Yet here is the other, the negro organization, with more than 40,000 membei's scattered those identified with the genuine, ancient throngh Massachusetts, New York, New Knights of Malta, as exjalained in the pre-

preme Encampment of America. In 1878 this body expunged the Orange and alleged Masonic degrees from its ritual, in order to confer only the orders which j^aralleled

Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia,

ceding

reference.

This antagonized

the

Virginia,

West Virginia, North Carolina,
Louisiana,

parent body in Scotland, and in 1881 the

South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
Mississippi,

Texas,

Tennessee,
Illi-

Arkansas, Kentucky, Ohio,
nois,

Indiana,

Supreme Encampment of America, which had reorganized in 1878 as the Chapter General of America, withdrew from affiliation

This resulted Montana, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, with the Imperial Parent. Kansas, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, Cali- in a rebellion by a few subordinate Chapfornia, Colorado, Michigan, and Minnesota, ters, and, in 1883, in the formation, by canin twenty of which States there are Grand celled and seceding Chaj^ters, of a Grand Lodges. The colored Order also has Lodges Priory of America, Ancient and Illustrious

KNIGHTS OF
Order, Knightsi of Malta.

ST.

JOHN AND MALTA

267

This organiza- managed by a board of seven, consisting of was recognized and chartered in the the Grand Commander, Grand Chancellor, same year by the Glasgow Inii)erial Parent, Grand Almoner, and Grand Medical Exwhen it promptly reversed the reforms of aminer, who are elected annually, and three the Chapter General of America. That Grand Trustees elected alternately to hold action resulted in another schism known as office three years. This Council meets at ''the McClintock rebellion.*' which took New York every month during the recess of shape, January, 1884, as the Grand Com- the Chapter General. There are Encampmandery, Ancient and Illustrious Order, ments in New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Knights of Malta. In 1889 the latter was Maryland, Michigan, Texas, California, recognized and chartered by the Imperial Illinois, South Carolina, Arkansas, and Parent, the Grand Priory having become Canada, with a membership of over G,000. dormant. Its Scotch charter is still believed At the annual convocation in 1894 steps to be extant, although its members are affili- were taken to place the military department ated, very generally, with bodies chartered on the plan, as to grade and rank, of the by the Chapter General of America. United States army, general direction being Owing to its reforms and its attitude given to General Thomas C. ]\IcKean. toward the ancient Order of Malta, the The College of Ancients is a modern inChapter General of America, Knights of stitution, having been formed in 1880, It St. John and ^Vlalta, may be said to be an was introduced by Pobert E. A. Land, a offspring merely of the general jilan of the member of the Loyal Orange Institution, a ancient chivalric Order of Malta, although Freemason, and a member of the Order of it derived its warrant of constitution from St. John and Malta, as an Order of Merit the Imperial Parent of Scotland.* It has for the superior officers of the C'hajiter Genlong ceased to be governed by the latter, eral. Membership is limited to one hundred and has no affiliation with any other body. and forty-four. The aims of the College are The Order, while being in a sense universal, social, beneficiary, historical, and literary. admitting Christian men of all nations into The College meets, in Preeeptories, and its its ranks, is American in its character so rites and symbolism are based on the tradifar as local government is concerned. Its tions of chivalry. It presents twenty-one ritual teaches the fatherhood of God, the grades in the '' Perfect and Sublime Iiite of brotherhood of man, mercy, charity, hos- Exalted Chivalry/' four in the Encamppitality, unity, 2)eace, and concord. Its ments, and seventeen in the College of Anconstitution provides for endowments, cer- cients. These grades are divided as follows: tificates being issued from §!500, 81,000, and First Class: 1, Knights of Justice; 2, HosIts ceremonies are sim|)le and im- pitalers; 3, Priesthood; and, 4, lied Cross $2,000. The Chapter General is composed and Sepulchre. The ancient Order of Malta pressive. of its own officers, representatives of sub- comprised only three orders. Knights, Hosordinate bodies styled Encampments, Past pitalers, and Priests, but some one has added Grand Commanders, Grand Priors, District the Red Cross and Sepulchre '*as a proper Deputies, and Past Commaiulers. In each syndjol of the old Christian religion." (See State the Order is under the supervision of Knights of Rome and Red Cross of Cona Grand Prior, and its temporal affairs are stantiue.) Second class. Ancient English Rite, Order of Aquila: 5, Serving Brother; * For an account of the introduction of the modThis 6, Novice; and, 7, Knight of Aquila. ern Order of St. John and ]Malta into tliis country inti'oduces serving brethren and a degree of and the organization of the Ancient and IHustrious Order, Knights of Malta in the United States, see knighthood manifestly borrowed for the occasion. Third class, historic Maltese grades: Non-Masonic Orders of ]\Ialta in America.
tion

268
S,

KNIGHTS OF

ST.

JOHN, RHODES,

AND MALTA

Brother of the Hospital; 9, Knight of ami, 10, Secret Councillor. This suggests that some constructive as
the Dragon
;

become necessary, with the consent of the Saracens, to build hospitals and jilaces of
entertainment.

In 1048 certain merchants

from Fourth class, the Egyptian Caliph to erect within the ancient affiliated chivalry: 11, Knight of walls of Jerusalem an asylum or hospital St. Anthon3',aud, 12, Knight of St. Lazarus. for Latin pilgrims, where they might celeFifth class, historic Eonian and Grecian brate mass according to the Latin ritual, grades: 13, Knight of the Senate; and, 14, without fear of the Mohammedans or others. Knight of the Council. Sixth class. Ee- The governor, by that prince's order, asligio-philosojihic grades: 15, Knight of the signed them a piece of ground about a East; 16, Princely Order;* 17, Star and stone's cast from the Holy Sepulchre, whereScimetar;* 18, Adept Brother; and, 19, on they built a convent dedicated to the Knight of the West. The foregoing shows Holy Virgin. There dwelt an abbot and a some originality in construction as well as number of Benedictine monks, who received taste in selection, a number of the degrees and entertained pilgrims and gave alms to touching Buddhism and Mohammedanism, the poor, those unable to pay tribute to the and others the religious philosophy of this Moslems for permission to visit the holy Maltese Order. Seventh class. Perfect and places. Subsequently the monks built two Sublime Order: 20, Commander of Malta. houses of entertainment near by, one for The Master grade creates the Commander- men, with a chapel dedicated to St. John elect a Perfect and Sublime Knight. Eighth Eleeman the compassionate, and one for class, Official and Ultimate Grade: 21, Knight women, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene. of the Grand Cross. This grade is honorary These new houses had no income of their and official, and membershii^ is limited to own, but the monks and pilgrims whom one hundred and forty-four. Evidently they received were maintained by the abbot Land and his associates were familiar with of the convent of the Holy Virgin, who the rituals of the dormant Masonic rites of continued to be the recipient of alms and Memphis and of Mizraim, as well as of the charities of devout and wealthy Christians. Masonic Order of Knights of Eome and of This institution, governed by the Benedicthe Eed Cross of Constantine. tine monks, was the cradle of the Order of Knights of St. Jolin, Rhodes, and St. John. Seventeen years later the TarMalta, of Knights Hospitalers of St. tars overran Palestine and slaughtered the John of Jerusalem (Ancient.) Founded Moslem garrisons. The inhabitants of Jeruthe builders of the College.

well as imitative ability was exercised by

of Amalfi, Italy, obtained permission

—

in 1048, the period of the first Crusade, one of the

most

illustrious orders of religious

salem scarce met with a better fate. Thousands were butchered, the Hospital of St.

and military knighthood. It was not a secret order, and none of the modern orders of Malta, Masonic or other, has traced its origin to it other than that the former may have served as a model or contributed

John was plundered and the Holy Sepulchre itself would have been destroyed had not avarice prevented. The fear of losing the revenues derived from the pilgrims alone preserved the tomb of our Saviour. of its traditions. In consequence of the Then the Turcomans exacted heavier tribresort of European pilgrims and traders to utes than ever, and many sick and weary Jerusalem in the eighth century, it had pilgrims jDerished at the gates of Jerusalem
and 17 are not identical with Nos. 5 and 6 of Guide Book of 1854, although bearin^the same name. (See Non-Masonic Orders of Malta in
America.)
* Nos. 16

without the consolation of even seeing the

Holy Sepulchre.
eleventh

Toward the

close of the

century Peter the Hermit,
to Jerusalem,

who

had made a journey

was so

"

KNIGHTS OF

ST.

JOHN, RHODES,

AND MALTA

269

Godfrey bestowed on it the Lordship of Montboire in Brabant, with all its year roused all Europe in a crusade against dependencies, and his example was followed the infidel. The Pope, having heard of the by several of the chief Crusaders, so that in fiuccess of the Hermit's mission, called a a short time the, Hospitalers had at their council at Clermont in Auvergne, to which command the revenues of a number of rich the entire populace, from peasant to prince, manor houses in Europe and Asia. responded. After hearing of the miseries Peter Gerard, administrator of the Hosof the Christians in the East, a thou- pital of St. John, and his companions, emsand voices cried for an opportunity to go boldened by the favor Avhich thej- enjoyed, to the defence of their bi'ethren in Jesus expressed a wish to separate themselves from Christ, declaring, "Dieu le veut," Clod the Monastery of St. ^lary and pursue their wills it. By 1097 the Latin army had ad- works of charity alone. As long as the vanced into Syria, where it besieged iVntioch brotherhood were poor they continued in for seven months, when the Caliph of obedience to the monastery and paid tithes Egypt, taking advantage of the situation, to the Patriarch but with the tide of wealth entered the field and captured Jerusalem which then began to flow in upon them, the after it had been held by the Turks for Hospitalers coveted a total remission of all thirty-eight years. He informed the Latin the burdens to which they were subject, and army that he knew how to hold the city found no difficulty in obtaining all that they without foreign aid, but that its gates would desired. They accordingly formally abjured alwa3'S open to unarmed Christian pilgrims. the world and took a regular liabit, a black The Crusaders replied that the same keys robe with a white cross of eight points on which had opened the gates of Nice, Tar- the left breast. The Patriarch of Jerusasus, Edessa, and Antioch would open those lem, after first clothing them, received from of Jerusalem and on June 7, 1099, the them three vows which they made publicly Latin army encamped before the walls of at the Holy Sepulchre. The institution Jerusalem. After five weeks of unsuccess- was subsequently recognized and confirmed ful attempts to capture the city, the army in all its endowments by Paschal IL The ^gain advanced to the assault on July 15, same pontiff also exempted the property of "at the hour," says a chronicler, ''when the Hosjiital from tithes. The rapid enthe Saviour of the world gave up the ghost, richment of the Order and their piety led to and at three in the afternoon the standard the erection of a superb church on the spot of the Cross waved on the walls of Jerusa- which, according to tradition, had served lem. Thus, after four hundred and sixty as the retreat of Zacharias, the father of St. years of bondage, the Holy City passed from John the Baptist, and from that time the under the Mohammedan yoke. The victory Order was called '' Brethren Hospitalers of thus won was tarnished by the ferocity of St. John the Baptist of Jerusalem." Gerard the conquerors. A little later these Chris- also founded subordiiuite hospitals in the tian warriors proceeded to regulate the gov- principal maritime provinces of the West, ernment of the city. Godfrey de Bouillon the first " Commanderies " of the Order, refused a crown and rejected the title of and continued to fill his holy office until king, but accepted that of ''Defender and the reign of Baldwin IL in 1118, when at
hospital,
;

touched by the sufferings of the pilgrims, that he conceived the design of rescuing the Holy Land from the infidels. Armed with s. letter from Simon, the Greek Patriarch of Jerusalem, to Urban 11. the head of the Latin Church, he returned to Italy, received the blessing of the Pope, and in less than a
,

diately

Lord of the Holy Tomb." Godfrey immefounded several new churches and

inspected the house of the Hospital of St. John, which was crowded with wounded
soldiers.

To

increase the

endowment

of the

270

KNIGHTS OF

ST.

JOHN, RHODES,

AXD MALTA
Margat
in Phoenicia,
Avhere, aided

an exceedingly old age he died, honored and beloved by all. liaymond Du Puy was elected to succeed him. Gerard had been a man of jDcace, but Du Puy had been bred in camjis. lie therefore formed the project of combining the
duties of
to

retired to
St,

and thence to
by the Tem-

John d'Acre,

plars

and the Teutonic Knights, they withstood for a time one of the most celebrated
In 1291 that city sieges of the Crusades. was captured by the Saracens, and the Grand Master and remaining Knights took refuge on the Isle of Cyprus, where they remained eighteen years and assumed for the time the name of Knights of Cyprus. Aided by several European states in 1310, they descended upon Ehodes and established their convent, where they remained for over two hundred years -the protectors of the Christian commerce of the Mediterranean. In 1522 the Order was driven from the island by the Turks, when it repaired to the Island of Candia, and subsequently sojourned at CusAt length Charles trio, Messina, and Eome. Y., Emperor of Germany, vested in the Order the complete and perpetual sovereignty of the islands of Malta and Gozo, and in

monk

with those of the soldier,

wage a perpetual crusade against the ene-

mies of Christ.

Under

his administration

the Hospitalers were divided into Nobility, The Nobles Clergy, and Serving Brethren.
or Knights of Justice were destined for the profession of arms; the Priests or Chaplains

were intrusted with ecclesiastical functions,

and the Serving Brethren consisted of those who bore arms and of domestic servants. Subsequently, under the administration of Helion de Villanova, the Knights were divided into classes called Languages, after the the Italian, Gergreat tongues of Europe French dialects; three the Aragonese, man, Provengal, Auvergne and common French, and the English. The ceremonies of reception and profession were in charge of the spiritual head of the Latin Church, were necessarily public, and form no part of modThe legislative power ern Orders of Malta. of the Order was vested in the General Chapter, which consisted of the Grand Master, the Conventual Bailiffs, the Bishop of the Church, and the Grand Priors according to rank, selected from the various Priories. In every province there Avere one or more Grand Priories, presided over by Grand Priors, and beneath these were Commanderies, over each of which there was a Commander. There were scattered throughout Europe, in that period, which De Vertot
:

accordance with this treaty, in 1530, the Knights took formal possession of ]\Ialta.
L. Isle

Adam, then Grand

Master, hero of

the siege of Rhodes, convened a General

Chapter, and established the convent. Thenceforth the Order became known as " Knights of Malta," a title often bestowed upon them, even in official documents, in
place of the original, Knights Hos^^italers
of St.

John

of Jerusalem.

At the time of

the Reformation, Paul III. was Pope, and

golden age of the Order, 596 Commanderies comprising 19,000 manor houses. During the period in which the Order was occupied in defence of the Holy Land, the
called the

Order acknowledged the Pope as its The enemies of the Pope were the friends of Henry VIII., and the friends of Paul were the enemies of the BritSo the Knights of St. John were ish king. made to suffer. In 1534 the Language of England of the Order of St. John was abolthe
spiritual head.

ished by act of Parliament, its revenues were seized, and the Knights thrown on the Commanderies served as schools of prepa- charity of their friends. Some suffered by The Lanration for Knights who might be sent to the axe, and others fled to Malta. Palestine to reenforce the ranks of their guage of England was revived under Mary, who nominated a Grand Prior, and estabbrethren. After the recapture of Jerusalem by the lished it in the old home at Clerkenwell. Saracens in 1187, the Knights Hospitalers It was subsequently abolished by Elizabeth.

KNIGHTS OF

ST.

JOHN, RHODES,

AXD MALTA

271

On September

19, 1792, the

French Direcwhich was

tory decreed that the Order should cease to
exist within the limits of France,

der in Lombardo, Venetia, and gave permission to the nobility and others to found

new Commanderies in his Italian dominions. The German Language became extinct manderies. Such members as did not escape after the peace of Pressburg in 1805. The the country were thrown into prison. The Bailiwick of Brandenburg became an indeGrand Master was taken seriously ill, but pendent institution during the Grand Masfollowed by a general plunder of the

Com-

before he died he despatched an ambassador
to the Court of Ivussia to

tership of

Fulk

demand

assistance

Rhodes, in 1309.
until 1382,

de Yillaret, conqueror of This schism continued

from Catherine
Order.

II.

for the support of the

Catherine died before the ambassa-

St. Petersburg, and Paul I. was on the throne when the ambassador arrived there. The mission was successful, and the or ]\[aster, on approval by the Grand Prior ambassador sent a courier to ^lalta with of Gernumy. The Bailiffs of Brandenburg particulars of the arrangement. But the continued thus subject to the Order until courier was seized by French soldiers, and the Reformation, when the Knights em-

dor reached

when it was settled by treaty at Ileimbach in Alsatia, one of the articles of which was that the Brandenburg branch should be allowed to choose its own BailijBE

the contents of the despatches Avere

made braced the new mode
der
its

of

worship.

Later

known

to the Directory of France.

Louis de
INIaster,

the Ilouse of Prussia took the Bailiwick unprotection.
tion six of the thirteen

liompesch, who had become Grand

accepted the offers of the Russian Emperor,
to the Russian Court ambassador extraordinary, who presented the Emperor with the Grand Cross of the Order, by virtue of which Paul I., November 29, 1797, assumed the title of Protector as of the Order.

During the ReformaCommanderies were

and sent Count Litter

destroyed by the Lutherans.
royal

The remainconfiscated
at the peace

der were presided over by a prince of the

family

until

Napoleon

them and abolished the Order
of Pressburg in 1805.

In 1812 the right of nomination was again vested in the King of fleet appeared off Malta, and on June 11, Prussia, and this branch of the Order is still Bonaparte entered Yaletta, when Hompescli presided over by a prince of the royal house. surrendered. He was declared a traitor, The Languages of Provence, Auvergne, because he had received 600,000 crowns and France, although suppressed by the from the French, and was permitted to French Directory, asserted their rights and retire to Montpellier. lie died May 12, privileges on the restoration of the Bourbons, The great body of Knights pro- but were declared extinct by Louis Philippe. 1805. ceeded to Russia, and on October 27, 1798, The Languages of Aragon and Castile, at a General Chapter, the Emperor Paul which united, after the suppression of the was elected Grand Master. This election English Language by Henry VIII., withwas made valid by the abdication of Hom- drew from the government of the Order

On June

6,

1798, the French

pesch in July,

1798.

After the loss of

after the treaty of

Amiens

in 1802.

They

Malta a few Italian Knights sought refuge in In 1827 the Pope gave the Knights Sicily. permission to reside at Ferrara, and in 1831 invited them to Rome, where he gave them a palace that had belonged to one of the ambassadors of the Order, and commissioned them to take charge of his military hosjiitals. In 1839 the Emperor of Austria
restored a portion of the estates of the Or-

Avere subsequently abolished

by Joseph Bon-

aparte while ou the Spanish throne.

They

were revived on the return of Ferdinand IV., but declared extinct in 1834. In 1814
the Languages of Provence, Auvergne, and

France, taking heart at the humiliation of Xapoleon, formed for themselves a union
to

their

which those of Aragon and Castile gave adhesion. A General Chapter was

:

272

KNIGHTS OF

ST.

JOUX, RHODES,

AND MALTA
St.

held at wliich a capitular commission was
elected to act as an executive council, over

which Prince Camille de
Prior of Aquitaiue,
It

Rohan, Grand

presided.

was in 182G-27 that an effort was to revive the English Language, and several instruments were signed in Paris by the capitular commission, authorizing a reorganization of the Language of England. On January 39, 1831, a Chapter of the Knights then forming the English Language was held, at which the Chevalier Chastelan, an envoy extraordinary from the continental Languages, was present. At that meeting Sir Robert Peel was elected Grand Prior of England, and the Language was regularly resuscitated. The present seat of the Order in England is No. 8 St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, where, on June 34, St. John's Day, the Chapter General of the Order is annually convoked. The Order in England is composed of three classes: Knights, Chaplains, and Serving Brethren. The Knights are of three grades Bailies or Knights, Grand Crosses; Knights Commanders and Knights of Justice. Women are likewise admitted and may be advanced to the dignity of Grand Cross. The Order also admits associates under the name of Knights of Grace, Honorary Knights, and

made

The Temple, the Templar Order in England, after passing into the hands of the Hospitalers of St. John, was let by them for an annual rental of £10 to a body of lawyers, who took possession of the old hall and the gloomy cells of the military monks, and converted them into the most ancient common law university of England. It was
Knights of
John.

main

seat of the

there that judges of the Court of

Common

Pleas were

made Knights, being

the earliest

instance on record of the grant of the hon-

Knighthood for purely civil services, and the professors of common law, who had
ors of

the exclusive privilege of practising in that
court,

assumed the

title

or degree of Fratres

and Serving Brethren similar to those of the Knights of St. John were curiously introduced into the
profession of the law.

Servientese, so that Knights

The

chief seat of

the Hospitalers Order in England was St.

John's Gate, Clerkenwell, founded by Jordan, Lord of Briset, in the reign of Henry
I.

Heraclius, the Patriarch of Jerusalem,

consecrated their church and
rabble burnt the Preceptory.

Wat

Tyler's

In process of

time

it

was restored, and

it

was there that

Mary temporarily

revived the Order, and

her charter, never having been revoked,
forms, in part, the basis of the present Order.

Donats.

The

last are those

who

contribute

On

the 34th of January, 1893, the old

Language for benevolent and charitable purposes, and are entitled to wear the demi-cross of the Order. In ancient times the Language of England included three Grand Priories St. John of London, of Ireland, and of Scotland which ^ere let out to receivers and secular farmers
to the fund of the

Gate of

St.

John was formally made over

to

the Language with imposing ceremonies.

—

—

who paid rent to the common treasury. Many proved unfaithful in their trusts, and the management was placed in the hands of
the Grand Priors in the several districts,

The Hospitalers and Templars were introduced into Scotland prior to 1153. Malcolm lY. incorporated the Hospitalers' possessions into a barony, and a charter was granted them by Alexander II., June 3, 1331, confirming grants by his predecessors. The Preceptory of Torphichen in West Lothian became their
chief residence in Scotland until their final

suppression in the middle of the sixteenth

who soon began to own property, and

consider

in instances

them as their century. James lY. created the barony consumed and regality of Torphichen into a temjooral
Lordship and ordained that by virtue of the office the Preceptors of Torphichen should take their places as peers of Parliament, by the name and title of Lords of St.

the revenues. But the revenues of the Order were greatly increased by the annihilation of the Knights Templars by the

Pope

in 1313,

who gave

their possessions to the

KNIGHTS OF

ST.

JOHX, RHODES,

AND MALTA

273

John. At the suppression of the Templar Order by Philip of France many of the Knights retired to Scotland to escape persecution.

ceptor of Torphichen.
of Sir

After the desertion
Ilosjiitalers

James Sandilands, the Templars who still adhered

and

to the Catholic

There, says the chronicler, they
St.

faith placed themselves

obtained lands and revenues, and, with the

ship of

under the leaderDavid Seaton and retired to the

Knights Hospitalers of

John, lived

to-

Continent.
serious claim by modern, so''Knights of Malta," to being a lineal descendant of the ancient Knights of St. John, Rhodes, and Malta is that Tnade by the Ancient and Illustrious Knights of Malta, introduced into this country in 1870 from Scotland, where it was founded in 1844 by Irishmen who were Orangemen, and some of them, probably. Freemasons. After an extended correspondence with a number of its most illustrious representatives in the United States, in an attempt to
called,

gether on amicable terms.

mencement

of

About the comthe reign of James IV. a

The only

union was effected between the Knights of the Temple and those of St. John, and their lands were consolidated under the superintendence of the Preceptor of St. John. These interests were represented in the Scottish Parliament by Preceptors or Lords
of St.

John down

to the ])eriod of the Eef-

ormation.

This union remained unbroken

until the administration of Sir

James SandiLord of
St.

lands of Calder,

who was appointed Grand

Prior of Scotland as fourth

get at the proof,
rectly descended

if

there be any, that this

of Malta is difrom the ancient Order, but without tangible results, inquiry was made of G. C. Young, ]\r.L)., Washington, X. J., time to maintain his office and dignities. Past Grand Commander, and editor of "The In 1560 he was sent by the congregation Red Cross Knight," which announces itself Parliament of Scotland to France to lay as " the mouthi^iece of the Order of Knights their proceedings before Francis and i\Iary. of Malta." Dr. Young writes that ''the He was received by Cardinal of Lorrain, Protestant cause (in Scotland, in 1591) now who loaded him with reproaches, accusing having made a complete triumph, the Order him of violating his obligation as a Knight (ancient Order of Knights of ^Malta) is not of a Holy Order and dismissed him Avith- so active and prominent, but that it kept out an answer. On his return to Scotland, up an existence we Imve ample proof. We feeling himself no longer authorized to re- know that the Order was active and evitain his office, he resigned the entire prop- dently well known in 1643, for at that erty of the combined Orders into the hands period, two years after the massacre of Irish of the Crown, when, on condition of an im- Protestants, it was introduced into Ireland mediate payment of 10,000 crowns and an for the protection of the Protestants who annual duty of 500 marks, the Queen, on had escaped. The Order seemed to be unJanuary 24, 1564, erected the possession noticed in public affairs until the Stewart of the Orders into the temporal Lordship (or Stuart) party became active in 1745," of Torphichen. At his death, in 1596, his when "it seems to have been reduced to one title and the ^Malta possessions descended Encampment in Scotland and from this one to the House of Calder, in whose hands they Encampment the Imperial Black Encampremain to the present day. After the re- ment of the Universe (the Scotch-Irish body vival of the English Language in 1831, the referred to as having appeared in Scotland Right Hon. Robert Sandilands, Lord Tor- about 1844) asserted its title to this distincphichen, was admitted and nominated to tion, believing at the time that it was the the Grand Priory of Scotland as Chief Pre- only Encampment of the Protestant branch
18

John.

was the personal friend of John Knox, and through the persuasion of tliat reformer renounced the Catholic religion in 1553, although he continued for some

He

modern Scotch-Irish Order

—
274
of the Order in existence.

KNIGHTS OF THE SHERWOOD FOREST
This took place
history of the British Isles gives no proof
or mention of an

somewhere about the period the Order was driven from the Island of Malta, 1798, and in 18:^5 a Grand Master of the Koyal Orangemen, he being a member of the Knights of St. John and Malta, was elected Grand Master of the Order of Knights of St. John, and iu trod need the requirement that to be a Knight of Malta one must first be an Orangeman." It would be useless to argue with those to

Encampment

of

Knights

of Malta other than those connected with

whom

the foregoing appeals as proof, to
of

show the absolute lack
dation for the claim

any

historic foun-

made

that the

modern

But a secret society Knights of Malta. Kuights of Rhodes, etc., wholly unconnected with the ancient Order of Malta, existed in the British Isles from the period of the Reformation down to a very late date. It is met with as the Royal Black Association or, more frequently, the Royal Black Association of Knights of Malta, and has always conferred an Order of Knights of Justice (Malta) and performed the old Hospitaler
the Masonic bodies.
calling itself

Ancient and Illustrious Order of Malta has any connection with the ancient Order of Malta. It would be easier to trace Freemasonry back to King Solomon's temple than to connect the Irish-Orange Black Knights of Malta with the Order which Sir James Sandilands once presided over in Scotland. Knights of the Sherwood Forest. An appendant Order of Forestry, instituted at St. Louis in 1879. (See Foresters of America.) Loyal Order of Moose of the World. Cincinnati is credited with having given birth to the fraternity with this title, but no one communicated with at that city has been able to vouch for its continued existence. It is a mere conjecture that attempted rivalry to the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks may have been re-

ceremonies.
the

It

is

merely a tradition

of

modern " Black ^' Order that after the conversion of the land and Priory of Torpliichen into a temporal Lordship, the Or-

der was used as a secret instrument on behalf of the

large

Reformed Church, and that a number of the prominent men of Scotland, among them John Knox, became
under
its

enlisted
of Sir

banners.

After the death

James Sandilands

in 1596

and the
Order

tri-

umph
it

of the Protestant cause, the

fell

—

Being a secret organization, would not have come under the notice of historians itnless engaged in political moveBut that it kept up an existence is ments. claimed by some in interest, " though at
into obscurity.

widely extended periods."

The

fraternity

was known in 1043, two years after the
it

sponsible for the

name

of the society.

massacre of Irish Protestants in 1641, when was said to have been introduced into
Ireland for the protection of those

Monks of Arcadia. This society is not known to have had an active existence. Its ritual was written by Justus H. Rathbone, founder of the Knights of Pythias.
(See the latter.)

—

who had

providentially escaped, which, to some, ac-

counts for the existence in Ireland of En-

campments

of the Black Order, after the

Mystic Order of Seven.

— Title

of the

ritual of a secret society, prepared

by the
(See

founder of the Knights of Pythias.
the latter.)

of the English Language by Henry VIII. It was encountered again about 1795, associated with Orange bodies in Ireland but it had become corrupted and was well-nigh extinct. It remained, howtotal extinction

^on-Masonic Orders of Malta, in the United States. During the Reformation

ever, a i^art of the

Orange institution until

—

the attempted suppression of that body by

in

Scotland, the ancient Order of Knights

of

Malta was entirely dispersed in that kingdom, and from 1560 down to 1831, the

an act of Parliament, when the Orangemen found it " necessary to place themselves under the protection of the Masonic body.^''

NON-MASONIC ORDERS OF MALTA, IN THE UNITED STATES
(See Loyal Orange Institution.)

275

Thus, the

three Orders became intimately associated,

and when

tiie Orange and the Black Orders were revived independently of Masonry, not a few of the features of Freemasonry clung

to both.

But there

is

no trace of this Malta Order

when George WashEncampment, No. 101, was instituted at New York city. At the semi-annual convocation of the Grand Encampment of Canada, January 27, 1875, that Grand body resolved itself into the Supreme Encampment of America. Tliis was in pursuance
of
ti)e

Imperial Parent

ington

in Scotland until about 1844,
sociation styled the

when an as- of letters foreshadowing the conferring of Grand Black Lodge of continental jurisdiction here, which auScotland, or the Imperial Parent Grand thority, however, did not arrive until July, Black Encan)i)nient of the Universe, by 1875." During the period 1875 to 1878 public i)roclamation claimed supreme gov- many members in America began to realize ernment over the Eeligious and Military that the composition of the documents
Order of the Knights of Malta.
that
is

From
it

all

learned of the organization of the
of Scotland,

Grand Encampment

would

appear that a few Orangemen from County Tyrone, Ireland, who had taken refuge in Glasgow for reasons which are duly re''

emanating from the Imperial Parent was not consistent and at the convocation in Albany, N. Y., 1878, the ritual was revised and rewritten on the basis of the four divisions,

Knights

of

Justice,

Hospitalers,

and the title of the Supreme body was changed to ChapLodge corded, established a " Grand which undertook to confer various degrees ter General of America. At the Toronto and inflict queer English on its patrons. convocation, September 14, 1880, sectarianBy reference to a warrant, October 1, 1858, ism in constitution and ritual was discarded. "When introduced into America, the ritual to Sir Thomas C. Knowles, to hold a Provincial Grand Priory for British North of this Order of Malta was filled with exPriesthood, and
Cross,

Red

America,

it

is

therein

styled
1,

Provincial

crescences

and

titular

extravagance.

An

and the date of Orange qualification (the Orange and Purpublic proclamation claiming supreme au- ple degrees) was required of an applicant, thority over the Order of Malta is given as and it was therefore corrupt as to titles and March 7, 1853. The Grand Priory estab- princi])les. No officer in the ancient Malta lished by Thomas C. Knowles did not live Order was ever styled " Generalissimo," The first Encampment organized in " Captain General," " Senior "or '' Junior long.

Grand Commission, No.

at Toronto, Ontario,

America, November 30, 1870, was St. John's, No. 74 on tlie Grand

Warden.*'
plar

These

titles

belong to the
of

Tem-

Order.
of

The

use

the

Red Tem-

Register of Scotland,

now No.

1

on the
District

plar cross, cross pate, instead of the white
cross
colors,

Grand Register

of

America.

A

opened November 22, 1872, by six Canadian Encampments, and the progress of the Order requiring the administration of a body possessing greater authority, a grand warrant was applied for and granted, which resulted in the institution of the Grand Encampment of Canada,

Commandery

Avas

white

Malta; the display of Templar and black, instead of the

Maltese colors, red and black ; the wearing of the Templar jewels, and the use of

Tem})lar ceremonies at installations, were

some of the minor corruptions which the Chapter General drove out when it restored
the

proper colors in garb and cross, de-

September
as

29, 1873, with

Edward

F. Clarke
12,

signed jewels adapted to and in

harmony

Grand Commander.

On August

with ideas inherent in the Order, drafted

1874, the Order was introduced into the United States, through Robert E. A. Land, of Hamilton, Ontario, and by the authority

an original service of installation, and reverted as far as possible to ancient forms

and usages.

:

276

NON-MASONIC ORDERS OF MALTA, IN THE UNITED STATES

Knight of Justice. The Red Cross, which was retained, is declared to be that supposed to have been founded by the Emperor Con(See Order of the Red Cross and ter General, at its convocation in 1881, stantine. Accordingly, at the accordingly declared its independence, and Knights of Rome.) based its ritual upon the practices of an- annual convocation of the governing body
Scotland in Parent Imperial The promptly objected to this action by the governing body in America, and the Chaptiquitv.

Through

this reformation a

schism
of

at Albany, in

1878," the following degrees
:

arose which resulted in

the formation, at

were

Philadelphia, of a

Grand Commandery

Ancient and Illustrious Black Knights of
Malta.

The Scarlet,* Mark,f Builder, White, Master Blueman Blue,f Green, f Gold, and Knight of the Green.*
expunged
It

The

latter body, at its inception,

should be explained that the degrees

was composed of or controlled by men of dropped by the Chapter General of America Orange proclivities, and, after some delay, in 1878 had not always been conferred by was supported by the Imperial Parent, the Imperial Parent. At least three of them which was a violation of the charter granted were introduced after 1854, and nearly all
latter jurisdiction over

have been shifted about with an occasional In an Imperial Parent change in title. When introduced here, this Order of ''Guide Book" of 1854 we find the folMalta presented twelve degrees, as follows: lowing list of colors worn in the several
the Chapter General of America, giving the

America.

1. 2.

Knight
Scarlet.

of Malta.

7.

White.
Green.
Gold.

degrees
1.

8.

3.

Black.

9.

2.

4. 5. 6.

Mark.
Blue.

10.

Knights of Green.
Priestly Pass.

*3.
4.

11.
12.

Blueman Master Builder.

Red

Cross.

*5.
:1:6.

From

this,

and by a reference

to

the
XT.
J8.
:J:9.

extended sketch of the ancient Order of Knights of St. John, of Jerusalem, Rhodes,
Malta,
etc., it will

Knights of Malta, a jet-black |-inch ribbon. Sir Knight Companion, narrow black ribbon. Knight of the Bell, ^-inch scarlet ribbon. Priestly Pass, narrow black ribbon, white edge. Princely Order, narrow gold ribbon. Star and Scimitar, narrow dark-blue ribbon. Sublime Architect, narrow light-blue ribbon. Knight of Israel, narrow white ribbon. Sword and Covenant, narrow dark-green ribbon.

be seen that the Imperial

Parent, Grand Black

Encampment

of the

Universe, situated at Glasgow, introduced into Canada and the United States nine more degrees or ceremonies than the ancient Order of Malta possessed.
ful investigation

In a certificate issued to Thomas Coveney Knowles, November 7, 1856, and 1858, the
list is
1.

as follows:

Knight of Malta.

After care-

body
itself

by the original governing America, 1878, the latter believed still in possession of three ceremonies
in

corresponding to the three ancient ones and denied that the ancient Order could at any time ever have conferred degrees with

names

like those conferred in

Orange and
Order of Black

Masonic

bodies.

The

Priestly Pass was a
of the old

modern representation
Priesthood
degree,
or

Chaplains and

the

Hospitalers,

the Order of Servants-at-Arms or commemoratiog St. John the

Baptist, the ancient patron of the Order;

and the Order of Malta, of course, was the

ORDER KNIGHTS OF FRIENDSHIP
In
a certificate
28,
:

277
of

issued to

James Patten,
is

that the
cient

Grand Commandery
Illustrious
in

the

Anof

November
given thus
1.

1863,

the

arrangement

and

Order,
its rite

Knights

Malta, incorporated
C.

the square

and compass, trowel, and other emblems even more distinctively Masonic; names of 8. 3. Royal Black. degrees suggesting the Masonic Mark Master *9. f4. Royal Mark. and Master Mason; and in its College of fo. Royal Blue. Ancients, emblems, words, and mottoes of The degrees worked in 1874 and retained the Ancient and Accepted Scottish ^lasonic by the Philadelphia Ancient and Illustrious Eite. Order of Ho.spitalers. See Knights Order of Malta, are as follows of St, John of Jerusalem, Rhodes, Malta, etc. *7. Royal Gold. 1. Knight of Malta. Order Kniffht.s of Friendship. *2. Royal Scarlet. 8. Royal Green. Founded by Mark G. Kerr, M.D., at Phila9. Royal White. 3. Royal Black.
*2.

Knight of Malta. Royal Scarlet.

7.

Old Blue. Royal White. Royal (irccn. Royal CJold.

:

—

—

f4.
fo. \G.

based on and knowledge, which 12. Red Cross. ter Builder. aims to inculcate good will among all manthree degrees there are kind and establish peace and friendship In the last group not certified to by the Imperial Parent in throughout the world. It differs from the certificate to Thomas C. Knowles, but, most modern fraternities in that it is not comparing with the foregoing, the Masonic organized primarily for the payment of The Order was a prostudent may identify the interpolated de- pecuniary benefits.
cial,

Royal :Mark. Royal Blue. Royal Blueman Mas-

10.

Knights
Green.

of

the

delphia, Pa.,

in 1859.

A

benevolent, so-

and

patri(jtic secret society,

11.

Priestly Pass.

charit}-, friendship,

grees.

ject of Dr. Kerr's as early as 1857, details
ritualistic

system of the revived English Language, that presided over to-day by the Prince of Wales, consists of twelve sec1. Turcopolier tions or grades, as follows

The

of

which he had well-nigh completed one
In January, 1859, Harmony 1, was organized at Phila-

year later.
delphia.
to the

Chamber, No.

:

Practically all the

members went
the society

(now vacant);
Bailiff

2.

The Lord
;

Prior;
4.

of

Eagle (Aquila);

The The Com3.
;

war

at the outbreak of the rebellion,

so that five or six years later

mander

of

Hanley Castle
;

5.

Chevaliers,
7.

had

to

be revived.

Its

growth was never

and his followers strivand sincere rather than 10. 9. Esquires many members. Only those men who be8. Chevaliers of Grace Honorary Associates; 11. Donats, and 12. lieve in a Supreme Being, " whose huServing Brethren. Excluding Nos. 1, 2, 3, manity prompts them to endeavor to aland 4, which are official positions; No. 7, leviate the suffering to cheer the weary the Ladies' Class; No. 8, a class adjunctive and heavy laden, and to perform deeds of to the Knights of Justice; No. 10, a modern justice, friendship, and benevolence," are The ritualistic invention; and No. 11, a sub-order of the invited to membership. ancient body, there are left the three work includes three degrees, the first, or the second, or Knight ancient orders or grades of rank, Knights Knight Junior of Justice, Chaplains, and Serving Brethren, Bachelor, and the third, or Knight Errant
or Knights of Justice
6.

Chaplains

rapid, the founder

Dames, Chevaliers, or Ladies
;

of Justice
;

;

ing to

make

active

;

as used

by the Chapter General of the United States. In conclusion, it is only necessary to add
Derived from
f

dosrree.

Order now
a

After a number of vicissitudes, the finds itself growing slowly with
of about 4,000 in Pennsyl-

membership

the Orange Institution,

vania and

New

Jersey.

Its

single insuris

See note

J

on page 276.

ance feature, one of recent creation,

a

278

ORDER OF SCOTTISH CLANS

funeral benefit fund.

June

The founder died or 1250 respectively, according to the class and was buried at Norris- of deceased's membership, shall be paid to Dr. Kerr is reported to have the beneficiary or beneficiaries (3) to estabtown, Pa. of advanced degree and lish a fund for the relief of sick memFreemason been a The emblems of bers, and (4) to cultivate fond recollecas well. Fellow Odd an the Knights of Friendship include the tions of Scotland, its customs and amuse19, 1883,
;

triangle inscribed in a circle, a pot, the

and arrows, and the crossed swords. Order of Scottish Claus. This is the largest of any of the organizations of Scotchmen and their descendants in AmerIt was founded in St. Louis, Mo., ica. November 30, 1878, by James McCash, Dougal Crawford, John Beattie, John Bruce, John D. Cruickshank, George Bain, Eobert R. Scott, William Morrison, Peter C. Peterkin, Neil Stewart, and others. Most of the founders were members of the Masonic fraternity and high in its councils.

bow ments. One
Order

of
is

the recognized emblems of the
Lacessit."

—

the Scotch thistle, with the motto,

''Nemo Me Impune
the cross of St.
a thistle,

The
its

seal

of the Royal Clan contains as a centrepiece

Andrew and

in

quarters

with the motto already described,

a shield containing a lion rampant, a heart

representing the heart of

The

organization of the Order of Scottisli Clans was not the result of schism or dissatisfaction with any existing organization. Previous to its founding there had been a

King Robert the Bruce and a representation of the crown of The Order has ninety-six active the Bruce. Clans, eighty-nine of which are in theUnited The memberStates and seven in Canada. It ship, January 1, 1897, was over 4,000. consists of a Royal Clan, which is the highGrand Clans, which est governing body
;

number

of other Scotch

organizations in
of to

and Canada, some them holding games, and others formed
the United
States

have jurisdiction only in the States or provinces in which they exist, and suborThe Royal Clan dinate or local clans.

give entertainments to perpetuate the
ories of Scotland;

mem-

but the founders, while
all

recognizing the merits of these societies,
felt that

meets once in every two years. Women are It has paid not admitted to membership. out more than $600,000 since its institution to widows and orphans and other beneficiaries of

an organization possessing

the

deceased members.
l)y

Sick benefits
for thirteen

essential features of those in existence,

but

are controlled

the local clans, the average

having in addition a proviso by which its members would receive a certain amount per week in tlie event of sickness and their beneficiaries a certain sum on the death of a member, would fill a long-felt want among From this the Order of their countrymen. Its object (1) Scottish Clans was formed. is to unite Scotsmen, sons of Scotsmen and their descendants, of good moral character and possessed of reputable means of support,

amount paid being $5 per week

weeks' sickness in any one year.

Members

when
to the

sick receive

the services of a physi-

cian at the cost of the clans.

In addition bequeathment by the Royal Clan, there have been fully $130,000 paid in sick benefits since the Order was

amount paid

in

founded.

The

organization

is

in a flourish-

ing financial condition.

by Scotchmen

as

looked upon one of the most reliable
It is

ing

and not exceed- institutions of its kind in the country. The provide and Royal Order of Scotland, founded on inciestablish a 1)equeathment fund, from which, dents in the life and times of Robert Bruce, on the satisfactory evidence of the death to which Royal Arch Masons alone are of a member in good standing, who has eligible, is not known to have suggested the The complied with all its lawful requirements, modern Order of Scottish Clans. the part on is based in the Clans ritual of sum not exceeding a $2,000, 11,000, 1500,

who

are over eighteen
;

fifty

years of age

(2) to

PYTHIAN SISTERHOOD
attempt of the Danes to surprise and capture the Castle Slauesand their subsequent defeat

279

martyrdom of St. George, and the ceremonial of initiation invests the newly made

at Largs and commemorates tiie battle of IJau- brother with a language of words, signs, and nockbuni. It was written by Rev. D. M. Wil- grips which enables him to travel and make son, at that time aresideut of Quincy, Mass. himself known as a Son of St. George wherOrder, Sons ofSt. Georse. A fraternal ever the Order is found. The emblem of the secret society composed of Englishmen, their Society is the coiiventional representation sons and grandsons, wherever born, those of St. George and the dragon. There is an organization of women relabetween eighteen and fifty years of age being eligible to beneficiary membership, tives of Sons of St. George under the title entitled to sick and funeral benefits, and Daughters of St. George, but it has never those more than fifty years old to honorary been officially recognized by the Sui)reiiie membership. It was instituted at Scranton, Lodge of the Sons of St. George. The aims Pa., in 18T1, and, as the writer is informed, of the Daughters are to parallel the work had its origin in the banding together of of alleviating distress performed by their Englishmen to resist the outrages perpetrated fathers, husbands, and sons. It is likely by the '• Molly Maguires *' in the anthracite that their organization will some day be

—

coal regions of Pennsylvania

from 1865

to

formally attached to the Sons of St. George.

Ordor of the World. Organized at which thus came into existence after Wheeling, W. Va., March 7, 1893, and inthe close of the Civil "War took permanent corporated under the laws of that State a shape in 1871, as the Order, Sons of St. secret fraternity designed to advance the George and, since that date, has spread social and moral condition of members, to throughout the United States, the Dominion aid them in securing emidoyment, assist in of Canada and the Hawaiian Islands, num- caring for the sick and disabled, to bury the bering about 35,000 members, descendants dead, and provide for widows and orphans The of deceased members. It has no beneficiary of natives of ''the mother land.'' features, but members of the Order are inSupreme Being, Order requires a belief in a reverence for the Holy Bible, and urges on sured in the World Mutual Benefit Associamembers loyalty to the land of their adop- tion. (See the latter.) The membership of It has a system of sick benefits vary- the Order of the World is about 1G,000. tion. Oriental Order of Hiiinility. Said to ing according to the location of the Lodge, or inclinations of members, from 81 to $5 be " in vogue in nearly all large cities,"' alThe annual dues are §6. Many though little trace is found of it in the newsper week. Lodges also provide a physician and medicine papers. It is also said to have been called
1870.

(See Molly Maguires.)

The

organiza-

—

tion

;

—

for sick

members. On the death of a member
less

the Oriental
ui)on

a funeral benefit is paid to his wife or heirs,
in

the

Haymakers when King of Persia."

''

conferred
that

The most
it is

no case

than ^30, and in some Lodges

striking information concerning

There is also a funeral benefit at the death of a member's wife, the amount of which is generally one-half that Each paid on the death of a member. Lodge maintains a benevolent fund for the assistance of brethren and of any worthy Englishmen in distress.
as high as
fi-lOO.

the penalty for disobedience at the sessions
is to

be ''executed at once," as "the deco-

rum of meetings must be enforced.'' Pythiau Sisterhood. Encouraged by her husband, a member of the Knights of Pythias. Mrs. Alva A. Young wrote the

—

ritual of

tlie

Total benefits paid since 1871 amount to about «!500,000. The ritual, as might be
inferred,
is

Mrs.

Young

states,

Pythian Sisterhood, and, as was granted permission

by the Grand Lodge of the Knights of
Pvthias at Cincinnati, 0., in 1888, to use

founded on the

history

and

—
RATHBONE SISTERS OF THE WORLD
titles of

280

Knights of Pythias, at Cin"granted iiermission to session of the Supreme Lodge the Hill the wives, mothers, sisters, widows, and ritual (see Knights of- Pythias) was pre- daughters of Knights of Pythias to form a sented for the fourth time, and the Su- women's organization or secret sisterhood, preme representatives of Indiana and. New and recommended the ritual" which had Hampshire are said, to 'have agreed "to been prepared, as elsewhere exj^lained by recommend the Hill ritual and partially rec- Past Chancellor J. A." Hill of Indiana. It ognize the (Pythian) Sisterhood.*' But the was expressly understood that in granting organization preferred its own ritual, and this permission the Supreme Lodge was not the first Assembly of the Pythian Sisterhood to be responsible for any of the transactions was organized at Concord, N. H., February of the women's organization, financially or Under this the first Temjole of 22, 1888, by Mrs. Young and ten other otherwise. women, relatives of Knights of Pythias, the Pythian Sisters of the World was instituted titles of the various officials being identical at Warsaw, Ind., October 23, 1888, by J. H. with those in use by the Knights of Pythias. Hill, "Founder of the Order," a little more Mrs. Young was chosen Chancellor Com- than eight months after Mrs. Alva A. mander. Assemblies were next instituted Young and associate women relatives of at Manchester, Nashua, Farmington, and Knights of Pythias instituted the first AsOther Franklin Falls, N. H., by which a Grand sembly of the Pythian Sisterhood. Assembly was established for New Hamp- Temples were soon instituted in Indiana, shire, June 6, 1888, with the founder of Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri. There are now The Temples in nearly all the States and territhe Sisterhood as Grand Chancellor. organization soon found its way into Con- tories, and in Canada, with a total memEhode Island, Massachusetts, bership of about 30,000 Sisters and 15,000 necticut, Maine, New York, New Jersey, and Ohio, Knights, about one-third of the total memthe
in

her projected organization.

the officers in Pythian bodies At the same

Lodge

of the

cinnati, in

1888,

Grand Assemblies bership being in Indiana, Ohio, Kansas, Grand Temples exist Avere instituted in Massachusetts, Maine, Iowa, and Illinois. representatives from which in States, fifteen Ohio, New York, and New Jersey, repreconstitute Supreme officers the and Past the instituted Susentatives from which of Temple, which has charge TemSupreme April York city, in New Assembly preme 28, 1890, with Mrs. Young as Supreme ples in States, territories, and Provinces The Sisterhood has since where no Grand Temple exists and exercise Clumcellor. The Suspread to West Virginia, Iowa, Nebraska, sujireme legislative authority. Illinois, and Missouri, and is declared to be preme Temple was instituted October 10, Women relatives 1889, when the society was less than one in a flourishing condition. of Knights of Pythias, sixteen or more years year old, Mrs. I. M. Weaver of Indiana The being the first Supreme Chief, from which of age, are eligible to membership. objects of the society are to give moral and it will be inferred this Pythian women's material aid to members, educate them order did not employ the titles of officers Less socially and intellectually and assist them used in lodges of Knights of Pythias.
and within two years
in
*'

sickness

Friendship,

Love." It

motto is and teaches toleration in religion and

and

distress.

Its

Charity,

Benevolence,

than three years after it.was established, the founder, J. A. Hill, died, April 17, 1892, at
Greencastle, Ind.

obedience to law. Its ritual is declared to inspire purity of thought, peace, and good will.

selves in

In 1894 the Pythian Sisters found themdanger of losing their honorary

Ratlibone Sisters of the World. This sisterhood announces that the Supreme

members (men) inasmuch as the Supreme Lodge of Knights of Pythias had, without

ROYAL ORDER OF FORESTERS
particular reference to the Pythian Sisters,

281

society which prescribed as a requirement
of

membership a test or oath, etc., not come or remain members of any organization authorized by law, and every society comusing the word Pythian, not under the con- posed of branches or divisions, to be "untrol of the Supreme Lodge. Much as they lawful combinations or confederacies." regretted to change the name, there was no The seditious meetings act declared ceralternative and the Pythian Sisters became tain meetings of more than fifty persons
the Rathbone Sisters of the World.

declined to permit Knights of Pythias to be-

This

unlawful,

if

held without notice.

Several

auxiliary but unofficial branch of Pythianism
is

organized similarly to the Daughters of

is a branch of Odd FellowPythian Sisterhood, established at Concord, N. H., February 22, 1888, is nnique in that it recruits its membership from among women relatives of a men's secret society, but does not permit members of the latter to join. (See Knights

Rebekah, which
ship, while the

under both acts. The society of Freemasons was excepted from the operation of both acts. It is ex-

penalties could be imposed

many prominent Englishmen had been and were Freemasons that
plained that so
the legislators and others well understood

the remoteness of anything like a political conspiracy being hatched or fostered in
British

of Pythias.)

Masonic Lodges. From 1780 to 1832 political disturbances in the United

Royal Black Association, Knights of Malta. See Non-Masonic Orders of Malta in the United States. Royal Order of Foresters. The date

—

Kingdom resulted in friction between the government and the masses of the people. Almost every combination of the latter,
particularly
if

—

at

all secret

in character,

of the formation

of

the
of

(English) Royal
beneficiary
at

Foresters, the
societies

mother

modern
is

of

Foresters,

placed

1790.

no evidence that the society of Royal Foresters descended from the numerous preexisting, but extinct, societies of foresters which had been instituted throughout England almost '-from time immemorial." The latter had been either

There

is

convivial clubs or foresters, in fact.

The

Royal Foresters, though still largely convivial in its tendencies, had evidently patterned after the United or Loyal Order of Odd Fellows, as that society was variously known at the close of the last century, by providing for fixed contributions for the relief of sick and needy members. English Freemasons also organized their charities more than a century ago on a basis of fixed mutual assessments, but for a brief period cieties. Some of the results of this method only. Late in the eighteenth century it of jiromotiug Orange gatherings in spite of became difficult for all British secret the authorities are referred to elsewhere.* affiliated societies, except the Freemasons, * See Loyal Order of Orangemen, Knights of to maintain an existence, because of fears St. John and Malta, the Ancient and Illustrious of conspiracy against the government. The Order of Knights of Malta, and Non-Masonic corresponding societies act declared every Orders of Malta.

seemed to suggest treason. An article in the Leeds "Express," 1879 or 1880, says that in only two instances was the loyalty of members of any of these societies ever impugned, and mentions two now extinct orders of Odd Fellows. The Grand United, Imperial, and the Ancient Independent, and the present Nottingham Ancient Imperial Order of Odd Fellows '^ kept no documents in those troublous times, in order that nothing could be used against any of the members in case of arrest." Lodges of the Loyal Order of Orangemen in some instances late in the closing decade of the last century, met in Masonic lodge rooms after Masonic lodges had closed, under cover of " borrowed Masonic charters," many Freemasons, jiresumably, having been members of both so-

)

—

282

ROYAL SHEPHERDS
a state of affairs in

With

England from

to

1834 discontent had shown

itself at

the

1790 to 1825 well calculated to foster distrust, suspicion, and antagonism between
the
classes

"desjiotic

power" and

i^rivileges

granted

the principal officer of the Order in the

and the masses, the reason is general laws, and at the retention of the plain why modern Royal Foresters main- sole governing power and authority "over tained a very precarious existence during the whole Order forever " by Court No. 1. It was not until 1825-30 that This ripened into revolution, and at a conthat period. the dominance of the convivial side in vention at Rochdale, England, August 4, beneficiary secret societies began to dis- 5, and 6, 1834, the first schism in the appear, although the fight against it was Order resulted in the formation of the Anconspicuous from 1800 to 1830, not only cient Order of Foresters. Within a few among Freemasons and Odd Fellows, but years nearly all the Courts of Royal ForForesters Court esters had joined the new Order. in the Royal Foresters. (See No. 1, at Leeds, is said to have had only Ancient Order of Foresters, and Foresters of
eighty

members

in 1800.

By

1813, accord-

America.

ing to one chronicler, only 207 persons had
joined the Royal Foresters since 1790.
It

Royal
(English)

Slieplierds.

— Earlier

title of

the

was at the former date that a dispensation was granted Court No. 2 at Knaresborough, since which time the extension and growth
of the society at large are matters of record.

Ancient Order of Shepherds, now a branch of the Foresters of America.
(See the latter.)

Sons and Daughters of Israel. Founded at Nashville, in 1887, to pay from
$2 to $5 weekly sick benefits and 130 funeral
benefits.

By 1815

four courts had been opened, but
1

had the power and claimed the authorit}', and therefore proceeded to organize its then past and present Chief Rangers into a Supreme Court, wJiich was T. B. Lister was elected to meet quarterly. Most Worthy Supreme Chief Ranger. It is not clear when the Forestic ceremonies of initiation were changed so as to harmonize with the traditions of ancient forestry, those clinging to Robin Hood. The
Court No.
statement has been made that earlier Forestic ceremonies of initiation were intended
to be "quite terrifying," being
'^

Not known to exist to-day. Sous of Adaui. Organized at Parsons,

—

Kan., in the summer of 1879, byj^rominent
business and professional
leaders

men

of that city, of the

among whom were members

Masonic fraternity. A reference to the account of the earlier and more playful
portion of the career of the

Ku Klux Klan
It

and

to the

sketch of the Sons of Malta will

fairly indicate its raison cl'Sfre.

had a

brief but eventful career.

modelled

and Odd Fellows." As a ritual was adopted in January, 1816, it is probable that Robin Hood, Little John, Friar Tuck, and the rest were then emphasized more than they had The monopoly of modern Forestry been. by the Royal Foresters continued from 1813 or 1815, when the Supreme Court was formed, until 1834. During this period rajiid progress was made, 358 courts being opened, 88 in 1833 alone, one Court Good Speed, No. 201 at Philadelphia, in 1832, the first in the United States. Prior
after

those of the Freemasons

Sous of Heriuauu (Der Orden der Hermann's Soehne). Founded in New York city by Dr. Philij) Merkel, George Heiner,

—

John

Blatz, A. Auer, R.

Schivendel,

W.

and Philip Hermann, to foster German customs and the spread of benevolence among Germans in the United States. The ancient Teuton warrior Hermann was chosen as a type of German manhood, and legends of the society were made to conform with the traditions respecting Hermann and his band of followers. An acKohler,

—

—

count of the society, published *
* St.

in

1896,

Paul Morning

Call.

SONS OF
credits the original organization, of

HERMANN
All iiRMi arc
;

283

what

afterwards became the Sons of Hermann,
to the resentment at
of

attacks on

themselves

German-Americans and others of
who,
between

(>r|ual all are imbued with one denamely, to reach that goal which betters bodily and spiritual existence. It is the duty of every man to provide not only for himself, but also to promote

sire,

the welfare of his fellow being, because in the con-

foreign

descent

by

those

summate happiness
equal share.

of all every one
tliat this

1835 and 1855, drew the jiolitical issues of the day along race and religious lines and
finally

In order

must have an grand and worthy

became united
185'i.

in the

ing Party, in

(See

Know NothKnow Nothing
American
referred to con-

work may be duly furthered, shall we grasp one another with a brotherly hand and create this Imnd
of friendship
?

As

a body

we

shall sow,

and as a
shall ad-

body
art

shall expect

a fruitful crop.

We

Party and
Mechanics.)
:

the

Order

United

The account

" These enemies of all that was tinues Teutonic had exceeded the bounds of all honor and respect, inasnuich as they even went so far as to hinder the funeral cortege of a German from proceeding on its solemn and peaceful way, and to insult those who accorded the remains the last escort/' This resulted in public meetings of Germans, at which vigorous protests were uttered. At one of the German Sections of these
gatherings the

spirit, and German we shall strive to cooperate with one anmher, lift up and support our brethren. We, as a body, shall surround one and the one shall encircle us
;

vance German customs, German

all.

This

is

to be oin-

fundamental platform.

We

upon ourselves as one family, and keep sacred the bonds of a family.
shall look

The symbolic
black,
lilained
red,
in
:

colors

of

the

Order are
of

and
Mr.

gold, which

are thus ex-

Kastor's

sketch
colors

the

" Together, the symbol of German unity.
society

are

the

Black

typifies

name for the new society darkness, the outgrowth of ignorance, Above this suggested itself when one of the speakers prejudice, and indifference. remarked: ''We again need a Hermann the Order places the red, which signifies under whose mighty guidance we may be light and enlightenment spread by German enabled to trample upon our enemies. The culture and German spirit. The gold is emblematic of true freedom, which man fraternity recognizes that ignorance new
'"

and vice are the worst enemies of humanity, and follows in the footsteps of the Freemasons, Odd Fellows, Druids, Foresters and others in their work of relieving the needy and sick among their members, burying their dead, and caring for widows and orphans. Grand ex-President H. W. Kastor, St. Louis, has explained that the Order exists only on American soil, *' some of its more important features being such as to exclude it from any country but a repubIt confers no degrees only memberlic." ship in which the high and lowly are on the same level, " as followers of the deliverer of

through knowledge and labor.'" * was not until October C, 1852, at Chicago, practically the period at which the great Know Nothing Party took its rise,
arrives at
It

that the eighth
of the National

Section or lodge of the

Order was established.

The first session Grand Lodge of Sons of

Hermann, which meets every four years, was held at Rochester, N. Y., in 1857. In 1896 there was a total membership of 00,000, with Grand Lodges in Califoraia, Connecticut, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, There is also a the old Teuton tribes."' It was not until Texas, and Washington. 1848, eight years after it was founded, after large niembershi]) scattered through fifteen five sections had been formed at New York, other States. that it began to spread, when a section was Women relatives of members of the Order established at Milwaukee. In that year, have been grouped in Lodges of Daughters

—

also, resolutions

were adopted substantially
*St. Louis Globe Democrat, in 1896.

as follows

:

)

—
SONS OF IDLE REST

284
of

a social and beneficiary Tlie shooting-the-chute feature of initiasame manner that so many tion was seldom omitted, and one Council at members of other fraternal orders interest Boston constructed a winding affair of that their mothers, wives, sisters, and daughters, nature which started the neophytes on the without making them members of identi- third floor and landed them in the basement. Life and limb were frequently endangered, cally the same Lodges. Sons of Idle Rest. Organized four or and hundreds of men were induced to Join five years ago by promiiient members of who never went back again while thouthe Benevolent and Protective Order of sands of others returned to " get even " by None but Elks are eligible. Its helping to j^ut the next fellow " through.^' Elks.
as
auxiliary, in the

Hermann,

—

;

objdts are largely recreative and for the
elaboration of

It should be added that at some of the "side" degree ceremonial, larger cities Councils frequently had conbut its place seems more than likely to be siderable money on hand after initiating a taken by the rapidly growing dramatic class of candidates, and in such instances Order of Knights of Khorassen. (See the made liberal donations to worthy cliarities.
latter.

Sons of Malta.

— Organized

When
in the

the available material at a given city

South

or town was exhausted, Councils of the Sons
of Malta naturally

before the Civil War, at a time when the country had been overrun by scores of patriotic, political

became dormant and

ulti-

mately died out.
scarce.

Existing only to initiate,

and other

secret societies,
fall

they became extinct

when candidates were

prior
of the

to.

during, and after the rise and

Hundreds
able to

of elderly business
recall

men

Know Nothing

Party, as an ironical

against doing the business of the country and attending to the every-day affairs of life by means of secret societies.
protest

how, forty-odd years ago, they joined the Sons of Malta,
to-day are

and,
ful
in.

if

they feel disposed, can describe the
disgrace-

ingeniously humorous yet often

Malta soon became conspicuous at New Orleans, whence it was taken to Boston by E. L. Davenport and John Brougham. It afterwards spread to many
of

The Sons

antics they were compelled to indulge

The

society did not survive the Civil

War. " S. P. K."

— The

title of

a

now unknown

other of the larger cities of the country.
It

was the

first

secret society in the

States to exhaust ingenuity

expense in initiating
fact, that

United and stop at no candidates in a manit.

which was written by the founder of the Knights of Pythias.
secret society the ritual of

(See the latter.)

ner to insure their never forgetting
orate

In

The Orientals. A detached degree or ceremonial formerly conferred on Knights
of Pythias.

—

was scheme

all

there was to
excite

it,

an elab-

(See Ancient Order of Sanhe-

to

the

interest

and drims.)

United Ancient Order of Druids. them whereupon they would find the In 1781 thirty-six years after Odd Fellows initiation ceremony something well calcu- clubs or lodges made their appearance in lated to imjDress the novitiate. In some England, the modern Ancient Order of instances, after being put through outra- Druids was founded at London. It jjaralgeous cross-examinations as to their private, leled the United or Loyal Order of Odd business, or other affairs, and a tantalizing, Fellows, as the latter was variously called,
curiosity of reputable citizens, to get
to

join,

often terrifying circumambulation,
dates

candi-

rather than

the Freemasons,

in

that

its

would be placed in a large basket and avowed purpose was to relieve sickness and hauled up to the ceiling to rest there while distress among its members by means of the remaining members partook of an elab- stated contributions. It promptly took orate banquet beneath. on the character of a secret order founded

UNITED ANCIENT ORDER OF DRUIDS
for fraternal

385

and benevolent purposes,
its

al-

though
its

in the earlier portion of

career

meetings were characterized, as were meetings of Freemasons and Odd Fellows

from the fact that while Druid ism was at one time almost exclusively British, it had been traced across tbe continent to the far East. It would have been sur])rising, however, if
the earlier fabricators
secret societies
proni])tly adojjted

of that period, by

more of the convivial

in

of

ceremonials for
of

the

way

of entertainment than they have

had not stumbled upon and
the wealth

been for the past seventy or eighty years. Like the Odd Fellows and Foresters, too, the latter dating from about 1790, the Druids suffered from the operation of Englisli laws late in the last and early in the present century, which aimed to repress secret societies, other than the Freemasons, on the supposition that such organizations
covered seditious or treasonable designs, or
that they might furnish opportunities for

material
lore.

offered

in

the storehouse of Druidic
before

The Freemasons had,
of sacred history

the

close of

the last century, ranged the whole course

and the Odd Fellows followed them. Something essentially different, yet pointing to virtue and morality, was
sure to be wanted, and the

modern Druids found it in accounts of the mystical rites and the teachings of the Druidic priesthood.

the same.*

In view of what

is

the retarded growth of English

known of Odd Fellou-

In ancient Gaul the Druids were the

re-

ship and of the (English) Ancient Order
of Foresters late in the last century in this one,
it is

ligious guides of the people, the chief ex-

and early pounders and guardians of the law, and had the power to inflict i)enalties, the mo.'st Order of Druids was able to increase in feared being that of excommunication. As membership materially during the period membership in the Druidic ])riesthood was The Ancient Order of Fores- not hereditary, and as it carried with it referred to. ters is conspicuous in that it was the first exemption from military duty and the of the great benevolent assessment secret payment of taxes, it was the object of the orders to found its ritual and ceremonies on ambition of young men, notwithstanding history and tradition belonging exclusively the novice had to go through a course of to the country of its birth, but more particu- twenty years' training. Druidism taught larly in that such legends and history were the immortality and the transmigration of of a character which recommended them the soul but whether it received the latstrongly to the sympathies of the masses as ter doctrine from Pytliagoras, whether Pydistinguished from the classes to wit the thagoras received it from the Druids, or stories of Robin Hood and his merrie men. whether they obtained it from a common In the United States a parallel is found in source, investigators are not agreed. In the Improved Order of Red Men, the rites England it was the custom to hold a genand ceremonies of which are based on the oral Druidic assembly once a year, at which history, manners and customs of the Ameri- human sacrifices were a feature, in which,
unlikely that the Ancient
;

—

:

can Indians. The Ancient Order of Druids, while it preceded the Foresters by nearly a decade, and while utilizing Druidic history

according to
nica,"

tiie

"Encyclopaedia Britanwere
generally
utilized.

criminals

The

chief deity was the

Mercury of the

Romans, but, as already indicated, there was some connection between the Druidic novitiates a legend so peculiarly attractive philosophy and that of Pythagoras. The as that of the Foresters a few years later, mistletoe was held in the highest venera* See Odd Fellowship, Foresters of America, tion and groves of oak were the chosen Whatever grew on the oak was a Ancient Order of Foresters, and Loyal Orange retreats. gift from Heaven, and some have inferred Institution.
for its spectacular background, could hardly be said to have offered to

and tradition

28G

UNITED ANCIENT ORDER OF DRUID8
which
is

that the mistletoe clinging Jibout the oak

held in great veneration by the

represented

man

in

his best endeavors to

natives,

the "rock of purification."
it is

A
Brit-

and morality There by his adherence to divine precepts. was, of course, much of what has been classified as magic and sorcery in Druidic Snakes' eggs constituted a most rites. potent charm, and Irish and Scotch Druids
attain the heights of

virtue

passage through

from

all

considered to absolve sin the person passing. In many

parts of France,

Germany, and Great
be found.

ain ruins of Druidic temple? and sacrificial
altars

may

still

The Druids

attained their greatest influence in Britain

in particular were believed to be sorcerers,

owing
early

to
felt

which followers of Christianity
obliged
to

claim

supernatural

powers
of the

in order to counteract the influence

during the last century before Christ, and it continued for a half century thereafter. During the reign of Nero, about 60 A.D., the Britons, headed by Queen Boadicea,
rebelled

of the Druids.

The

circle

was the symbol

against

the

Eoman

authority.

Supreme Being, and the serpent of General Suetonius Paulinus defeated the They were expert in me- Britons and visited summary punishment the Divine Son. chanics, as is shown by the remarkable upon the Druids, whom he believed had
architectural remains of their temples in
incited the revolt.

The Druids

retired to

England and Wales, in Asia and elsewhere. The cromlechs and dolmens still in existence retain the circular form with which they surrounded the ancient groves which formed the scene of their strange rites and ceremonies. As may be inferred, the Druids were intellectually the dominant They were formed into class of their time.
unions in accordance with the precepts of Pythagoras, and their priesthood is said to
have
rivalled
later

the Island of
of Wales.

Mona (Anglesea),
of

off

the coast

Seventeen years

after, Agricola,

Eoman Governor

Britain,

became

in-

censed at the action of the Druids in slaying a soldier sent to spy out their secrets,

conquered the island, cut down the sacred
groves and destroyed their temples.
of the

Those

Druids who escaped withdrew to the Island of lona. Their people were converted to Christianity four centuries later.

hierarchies

in

their

and learning and their influence over their countrymen. Some of those who have made a study of the subject think the decline of ancient Druidism was owing to the lack of charity and love in its teachings, the features which were supplied by Christianity; but they claim for it the credit of having preserved in western
of ritual

pomp

Europe the idea of the unity of Grod. Christmas, Epiphany, and Hallowe'en are declared
to

and traditions of founded the fraternal secret society known as the United Ancient Order of Druids. Its forms of initiation and of conferring degrees are declared to be recitals and reminders of the integrity, simplicity, and morality of the ancient Druids. The immediate successors of the Ancient Order of Druids, like the earlier Odd Fellows and Foresters, made vigorous
the
precepts
is

Upon

ancient Druidism

claims as to the antiquity of their organization,

have

been

originally

Druidic

even taking

it

back in regular
back

line to

holidays.

the time of Noah.
j)riesthood

As the ancient Druidic
through
it

Altars used by the Druids of to-day are

ranges
to

conti-

a representation of the Druidic cromlech
or

nental Europe

dolmen, and consist either

of

three

simple

matter to

was a trace the Druids from
Asia Minor,

upon the other two, or Gomer, Magog, Madia, Javan, Tubal, Meone large stone with an opening through it. shech, and Tiras, after Japhet, across The Oonstantine dolmen, in Cornwall, Europe, to the United Kingdom, leaving it England, weighs 750 tons. There is a to the imagination of the novitiate to find single rock at Bombay, in the East Indies, the connecting link between the victims of
stones, one resting

.

UNITED ANCIENT ORDER OF DRUIDS
the Roman C'oiu{Ucrors of Britain and the Ancient Order of Druids of 1781. But in late years tliis theor}' has been abandoned. The Ancient Order of Druids ultimately resolved itself into both the Ancient Order and the Loyal Order, as did the United Order of Odd Fellows into the United Order and afterward into the Loyal Order, during the troublous period of from 1780 to 1820. From the first Druidic order arose the United Ancient Order, and from that, in 1858, a faction seceded, and called itself the Order of Druids. The ceremonial of the United Ancient Order is far more elaborate than tluit of the youngest branch, and it is in the older branch that the American United Ancient Order finds its origin, leaving the tliree remaining Orders
of Druids, the Ancient, the Loyal, and. the

287

Supreme Grove of the United States, State Grand Groves, and subordinate Groves. The Supreme Grove of the United States is
the head of the Order, in full union with the Order in England, Australia, and Ger-

many, " with full power to make laws for the government of itself and State Grand and subordinate Groves.'' Grand Groves have charge of the Order
within their respective jurisdictions, subject
to the laws of the Supreme Grove, and are composed of representatives elected by the subordinate Groves of a State. The title Noble Grand Arch, referring to the presiding officer of a Grand Grove, suggests the in-

fluence of

Odd Fellowship

in the building

Order

of Druids, in

England.

In the United
as

States the United Ancient Order,

may

be inferred,
ficiary

is

a moral, social, and beneIt exists in
is

assessment secret society.

twenty-three States of the Union, and
afiBliated

with the Order in England, Ire-

land, and Scotland, in the British Colonies,
in

Australia,

and Germany.

It seeks to

unite men, irrespective of nation, tongue, or

mutual protection and improveand materially, by counsel, lessons and by encouragement in
creed, for

ment

;

to assist socially

business, to foster
si)irit

among

its

members the

of

fraternity and good fellowship;

also,

by a system of dues and benefits, to
dead, and the proits

Druid ism, the Noble Grand being the chief officer in a Lodge of Odd Fellows, and the fact that permission may be granted to confer the three degrees and to "make Druids at sight 'Mn order to facilitate the formation of Groves where there are no members of the Order, points to Freemasons having lent a hand at laying the foundations of modern Druid ism. To jn'omote the prosperity of the Order and cultivate the perfection of its members, Druidic Chapters liave been organized. All members of the Order in good standing who have attained the third degree are eligible, and in order to provide women relatives an opportunity to 2)articii)ate in the work of benevolence. Circles have been established to which Druids in good standing and all
of

up

provide for the relief of the sick and destitute, the burial of the

acceptable
eligible.

women eigiiteen years of age are The Order of Druids specifically
less

tection of the

widows and orphans of
Applicants for

provides for the living while sick and afflicted,

deceased members.
bership must be

mem-

by paying benefits of not

than

men

of the age of eighteen

three dollars per week.

It protects a

memis

years and upwards, of sound bodily health

ber and his family from want while he

and good moral character. The name Grove is used by this Order in the same sense as lodge in others, and signifies a subordinate body, chartered by

unable to provide for himself or them. It cares for the widow and orphans of a deceased member, and it provides a funeral
takes advanced ground embodies the C(|aalization feature in handling its sick and funeral benefits. By this it spreads its assessments or dues from districts where in excess of requirements
benefit.

The Order

Grand Grove, corresponding to a Grand Lodge. Its form of government closely rea

in tliat

it

sembles that of various Orders of

Odd

Fel-

lows and of Foresters, being vested in the

28S

INITEI)

BHOTHERS OF FRIENDSHIP AND SISTERS OF THE MYSTERIOUS TEN
William N. Hazleton, Wallace Jones, W. H. Lawson, Benjamin Carter, Charles Coates,
B. Morgan, col-

over territory where the paucity of membership leaves the payments under an average, or not

up to requirements. W. T. Lewis, and Charles The United Ancient Order was planted in ored men, free and slave, the United States at New York city in 1834, age, at Louisville, Ky.,
first

nearly
as a

all

under

benevolent

American Grove did not live was shortly after the time when the first Court of Foresters was instituted in the United States, at Philadelphia, which This was the period in also died young. which there was a noteworthy revival in interest in Freemasonry and Odd Fellowship
but the
long.
It

association, to care for the sick, bury the

dead,

etc.

Nearly

all

were pupils in day

or night schools, and, under the advice of
their teacher,

W. H.

Gibson, they reorgan-

following the depression in secret society
circles after the

anti-Masonic agitation of

1827-32.

In
1,

1839

George

Washington

In 1871 the society having been gradually extended throughout Kentucky, a Grand Lodge was formed, and in 1875, membership having spread to neighboring States, a National Grand Lodge was organized. W. H. Gibson, the first
ized the society in 1868.

State Grand Master, served five years. He and from that time the was also National Grand Master, and filled United Ancient Order of Druids in the that office for four years, distinguishing United States grew, spreading first to the his incumbency by establishing Lodges of neighboring State of New Jersey, and then United Brothers of Friendship, as the soIn 1834 a governing body ciety was then called, from the lakes to to Virginia. was formed holding allegiance to the Eng- the gulf. Temples of Sisters of the Mysterious Ten, lish Grand Grove, called the Grand Board of Directors of the United Ancient Order the women^s auxiliary, were established by of Druids of the United States of America. the National Grand Lodge at Louisville, in This afterwards became the Suj)reme Grove 1878, having been authorized two years beAmong the Ameri- fore. Prior thereto there had been unof the United States. can founders in 1839, the names of William authorized auxiliary bodies of women, H. Youngs, Charles Haywood, J. Churchill called Sistei's of Friendship. The United and James Auger are prominent. Thomas Brothers numbered about 4,000 in 1878, in Wildey, the founder of Odd Fellowship in which year, besides preparing a ritual and the United States, joined the United An- degree work for use in Temples of Sisters of cient Order of Druids in April, 1844. The the Mysterious Ten, they organized a branch approximate totals of membership of the of the order known as the Knights of United Ancient Order in 1896 were as fol- Friendship, based on the story of David and In 1893 the United Brothers In the United States, 17,000 Great Jonathan. lows Britain, 66,000 Australia, 18,000, and in of Friendship numbered 100,000 members Germany, 2,000, making the grand total in nineteen States and two territories. There were 30,000 members in Kentucky; 103,000. Some of the State jurisdictions pay en- a very large proportion in Missouri, Texas, dowment benefits based on mutual assess- and Arkansas many in Ohio, Louisiana, ments. The Order has been managed con- Iowa, Alabama, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, servatively, and, while not recording the Mississippi, West Virginia and Virginia, rapid 'growth of other similar societies, it and a fair representation in New York, Michigan, Kansas, Colorado, Washington, has increased in numbers and prosperity. United Brothers of Frieiiclsliip ami New Jersey, District of Columbia, Canada, Sisters of the Mysterious Ten. Organ- Africa, and the West Indies. The membership in 189T was practically ized August 1, 1861, by Marshall W. Taylor,

Lodge, No.

of Druids, was instituted at

New York

city,

:

;

;

;

—

WOODCHOPPERS' ASSOCIATION
unchanged.
ing
eral
it,

289
to

The
as to

rales of tlio organization
Joinj^cv-

iiad

something

do with giving
As.sooiation.

life

and

do not prohibit white people from
and,
a

color to this organization.

are said

matter of have become
of

fact,

Woodchoppors'

—A

social

members.
beneficiary

beneficiary organization, founded in Phila-

With the growth

modern

secret societies, this order has incorporated

among
sick,

its

features the
disability

payment

of death,

and

likely that the
stitute a

It seems United Brothers did not con-

benefits.

delphia, Pa., April 22, 1890, by Harry Alvin and others of Court Pliilado]i)hia, Foresters of America. A governing body was founded on March 22, 1892. The

Association
as Caljins,

has seventy branches,
its total

known

regular secret society
is

when

first

organized, and there
that
of
is

external evidence

3,500.

membership is about The organization is not formed to
and
so.

members

of the

Grand United Order

pay sick or death benefits, but each Cabin
has the option of doing
of

Odd

Fellows (which in the United States
of

composed

negro

men and women)

America are

eligible to

Only Foresters membership.

CHART SHOWING RELATIVE

SIZE OF TWENTY-FOUR SECRET SOCIETIES UNITED STATES, BASED ON REPORTS RECEIVED DURING 1807.

IN

THE

290

PATRIOTIC ORDERS

YII

THE PATRIOTIC AlsD POLITICAL ORDERS
Patriotic Orders, The. This is the term by which reference is made to patriotic and political American secret Nativism, opposition orders or societies. to the alleged designs of the Roman Catholic hierarchy on the public sciiool system in the United States, " America for Amergeneral
icans," and loyalty to country are, or have

—

being distinctly
otic, attracted

political,

as well as patriall

members from

the patri-

otic

orders of that time

— those previously

been,

characteristics

of

most

of

them.
benethe

named, as well as others which appeared between 1850 and 1854. Among the latter were the Order of the American Star, Guards of Liberty, "Wide Awakes, True Brethren, Native Sons of America, the American Knights, and one called Free and Accepted
Americans. None of these gained much headway, but each appeared in response to the then widespread political sentiment favoring tlie formation of patriotic orders of a secret character to preserve unimpaired what were, or are, regarded as American institutions, methods, and teachings. Here, then, were thirteen secret orders in 1852-53 contributing of their influence and membership to the one great political
society of that period, the
secret

A

few, however, have incorporated
features,

ficiary

such as death,
benefits.

accident,

sick

and

funeral

Among

older are

the Order

of

United American

Mechanics, Philadelphia, 1845; Patriotic Order, Sons of America, Philadelphia,
184G
;

American Protestant Association,

Pittsburg, 1849; Brotherhood of the Union,

Philadelphia, 1850, and the Junior Order, United American Mechanics, Philadelphia,
1853.
ciated
litical

The
with

oldest in this class

— that assothe

Know Nothing
are

the

" native

American " poAmericans, and until within
in 1844

party.

Of the fourteen, nine

dead,

struggle

about the middle of

the Order of United was founded at New York city maintained a nominal existence It carried marks a few years.

century

—

down with the Know Nothing party itself. The survivors are
eight having gone

the five

first

mentioned.

It

was not until

after the period of reconstruction, follow-

of the influ-

ing the Civil War, that the secret patriotic
orders again began to secure an increase of

ence of the Red
ties of

Men

political secret socie-

the earlier jiart of this and the latter
It

portion of the last century.

was due to

Order that the struggling Nothingism was nourished until it became a vigorous youth. Whether the real name of the Know Nothing party was the Supreme Order of Sons of ^76, the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, or the Order of Uncle Sam, has not, so far as known, been finally determined but those
of this

members
babe of

Know

;

have been identified with that organization by various writers and by others who
titles

membership and a revival of interest. Between 1872, in which year the Order of Native Americans was founded, and in 1895, when the Order of the Little Red School House appeared, there were established, in orders. They are, all, thirteen patriotic with dates: Order of the American Union, 1873; Crescents, 1875; Templars of Liberty, 1881; Pati-iotic League of the Revolution, 1882; Order of American Freemen, 1S84; National Order of Videttes, 1886; American
Protective Association
(''A. P. A."),

1887;
of the

participated in the political campaigns of

the American Patriot League; Loyal
of

Women

1854 and 1856.

The Know Nothing party

American Liberty, and the Order

1764

I

1834-

1834-45.

Non-Secret.

Native American parties. Anti-Roman Catholic outbreaks.

••

Know-Nothing Party, 1851-54
[It

swallowed all secret and other Native American parties of its time. ]

<£

1853 r*

VI

D

bruui-

IboO

i-j

'»^9

nfinn nnnl

Many
members
These Societies are, or were, of O. U. A. M. or Jr. O. U. A. M. parentage.
1872

of the
of such

of these societies

as survived 1887.

that

were, between year and
1896,

5
1873

Vh

< i £> c

swept into

the

American
As80»

Protective
elation, or

1881
ri '

A. P.A."
1883
18S4

1886

TSa

i
A
S
few societies
1896,

^-^ & ^

I

g

2
5

survived

notably the four

6

«=

ii

s

-c

2

^ c —
U>

which reappeared were conand
spicuou^after the

dnwnfali of
Party.

the

z

-2

—
.2

O

01

*
S

^1
o J

Enow-Nothing

o

£

a

FAMILY THEE OF

LEA1)IN(J

PATRIOTIC AND POLITICAL SKCKET SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1764 TO DATE.

—

292

AMERICAN BROTHERHOOD
and others of Baltimore, Md., Washington, D.C., at Baltimore, in 1894, as a mutual assessment, beneficiaiy, patriotic, and, to an extent, political secret
L. Wilson
of

Red, White and Blue in 1888, and the Loyal Men of American Liberty in 1890. More

and

than one-half of the orders in this
extinct, or have only a

list

arc

nominal existence.
;

The Knights of Eeciprocity, 1890 Lidian Republican League, 1893; American Knights
of Protection, 1894;

society.

Several of the original

members

Patriots

of

America

were or had been affiliated with the Junior Order of United American Mechanics and
other
patriotic

(silver propagandists),

1895, and the Silto be classed as

orders,

the

Knights

of

ver Knights of
political

America are

Pythias, Shield of Honor, Knights of the

rather than

patriotic

orders,

in

which group
of

should also be placed the

Liberty, 17G5;

Sous of
society

St.

Sons Tamina,

1771;

the

political

of

Red Men

founded

in 1813,

party of 1851-54.

and the Know Nothing There is no relationship

between any of these patriotic and political secret orders and the military orders which have a ritual and other characteristics of secret societies formed almost exclusively to perpetuate associations and friendships formed during the War of the Rebellion. These, in turn, should not be confounded with various noii-secret military or ancestral patriotic orders founded on blood relation- to protect the public school system, deship to those who participated in American fend the sanctity of the right of franchise wars prior to the civil conflict, or rela- by all possible means, and to revive and
tionship to
civilians

Golden Chain, and the National Union. sought to supplement the work of the older patriotic orders by including the economic policy of pi'otection among the principles to which its members gave adThis is shown in its preliminary herence. obligations for candidates for membership, which requires approval of the ''practical enforcement of the doctrine of protection to American interests, through tariff legislation, restriction of foreign immigration, and reciprocity, and of the purposes of the Order to su2")port purely American principles without sectionalism or sectarianism,
It

who emigrated here strengthen the
ism."

while the Republic was young, and at various periods prior thereto.
ties

American patriotmembership is optional, The continuous and both black and white may become either
spirit of

Beneficiary

chain of patriotic and political secret socie-

social

or beneficiary members.
of the order
is

The

chief

which marks the history of the American people for one hundred and thirty-three years is described at length under the titles. Sons of Liberty, and Order of United

emblem
triotism,

an eagle standing

on a pedestal, representing protection, pa-

and

prosperity,
flag.

upon which

is

hung

the American

The

ritual is said

American Mechanics.

hot to have
Organized

been

based

upon

anything

American Brotherhood. —
as a native

known

in the other secret organizations of

American

secret society at

New which

the founders were members.

York

Afterwards called Order of Unitqd Americans. Now inactive. (See Order United Americans.)
city, 1844.

American Order of United

Catholics.

— Organized at New York
1896, by

city, in

January,
Catholic

members

of the

Roman

American Protective It native American secret societies which ap- Association, or ''A. P. A.^' movement. peared between 1850 and 1856 and finally was expected by its founders that the new became absorbed by the Know Nothing order would demand assurances from local, movement. Little is known of it to-day State, and national candidates for public
Kniglits.
the
to resist the

American

— One of

many Church,

except that

it

existed.

office

that they oppose

or

disapprove
Association,

of

American Knights of Protection.
This organization was founded by Charles

the American

Protective

or

any other society which seeks to discriminate

—
AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
against

293

Eoman

Catholics as

sucli.

The

tlie loft,

a rose-covered cottage; on the pul-

was formed March 7, 1890, and the Order organized upon the usual secret society lines. The announceSui>rcme
Council

pit,

a ballot-box surmounted

Bible.

by an open This society, formed one year after

the birth of the American Protective Asso-

ment

in

daily papers of the birth of the

association was accompanied by the apj^ar-

ently insjjired

explanation, that the

time
act

had come for

Eoman

Catholics

"

to

Know Xothing organextremely secret in character, it being forbidden to reveal the total membership or names of members. Copies of
ciation, was, like the
ization,
its

together as a matter of self-i)rotection ;"

constitution and laws were restricted to

and that " the Church

is

not opposed to

the use of members.

The

ritual

and

initi-

secret societies, except those

which are oath:

atory ceremonial were foimded on American
history,

bound."

A

confidential circular set forth

particularly

that of

tlie

Revolu-

the objects of the society as follows

tionary period.
It

had a women's auxiliary, or branch, as the Daughters of Columbia, but every profession, business, and occupation to give it was optional whether members, men and all possible aid in its power to members of the organization by encouraging each other in business, women, met under that title or as the American Patriot League. By 1890 the and by assisting each otlier to obtain empk)yment to uphokl and defend tlie Catholic faith, clergy, and League had spread to Connecticut, New institutions against naturalized foreigners, who, Jersey, Pennsylvania, AVisconsin, and to aided and abetted by said class of native AmeriCalifornia, but the rapidly growing influcans, have gained great strength and power in our ence of the American Protective Associalegislatures. tion was evidently too great to withstand. Little has been learned concerning the Not long after, there appeared to be three growth of this organization. American Patriot Leagues, the i-esult eviAmerican Patriot League. Organized dently of an effort to maintain the organiat Xew York city in 1888 by Rev. S. Lan- zation locally in the face of the attraction sing Reeve, D.D., and others with Order of of available material to the American ProL^nited American Mechanics leanings, as tective Association. The Brooklyn Associaa mutual assessment, charitable, and be- tion is still in existence, and the New York nevolent, patriotic, native American secret city branch is called tlie Pro Patria Club. society. No religious test was required for The national organization apjiears to be membership. While in no sense a labor dormant, if not extinct. union, it encouraged restriction of immigraAmerican Protective As.sociatioii. tion in the interest of the American artisan Founded at Clinton, la., in 1887; it is simand laborer. Its subordinate bodies were ilar to tlie Know Nothing party of 1851-50, styled Camps, and its watchwords were except that any American citizen is eligible ''Unity, Equality, Benevolence, Loyalty, to join the "A. P. A.," as it is called, Vigilance, and Fraternity.'" A copy of one Avhereas the Know Nothing organization oidy native Americans. of its seals re])resents Washington standing admitted The between Perry and Ellsworth, and one of its American Protective Association was comfunctions has been to celebrate a long list of paratively obscure for two or three years, Revohitionary and other national anniversa- but soon after grew ra])idly and spread to ries. There is no known print of its prin- the West, South, and East, absorbing in its cipal emblem, which consists of a three-pan- march thousands of members of older patriTo
unite fraternally all practical Catholics of
;

known

;

—

elled,

flag-draped

pulpit

with half-drawn

otic orders.

In this respect

it

again par-

and sabre; in the centre panel, a rural church; on the right, a schoolhouse; and on
cutlass

alleled the
its

Know

Nntliing party; but Avhile

total

active

membership

in

1800 was

294

AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
half-century-old
patriotic orders again
re-

probably more than 2,000,000, it was relatively a less potent political factor than the Know Nothing organization in 1856 with
nearly 900,000 members.
of the latter that
it

sulted in the springing

similar societies,*
of the

group of which, after the founding
of a

up

It

has been said

American Protective Association, in

"was

the greatest or-

1887, joined with the parent orders in rally-

ganization

— greatest
all

in the social standing

ing to the support of the

"A.

P.

A."

In

and

ability of its leaders, as well as in the

most instances they
latter,

lost their identity in tlie

nnmber
politics

of its

members and
the jiarties of

its

influence on
Avhich

although with few exceptions claim-

— of

its class

ing nominally a continuous existence.
to the

As

the country has

known."

the four or five earlier patriotic orders were

The Know Nothing party between 1852 and 1855 drew within itself practically the active membershij) of the Order of the American Union, founded in 1844, the Order of United American Mechanics, 1845, the United Sons of America, 1846, the American Protestant Association, 1849, the Brotherhood of the Union, and a number of smaller similar societies which did not survive amalgamation, such as the Guards of Liberty, Native Sons of America, American Knights, True Brethren, the Order of Free and Accepted Americans, the Wide Awakes,* and the Order of the American Star. The United Sons of America disappeared with the American party when the Civil War broke out, but was revived as the Patriotic Order Sons of America in 1874 by the Junior Sons of America, an auxiliary of the United Sons, so that the Know Nothing party was in reality the outcome of a
j)olitical

Know Nothing
to

j)arty of fifty years

ago, so practically are those identical orders

and their offspring

the

"A.

P.

A."

movement

of the past decade.

In a statement published in the St. Louis

"Globe Democrat," December

16,

1894,

Mr. W. J. H. Tray nor, as President of the American Protective Association, stated in
substance as follows respecting
:

its

origin

and aims The American Protective Association was founded " by a handful of patriotic, well-informed Americans," who j)romulgated the constitution of the society at Briefly Clinton, la., on March 13, 1887.
stated, the object of the organization is to

counteract the alleged efforts of rej^resentatives in the United States of the papal government in Eome to dominate jiolitics here with " the spirit of ecclesiasticism " looking

to

"union of church and state." As evidence of the necessity for such an organization there are sjiecified

fusing of the principles underly-

"many

appropria-

ing the patriotic orders named, founded be-

tions to church institutions;" the
of

tween 1843 and 1853.

With the breaking gation "
nearly

out of the Civil War, the Order of United

all

" segre" the subjects of the Pope " in our large cities (tending, as de-

Americans, the Orders of United American Mechanics, Senior and Junior, the Brotherhood of the Union, the American Protestant
Association and the Junior Sons of America

again became the sole conservators of what

they stood for in public affairs from 1844 to Evidently another generation was 1860.
to illustrate the adage that history repeats
itself,

"the election of a nonpapist" an exception), and the fact, as stated, that " from 60 to 90 per cent, of the public officeholders and employes " were "followers of the Poj^e." This, the President of the American Protective Association
clared, to render

* The best known of these are the Order of Native and 1897 association Americans, Oi-der of tlie American Union, "The Crescents," Templars of Liberty, Patriotic League with and the example and outgivings of the

for between 1870

of the Revolution,

Order of American Freemen,

* This

name was

revived by

many

of the uni-

formed organizations in the Republican political processions in the campaigns of 18G0 and 1864.

National Order of Videttes, American Patriot League, Loyal Men of American Liberty and Order
of the Little

Red School House.

AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
added, could not be attributed to accident
or explained " on the ground of superior
fit-

29.-

Church.
as follows:

His story, as originally printed,

is

ness," for, he states,

"the

fact

ous that the most
.

illiterate of

was notoriThe ooiidition of affairs in tliis country in 1887, government and up to that time, was such that tiie institutions
Government were controlled and the patronwas doled out by an ecclesiastical element under the direction and heavy hand of a foreign ecclesiastical potentate. This power became so
of our

were subjects of the paemployes pacy," and that "where papists held the reins of government " the greatest corrup. .

age

tion existed.

The

objects

of

the Association, as an-

influential that

it

stood as a unit in

many
it

places

nounced
in 1887.

against the institutions of the country.
the Legislature of Maryland at one time
the

Through
destroyed

at Clinton, are said to

have been
as follows:

modified only slightly since the meeting

public school system of that State.
it

Seeing

They

are

summarized

Perpetual separation of church and state;

undivided fealty

to the

Eepublic; acknowl-

edgment of the right of the State to determine the scope of its own jurisdiction;
maintenance of a
of education;
free, non-sectarian

system

any government grant or special jirivilege to any sectarian body whatever; " purification of the ballot; " establishment of a franchise with an educational qualification; temporary sus- We believed then and we believe now that every pension of immigration, its resumption to man in this country has a right to worship God be based on guarantees of extended residence according to the dictates of his conscience, but we in the country, with an added educational did nob believe that the constitution intended to convey the right to any set of men to control and
prohibition
of

was necessary that something should be done. Gathering round me six men who had the courage of their convictions, we met in my office in Clinton on March 15, 1887, and laid the foundation of the Order. That same <lay we formulated the ritualistic work and adopted a constitution. The chief idea we had in view in the constitution was this, that we had no right under the constitution of this country to oppose any religious body on account of its dogmatic views, faith, etc., but we did believe we had a right to oppose it when it became a great political factor.
these things, I felt that

qualification;

equal taxation of

all

except

public property; prohibition of convict labor,

manipulate the political affairs of this country to the aggrandizement of any ecclesiastical power.

and the subjection
all

to public inspection of

Mr. Bowers said that of the seven men the first Council three were consent. The President of the Association Republicans, two Democrats, one Poi)ulist, declares that instead of desiring or trying and one Prohibitionist. In a religious way to bring " religion into politics," the object they were divided as follows: One ^lethoprivate
institutions

where

persons of

either sex are secluded, with or against their

who organized

of the society

is

to

keep religion and

politics

dist,

one

Baptist,

one Presbyterian, one

apart; not to recognize or

condemn
to

religion,

Congregationalist, one Lutheran and one of

which "

is

a personal matter between the

individual and his

God," but
shall

demand
his

"that the individual
to

know where
and

no religion. Mr. Bowers was elected the first Supreme President, and held that otlice until 1 803,

allegiance to the State ends

his tribute
is

God begins."

Application of this

when W. J. The influence

11.

Traynor succeeded him.

of the latter at the period of

found in the following: "If papists accept the organization's greatest political activity their politics witli their morals from an was such that it is of interest to know alien, they must not be surprised if their something of the man. He is a Canadian non-papist fellow-citizens distrust their pur- by birth, having been born at BrantfonI, poses, no matter how pure their motives." July 4, 1845. His father was a contractor The founder of the American Protec- and met with reverses which curtailed the
tive Association is

H. F. Bowers,
of

attorney,

son's

opportunities

for

education.

Clinton, la., a

member

the Methodist

young Traynor

persisted in his studies,

But and

:

296
after a long struggle

AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
became proprietor
of

both political parties to
its

its

standard,

yet

one or more American newspaper pro2:)erHis residence has long been at Deties. His secret society affiliations troit, Mich. have been as fairl}- consistent as numerous.

success in recruiting

members has been
it is

remarkable.
certain

Whether
be

tracts

or leaflets

due in part to which bear its

imprint

must

conjectured.

One

of

He

joined the Independent Order of

Good

these gives the causes

"which

led to the

Templars when a boy and the Loyal Orange
Institution at the age of seventeen, where

uprising" (the formation of the Association) as follows: the

Roman

Catholic attack

he attained the Scarlet degree Avithin a year.

on the public schools; the attempted " f oreignizing " of whole communities in language and religion by " Romish jiriests; " the remarkable increase in untaxed church property; the "Jesuit control of the government at Washington; " the " declaration "" of the' Pope that the United States is his one bright hope for the future; the "frequent desecration of the American flag by priests," and the "brag and bluster of Romish orators and newspapers that Americans are cowards, and that all the good which ever came to this country has come from Romanists." Then follows what appear to be quotations from Catholic newspapers and other authorities from the Pope down, apparently showing that the Roman Catholic Church and its representatives civil authority below that of the i:)lace Church Avhere the two may be in conflict, and attack the public schools as "sinks of moral pollution." The concluding argu-

His rank in the Orange Institution is liigh, with membership in the American Orange Knights, the Eoyal Black Knights of the Camp of Israel, and in the Illustrious Order of Knights of Malta. Among the later crop of American patriotic orders, in addition to the "A. P. A.," he is or was connected with the Order of the American Union, the Crescents, and the American Patriot League, in addition to which he is a
ciation,

of the American Protestant Assowhich claims a continuous'^existence Among the of more than fifty-live years. fraternal beneficiary orders, Mr. Tray nor is reported to be connected with the Maccabees, the National Union, and the Royal Arcanum. That sentiments common 'to Orangemen and some other Protestants have much to do with influencing those identified with the Association is shown by the point of view taken by Supreme Vice-President H. ment against the Roman Catholic citizen is as follows: 11. Jackson at Atlanta, November 18, 1895, who was quoted in the newspapers as folIn the Civil War (instigated by the Roman

member

lows:

Hierarchy) the

official

records show that the whole
2,128,300.
;

but

Not that I have any war to make upon the Irish, if the Pope were to interfere with the working of American plans the Irish would desert, just as 80 per cent, of them did during the war. Look at the riots in the Eastern cities. That is why I hate to
see

number engaged was

Natives of the

United States, 1.625,267 deserted 5 per cent. (45 per cent, of these were Roman Catholics). Germans,
180,817
;

deserted

10 per cent. or 103,849.

Irish,

144,221

deserted 72 per cent.,

British, 90,000

Catholics holding office in the United States.

deserted 7 per

cent.

Other

foreigners,

87,855

Suppose we were to have a war and the Pope were to interfere, why, the Catholics could ruin and What the Pope says is wreck us in one hour. supreme, and they would turn against us if they
wex"e ordered to.

deserted 7 per cent. *

ciation, then at

In April, 1896, the President of the AssoSavannah, was quoted as
McKinley should be nominated he would be November by the A. P. A.

saying
the
If

The

expositions of the purposes of

defeated at the polls in

Association in the public prints have not

appeared to be such as would be likely to
attract

men

* There are no records of the nationalities of the wlio enlisted in the Civil War and none of the

hundreds

of thousands of voters of

nationalities of the

men who

deserted.

:

:

AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
vote
if

29/

tlic

with a clean record, one
Catholics.

Democratic party put up a good man who is known to be true to
trucklei-

American principles and not a

to

the

nated that his vote in 1875 for the Catholic Protecbill would be forced into a prominence in the;, campaign that it sliould not have had. The Jr. O. U. A. M., the visible end of the A. P. A., have
tory

At Detroit the same gentleman was quoted made
as follows:

been exceptionally active ever since the Republicans their first sweep of the State. They have invaded the halls of legislation witii patriotic bills of

all kinds.

The school

fiag act

was of

their inspira-

doing no injustice to Mr. Cleveland to assert that if the United States had been a papal country and the Pope a temporal sovereign, our President could not have given moi-e recognition to the papacy as a temporal power than he has during
It
is
liis

stood as S{)onsors for the act of last winter forbidding the wearing of church garbs in
tion;
tiiey

schoolrooms, and, altogether, they have shown a disposition to get into politics.

present term of

office.

The

Association took an active interest in

In an interview at St. Louis in February,

elections in nearly one-half of the States in

189G, ex-Mayor Gilroy of

New York

said

Our

last defeat in the State of nearly 100,000, I

attribute very largely to the machinations of the

A. P. A.
25,000,

We carried the city of New York by and yet they beat us by four times that
in the State.

November, 1894, for Congressional, State, and municipal officers. In some instances it put up tickets of its own, but generally it chose between jiarticular candidates of the
great
parties.
it

Many

of

the

candidates

number

whom
of the Association

favored

The Executive Board

were
torial

defeated.

won, but a good many It attempted to defeat
it

at St. Louis, in October, 1895, advised

mem- Thomas H.
the

Carter, a Catholic, in the sena-

bers of the Order as follows

canvass in Montana, but failed, as

did in an effort to prevent the appointment

To

vote for nominees on
affiliate

the tickets of

party they

with and to vote for the election
are in thorougli accord with,

of Colonel J. J.
eral,

Coppinger

as brigadier-gen-

of candidates

who

and

the election of Greenhalge as Governor

will, if elected,

support the reduction of immigra-

of Massachusetts
of

and the placing of a statue

Father Mar([uette in the capitol at Washtional qualification for suffrage, maintenance of a ington. Not only many municipal and general non-sectarian free public school system, no State officials, legislative and executive, have
tion, extension of

time for naturalization and educa-

public funds or public property for sectarian purposes, taxation of all property not

owned and

con-

trolled

by the public, the opening to public

official

latter are to be

been members of the Association, but the found in Congress and in all

departments of the government service. Having absorbed a large share of the membership of nearly all contemporaneous patriotic orders, the Association easily dominated the convention or council of iiatriotic ecclesiastical power. organizations at "Washington, in December, The capture of the formerly Democratic 1895, which included representatives not only State of New Jersey by the Republicans in from the Americait Protective Association, 1895 is explained in the New York '' Her- but from the Orangemen, the Junior Order
inspection of all private schools, convents, monasteries, hospitals,

an educational and reformatory character, and no sujiport for any public position to any person who recognizes primal allegiance in civil affairs to any foreign or
all

and

institutions of

ald

"

of

November
is

10th, that year, as fol-

of L'nited

lows:
not an ordinary majority. ? Well, there is a general consensus of opinion that the A. P. A. and

for the Protection of
extraordinary

But Mr. Griggs's
it

American Mechanics, the Society American Institutions, "and other similar organizations" which
"•

What made
the Jr.

represented
bers."

niore

than 3,000,000

mem-

0. U. A. M. (;ontributed the finishing touches to his labors. Those who had been watch-

ing

the

movements

of these

allied

fraternities

platform was adopted demanding approrestricted immigration, opposing priations of funds for sectarian purposes,
favoring
the adoption
of

A

realized the

moment Chancellor McGill was nomi-

*'the

proposed

—

298 sixteenth

AMERICAN PROTESTANT ASSOCIATION
amendment," declaring
that no

Supreme Council

at

Milwaukee,

May

12,

one not a citizen should be granted the right to vote, and that all except public property In should be subject to equal taxation.
conclusion a committee was appointed to

1895, action was taken to organize boys

and

girlsbetween the ages of fourteen and twenty-

one throughout the United States and Canada as a Junior American Protective Association.

attend the national conventions of jiolitical parties in 1896, to induce them to incorporate these principles in their i^latforms,

Councils of the Association for

and from that movement was born the American Protective Association political bers irrespective of the color of the appliThe result was a cant. The women's auxiliary to the Amermanifestation of 1896.
disappointment to the patriotic orders, for
the injection of the sound
bitter

negro members were organized at the South in 1895 and 1896, but at the North members were received into many Council Cham-

ican Protective Association, in imitation of

money

issue into
its

the Daughters of Liberty attached to the

the i^residential campaign of 1896, and
those
gold,

Order of United American Mechanics and
other similar organizations,
is

antagonism by the bimetallists and

known
Its
is

as the

who favored

the free and unlimited

Women's
interest

Historical

Society.

special

coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1 with

in

American history
orders,

naturally
their aims

drove much that the ''A. P. A." It restood for out of sight and mind. mains to be seen whether the check given
in 1896 to the advancing
patriotic orders represent

along the lines indicated by a familiarity

with leading patriotic

and

careers.

Dissension

in

the

Illinois

wave
is

of

what the

to result in its

running out into the sea of temporary poWhatever the fate litical oblivion or not. of the "A. P. A.," the political weapon of the older and later patriotic orders, those secret nurseries of opinion which gave it life and strength still remain, with a larger membership and greater activity than be- man Catholic secret society, a prototype of fore. (See Sons of Liberty, Sons of St. and the original "A. P. A." or American Tamina, Society of Eed Men, Order of Protective Association. It w^as founded at United American Mechanics, and the Know Pittsburg, Pa., with five degrees, which, Nothing party.) in connection wuth the personnel of its The Association has spread to the Do- earlier membership, point to Orange symminion of Canada, Mexico, and to the pathies. Accounts of its origin do not agree United Kingdom. Across the border it has as to the exact year in which it was estabworked in harmony wdth the Orangemen, lished, some placing it in 1844, and others as and is said to have controlled elections in late as 1850. It is probable that American chief cities of the Dominion in 1894 and Protestant associations existed as long ago 1895. Not much is heard of it in England as the earlier date named, but it is also aside from the emphasis it may give Orange probable that the American Protestant Aslodge demonstrations. In Mexico, as the sociation was founded in 1849, because the Constitutional Reform Club, its efiorts are " forty-fifth annual convention " of the mainly to " combat the growing power and Pennsylvania State Lodge w^as held at its prestige of the Catholic clergy and defend natal city in 1895. A former chief executhe public schools." This branch was or- tive of the Association states: ganized at the City of Mexico, September 8, The American Protestant Association was or1895.

branch of the American Protective Association in February, 1895, resulted in a secession and the formation of a similar society under the name of the National Assembly Patriotic League, which was speedily incorporated, but is not known to have survived. American Protestant Association. The oldest American, exclusively anti-Ro-

At the

close of

the session of the

ganized December

19, 1849.

On January

9,

1850,

—
A>X'IEXT OHDKK OK LOVAL A.MKKICAXS
they met in Union Hall, forner of Fifth and
field Streets,
Siiiitli-

299

as

Grand Lodge officers, William Shannon being the first Grand Master. At a meeting held December 5, 1850,
overtures were received from the Protestant Benevolent Association of

Pittsburg, and elected

most of the members of the same societies were engulfed in the wave of ''A. P. A.''ism,
five

American Protective Association,
years later.
also,

forty-

Like the other societies
the

New York

to send delegates

mentioned,
Association

American Protestant
the
Civil

to a meeting of that society held in that city; the

survived

AVar,

but

was a union of the bodies under the name of Protestant Association, the word American being subsequently prefixed. David Steen, William Shannon, Samuel A. Long and George Taylor were among the organizers. I do not know that any of them are alive. It was not the Orange Institution and there is no affiliation between them. Tliere is nothing on record as to what was the cause for forming the " A, P. A.," but I have always understood that at that time there was no Protestant society to which citizens of foreign birth could be admitted that had for its fundamental principles the maintenance of civil and religious liberty, and the maintenance of the Bible in our public schools; hence the " A. P. A.," to which all Protestants of good moral character may be admitted.
result

works along the lines of a purely American Orange association. Unlike most of its companions, in its antagonism to Roman Catholic prominence in American public life, the American Protestant Association has suffered from schism and secession. One branch, formed in 1878,
claiming the
tion,

name of the parent organizamade up largely, probably exclumen,
is

sively of colored

still

in existence.

At the meeting of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of the mother association in 1884 it
was ordered that two of the
should thereafter be omitted.
five

degrees
thirteen

As

The
is

Association continues to this day and
Its total

lodges refused to conform to the order, the

strongly anti-Roman Catholic.

Grand Lodge withdrew
ter held a

their charters

and
lat-

membership is placed at over 200,000, of which 75,000 are credited to Pennsylvania Subordinate lodges are governed by alone. State Lodges, and the latter send representatives to the Right Worthy Grand Lodge -of the United States. Following closely, as it
did, the appearance of the

expelled their members, whereupon the

convention and formed a similar society under the title Order of American

Freemen.

The Junior American

Protes-

tant Association, modelled probably after
the original ''Junior Order," that of the Sons of America, was founded in 1864, and like the Junior Order, United American Mechanics, afterward declared its independence of the parent society, even going so far as to change its name. This happened in 1890 at Wilkesbarre, Pa., at a convention of the Junior Association, but not without much opposition. The new )iame chosen was Loyal Knights of America, and membershii^ in the society is said to be composed mainly of Protestant Irish Americans. (See Order United American ]Meclianics.)

Order of Ignited

American Mechanics at Philadelphia in 1845, and the Patriotic Order, L'nited Sons of America at the same city in 1847, it also became identified with the Know Nothing party campaigns of 1850 to 1856. It is related that it is to the American Protestant Association that ea^rly native American
newspapers were indebted for the so-called
oath of the

Roman

Catholic priesthood, often

by Orange and other Protestant writers in discussing the church of Rome. "With the rise of Know Nothingism, tlie American Protestant Association and its allies or sympathizers, the Order of United American Mechanics, the Patriotic Order, Sons of America, and the Brotherhood of the Union, founded in 1850, were swept into the Know Nothing campaign of nativism and anti-Roman Catholicism, much
quoted

American Protestant

A.ssooiation.

Schismatic (negro) branch of the American Protestant Association, formed in Pennsylvania in 1849.

Said to be

still

in existence.

(See American Protestant Association.)

Ancient Order of Loyal Ameriean.s.

A

patriotic, social,

tion of recent origin at Guthrie,

and fraternal organizaOklahoma.

300

BENEVOLENT ORDER OF BEREANS

Benevolent Order of Bereans.

— An

extinct anti-Eoman Catholic secret society, having beneficiary features. It was formed at Phihidelphia "^between 1847 and 1850, and it was the outgrowth of the movement which gave birth to the Order of United American Mechanics the Patriotic Order, United Sons of America; the American Protestant Association; and the native American society, best known as the Know (See Order of United Nothing party. Mechanics.) American Brotherhood of the Union. Follow;

The Gospel of Xazjiretli and tlie Declaration of Independence are bonks for study from them are drawn the grand truths taught the initiate. Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, three lives united in one eflEort to remove man from the bondage of
:
.
.

.

political slavery. They succeeded, and the Brotherhood of the Union seek to complete the work by giving man freedom from industrial servi-

tude.
in

the

The spirit of the order is expressed word "union " union of the good against
.
. .

—

the evil

;

union of the just against the unjust
light, love,

;

union of
hate,

and purity, against darkness, and corruption union of freedom in defence
; . .

of their country against tyrants.

.

Believ-

—

ing the organization of the patriotic native American secret societies, the Order of

ing that the American Union is a palladium of liberty to the people, the guarantee of their rights, and the bond of their perpetuity, the Brotherhood has vowed to maintain that union against enemies without and against traitors within, and the sacredness of that

United American Mechanics, and the Patriotic Order of United Sons of America, at Philadelphia in 1845 and 1847, respectively, came the Brotherhood of America, at the same cit}, in 1850 with similar purposes and The latter, with the Senior characteristics. and Junior Orders of United American Mechanics, and the Patriotic Order, Sons of America, constitute the four existing patriotic secret societies which survived the fate of the Sons of ^76, or Order of the Star Spangled Banner, better known as the Know Nothing party, and later, the non-secret American party, which went to pieces on the political rocks in the stormy campaign of 185G-60. The Brotherhood was organized, with the motto, '' Truth, Hope, and Love," by George Lippard, for whose teachings and writings the society Mr. Lippard was professes a reverence. born near Yellow Springs, Blair County,
Pa., April 10, 1822.'

vow has been

attested

by the rich

blood of

many

a brother and by the crushed and

scattered ruins of

many

a Circle.
it

brought antagonism state, maintenance of the public school system, " America for Americans," and restricted immigration
to

With others named,

union of church and

down to a period following the Civil War, when they were apparently destined to be
exploited again, in and out of the councils

and of other and newer patriotic The government of the Brotherhood is similar to that of the Patriotic Order, Sons of America, with subordinate and State Circles, instead of Camps, and a Supreme Circle. It also has beneficiary features. A singular custom is that of
of these
•

secret

orders.

calling its three chief officers, respectively,

Washington, Jefferson, and Franklin, and
thus in the Supreme Circle they are adJefferson,

He

studied law in

Ovid F. Johnston, AttorneyGeneral, and in 1841 became contributor to Allibone's the "Spirit of the Times." Dictionary gives a list of eleven works from his pen, and Drake's Dictionary adds eight Drake says of him " His works mofe. evince vigor and power, but have little else He died in Philato commend them." The following delphia, February 9, 1854. quotations are taken from published papers
the office
of
:

Supreme Washington, Supreme and Supreme Franklin. Total membership in the Brotherhood is about 25,000, its greatest strength being in PennThere is also an auxiliary or sylvania.
dressed as

branch of the society known as the Home Communion, to which members of the and "woman relatives are Brotherhood Subordinate bodies are called eligible.

of the organization

:

Homes, and governing, State bodies. Grand Homes. The latter send delegates of the Supreme Circle of the Brotherhood. The

INDIAN REPUBLICAN LEAGUE

301

communions are strong in Pennsylvania eligible to membership. (See Junior and The extent to which Senior Orders, United American Meand New Jersey. " Americanism " may go in the work of an chanics. ) organization like the Brotherhood of the Daughters of the Kepublic. See Union may be inferred from its conferring Patriots of America. degree entitled the "^ Grand Exalted ii Free and Accepted Americans. See Washington." The society, while growing Teni})lars Order of the American Star.) steadily, has the smallest membership of Freemen's Protective Silver Federa-

—

—

the four in the historical group of patriotic
orders to which
it is

tion.

assigned.

(See Order

order, established

United American Mechanics; Patriotic Order, Sons of America, and Junior Order United American Mechanics.) Constitutional Relorni Club. Name of the Mexican branch of the American

—

Protective Association, or

" A.

P. A.*^

(See

the latter.)

Crescents, The.
after the Civil

— An American patriotic
It

secret society which originated in California

War.
it

was quite active in
has

San Francisco
been heard of
1888 as a

at the time, but little

in recent years.

Daughters of America. Founded in men and women's social, patriotic

—

beneficiary secret society, auxiliary to the

oath-bound fraternity or at S[)okane, Wash., in 1894, ''to unite the friends of silver under one banner to battle for the white metal and to wage war against the gold mono])It operated under a constitution, oly." by-laws and ritual adopted at Pullman, Wash., in the year named, and spread through the Pacific Coast States and east and north to the Missouri River. It was declared to be an outgrowth or a creation by former members of the National Order of Videttes. E.xtravagant claims as to membership were made as late as 1896, one total given being 800,000, but there is no doubt of its popularity and mfluence west of the Rocky Mountains during the
secret,

—A

free-silver campaign of 1896. Its obligation White American women over sixteen years was said to be "most emphatic and bindof age and members of the Junior Order, ing," and bankers and lawyers were not United American Mechanics are eligible to eligible to membership. The work of this membership, whicii aggregates about 60,- society in 1896 was in line with that of the 000. (See Junior Order, United American Silver Knights of America and the Patriots

Junior Order, United American Mechanics.

Mechanics.)

of America, east of the Mississippi, where Dauj^hters of Columbia. Auxiliary to they conducted a secret cam})aign based on the American Patriot League. Both men mystic rites which bound novitiates to vote and women are members. Formed in 1888, for "free silver." but now inactive. (See American Patriot Guards of Liberty. One among the League.) many American orders which sprung up in Daughters of Liberty. A patriotic, Pennsylvania and New York between 1845 native American social and benevolent and 1855, and were ultimately carried into secret society. It was founded at Meriden, The Ouards the Know Nothing party. Conn., 1875. Total membership is 60,000. were intended to be a strong, well-drilled Its objects are to promote fidelity, patriot- military organization, but did not attain ism, and integrity, the maintenance of the much strength. public school system and the non-interferIndian Republican League. Founded ence of church with state. White native in New Jersey, in 1893, as a secret political American women sixteen or more years of club or society. Only members of the Reage and members of the Senior and Junior publican party, or those in sympathy with Order, United American Mechanics are that party, were eligible to membership.

—

—

—

—

;

302
It exercised a

JUNIOR AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION
noteworthy influence on the
stantially those of the society
it

from which

elections of 1894

and 1895, particularly

in

sprung
and

:

Essex and Passaic Counties in New Jersey. Freemasons, Kniglits of Pythias, and Elks,
to members of the Improved Men, were among the orEed Order Its maximum membership was ganizers. about 3,000. Congressman James F. Stewin addition

of

the interest of Amerithem from the depressing effects of foreign competition to assist Americans in obtaining employment; to encourage Americans in business; to establish a sick and funeral fund; to maintain the public school system of the United
cans, shield
;

To maintain and promote

States of America, to prevent sectarian interfer-

art,

Paterson, N. J., was prominent

among

ence therewith, and uphold the reading of the Holy
Bible therein.

those

who made it prosperous. Junior American Protective Asso-

American Any white, native American, men only, Protective Association, for boys and girls professing a belief in a Supreme Being, and between the ages of fourteen and twentyopposed to union of church and state, is one. (See American Protective Associaeligible for membership, provided he is not tion.) engaged in the liquor traffic. When beJunior American Protestant Assotween sixteen and fifty years of age, candiOriginally organized to train ciation. dates are eligible to beneficiary membership; youths for membersliip in the American if over fifty years, to honorary memberan anti-Eoman Protestant Association,
ciation.
auxiliary
of

— An

Thus

far,

the parallel

is

almost exact.

the

—

ship only.

In

leaflets circulated to recruit

Catholic secret society.

It declared its in-

dependence in 1890, and reorganized with similar purposes under the title Loyal Knights of America. (See American Protestant Association.)

members, the following declaration appears:
Immigration must be restricted; protection to Americans, American institutions, and promulgation of American principles; a flag on every public
school in the land, the Holy Bible within, and love
of country instilled into the heart of every child

Junior Order, United American Mechanics. Established at Philadelphia

branch of the Order of our country, right or wrong— to help it right when wrong; to help it on when right. United American Mechanics, membership in which was to prepare young Americans Elsewhere the Order publicly announces: to become members of the parent order. We are a political organization inasmuch as we The Junior Order became an independent teach patriotism, love of country, and devotion to our secret, native American, patriotic, benefi- country's flag. We are non-partisan, as we educate ciary organization in June, 1885, since all to think for themselves, that the exercise of the which time it has retained United Ameri- right of franchise will be an unbiassed result of undivided convictions and preferences. can Mechanic characteristics, both as to Sick and funeral benelks are paid as form of government and use of emblems,
in 1853, a junior

—

principle

paramount

to

partisan affiliation;

and

but

it

is

no longer a feeder to the

lat-

subordinate councils
ritual

may

determine.

The

ter society.

The Juniors

of 1885 were ad-

vised and assisted in securing legislation from the National Council looking to the separation of the two orders, by Reliance Council, No. 40, 0. U. A. M., Germantown, Philadelphia. The word Junior, in the title, has, therefore, no present reference to the ages of the members, and the word "Mechanics" none to their occupations. The objects of the Junior Order are sub-

and initiatory ceremony are described One of as " American in their teachings." the groups of emblems displays on a shield the hand and arm of labor bearing aloft the hammer of industry between the square and outstretched compasses of the Order United American Mechanics, above of which is "the little red schoolhouse," and over all an open Bible, the whole draped with American flags. The Junior Order has more

KNIGHTS OK RECIPROCITY
than 100,000 members, scattered through all the States, which is double the
coiisi)icu-

303

nearly

societies, which have had a continuous existence for more than half a

liciary secret

membersliip of the Order of United American Mechanics, and has ever been
ously alive to
all
it

century.
is it

More

tlian

either of the

others

responsible for the development of sen-

represents.

As one

of

timent favoring the maintenance of
2)lacing

the

the reservoirs of youthful native American

existing system of free public schools, for

sentiment during and after the Civil War,

it

the flag on the

schoolhouses, for

gave again of what it had received twenty years before, and helped to revive the United
Order, Sons of America in 1874.
bers
in

Its

memin

the

Senior Order of

Mechanics

joined with the Brotherhood of the

Union

1873, in organizing the Order of the Ameri-

can Union, or United Order of Deputies,

and in recent years its members in the American Protective Association or "A. P. A.^' have been conspicuous and active. The principal difference between the publicly professed

and for antagonizing "union of church and state." (See Order United American Mechanics and Sons of Liberty.) Junior Sons of America. A branch of the patriotic, beneficiary, native American secret society. Patriotic Order of United Americans, founded at Philadelphia in 1847. (See Patriotic Order, Sons of Amerrestricting immigration,

—

ica.

Knights of Reciprocity. — During the
winter of 1890 this secret political order

)

objects

of

the Junior

Or-

der of United
latter's

American Mechanics and those of the "A. P. A." appears to be the
admission to
its

ranks of others than

native Americans.

A

Grand Master

of the

Grand Lodge of tlie United States, Loyal Orange Institution, then chief executive States. It souglit to secure the jierpetuity of the American Protective Association, of the Union, just and liberal pensions to " I honorably discharged soldiers and sailors of wrote of the Junior Order as follows take great pleasure in endorsing the Junior the Ke])ublic, protection of American inOrder United American Mechanics, as one dustries, fair and equitable reciprocity beof the grandest patriotic orders in the tween all the nations on the American con:

was organized in Garden City, Kansas, by the Hon. Jesse Taylor, Hon. D. M. P>ost, of that city, S. R. Peters, and other Republicans. It early attracted attention throughout Kansas, in Missouri, and in many other

Their position in defence and in favor of restriction of immigration and advancing true Americanism entitles them to the cordial support and cooperation of every
States.

United

tinent,

an intelligent ballot honestly cast
tiie

of the little red schoolliouse

and counted, and favored
ing of every citizen

disfranchis-

who

offers or accepts
Its

a
is

bribe to influence a ballot.

object

further declared to be to teach the duties of
citizenship, to

American citizen."

discuss and study political
(picstions that voters

The intimacy between the

''A. P. A.*'

history

and economic
the

and the Junior Order United American Mechanics is indicated by the controversy at
the National Council of the latter in 1895,

may
tion

cast intelligent ballots.

The

insjiira-

of

Knights

of

Reciprocity was

a desire to counteract the influence in rural

where there was a contest between what communities of what was regarded as a was described in press and other reports of " Democratic Union Labor-Farmers' Allithe meeting as "the *A. P. A.' element ance" combination in politics. The Suand the conservative wing" of the Order preme Lodge of the Knights of Reciprocity over the character of an immigration bill stated in one of its circulars, published in to be introduced in Congress. The Junior 1891 Order remains first in importance and influTlic only way for the fanners to meet tlio Alli:

ence

among

three patriotic, fraternal, bene-

ance secret political society

is

with a secret society

304

"KNOW NOTHING" PARTY
men
referred to in recent years by surviving exmembers, or by others familiar with the political campaigns between 1850 and 1856,
as

the object of which shall not be to nominate
for offifc, but to assist in educating the people

and making tliem thoroughly acquainted with the wants of all the people and the fallacies of the alliance " calamity " howlers, who are traveling from State to State, county to county, town to town, township to township, schoolhouse to sehoolhouse, not for the good of the people, but for the money they

the real

or secret

name

of the

Know

Nothing

party.

hopes of political promotion. The people should organize at once in opposition to this gigantic scheme.

make and

in

It

is

doubtful whether the Knights of

Eeciprocity ever equalled the Farmers' Alli-

ance in membership.

The former claimed

This society was organized at New York as recalled by Henry Baldwin, of the *' Library Americana," New Haven, Conn. by a man named Taylor, or Tailor, not actively associated with any of the political parties of the time. He began the work of recruiting members among his friends, but met with indifferent success. In 1852 some
city in 1851

—

—

126,000 members in 1895, and has not exceeded that total. Its lodges spread from

of the

members

of the

New York

city or-

ganization, the Order of United Americans,

Kansas

to Missouri, Iowa, Ohio, Arkansas,

took an interest in the project and found

Louisiana,

Mississippi,

Tennessee,
all of

North

much
It cost
;

suggestive of political

possibilities.

which States Founders of the Knights of Reciprocity were members of the Masonic Fraternity, the Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias. There is a bene- charged, because voluntary contributions ficiary branch of the order, membership in were relied on for support. The society was

and South

Carolina, in
is also

the Alliance

strong.

nothing to acquire or hold membership there were no beneficiary features, no stated meetings, and no provision was No dues were needed for room rent.

which

is

not

restricted

as

to

sex.

The

called together

when

occasion required at a

on the Grolden Rule, as might be supposed, and teaches equality, fair dealing and the desirability of reciprocal trade relations both at home and abroad. " Know Nothing- " Party. A secret, oath-bound organization which played a prominent jiart in American politics from
ritual is based

some lodge room after the lodge had adjourned, and at each meeting a collection was taken to defray exMeetings of the new Order were penses. held almost every evening and constant additions wore made to the membership. In four months about 1,000 persons were It became necessary to have a 1851 to 1856, when it drojjped its secret enrolled. character and became known as the Ameri- place for general assemblages, and a large can party. It was defeated in the presidential hall on Broadway was hired where weekly campaign of 1856 and finally disappeared, meetings were held and from 600 to 800
private house or in

—

most of its remaining members finding members attended. The constitution was temporary refuge in the Constitutional revised, and a national system with State Union party of 1860. Its real title has and subordinate Councils was organized. always been a subject of controversy, the Councils were formed in all the- wards of name of the society having long been jeal- the city and then in the interior of the Judg- State, after which they were organized in ously guarded as one of its secrets. By September, 1855, widely different the adjoining States. obtained from ing from data sources, it would seem that its name, in the Order was placed in every State and Native whole or in part, or at various times, must Territory throughout the Union. have been the Stipreme Order of the Sons Americanism and anti-Roman Catholicism
of Seventy-six, the Sons of Seventy-six or

were

its

distinguishing characteristics.
rot in Ireland in 1847,

the Star Spangled Banner, or the Order of

The potato

and

Uncle Sam.

'

Each

of these titles has been

the revolutionary

movement

in continental

"KNOW NOTHING" PARTY
Europe
for
in 1848, sent thousands of
this

305

Roman

gethor with the Order of United Americans,

Catholics to

country.

Competition

New
tion.

York, 1844, that the

Know Nothing

work with native Americans l)ecame keener and great prominence was given
designs of
the

party drew

many members aiul its inspiraTo the first three named and to the

alleged

Roman
States,
to the

Catholic

church in the United which brought recruits
political party.

both
its

of

new

secret

Junior Order of United American Mechanics the nation is indel)ted for continuous organized effort in behalf of restricted imflag on public schoolhouses, the i)ropaganda for the maintenance of the Bible in the schools, opjjosition to union of

When

asked as to

name migration, the

and

objects,
''I

members

of the society usually

replied,

know nothing about

them,''

whence the name, the

"Know

Nothings."
at

When
1854,

the

Whig
of its

party went to pieces in

lic

many

members, particularly

church and state, and anti-Roman Cathosentiment generally all these having been rescued at the death of the Know

—

the South, not being willing to join the

Nothing
society

party,

and carried forward

in .secret

wing thereof, found a refuge in the new native American secret organization, and so helped to build
or the Free Soil
lip its political fortunes.

Democracy

council chamber, and camp, to a

much more recent period in American politics. The wave which the Know Nothins:
party as a secret society set in

It

began as did
or
later,

motion,
it

the American

Protective
thirty-five

Association,
years

gathered so

much momentum
it

that

was

"A.

P. A.,"

by

some time before

throwing the weight of

its political

strength

broke and finally disappeared in the non-secret American party
of 185C, but although
its

to selected candidates on the tickets of the

secret character

two great political parties, and as the Whigs was gone, it still retained its hostility and Democrats were evenly matched, in Roman Catholicism and the dominance

to

of

many

instances the

new

organization was

alien.s.*

found to hold the balance of ^iower.* * It held a convention on February 22, 185G, WashIt was during tlie period 1852-5G that the ington's birthday, and had as one of its watchwords Junior Order, United American Mechan- that apocryphal command of Washington at the ics was organized by the original Order of darkest crisis of the Revolutionary struggle, "Put United American Mechanics to train Ameri- none but Americans on guard to-night."' Twentycan youths in nativism and other principles seven of the thirty-one States (Maine, Vermont, professed by it, and it was from the Order .South Carolina, and Georgia only being absent) were represented. The convention was presided of United American Mechanics, founded in over by Ephraim Marsh of New .lersey, and it 1845, the Patriotic Order, United Sons of adopted a platform of sixteen planks, the most disAmerica, organized prior to 1847, the Broth- tinctive of which were: "Americans must rule erhood of the Union, established in 1850, to- America, and to this end native-born citizens should
be selected for
all

State, Federal,

and nninicipal
in

In 1854

it

carried Massachusetts

and Delaware
it

offices

of

government employment,

preference
.select ed

in the State elections,

and

in 1855

swept

New

to all others."
political station,

"No

person should be

for

Hampshire.
necticut.

Massachusetts,

Kliode

New

York,

California,

and elected

its

Maryland. candidate for Laud Comluunod State, as

ConKentucky, and
Island,

missioner in Texas.

In iho last

well as in Virginia, Georgia, Alabama. ^Mississipj)!,

whether of native or foreign birth, who recognizes any allegiance or obligation of any description to any foreign prince, potentate, or power." etc. "A change in the laws of naturalization, nuiking a continued residence of twenty-one
years, of all not heretofore provided for, requisite

and Louisiana,

it

only lacked a conrparativcly few
its

votes of choosing

whole

ticket.

At

this time

and in 1856 the wave of nativism was at flood tide. The ebb came immediately afterward. Nativism in Politics, by Charles M. Harvey, in the St. Louis

—

" Opposition to any union between church and state," etc. "Opposition to the reckless and unwise policy of the present AdnnuLstration in the general management of our
for citizenship hereafter," etc.

Globe-Democrat, Februarv24, 1895. 3)

national affairs, and

more

especially as

shown

in

—

;

—

306
It

LADIES OF

ABRAHAM LINCOLN
purposes. The influence of the Loyal Orange Association was shown in it. Its membership and branches were never numerous and it is now dormant, if not
political

nominated ex-President Millard
of

Fill-

more

New York
J.

I'of

President,

and

Andrew

Donaldson

of

Tennessee for

Vice-President, after

delegates from

New

England and Ohio, and part of those from practically extinct. Lady True Blues. Name by which Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Iowa bad withdrawn because of the defeat of a declara- the women's auxiliary of the Loyal Orange (See the tion favoring the exclusion of slavery from Association in Canada is known.

—

territory north

of latitude SG" 30'.

The

latter.)

seceding delegates nominated John C. Fremont of California for President, and four months later the nomination was endorsed

Lady True Blues of the World.
cret society of

—A

se-

women, having
It

objects

much
of

the same as those of the Loyal

Women

had quite a vogue by the Eejmblicans.* with the pasympathizers among women Fillmore of defeat the of From the time nativism as a factor declined, and was triotic Protestant secret and non-secret finally swallowed up at the call to arms in orders which were established in the two defence of the Union, Eemaining members decades following the Civil War. (See Loyal

American Liberty.

drifted into the Constitutional
in

1860, the last appearance of the

Union party Women of American Liberty Ladies of Know Abraham Lincoln, and Patriotic League of
;

Nothing party as a separate political party. the Eevolution.) Loyal Kuiglits of America. Founded (See Order United American Mechanics at Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1890, by the sePatriotic OrOrder of United Americans cession of the Junior American Protestant Brotherhood of the der, Sons of America from the American Protestant Association American Union; and Junior Order,United

—

;

;

Mechanics.

Association.

It

is,

like the parent organ-

Ladies of Abraliain Lincoln.
triotic,

—A

pa-

ization,

a

strongly

anti-Roman

Catholic
Protestant

Protestant secret society of women,

secret society, but has a comparatively small

organized for social and to some extent for

membership.
Association.)

(See

American

removing Americans,' and conservatives in principle, from office, and placing foreigners and ultra'

Loyal Founded
members.
its title.

Men
at

of American Liberty.
in

Boston,

1890,

with fifty

ists in their

places."

Ibid.

Its objects

may

be inferred from

It is presumed to have been in sympathy with the spirit of Americanism His can, and 1,838,169 for Buchanan, Democrat. which has been prominent in party politics vote was 124,604 in New York, 82,175 in PennsylNothing is known of its its birth. since vania, 67,416 in Kentucky, 66,178 in Tennessee, 60,310 in Virginia. 48.524 in Missouri, 47,460 in career, or whether it still exists. Maryland, and smaller in other States. Every Loyal Orange Institution. A British, In New State in the Union gave him some votes. political secret society, to which only Protas

* In the election Fillmore received 874,534 votes, compared with 1,341,264 for Fremont, Republi-

—

England can wave

it

in that section virtually

was comparatively small, the Republisweeping Know
Relatively to populaof his

estants are eligible, organized
at

into

lodges

Kothingism out of existence.
tion the greater part

Armagh,
years

Ireland, in 1795, just after the

strength was in the
secured only eight
Fill-

battle of the
five

Diamond, one hundred and
William
III.,

South, where he got a large portion of the vote of
the defunct

after

Prince of

Whig

party.

He

electoral votes, however, those of Maryland.

Orange, led European Protestantism against James 11. at the battle of Boyne. The objects of the society are not only to

more's popular vote was the largest ever polled by a "third" party candidate, except by James B.

champion

"Weaver in 1892, whose total that year was 1,041,028.

the religious issues which William, Prince
of Orange, represented,

—Ibid.

but to encourage

LOYAL ORANGE ASSOCIATION
loyalty to the occupant of the British throne
so long as he or she sliall

307

doing.

remain of the

men
Irish

in

Protestant faith; to support and defend the

On July 12, 1871, parading OrangeXew York city were attacked by Roman Catholics, and the riot which

maintain the integrity of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In the United States, the only country other than the British Empire in which the organization has an existBritish
to

Government and

resulted was suppressed by the military only
after the loss of sixty lives.

As the
signed by
the

first certificates

of

membership

in

the original

Armagh Orange Lodge were
the
first

ence,

its

objects are to promote civil

ligious liberty
States.

and loyalty

to

and rethe United

In some respects the Association in the United States parallels or is paralleled

it is believed that was Master of the Lodge as well as of one of the founders of the secret form of the Association. An Orange CJrand

James Sloan,

name of

^faster in the

Dominion

of Canjuia writes

by a number of the more conspicuous 2)atriotic orders, of which the American Protective Association, the Junior Order of United American Mechanics, and the Patriotic Order, Sons of America are illustrations. (vSee
the latter.)

that a few of the original

members

of the

Association one hundred years ago

may have

belonged to the " ^lasonic Order," but he declares it was organized without assistance

from any other
but with

society.

It is also related,

is not known, an outcome of the constant war- that the society was founded by Thomas fare between the Roman Catholic Ribbon- Wilson, ^' a. clandestine Mason,'' in Dyou, men and the Protestant Peep-o'-Day Boys, County of Tyrone, on the estate of Lord which had raged for years. The Protestant Calladon. As the organization of the Assoand Roman Catholic peasantry were fre- ciation preceded the formation of lodges, quently embroiled long prior to 1795, and it is probable that both accounts are true, it is doubtful whether the crystallization of and that Sloan was a follower of Wilson. the Irish Protestant movement into a politiThe period at which Orange lodges were cal secret society tended to render conflicts founded was that in which the Odd Fellows, between the two parties less frequent. Foresters, Druids, Shepherds, Gardeners, Blood was shed at a fight between the and other secret, benevolent, and charitable Orange and Catholic Associations in the fraternities were interdicted by the authorinorth of Ireland iji 1828, and on July 12, ties, in the fear of conspiracies and possible 1829, the anniversary of the battle of Boyne, advocacy of treason behind lodge-room the military was called out to suppress doors. (See English Orders of Odd FelA Parliamentary lows; Royal and Ancient Orders of Foresa similar disturbance. investigation revealed numerous Orange ters; Knights of St. John and Malta, and Lodges attached to Irish regiments in 1836, the Ancient and Illustrious Order, Knights whereupon the Imperial Grand Master, of Malta.) The Freemasons alone were exDuke of Cumberland, felt compelled to dis- cepted from the British prohibition of n^eetsolve the Association in Ireland, but it was ings of secret societies, and it is a matter of When the Prince record that members of Orange lodges met, revived nine years later. of "Wales visited the Canadian Dominion in in some instances, under the cover of borMany Irish Free1860, where the Loyal Orange Institution rowed Masonic warrants. had been established since 1829, he was masons were Orangemen, and, in instances, greeted by them enthusiastically and sev- aided in carrying the newly-founded, secret eral efforts were made to induce him to pass association through the troublous political under arches decorated with Orange em- period in which it was born. Freemasons blems, which, a chronicler says. His Royal who are Orangemen easily recognize the Highness diplomatically refrained from marks of Masonic craftsmen in the Orange

The

battle of the

Diamond

in

how much

authority

1795

Avas

308
Association, as

LOYAL ORANGE ASSOCIATION
shown by
titles

In the United Kingdom the of officers, influence. arrangement Institution lias exercised vast political inand sources of some Orange degrees, and fluence during the past fifty years, and in the Dominion of Canada it has also been other important particulars. The Orange lodge organized at Armagh in identified with politics, a recent illustration 1705 developed a number of offshoots within of which was its attitude on the Manitoba In the United States, the next few years, and in 1798 a Grand school question. Lodge for Ireland was formed with Thomas where it has had an active existence for Verner as Grand Master. From Ireland the more than quarter of a century, it has coAssociation spread to England, Scotland, operated with a number of the leading and Wales, to the Dominion of Canada in secret patriotic orders, and on December 1829, and subsequently to other British col- 12, 1895, its representatives met with those An Orange lodge was instituted in of the American Protective Association, the onies. the United States in 1867, and a Grand Junior Order of United American MechanLodge of the Loyal Orange Institution for ics, and other similar bodies, in general the United States was organized in 1870. convention at Washington, D. C, where a In Great Britain three or more lodges are platform was adopted and notice given memgoverned directly by a District lodge and bers of both houses of Congress as well as District lodges by County Grand lodges, the representatives of the great political which are subordinate to National or Pro- parties, that restricted immigration and legmetiiods of recognition,
the
vincial

Grand Lodges,

these, in turn, being

islation

against alleged tendencies of the

subordinate to the Imperial Grand Lodge,
the Imperial Grand Master of which holds
office

Roman

Catholic church were regarded as

during
being

life

with unusual powers and
as

United States by the thousands of Americans whom those
essential to the welfare of the

prerogatives.

Five degrees are conferred,

organizations represented.

the

first

known

Orangeman and the
being

fifth

as the

Scarlet degree, officers

gree.

chosen from among members of the fifth deIn 1795 there was only one degree,
that of Orangeman, to which the Purple

Orange lodges both here and abroad have arranged in some instances to pay sick and death benefits, but this feature is not conspicuous.

charitable

Following in the footsteps of many and benevolent secret societies,

degree was added in 1796, and later Markman. These were supplemented with the

auxiliary organizations
relatives of

Heroine of Jericho, formerly conferred in for the United States as a " side degree Eoyal Arch Masons and their wives, but since annulled; and the fifth or Scarlet
'

'

degree.

There is a collateral organization which meets in Chapters or Preceptories, under the title Royal Black Knights of the Camp of Israel, to which only members of the
Scarlet degree are eligible.

The parapher-

and and had
nalia

ritual of this

branch are elaborate,

their origin or inspiration in so-

called higher Masonic degrees.

The gov-

ernment of Chapters of Black Knights parallels that of the Lodges and constitutes a wheel within a wheel, the governing Orange

composed of women Orange lodges have been formed in the United Kingdom, the British colonies, and in the United States. In the Dominion of Canada members of these sisterhoods are known as Lady True Blues, and in the United States the auxiliary, which was founded in 1876, is entitled the Ladies' Loyal Orange Association. There are more than 15,000 members of the latter, and Mrs. Margaret Thompson, a Past Supreme Mistress of the Society, is A Grand credited with having founded it. Master of one of the Canadian provinces places the total membership of Orange lodges throughout the world in 1896 at the surprisingly large total 1,450,000, of which one-third is credited to North America, and

members

of

:

LOYAL WOMEN OF AMERICAN LIBERTY
about 75,000 to the United States. This society, formed in honor of William III., King of England and Prince of Orange, annually celebrates as gala days the anniversary of the battle of Boyne, which took place July 12, 1G90, and the landing of William III. at Torbay, November 5th in 1G88. These celebrations are less conspicuous in
the United
Dickens'
Child's

309

History of Englaml

and Miss
re-

Tliomii.son's

History of England were quietly
inquisitors.

moved from
articles

the schools because they contained

displeasing to the

tent Protestant teachers were dismissed
Calliolic
tilings

Compeand Roman

teachers put in their places. Ail these were easy to accomplish, as the standing conunittee of tlie School Board on nominations

Kingdom than

formerly, where,

owing
ligious

to the frequent outbreaks,

due

to re-

animosity,

public parades of

the

was composed of four Roman Catholics and one Protestant, and when nominations were made to the Board, all Romaji Catholic members were on hand to vote approval, while .several of the Protestant members were invariably absent.
It is

Institution

The been prohibited. Orange Institution is the oldest, with one
have
inter-

added that public discussions of the

exception, possibly, the largest, the best or-

situation resulted in the formation of the

ganized and most powerful modern
national secret political

one sense

it is

the 2)arent

Loyal Women of American Liberty, with a membership numbering many thousands, organization. or inspiration of a and branches throughout New England and

In

Mrs. Margaret L. She[ior patriotic in other States. which it maintains herd, Toronto, Ont., founder of the Loyal friendly relations and to which many of its Protestant Women of Canada, member of the Lady Orange Association of British members belong. Loyal Women of American Liberty. North America, of the Ladies of Abraham Organized in Boston in 1888 as a semi- Lincoln and of the Lady True Blues of the secret, patriotic, Protestant society to per- World, most, or all of them secret, patriotic, petuate civil and religious liberty, maintain Protestant societies, is regarded as the founseparation of churcii and state, and to der of the Loyal Women of American Lib-

number
secret

of

American

jjolitical

societies,

with

—

protest against the appropriation of public

erty.

^Irs.

I.

C. ^lanchester. Providence,

money

for sectarian uses

and

"ecclesiastical

R. L, and Mrs. General X. P. Banks, Wal-

intimidation

toward
Its

citizenshi])

or states-

manship."
declarations

principles

also

included
free,

favoring

non-sectarian,

public schools, a free press, a i)ublic committal of
to "
all

tham, Mass., are the latest named National President and National First Vice-President, respectively; Mrs. Mary Livermore of Boston, Second Vice-President, and Mrs.
Stella Archer, Boston,

candidates for elective

offices

Natioiud Secretary.

American principles and institutions,"
restricted

Mrs. Shejiherd was born in India, but has
lived

and

sketch of the society thus outlines in part

most of her life in Canada and in the United States, where she has become known Avhat led to its organization as '* patriotic and political lecturer and author." Women of the lloman Catholic The city's (Boston's) charitable institutions under faith and Protestant or other non-Catholic a board of directors were rapidly becoming Romanwomen whose Inisbands are Ronnm CathoThe twenty-four members of the ized (1887). lics are not eligible to membershij) in the school committee who had cliarge of the educaLoyal Womt-n of American Liberty, memtional interests of the city, the primary, grammar, liigh, Latin, and normal schools, were of tlie folbers of which are pledged "not to assist lowing religious faitlis twelve Ronnm Catliolics, the Roman Catholic clergy or their institueleven Protestants, and one Jew, who arranged all The Loyal Women of American tions."
immigration.
official
:

An

business in the interest of the former sect.

For

years the text-books had been submitted to the ex-

Liberty, which
as

may

be fairly characterized

amination of Jesuit priests and everything not suiting them was expin-gated and sucli books as
;

an American organization of Orange ancestry, admits men to honorary membership.

310

MINUTE MEN OF
of

1890

Minute Men of 1890.— See Order
the Ainericau Union.

divided into regiments and companies.

The

ington, D.

Minute Men of 96. Founded at Wash- preme C, in 1896, by M. J. Bishop, ruary,
first,

—

national body held a convention of the Su-

Inside Circle at St. Louis in Feb1887, and again in 1889.

At

the

General Worthy Foreman of the Knights of
secret,

seven States were represented, and at

—

Labor of America, and A. E. Redstone, as a the second, thirteen, with progress reported oath-bound society of industrial and from five more. The membership in April, other employes "to resist the 'intimida- 1888, was said to have been 500,000, but tion and coercion of corporations in the Avhile it was very large, it was undoubtedly matter of voting." Bishop was General much smaller than that. The American Commander of the Minute Men and Red- Protective Association, founded in 1887, stone Adjutant General. The movement which appeared to sweep into its ranks alwas declared to be the outcome of an effort most all active native American and antiby the managers of the Bryan presidential Roman Catholic sentiment between 1S88 campaign to control the labor vote. It was and 1897, is evidently responsible for the short lived. sudden disappearance of the National Order National Assembly Patriotic League. of Videttes. It M^as last heard of in KanOrganized in February, 1895, by seceding sas, but is now believed to be practically exIllinois members of and in opposition to tinct. Its brief and almost meteoric career the American Protective Association. (See was based on the exploitation of sentiments the latter.) which animate the Patrons of Husbandry, National Order of Videttes. This so- the Grange, and various American patriotic ciety was sometimes called the Order of societies, in the face of the heavy immigraThirteen. It had "Equality, Liberty, and tion between 1880 and 1885, and the promiFraternity " for its motto. It was organized nence then given to the question of division Texas farmers during the summer of of public school funds. b}'^ George W. Pike 1886, and spread rapidly. Native Sons of America. A patriotic was sent on an organizing tour through secret organization which enjoyed a brief other States. By December it had been es- existence between 1850 and 1856. It was a
' ' '

—

—

tablished

in Indiana,

Ohio, Kansas, Mis-

result

of

the outburst of nativism which

souri, Iowa,

and

Illinois in addition to

Texas.

Its declaration of principles

was

as follows:

To maintain
of our country

tlie

Declaration of Independence as

gave rise to the Know Nothing part}", within which it is supposed to have disappeared. Order of American Freemen. Or-

—

the foundation of our principles, the preservation

ganized in Pennsylvania in 1884
of thirteen seceding lodges of

b\'

members

from foreign influence in our moneno membership with those who hold allegiance to any foreign ])ower while claiming citizenship opposition to contract pauper immigration our own industries, first, last, and always our public school system shall be maintained and improved no sectarian interference from any source no division of the public funds for sectarian schools no special privileges for any class, but just and equitable laws for all the ownership of homes homes for the homeless, land for the landless a complete and perfect union one government and one flag equal rights for all equality, fraternity the climax of our hopes.
tary and land systems
; ;
;

the Ameri-

can Protestant Association
of strongly

.

A secret society

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

anti-Roman Catholic tendencies the Loyal Orange Association. (See American Protestant Association.) Order of Native Amei'icans. An American patriotic secret society organized at San Jose, Cal., some years after the close of the Civil War, by W. J. D. Hambly, who prepared its ritual. It was his design
similar to

—

;

;

to

present,

in

picturesque
decades:
struggle;

degree work,
First,

—

America in three
the

before
at

The Order was organized on
basis.

a military

Revolutionary

second,

State

organizations being brigades.

some period between the Revolutionary and

ORDER OF UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS
Civil "Wars, and, third,
Civil "War.

311

Tamina, and the Society of Red Men how the Order of United Ameriand all the seci'et work, including the signs, can Mechanics became the residuary legatee salutes, passwords, etc., were designed to of these patriotic American secret societies. Both The Sons of Liberty, 1704-83, was, first, teach lessons of American history. men and women were admitted to member- a protest against British j)olicy in the ship, and the society liad the reputation American colonies, and afterwards stood of being made up largely of those who called for independence. The Sons of St. Tamina, themselves agnostics. It is not known 1771-1810, embodied the sentiments which made the Revolution possible, and later bewhether it survives. Order of Uncle Sam. See Know Noth- came the conservator of popular patriotism, antagonizing the threatened dominance of ing Party. Order of United American Mechan- the military over civilians, the plan to creA patriotic, social, fraternal, and be- ate a dictatorship or a presidency for life, ics. nevolent secret association of white male and the prominence of an aristocracy, forenative citizens, founded at Philadelphia, shadowed in the activity of the Tory element Only those born in and in the Society of the Cincinnati with Pa., JiTly 8, 1845. the United States of America or under its its hereditary membership and alleged unflag and eighteen or more years of age, are republican tendencies. Tamina, or Tameligible to membership. It " stands for the many, societies also sided against the forpublic school with the American flag over eign influences in domestic politics, which of church and resulted from increasing immigration toward it, and against the union Its professed objects are to assist the close of the last century and produced state." members in business and in obtaining em- the alien and sedition laws of 1798; and ployment, to aid widows and orphans of they were active in combating what they deceased members, to relieve the wants of believed to be the attack on true religion in members who may be incapable of follow- the teachings of Paine, Rousseau, and "\'oling their usual vocations, to defend its ad- taire. In this nuiy be found the germs of herents "from injurious competition" of "America for Americans," and defence of immigrants and the government ''from a Protestant Christian faith, which in varitheir corrupting influence." Xotwithstand- ous forms have characterized American poing this, " nothing of a political or sectarian litical or patriotic secret societies in the last
during and since the
St.

The

lessons, charges, addresses,

will explain

—

—

Red Men, " Americaneigner," and "extends him a cordial wel- ism " and "defence of the country" for come," but demands that the immigrant nineteen years, when the dominance of shall keep his " hands off our rights and priv- conviviality among its members, anti-seileges " until legally entitled to them.* cret society sentiment due to the anti-MaEeference to accounts of the Improved Oi-- sonic agitation and other influences caused der of Red Men, Sons of Liberty, Sons of its death. The Improved Order of Red It " It does 'Men, which followed, exists to this day. * A sympathizer with the society adds not forget that our land should be an asylum for was and is a secret, charitable, and benecharacter"
is

allowed at
"'

its

convocations.

half century.

The

Society of

It denies a desire

to proscribe the for-

1813-32,

carried

forward

:

the oppressed of all nations, but claims that

when

ficiary

organization without political feaIt inherited traditions

they seek

it

as an asylum, tlioy should

conform

tures.

and ceremo-

to our customs

and

institutions

and obey our laws,

nials used

and not establish distinct nationalities, or seek to enfjnift any of the customs and laws of the downtrodden countries of the old world, and thereby become a stumbling-block to our national progress."

by the societies named through

members
nearly

of

some

of

the original Red ^Fen in 1834.
all political

them who were among But while Red Men had disappeared

312
in 1834, the sentiment

ORDER OF UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS
which they created
surviving
itself in

the appearance at
native
in

New York

city

was

stiJl

active

among

members

of a non-secret,

in Pennsylvania,

New York.*

One year

Maryland, Delaware and later this showed

party,

and

American political 1837 there was a similar maniboth of which

festation

at

Philadelphia,

* Nativistic feeling began to reveal itself very
earlv in the career of the United States as a nation.

overthrew the Federal party in 1800, and that organization never won another national battle.

and New York, became active and powerful, demonstrations against it by native-born
In
tlic

large cities like Philadelphia
tlic

in

which

alien element early

citizens

were particularly frequent.

A

consider-

able part of the immigrants to this country in the dozen years succeeding the close of the American

war for independence were refugees from the With a natural hosBritish islands and France. tility to the tyranny from which they fled, both classes of immigrants took the side of the revolutionary regime of France which overthrew the Bourbons, and in the war between that regime and England they were against England. They sought to force the United States into the war on the side of France, but President Washington wisely decided on a course of rigid neutrality between the combatants, and established the principle which has been consistently adhered to by the country
ever since, of non-interference in the old world's Washington, though not a rabid parquarrels.
tisan,

These events determined the partisan leanings of the aliens. They swore eternal enmity to the Federal party and eternal fealty to the Republican. From that time onward, almost to our day, the great bulk of the foreigners have been against the Federalists and their successors, the National Republicans, Whigs and Republicans, and have been on the side of the Democratic-Republicans and The exceptions to their progeny, the Democrats. this rule have been among the Germans of the West in the past third of a century, and the Scandinavians in the same section, who have been a
later

addition to the country's population.

Of

was a Federalist in his convictions and symand he was backed by that parly the party of HaraiTton, Adams, Pickering, and the Pinckneys in this policy, as in all others of his The opposing organization, which administration. was first called anti-Federalist, which Jefferson desired to be termed Eepublican, which -ft'as officially designated Democratic-Republican from 1793 to 1828, which has been known as Democratic ever since, and which at that period had for its leaders Jefferson, Madiiton, and Edmund Randolph, favored interference by the United States in behalf of
pathies,

—

—

each of these elements a majority in the Western States have always been Republicans. By usually throwing their weight on the same side of the scale, the Democratic side, the aliens decided elections, commanded "recognition" and As they were, as a secured important offices. class, the most ignorant, turbulent, and corrupt element of the population, they brought misgovernment, scandal, and general political demoralizaThen the native-born citizens, chiefly in the tion. large cities, in which the aliens were most numerous and active, started to combine against them, In 1823 and nativistic demonstrations began.
tales of

dark designs by

Roman

Catholic European

nations on the political and religious liberty of the

United States began to be heard in this country and found ready credence in some quarters. Then the anti-alien sentiment took on an anti-Catholic phase,

The Democratic-Republicans called the Federalists monarchists, and these retorted by
France.
stigmatizing the others as Jacobins.
their

Balked in

purpose to involve this country in a Avar

against England, the refugees violently assailed

and the Federalists retaliated by passing the alien and sedition laws in 1798, in Adam.s"s term in the Presidency. The alien laws
the Administration,

and this it lias largely retained to the present day. Nativism in Politics, by Charles M. Harvey, in the St. Louis "Globe-Democrat," February 24, 1895. Mr. Henry Baldwin, custodian of the Library "In 1834 the Americana, New Haven, writes 'Letters of Brutus' were published in the New York Observer.' They purported to give an exposition of a conspiracy to destroy the United States,' acting through an organization at Vienna,

—

:

'

'

lengthened the period of residence for naturalization

Austria,

called

the

'

St.

Leopold's

Foundation,*
;

from

five to

fourteen years and armed the

President with power to send any alien deemed dangerous to the public peace out of the country,
while the sedition act imposed heavy penalties for

which had the Emperor Ferdinand Y. as its patron his Prime Minister, Prince Metternich, as its president, and Bishop Fenwick of Cincinnati as its Doubtless the publication of American agent.
these letters led to the organization of the native American party in the following year, the antag-

any scandalous
gress or the

attacks, written or printed, on Con-

President.

The Democratic-Repubthey

licans fiercely attacked this legislation, and, aided

by the quarrels

of

Adams and Hamilton,

onism of the Roman Catholic Irish and interference at public meetings of Americans, which finally

ORDER OF UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS
were short lived.

313

The

spirit wliich

earlier noii -secret,

native

animated American party

strength to elect James Harper
the foreign element, and

mayor against
vote.

the combined Democratic, which included

outgivings is shown by the following extract from a preamble and constitution adopted at Germantown, Philadelphia, in 1837:
While at the siiiiic time we worn down by oppression at
invite the stniiiger,

Whig

Mr.

Harper

will also be recalled as the

founder

of the publishing house of

Harper Brothers.

In the following year this new political party
disappeared, notwithstanding the fact that by 1844-45 not only "nativism," but an-

liome, to

come and

share with ns the blessings of our native land and
here find an asylum for his distress and parlake of

tagonism to the alleged designs of
Catholics
issues.

Roman
political

the plenty a kind Providence has so bountifully

had

become

distinct

given
in

VIS,

we deny

his

right (hereby

meaning as

foreigners any emigrant
hall, or his eligibility

who may

hereafter airive

our country) to have a voice in our legislative to office under any circum-

Catholics in some States
in

The claim was made that Roman demanded privileges

regard to the education of children of

and we ask a repeal of that naturalization law which, it must be apiiarent to every reflecting mind, to every true son of America, has become an evil.
stances,

Catholic parents in the public schools "calculated to arouse animosity
tants."'

among

Protes-

It

would be

difficult at this distance to
if

was declared that the demand on behalf of the Roman Catholics was that the reading of the Bible, acIn
it

New York

trace accurately the influence,

any, of the

cording to the King James

vei'sion,

should

introduction into the United States in 183G
of the

be prohibited in the public schools.

These

Roman

Catholic charitable and be-

circumstances brought in sectarianism and

nevolent secret society, the Ancient Order
of Hibernians, but in view of the promi-

gave an impetns to the Native American
party idea, which a mere protest against
naturalized foreigners being allowed to vote

nence, a few years later, of antagonism to
alleged designs of

Roman

Catholics on the

public school system, the appearance here, in
183G, of lodges of the Order of Hibernians
is

not devoid of significance.

two or three years

little

During the next was heard of non-

secret or secret political organizations, but

increasing immigration, particularly at Phil-

adelphia and

York, soon revived conFor some years riot and disorder at the cities named had been directed against or caused by negroes, but by 1843-44 the increased number of naturalized citizens and other foreign-born residents, their prominence in political circles and suspected intention of making political rewards depend upon natiouality rather than merit, aroused a feeling antagonistic to foreigners. Xative American parties again appeared at Philadelphia and at New York in 1843 and gained sufficient
ditions favorable to them.
culminated in the Kensington riots at Philadclpliia. Public meetings being impracticable, Americans assembled secretly and formed the first of the

New

would never have furnished. Althongh the New York native American party failed in 1844 to repeat its success of 1843, a similar organization at Philadelphia, in 1844, found lodgment in almost every Avard of that city. Late in 1844, while the mercantile and manufacti;ring interests of the Quaker City were snffering from trade depression, a great many immigrants arrived, most of them Crermans, and many in a destitute condition. American workmen, in many in"greenstances, were discharged, and horns," as the immigrants were termed, employed in their places at nominal comSmarting under this, Luther pensation. Chapin, Richard (i. Howell, George Tucker, Ethan Briggs, John Smulling, and James Lane had a number of conferences, at which it was agreed that they would in all instances where em])loyment was to be obtained use their influence to secure places for American-born workmen and that in making purchases they would patronize an American
in preference to a foreigner.

American

political' societies."

No

organiza-

;

314
tion was

ORDER OF UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS
formed at that time, bi;t in this membership and popularity. 2 application was received is found the beginning of that
and benevolent, secret American Meclianics.

movement

to

By September form a new

Council to be called Enterprise, No. 2. This was granted, and, strange to sa}^ on SepOrder of United tember 9 the mother Council, over Avhich These men and others associated with them Luther Chapin, the founder, presided, desaw the advantages to be derived from or- clared its name to be Enterprise, No. 1. A ganization and obtained permission to meet charter was granted to form Perseverance over the rifle factory of Edward K. Tryon, Council, No. 3, on October 21, when it was No. 134 North Second Street, on July 4, also arranged to establish a system of sick
patriotic, fraternal,

Avhich afterward led to tlie formation of the

and other benefits along lines followed, and no doubt suggested by the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Improved Order of Eed Men and the United Order of Druids. 8, to organize a protective secret society among American mechanics. There were A State Council was formed November 13, about sixty persons present at the meeting, 1845, after which the chartering of subbut after Luther Chapin, the presiding ordinate Councils was more rapid. Luther officer, had stated its object the majority Chapin was the first presiding officer of the retired, " not being favorable to secret so- Pennsylvania State Council and as well of cieties." Those remaining were Luther the National Council, organized July 3, Chapin, Eichard Howell (a Freemason), 1846, when the society was one year old. George Tucker, Ethan Briggs, John Smull- Among the earlier proceedings the following (a Freemason), James Lane, William ing from the records of the State Council Cummings, J. S. Sansom, J. H. Hacker, of Pennsylvania, November 16, 1849, is W. H. White, William Stevens, John A. worthy of a place here: Curry (a Freemason), George Stiles, J. M. Whereas, The Order of Odd Fellows and Sons of Murray, Jacob G. Baker, Lemuel Crosby, Temperance are about to contribute a block of Samuel T. Hays, John C. Hughes, Charles marble towards the erection of the Washington N. Crockett, William Simmons (a Free- Monument at Washington, and Whereas, The Order of United American Memason), E. H. Deemer, GaiTett Mitchner, Joseph Whitaker, John Meld rum, and chanics, being of a more national character than either of the above named, it becomes their especial James Turner. At a meeting held July duty, as it may well be their pride, to contribute
1845.
resulted in a sub-

The conference

which to rent Jefferson Temperance Hall for a meeting to be held July
scription with

15, resolutions were adopted declaring the
objects, of the

their mite in the erection of a testimonial of esteem

new

secret trades

union to be
society

those substantially as set forth at the begin-

ning of this

article,

and the

was

Father of their Country it Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to solicit contributions from
to the

Therefore, be

named The American Mechanics' Union. On July 22 the name was changed to the

subordinate Councils, and to procure a suitable block of marble, with the emblem of the order sculptured thereon.

Order of United American Mechanics of the United States, and on July 29 a constituThe society soon spread to New Jersey tion was adopted. At a meeting, August 4, and Delaware. It has always been strong in Originally intended for and 1845, one month after the preliminary con- Pennsylvania. ference looking to the formation of the so- made up exclusively of operative mechanciety, a ritual and an initiatory ceremony ics and workingmen, general interest in its were adopted and arrangements were made principles and purposes resulted in a radito issue an address to mechanics and work- cal change soon after it was formed, and it ingmen. Meetings were held at short in- has since been an order of native-born tervals and the society grew rapidly in Americans from every prof ession and calling.

ORDER OF UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS
with wo trades
sire
tal

315

union

iiffiliations

or

decaj)i-

to interfere in disputes

between

and labor. The society's Councils are found in twenty-one States and it numbers more than 60,000 members. The square and comi)asses among its emblems, wbich also include the American flag and the hand and arm of labor wielding a hammer, suggest Masonic influence. Among the twenty-five gentlemen who assisted at the founding of the order, on July
8, 1845, four,

United American Mechanics, of the Brotherhood of the Union, and of tiie United Order, Sons of America affiliated with the

Know Nothing party,
ica w^as fairly
lost its identity in

but the Sons of Amerit

absorbed by

and therefore

1660-61, when the war

drew attention away from questions which had dominated the campaigns of 1852 and
1856.

asnoted, Smulling, Cummings, Simmons, and Curry, were Freemasons. Hughes became a member of the fraternity in 1849, Hay in 1850, Howell in 1851 and system, as it is, and as opponents of possible Stiles in 1853, for which information the attempts at union between church and state,
writer
is

Orders Mechanics, the Brotherhood of the Union, and others, revived the Sons of America and it is to them, as conservators of nativism, defenders of the public school
of

After the war, members of the

indebted to the courtesy of the Sec-

that the domestic patriotic secret societies
of the past twenty years, directly or indirectly,

Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of Pennsylvania. Yet
retary of the

owe their

existence.

was quite natural to utilize representations of the square and compasses in the original organization, which was one of mechanics and workiugmeu. The Ancient Order of United Workmen, a purely beneficiary seit

Among

the latter, patterned more or less

after the four

which have come down

to

us through the last half century, are the

Order of
in 1873
;

the

American
of

Union,
the

formed
;

the Templars of Liberty, 1881

cret society

formed in 18G4,

also presents the

the Patriotic League

Revolution,
AssociaP.

among its emblems, and cannot plead coincidence with equal
square and compasses
propriety, as that fraternity was the creation

1882
tion,

;

the
better

American

Protective
the

known

as

"A.

A.,"
;

1887
the

;

the American Patriot League, 1888

of one

man and

he a Freemason and

it

Loyal
;

never was composed exclusively of mechanics or laboring men.

1888
1895

;

American Liberty, the Protestant Knights of America, and the Order of the Little Red
of

Women

The

patriotic

American
;

secret

societies,

School House, 1895.
iliaries of

the United Order, Sons of America, formed
in Philadelphia in 1847 of the Union, 1850,

the Brotherhood

Women's, or men's and women's auxsome of these associations have

or the Order of the Star Spangled
•party (^ 1852-54, better

and the Sons of 76, Banner (which became the secret native American

been successful in cooperating, not only to propagate ])eculiar or special views held, but in rendering more attractive the so-

known as the Know
a
direct

Nothing party),
of United

all

find

or an

indirect origin or inspiration in the Order

American Mechanics and
of

all

ex-

cept the
day.

Know Nothing
the
its

iKirty are alive to-

Prominent Daughters of Liberty, auxiliary to it, and tiie Junior Order of United American Mechanics Daughters of America, also affiliated with the Junior Orcial side of

the organizations.
are the

among such

;

Members

last

named found der

;

the

Women's

Historical Society, with

refuge after

defeat in some of the otiiers

the American

Protective Association, and

and

in the Constitutional

political

party,

Union, non-secret, which was born and died
of

the Daughters of Columbia, connected with

the American Patriot League.

In order to

just prior to the outbreak of the Civil "War.

bring the genealogical tree of the family of

Nearly

all

the

members

the

Order of

American

})atriotic secret societies

down

to

316

ORDER OF UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS
it is

date

necessary to add the

names

of

known

as the

Daughters of Liberty,

origi-

some of the more important which, whether
l)atriotic

merely, or patriotic and political,
off-

or wliether having a partisan, political rea-

son for existence, are, nevertheless, the
spring directly or indirectly of
whicli have

the

four
of

nated with Columbia Council at Meriden, Conn., in January, 1875. It was designed merely to assist Columbia Council in its work, but its usefulness was such that in a short time Councils of Daughters of Lib-

come down from the middle

through earlier, similar societies, date back to the decade Conprior to the War of the Kevolution. spicuous among them were the now extinct Knights of the Golden Circle, with its revolutionary designs prior to and during the Civil War; the Ku-Klux-Klan, which followed the Civil War the Southern politithe
;

century and which

cal,

agricultural secret

association

known

and New Haven, .Conn., whence they spread to New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts and a dozen other States. All members of Councils of the Order of United American Mechanics in good standing, and any nativeborn American white woman of sixteen years of age or over, are eligible to membership. There are more than 30,000 members of Councils of Daughters of Liberty. The oberty were instituted at Bridgeport
jects of the auxiliary society are to j^romote
social

Wheel, which gave birth in 1867 to the Grange, and it, in 1880, to the Farmers^ Alliance, after which may be named the Knights of Keciprocity, 1890 the (modern) Sons of Liberty, which is extinct 1893 the Indian Kepublican League, American Knights of Protection, 1894 Protestant Knigiits of America, 1895 ; the National Assembly, Patriotic League, a schismatic branch of the "A. P. A.," 1895 ; the Patriots of America, 1895, and the Silver Knights of America, 1896, organized to carry on a free-coinage-of-silver propaganda, and, finally, the Silver Ladies of America, formed in 1896. The Junior Order of United American Mechanics was organized in 1853 as a juvenile branch of the parent Mechanics, to admit youths and train them to become members of the latter on arriving at the required age. But by 1885 the Junior order became so strong and its membership so large, that it terminated its dependent relaas the
; ; ; ;

intercourse,
visit

seek mutual
sick

improve-

ment, to

the

and distressed,

" perpetuate American

principles in con-

junction with the Order of United American

Mechanics, and to promote the happiness and
prosperity of the Order in general.
""

department of the parent order is in the hands of individual Councils. It i^rovides for the payment, by means of assessments, of $300 at the deaths of those entitled to the same. There is also an insurance dei3artment, controlled by the National Council and an Advisory Board, providing for payments of $1,000 to legal representatives of deceased members. The benefit fund is provided for by assessments on those who choose to take adfuneral
benefit

The

vantage of this feature of the work of the
Order.

The Loyal Legion of United American Mechanics is its uniformed division. It was established by the National Council in tionship and became what it has since re- 1886, and in addition to handsome unimained, an independent, patriotic, frater- forms, an elaborate drill and sword manual, nal, secret society, with name, emblems, it has an organization of its own, with objects and principles like those of the ritual and ceremonials not entirely disassoOrder of United American Mechanics. Its ciated from like apjDendages to the Indepenmembership is nearly 200,000, much more dent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of than twice that of the parent organization. Pythias and the Foresters of x\merica, all The men and women's auxiliary to the of which have been in part the outcome of Order of United American Mechanics, a spirit of emulation of Masonic Knights

— A
ORDER OF THE AMERICAN UNION
Templars.
of

317

Improved Order been an expose of the Order was published, which caused it to disintegrafe rapidly; but its ancestry back into the eighteenth century, exclusive of the it was reorganized in 1881 and renewed its Sons of Temperance, founded at New York former prosi)crity under various titles, among city in 1842, and of a number of the better them the United Order of Deputies and the known college, or Greek-letter, fraternities, Minute Men of 1890. Like the American the Order of United American Mechanics Patriot League and other patriotic orders remains the oldest existing secret society of of late years, the Order of tlie American Union was finally practically absorbed by domestic origin. Order of the Aiuericaii Shield. See the American Protective Association. Its present existence is believed to be in name Order of the American Union. only. Order of the Aiuerican Star. Order of the Little Red School native American secret society formed at New York city in 1853-54. Also known as House. Founded at Boston, in August, Templars Order, etc.; Free and Accepted 1895, by members of the American ProtecAmericans, originally as True Brethren, tive Association, and others, one of the and afterwards as AVide Awakes. (See fruits, apparently, of the riot at East BosTemplars Order of the American Star, ton, July 4, 1895, in which American Protective Association paraders and nonetc.) sympathetic spectators were engaged. The Order of the American Union. Formed in New York city, in 1873, by the first brancii was known as Boston Tea Party union of the Order of the American Shield, School, No. 1, and Schools in each State a Ninth Ward patriotic secret society, and a were to be governed by a Seminary, as the similar organization from the east side of the State organization was to be called. The city, of which Dr. J. G. Wilson and Andrew names of the new jmtriotic Order's chief Powell were the respective heads, under the officers were, respectively, Dominie, Usher,

Next

to the

Red Men,

whicli traces

— —

—

title as

given

above.

Its objects

were to
an-

preserve constitutional liberty and maintain

the government of the United States

;

tagonism

to religio-political
'*

organizations,
;"'

particularly
sition to tiie

the

Eoman

hierarchy

opjio-

appointment of men to public office who owe allegiance to any foreign potentate or power and to the appropriation of public funds for any sectarian purpose, and the maintenance of unsectarian free The Union is described as having schools. been " very secret," and its total maximum membership, about 1890, is said to have There were no been nearly 1,500,000.
beneficiary or

Monitor, Critic, Cryer, etc., and its ritual was announced to be one of the most elaborate of like modern societies. It sought to educate the young, to inspire the hearts of loyal men and women both in school and at the fireside with a greater love for ''Old Glory,*' a grander reverence for the " Little Red School House," and to spread abroad the sentiments, America for Americans and no
foreign interference.

The Order welcomed
can
or
alien,

all,

whether Amerior
if

black
or

or

Gentile,

Catholic

white, Jew Mohammedan,

insurance features, and, as
only Protestants were
It

may be presumed,
eligible

to

membership.

was not usual

"stand shoulder to shoulder with us and take our solemn oath." Devotion to the American flag and American institutions was to characterize its demand
they could
of applicants.

to hold regular or stated

meetings, and the

This new patriotic Order,

subject of dues was, therefore, insignificant,
in view of

has had only a moderate growth, mostly in

which it is probable the estimate of the New England States. Order of United Americans. One of membership is overstated. In 1878 or 1879, what was alleged to have the earlier of the native American, patriotic.
total available

—

—

318
secret organizations

ORDER OF THE LITTLE RED SCHOOL HOUSE
which sprung into
of

ex-

engine.

(See

Know Nothing

party

;

also

istence in the decade following the election
of

James Harper as mayor

New York

city

on a native Aroerican ticket in 1843. It was founded at New York city in 1844 by

and thirteen associates, who Alpha Chapter, No. 1, of the American Brotherhood, as the society was
Russell C. Eoot established

Pioneer Chapter, No. 1, of then called. organized in 1848, but was Jersey New Hancock Chapter, No. 1, of Massachusetts

was at work as early as 1845.

The

original

chapter in Connecticut was Roger Sherman, No. 1, and that in Pennsylvania, Keystone,

No. 1. The strength of the movement may be inferred from the planting of Eureka Chapter in California as early as 1850. In 1851 and 1852 the Order was popular and

grew in membership rapidly. It published a magazine during the years named which, in December, 1852, reported sixty-two chapters of the Order of United Americans in New

York

State, fourteen in

New

Jersey, five in
Its

Connecticut, and one in Massachusetts.
the presence of college fraternity men

Order United American Mechanics.) Order of United Americans. A recently formed patriotic and beneficiary soThe first annual ciety for men and women. convention of its Orand Temple was held at Philadelphia in 1897, at which delegates were present from various points in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Patriotic Daughters of America. A patriotic, social, secret society formed in Philadeli)hia in 1885, a women's branch of or adjunct to the Patriotic Order, Sons of America. In 1889 this degree or branch of the Patriotic Order, Sons of America was dropped and the Patriotic Order of True Americans was formed to take its place, to which both men and women are admitted. (See Patriotic Order, Sous of America.) Patriotic Leagufe of the Revolution. Organized in 1882, by Virginia Chandler Titcomb, at Brooklyn, N. Y. Its membership was originally composed exclusively of women, but men are eligible and many have

—

—

system of naming chapters would suggest

joined.

Its

officers

declare

it

in

some

re-

among

spects

a secret society to which patriotic

the gentlemen who, at the residence of Mr.

Protestant Americans
questions in
their

alone

are

eligible.

Root on Second Avenue, New York, December 21, 1844, established Alpha ChapBut it is even more likely that ter, No. 1. leaders in the Order had been members of the political society of Red Men which died
a dozen years before ; or of Tammany Hall, New York city, an outgrowth from the

Professed objects are the study of political
historical

relation

and

the collection and preservation of relics of
the Revolution and other events in American
history and of people identified with the

progress and growth of the country.

Patriotic Order, Junior Sons of same organizations which produced the America. A native American patriotic The Order of United secret society, founded at Philadelphia, Society of Red Men. Americans, as it soon came to be known, is December 10, 1847, originally established practically extinct, but until quite recently, as an auxiliary to the United Sons of Amermembers of Washington Chapter, New ica. It survived the latter, and in 1868 or York city, of which Charles E. Gilder- 1870 helped revive the jmrent society under sleeve is or was Sachem, met regularly to the title Patriotic Order, Sons of America. Patriotic Order, Sons of America. celebrate Washington's birthday and renew

—

old

friendships.

Members

of

the Order
possibili-

A

patriotic

beneficiary

secret

society,

founded at Philadelphia, jn-ior to 1847, as ties of a new political, secret society, that the United Sons of America, by Rennel which ultimately became known as the Coates, E. Z. C. Judson {" Ned Buntline"), Know Nothing party, and took a prominent and others, some of whom were members part in building up that marvellous political of the Order of United American Mechanics,
were early to discover the political

PATRIOTIC ORDER, SONS OF AMERICA
a similar society organized at Philadelphia

319

as one of the four existing patriotic secret
societies

two years previously,

all

of

them sympa-

thizers with the then rapidly growing native-

ment about

born of the native-American movethe middle of the century, which

American

are lineal descendants of American political formed an auxiliary secret societies, and which form a practically 1847, under the title Junior continuous chain back to a ])eriod ten years Sons of America, to which youths between prior to the outbreak of the war of the sixteen and twenty-one years of age were Kevolution. (See Sons of Liberty, Sons of admitted. On becoming of age the Juniors St. Tamina, Society of Red Men, Order became Seniors, or members of the United United American Mechanics, and Know Sons of America. The heat of the politi- Nothing Party.) Like the two orders of cal campaign of 1852, in which the Sons United American Mechanics and the Broof '76, or Order of the Star Spangled Ban- therhood of the Union, it pays sick and ner (the Know Nothing party), a secret, death benefits by means of assessments. An oath-bound, native American political or- insurance of 81,000 accompanies an op-

political sentiment.*

The parent December 10,

society

ganization took part, evidently fused the

tional

membership
fifty

of

those in the Order

United Sons of America with the Sons of '7(5, for the former disapjieared with the death of the Know Nothing organization and its successor, the American party, at the outbreak of the Civil War. In 18G8 some Camps of Junior Sons of America, aided by members of the Order of United American Mechanics, revived the society as the
Patriotic Order, Sous of America,

under
benefit

years of age in the mortuary

fund,

and

total

sick

and death

benefits paid

since reorganization in 186G

amount to more tlian I>1, 000,000. On December 23, 1885, Miss Agatha Beamer and an elder brother organized in Philadelphia the Patriotic Daughters of America
as

and the

of

Junior Sons of America disappeared. Since that time the growth of the revived order has been rapid, particuhirly in Pennsylvania, where it has GO,UOO members. The total membership is nearly 100,000, and it ranks
* It
is

an adjunct to the Patriotic Order, Sons In May, 1887, the State America. Camp of Pennsylvania of this subordinate society was instituted, and on its second anniversary eleven Camps were in full workOn January 1, 1889, through ing order.
the action of the National
pareiit society, the

Camp

of the

probable the order was founded on a local

same niiinc, for in an account of the laying of the corner stone of the new native-American hall in the Second ward of that city it is stated that among the articles placed in
Philiidelphia society by the

women's branch or degree was dropped. The Daughters then formally reorganized as a separate and independent
organization

with

the

title

of

Patriotic

the corner stone was a copy of the constitution aiul

by-laws of

tlie

Sons of America, No,

1,

of the city

Order of True Americans. This is not composed exclusively of women. It has a double set of officers, the first of men and
the second of
reverse.

and county
18. 1844.

of Phihidclphia,

instituted

December

In the book (121 pages) the purpose of the society is stated to be " the uniting in fraternal

women

;

or the order

may

be

bonds

all

person.s advocating

an extension of the
least,

probation of foreigners to twenty-one years at

and employing American men for American ofTices; to defeiul the system of general education by means
of

common

This branch is .said not to the The objects of exist out of Pennsylvania. the Patriotic Order, Sons of America closely parallel those of the Order of United American Mechanics and the Junior Order of
the same, to wit
:

schools, as well as to protect

freedom

of speech, liberty of the press,

and the purity of

the ballot box."

The

order celebrated the 6th of

To

inculcate

pure American principles,
foreign
all

teach

May, the anniversary of the attack on tiie American meeting by Irish immigrants at Kensington in 1844, and also the 22d of Februarv.

loyalty to

American

institutions, cultivate fraternal

affection, oppose

interference in Slate or

national affairs, oppose

appropriations of public

320

PATRIOTIC ORDER OF TRUE AMERICANS
for sectarian

purposes, preserve the ConUnited States, and to defend and maintain the American system of public schools. Any male person is entitled to membership if of good moral character, sixteen years of age, a believer in the existence of a Supreme Being as Creator and Preserver of the Universe, born on the

moneys

The

Patriotic Order, Junior Sons of

Amer-

stitution of the

Order was added to the title about the year 1850) was not a strong organization in its early years. The Junior Camps in those days were probably little
ica (Patriotic

soil

or under the jurisdiction of the United States

of America, in favor of free education, opposed to

more than earnest debating societies, in which political topics of the day were discussed and public and private morality was
inculcated, with the other virtues essential
to a proper exercise of the rights of citizen-

any union of church and
with the government.

state,

and

to the inter-

ference of any foreign power, directly or indirectly,

The organization of the Order consists of a Supreme Body, the National Camp, with Camps. State Camps and subordinate Subordinate Camps are under the jurisdiction of the National Camp until the number of Camps in the State warrants their
being granted separate local management,

A monument to the work of the Order in Pennsylvania is its resuscitation of Washington's headquarters at Valley Forge, where the patriots of the Revolution suffered during that memorable winter of 1777-78. It is due to the Order that the
shi]?.

property

is

securely established as

a perof

manent public park.
State
inr

The membership
includes

when

a

State

Camp

is

chartered

and

the Order, which extends to almost every

assumes control of all Camps in the State. The National Camp consists of representatives from each State Camp and from each subordinate jurisdiction under National

the Union,

men

of

all

honorable trades, occupations, and professions,

including
councils.

many who occupy impormuDiscussion of partisan

tant positions in national. State, and
nicipal
l^olitics

Camp management.
of in

State

Camps

consist

in Camps of the Order is prohibited, and the idea advanced is ''Americans for are cliartered America" rather than ''America for Camps having jurisdiction, and are all Americans." named in honor of Washington, being numPatriotic Order of True Americans. bered separately in each State or Territory. Organized in 1889 by the Patriotic Order, The initiatory and other secret ceremonies Sons of America, to take the place of the are said to be instructive and beautiful. Patriotic Daughters of America, to which The regalia consists of a sash of red, white women only had been admitted. The new and blue, studded with stars. There is adjunct or auxiliary to the Patriotic Order, also connected with the Order a uniformed Sous of America admits both men and rank entitled the Commandery General, women to membership. (See Patriotic Sons of America. It is controlled by a Order, Sons of America.) code of laws prepared for its own governPatriotic Order, United Sons of ment. Members of Commanderies wear America. A secret society of the general chapeaux and regalia and are armed with character indicated by its title, founded at swords. Any member in good standing is Philadelphia prior to 1847 as the United eligible to join the Commandery Ceneral. Sons of America. It was originally of local Prior to 1870 the first degree was styled interest only, but gradually grew in im.the Subordinate Camp, the second was portance and membership, and was finally known as the Past degree, and the third as absorbed by the Sons of '76 or Order of the Commandery. In 1870 the degree the Star Spangled Banner, popularly known titles Eed, White, and Blue, respectively, as the Know Nothing party, in 1852-54. were adopted. The Patriotic Order, United Sons of America

delegates from each subordinate

Camp

the jurisdiction.

Subordinate Camps by the National or State

—

—

;

PRO PATRIA CLUB
became extinct with the death
ican party, successor to
tlie

321
re-

of the

Amer-

First

County Patriot took an "oath
political office either

by election party, at the outbreak of the Civil War, or appointment." They also renounced but was revived as the Patriotic Order, Sons " for life the ownership of property in exof America in 18G8 or 1870, by Camps of cess of $100,000." These officers, one in the Patriotic Order, Junior Sons of America, the nation, one in each State, and one in assisted by members of the Order of United each county, were the censors of the Order, American Mechanics. By this the Junior and were given power not conferred on Sons of America lost its identity. But it otlicrs. The "renunciation of office and is perpetuating the Patriotic Order, United wealth " did not ajjply to others in the Sons of America under the name, Patriotic Order. There was also a coordinate branch This is the more of the Order, known as The Daughters of Order, Sons of America. romantic, as the Junior Sons of America the Republic, "a charitable organization to was founded as an auxiliary Order to the look after the poor among the Patriots of United Sons of America in 1847. (See America." No special political i)arty was Patriotic Order, Sons of America.) sponsor for the movement. Among its proPatriots of America. Organized at moters in more than thirty States of the the close of 1895 by W. H. Harvey, of Union were representative Republicans, Chicago, better known as " Coin " Harvey, Democrats and Populists. As pointed out to conduct a campaign looking to the for- in a Chicago despatch to the New York mation of a ''free silver" party. It also "Tribune," December 7, 1895: "If it is assumed the existence of an evil influence found impossible to swing either of the by corporations upon government officials, great parties into line for free silver legislatures and courts, which it sought to the present plans (of the Patriots of Amercombat by "eliminating personal selfish- ica) call for a national conference of silness " from the acts of public officials. But ver men early in the summer of 189G and its primary purpose was to propagate the the nomination of a separate ticket for the then growing demand for the free coinage presidential campaign." Many lodges of of silver at the ratio of sixteen to one with a Patriots of America were formed, i)rinci pally like weight of gold. The form of organiza- South and West, where thousands who tion included a First National Patriot, a "voted for silver" in 189C received their National Recorder, a National Treasurer, ])olitical training. It will jjrobably remain and a First State Patriot in each State, an open question whether or not it was due who constituted a Congress of Patriots. to the activity of Harvey's secret society, There was also to be a First Patriot for the Patriots of America, that the political each county. It was expected the society issues of the presidential yetir 180G were would determine by ballot every four years so changed as to frustrate the purposes and what political relief was demanded and temporarily obscure the American Protecwhich candidates for president and vice- tive Association, or "A. P. A.," which up president it would support. AVilliam H. to June or July that year threatened to Harvey, author of "Coin's Financial name the next President. With the end School," was First National Patriot of tlie presidential cam])aign and the defeat Charles H. McClure, of Michigan, Na- of the advocates of free coinage of silver, tional Recorder, and James F. Adams, of the Patriots of America became dormant. Chicago, National Treasurer. There were (See Silver Knights of America and Freeno membership fees or dues, expenses being men's Protective Silver Federation.) met by voluntary contributions. The Fir.-^t Vro Patria Club. The New York city National Patriot, First State Patriot, and branch, or camp, of the practically extinct

Know Nothing nouncing

—

—

21

—
322
patriotic, native
ciety, the

PROTESTANT KNIGHTS OF AMERICA
American, beneficiary
so-

Royal Black Knights of the
Israel.
to

American Patriot League.

(See

—A

Camp

of

British

political secret society

the latter.)

Protestant Knights of America.
Organized at
St. Louis,

Scarlet degree of the Loyal ation are eligible.

which only members of the highest or Orange Associ(See the latter.)

Mo., early iu 1895.

A
be

fraternal beneficiary society, designed to

Silver

Knights of America.
''to

— A secret
a legal

among

Protestants what the Catholic
similar

society established

secure in

Knights of Columbus and other

Roman

Catholic

semi-secret
It

orders

are

was incorporated with a Su])renie, and Grand or State Councils, constitution, by-laws, and a ritual. It came into existence on the wave of patriotic and political secret society ascendency which was conspicuous in 1895 and
1896.

among Catholics.

Red, White, and Blue. A new and more modern variety of native American
patriotic societies, organized at Eochester,

—

way the free coinage of silver in the United States and to make silver a legal tender for all debts and to collect and spend money for that purpose." It was founded early in 1895, and its governing body, the Supreme Temple, Silver Knights of America, was incorporated as a stock company with 1100,000 capital. Senator W. M. Stewart of Carson City, Nov., was president; James
.

L. Pait, vice-president; Oliver C.
secretary
;

Sabine,

James A.
Yoder,

B. Richard, treasurer,

and

S.

S.

director general.

N. Y., by Sylvester M.

Douglas.

It

is

general offices were at Washington, D.

The C,

described as being very secret, only one person being permitted to have his

while those of the Harvey silver secret so-

name known ciety were at Chicago. (See Patriots of in connection with the institution. Not America.) Many well-known men were only the membership, but the places of leaders among the Silver Knights, particumeetings are secret. It is said to confer larly members and former members of the three degrees on candidates for its myste- House of Representatives. A literary buries the Red degree, in which protection reau was established at Washington which of the Protestant religion against Catholi- did hard work in the interest of those who cism and infidelity is taught; the White de- favored free coinage of silver. The organ:

which inculcates purity in all things, ization of the Silver Knights of America others the ballot, and the Bine, or was pushed simultaneously in Kentucky, highest degree, which is strictly American. Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, after which It charges that none shall be admitted the leaders invaded other States, generally whose grandparents and parents are not those regarded as safe for the Democracy, Americans that " no foreign blood can or only those districts in which the Demotincture the veins of those in the Blue cratic party dominated. The new organizaCircle." Needless to add that the Blue tion had a ritual, grips, passwords, and
gree,

among

;

Circle, or degree, furnishes the officers of

a

burial

service,

in

fact,

"all

the para-

the

Red and

the White, and that none but

l)hernalia of a secret society."

There was

is eligible to admission into also a woman's branch known as the Silver Members of the Red and of the Ladies of America, and it was intended to White Circles are unknown to each other out strongly develop the social feature in that of their Circles unless they are members of organization. With the defeat of the fi'ce the Blue. The degree of popularity or silver movement in politics in November,,

a Protestant

the society.

strength achieved by this fraternity

known.
to

It

is unforms an interesting variation

1896, the Silver Knights of America droj^ped

out of sight.

Its

membershij) early in that
(See Patriots

the

plain,

every-day native American

year was very large in central Western and

societies of the past quarter of a century.

Missouri river valley States.

SONS OF LIBERTY
of America,

323
in oppos-

and Freemen^s Protective Silver

Sons of Liberty became prominent

Federation.)

ing and even defying what was regarded as

<»f Aiueriea. (See Sil- unwarranted parliamentary action with refKnights of America.) erence to the American colonies. This was Society of Red 3Ien. Founded by conspicuous at Baltimore and elsewhere in members of St. Tammany societies, mem- Maryland, and loyal colonists undertook to bers of a military company stationed at make a counter demonstration by the forFort Mifflin, on the Delaware River, below mation of St. George's, St. Andrew's, and It embodied '• relief St. David's societies. Philadelphia, in 1813. There was also a St. in sickness and distress," as well as adher- Nicholas' Society at New York, in which ence " to each other in defence of our conn- the Dutch and Huguenots found common try's cause," was secret in character, and ground. The underlying sentiment of the utilized the Indian ceremonials at meetings latter societies being loyalty to the Crown, and initiation of members, handed down the Sons of Liberty undertook to ridicule from the Sons of Liberty, 1704-83, and the them by claiming the " patronage of an Sons of St. Tamina, 1772-1810. (See Im- undoubted American, an Indian chief, or proved Order of Red Men, and the Sons of king, named Tamina orTamanend," whose Liberty.) It disappeared about 1830-32. life and exploits they professed to trace Sons of Liberty. Tliis secret organiza- from his own descendants. A fuller action appeared in Maryland in 1764-65, as count may be found in the sketch of the a protest against " taxation without repre- Improved Order of Red Men. The career sentation," the ''stamp act," the ''quar- of the Sons of Liberty in ^NLissachusetts, tering act," and other British legislation 1705-74, will ever remain familiar Ijy reason affecting the American colonies, which was of the boarding of English vessels in Boston regarded as unjust and oppressive. The harbor by forty or fifty " Mohawk Indians," name, " Sons of Liberty," was first applied wiio emptied the cargo of tea into the water to this originally only semi-revolutionary as a protest against the tax on tea. It is of organization, by Colonel Isaac Barre, who, more than passing import to add that records with a few others in the Britisli Parliament, of a Masonic Lodge at Boston show that the opposed the passage of the ** stamp act." Lodge had been closed as most of the memIt was immediately adopted by those to bers were to take part in a "tea party." whom it applied.* As early as 1760-07 the Paul Revere, afterwards Grand Master of Freemasons of Massachusetts, carried the *Mr. Henry Baldwin, custodian of American new^s of the " tea party " to New York and History, Library Americana, writes: "At the Pi-oniptly after the Sons of period of Zcnger's trial, 1735, the radical oppo- Philadelphia. nents of the royal governors were called Sons of Liberty had invented the story of the i)atronLiberty but the name was not often heard until age of an American " king," the Indian chief

Silver Ladies

—

ver

—

—

;

after the

memorable speech

in the

House

of

Com-

mons, 1765, of Colonel Barre against taxation of the Americans. In reply to Charles Townshend's assertion that the colonies had been cared for and nourislied by the indulgence of the British Government, Barre scornfully denied it, saying that care was exercised in sending unfit persons as governors to rule over them men whose behavior on many occasions has caused the blood of those Sons of

Tamina, public demonstrations were marked by disguises as Indians, and it is related that the 12th of May was designated as St. Tamina's day, and frequently ushered in
to be the intimidation of

—

stamp distributors and

to

'

The associated America assumed this name. They were chiefly young men who loved excitement, but were truly patriotic. Their first business seemed
Liberty to recoil witliin tliem.'
patriots
in

oppose the act in every way; but, spreading widely over the colonies from Massachusetts to Georgia, they became the most radical leaders in the quarrel with Great Britain and promoters of tlie War of

Independence, in which many of them became tinguished leaders in the Council and in the

dis-

324

SONS OF LIBERTY

Labor troubles at Philadelphia Brothers. and New York were j^rominent in the next paniments of an organization formed to few years, due to a heavy increase of immigration, and in 1845 there was formed resist or overturn the law. In 1771 a socict}' of Sons of Liberty at at Philadelphia what may be called a native Annapolis, Md., took the name of Sons of American trades union to resist the enSt. Tamina, tlie change being practically croachment of foreign pauper labor, under one of name only, which course was fol- the name, the United American Mechanics. Native American sentiment cropped out lowed by other societies of Sons of Liberty, and at the close of the War of the Kevolu- repeatedly in the decade following the close tion the Sons of Liberty, as such, had prac- of the War of the Eevolution, and burst into tically ceased to exist. Many of the patriots a flame in the alien and sedition laws of of ante-revolutionary days and during the 1798, the sentiment back of which had been war of 1770-83 were Sons of Liberty in nurtured by St. Tamina societies. This name as well as in fact, but, as in all such feeling was again apparent during and secret societies, it was only on particular after the War of 1812, but died down duroccasions the identity of any of them was ing the political ''era of good feeling." made known. As pointed out elsewhere in But societies of Eed Men had succeeded the the outline of the origin of the modern Sons of St. Tammany and still kept the charitable and benevolent secret society, sentiment alive until 1830-32. It was only a the Improved Order of Eed Men, it was few years later when nativism again became the Sons of Liberty which gave rise to the a factor in politics. The native American Sons of St. Tamina (afterwards " Tam- trades union of 1845 soon dropped its nonmany"'), and members of the latter which secret character and, as the Order of United organized the Society of Eed Men, near American Mechanics, became a general sePhiladelphia, in 1813, in which political cret society of native Americans which, The Society of while not partisan, was yet political in that bias was a mainspring. Eed Men died out between 1827 and 1832, its objects were, and are, to maintain the when some of its more active members, riglits of native Americans and preserve aided by representatives of a few remain- our form of government against inroads by ing branches of the St. Tammany Society, those who seek asylum here. This organiformed, in 1834, the Improved Order of Eed zation, still exists, a lineal descendant of the Men, a purely charitable and beneficiary Sons of Liberty of 1764-83, and has given secret organization, which continues a pros- birth directly and indirectly, in fact or by perous career to this day. But the political inspiration, to many political secret sociesalt of the earlier Sons of Liberty, even after ties. Among these are the Junior Order, passing through the succeeding political United American Mechanics, 1853 the organizations. Sons of St. Tamina and the Patriotic Order, United Sons of America, Society of Eed Men, 1813-1832, had not even 1847 Brotherhood of the Union, 1850 then lost its savor. In 1835 New York city Sons of "76, or tlie Star Spangled Banwitnessed a '' native American," non-secret, ner, afterwards the secret native American political uprising, and in 1837 there was party popularly known as the Know Nothanother at PhiladeliDhia, both of them ing party, 1852 Order of the American short lived. In 1843, the movement ap- Union, or the United Order of Deputies, peared again at New York and resulted in 1873 PatriTemplars of Liberty, 1881 the election of a native American candidate otic League of the Eevolution, 1882 Amerifor mayor, James Hari')er, founder of the can Protective Association, better known well-known firm of publishers, Harper as the ''A. P. A.", 1887; the American
with a military salute and Indian war dances. Secrecy and disguises were natural accom;

;

;

;

;

;

;

SONS OF
Patriot League, 1888
;

ST.

TAMIXA

:?25

and the Order of tlie sketches of the Sons of Liberty and of the The Sons of Improved Order of Red Men.* After the Liberty at the time of the Boston " tea War of the Revolution the Sons of St. Tamparty " had developed into an organization ina stood for popular patriotism and opnot merely to resist, but, if necessary, to posed the Royalists who remained in the rebel; the Sons of St. Tamina after the country, the proposition to have the PresiRevolution were the conservators of popular dent hold office for life, and the ari.stocratic patriotism and Americanism, while the tendencies of the time as shown by the SoSociety of Red Men, 1813-32, while rather ciety of the Cincinnati, with its hereditary less democratic than its Tamina or Tam- membership and, as alleged, anti-republican many ancestors, was formed by those of one features. They disguised themselves as InLittle

Eed School House.

political

bias

to

adhere to

its

"

country's

cause.''

With immigration

in the second

dians to conceal their identities, as the Sons of Liberty had done, and like the Sons of

third of the present century was injected an Liberty, also, made use of Indian ceremonianti-Roman Catholic political sentiment als at their meetings and initiations. which has been present ever since, and, The American Sons of King Tammany with " America for Americans " and allied was founded at Philadelphia in 1T72, but political issues, has been kept Avarm within was said to have had a previous existence and often without the lodges of most of of " some years. "" It was patriotic, and the modern political secret societies, names afterwards political in character, and numof which have been given. bered some of the most prominent citizens Sons of Liberty (2d.) A native Amer- of Philadelphia among its members. It

—

ican patriotic scci'et order,

organization by that
tion.
cities

named after the name which flourished

died about 1822,

bers joined the Society of

when many of its memRed Men. The

before and during the
It

War of the Revoluappeared at a number of eastern between 1870 and 1880, but owing,
it

in part, to the success of rival fraternities

Tamnumy Society, or Columbian Order, was formed at Xew York city in 1789. The name was the outcome of a compromise, it being the desire of some of its original
members
to call
it

with similar purposes,

did not live long.
of
in

after

Sous of St. Tamina. — The society St. Tamina was forjned at Annapolis
17T1 by a change of
of

than after the Indian chief Tamina.

Columbus rather More

extended reference
the revolutionary

name

only from that

Sons of Liberty. Several societies of under tlie Sons of Liberty, which first appeared in Maryland in 17G4-G5, and spread through * At the time when most of the colonists of posithe country west and north of the Delaware tion were of foreign birth, society was greatly split and Chesapeake bays and east into New up, tlic Scotch giving a dinner and dance on St. England, as an organized resistance to un- Andrew's day, the Iluguenots and Dutcli joining to do honor to St. Nicholas, and the English celejust British laws which affected the coloIiratiiig St. George's day. Young men of American nics, changed to Sons or Societies of St.
birth,

is made to this branch of SL Tamina organizations head Im])roved Order of Red

members

of St.

Sons of Liberty had adopted a mythical Indian
as the

Tamina early in the seventies in tury. The change was slight,

Tammany
day,

societies,

chose
it

the last cen-

May
in

12th as St.

Tammany's

and ushered

in

witli tlie

ringing of bells and firing of guns, dancing

chief

Tamina

as

their

patron

saint, or

their caps.

Indian costume or with bucktails hanging from It was from this they were for years

king, in ridicule of the then loyal St. David, St. George, and St. Andrew societies, which professed allegiance to the British Crown. Further details are ffiven in

after called

"Bucktails."

Tradition has

it

that
cele-

Colonel Washington took part in

Tammany

brations held at or near Alexandria, Va., owing,

probably, to the likelihood of his having witnessed

thom.

320

SONS OF

'76,

OR ORDER OF THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER
asked questions concerning the new and By 185G it had been
into

Men. Another Tammtmy society, or Columbian Order, was founded at Baltimore
in 1805, as a purely i)olitical secret society,

secret political engine.

reconstructed

a non-secret, national,

and it is said that it had "a characteristic word with which to gain admission to its It did not live long, but that at meetings. Annapolis, formed in 1772, was active until
'"'

under the title Native American party and nominated Fillmore and Donelson as its candidates for President and Vice-President. Although casting
political organization

1810.

The New York organization
one which
to
its

is

the

only

preserves
dav,

an

unbroken
it

existence

this

and even
political

has

dropped

partisan

cloak
Hall.

on

900,000 votes, it carried only one Maryland. It had occasional but waning political successes in the few years prior to the outbreak of the Civil War, when
nearl}^

State,

the shoulders of the subordinate non-secret
political organization,

most of

its

remaining membership, includall of

Tammany
first,

ing nearly
sorbed,
tional

the Patriotic Order, Sons
it

All of the original or earlier
societies

Tammany
but some

of America,

which
party,

had practically abwhich was
politically

were political at

united in 1860 wdth the Constitu-

ultimately become rather social, and occasionally benevolent in their purposes.

Union

But

still-born.

(See

Know Nothing

Party,

from 1790
were
again
of
ticians

to

1810 the political features

prominent, and many poliday were enrolled among The political secret Sotheir members. ciety of Red Men, formed near Philadelthat

Order United American Mechanics, and Sons of Liberty.) Sons of the Soil. One of the many na-

—

tive

American

secret societies of the period

phia in 1813 by members or ex-members of

the

1850 to 1856. It was organized at one of Hudson Eiver towns, and, like so many
others,

Tammany

societies, carried

forward Indian
later days, as

ceremonials and customs as adjuncts to a
political secret fraternity to

was finally carried bodily into the Kuow^ Nothing party between 1854 and
1856.

explained at length in the accounts of the

Sons of Liberty and of the Improved Order of Red Men. Sons of '76, or Order of the Star

Supreme Order, Sons Know Nothing Party.

of '76.

— See

Tammany
der.

Society, or
at

Columbian Or-

Spangled Banner.
political

— Original

title

of the
in

secret

society

which ajopeared

1851 as the successor to the non-secret native American political j)arties of- 1835-45,
in which
w^ere

Ncav York city. May 12, 1789, by 'William Mooney, an Irish American, and by representatives of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware Sons of
St.

—Established

Tamina and

St.

Tammany

societies,

the

many members

of the pa-

Order of United American Mechanics 1845, Patriotic Order antedated the War of the Revolution. It of United Sons of America 1847, and the has since given its political functions over Brotherhood of the Union, established in to a subsidiary non-secret club known as 1850. The Sons of '76 found the time Tammany Hall. Its object was to "ceapparently ripe for a native American ment in indissoluble bonds of friendship propaganda favoring restricted immigra- American brethren of know^n attachment to tion, and antagonism to union between the political rights of human nature and church and state, for the society won a the liberties of the country." The first surprising political victory in 1852. It had public celebration of the Society was held then become popularly known as the Know on the banks of the North River on May 21, Nothing party, owing to members replying 1789. It flourished only moderately during
triotic secret organizations.

being the direct descendants, as organizations, of the Sons of Liberty, which
latter

that

they

knew nothing about

it

when Washington's

administration, but with that

— —
WOMEN'S LOYAL ORANGE ASSOCIATION
of Jefferson
litical
it

327

became a strong, active, po- daughters of members are eligible to beneit is found to-day. ficiary membership. The highest death It was incorporated in 1805, and in 1811 benefit ])aid is SI, 000, and benefits are met built the original Tammany Hall on the by assessments graded according to age at corner of Frankfort Street and Park Row. entering. The ritual of the society is A second Tammany Society, or Columbian founded on scenes and incidents of the Order, from similar sources, appeared at Reformation. Baltimore in 1805. It was of distinctly poTemplars Order of the Americ'aii
organization as
litical

character, but did not live long.

(See

Star,

Free and Accepted Americans.

Patton was its first jiresident. In May, 1855, tliere were fifty-nine Temples in New York and beneficiary organization. It was incorpo- in Kings County. Its original name was rated in 1883 and has grown slowly but American Brethren, and it was afterward steadily in New York State, New Jersey, known as the AMde Awakes, a name and Pennsylvania, where most of its Temples later applied to Republican political proare located, numbering about 5,000 mem- cessions in national campaigns in 1860 and

Improved Order of Eed Men, and Sons of St. Tamina.) Templars of Liberty. Organized at Newark, N. J., in 1881, by George W. Palmer and Charles Kennedy of Brooklyn, N. Y., and J. A. Flammer of Newark, as a patriotic, anti-Eoman Catholic, assessment

—

Organized at New York city about 1853-54 as a native American, patriotic, secret society, by William Patton. Its first meeting was held in a stable, and the second in Convention Hall, in Wooster Street.

upon similar principles to in 1864. The latter portion of its rather American Protestant elaborate title, as given above, is suggesAssociation, the Order of the American tive as to other secret society affiliations of Union and the American Patriot League, de- some of its leaders. The Order is not manding an educational test for admission to known to have survived 'the Know Nothing citizenship, unsectarian free schools, a free movement. press and liberty of conscience, and it deThe Zodiac. An inner circle to whicli nounces ''dictation from pope, priest, or only leaders of the American Protective Asbishop." It is worthy of note that the sociation belong, and which is credited with
bers. It
is

built

those underlying the

—

not to have been being the directing influence of tlie Order. any other patriotic orders in (See American Protective Association.) 1883, Mr. Flammer alone being True Brethren. See Templai*s Order described as a member of any other secret of the American Star. society, the Independent Order of Odd FelUnited Order of Deputies. See Order lows. The emblem of the society is the God- of the American L'nion. dess of Liberty seated within the Temple of Wide Awakes. See Templars Order of Liberty, the dome of which is supported by the American Star. six columns. At her right stands an Indian Women's Historical Association. and a deer, oj)posite a farmer with sheaf of An auxiliary of the American Protective wheat and a horse. The temple is sur- Association. (See the latter.) mounted by an American eagle. The beneWomen's Loyal Oranyfe Association. ficiary features are simple yet in advance of Title of the women's branch of the Loyal those of some larger and better known or- Orange Association in the United States. ganizations. Mothers, wives, sisters, and (See the latter.)

founders are declared

members 1881 and

of

—

—

—

—

328

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES

YIII

GEEEK-LETTEE OE COLLEGE FEATEEISTITIES
College Fraternities. Secret, literary, record, American college life will be found and social organizations of students at to have given birth to almost one hundred American colleges and universities; some- secret societies of this particular and unique
times called Greek-letter societies, because
the
type.

—

names

of nearly all of

them

are

made

which are up of two or three Greek or to mystical words to refer presumed to mottoes known only to members. It is as
letters,
if

The form of government prior to 1870 was weak, consisting of general supervision by a Grand, usually the parent Chapter, or by
one chapter after another in turn, which

the

Odd Fellows

called themselves the

made laws and

regulations as

it

pleased,

communicated the fact to the other chapwell-known watchwords, "Friendship, Love, ters and left it to their option to obey them. and Truth." College fraternities may be But within the last quarter of a century of delegates from local, professional, conventions made up classified as general, There are twenty-six fra- chapters, with administrative bodies or and women's. ternities in the first group, which have councils, composed of alumni members, have cha])ters or branches in from four to sixty- had a general supervision over and manfour of the higher institutions of learning agement of affairs, and in leading instances Membership is con- have taken the place of an imperial form of in the United States. Annual conventions are held fined in almost all instances to students government.
*'F. L.

T." Fraternity,

referring to their

studying the classics or those in the literary and scientific departments; membership
originally was,

with undergraduate chapters, in turn, when undergraduate delegates act in the capacity

and

in a

day

is,

restricted to upper-class

few instances tomen. This

has resulted in the formation of similar societies among students in professional schools,

an exThese reunions generally end with a banquet and formal public exercises at which distinof legislators, leaving the duties of

ecutive to the council of alumni.

which four have achieved prominence and a considerable membership. With the
of

guished members deliver addresses of welcome, poems, and orations in the presence
of delegates
bers,

cation of women there have appeared nearly a dozen Greek and Roman letter secret so,

and other undergraduate memThese relatives and friends. exercises are rendered the more attractive cieties for women undergraduates, half a because of the long list of alumni prominent dozen of which made themselves known in the various walks of life, who may be beyond the walls of the colleges where they called on to discourse eloquently touching have an active existence. There are many th^ fraternity and what it means to those college secret societies classed as local, that who enjoy its privileges, or on literary and
increase of institutions for the higher edutheir
is,

existing only at colleges where founded,

economic

topics.

some
other Yale.

with
titles,

Greek-letter

and

some

with
of

Membership

in college fraternities

in-

among

the better

known

which are the three senior
If to

class societies at

cludes active, alumni, and honorary; but the latter, with a few exceptions, is no longer

the foregoing there be added

those which have lived, shone, and left a

permitted to increase, initiations being conAt some of the fined to undergraduates.

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
larger cities, graduate

329

members have estab- member is said to be " lifted." A student alumni chapters or clubs. The older whose acquaintance has been cultivated, has fraternities, for they do not rank necessarily been ''rushed;" when he has been asked according to membership, have published to join, he has been ''bid;" and when he accounts of their origin ;ind growth; a num- has agreed to do so, he is " pledged; " when ber have issued elaborate and ornate cata- he has been initiated and appears wearing logues, with lists of names of members the society's badge, he is " swung out." In
lished

arranged alphabetically by States and by colleges, with memoranda as to rank in the society or at college

and biographical sketches

members distinguished in public life; not a few issue magazines and other periodicals, some of which are circulated privately.
of

Nearly all have published music and song books of their own, in some instances have
adopted distinctive colors, and in others, flowers, as having a special significance. But most important, perhaps, are college fraternity

badges, almost always

made

of gold,

sometimes enamelled, and generally set with precious stones. These are worn conspicuously by undergraduate members and by

customary to invite where he meets the meiuljers, Avho watch his conduct and his conversation. If he makes a good impression, he is invited again, taken to football games, to the theatre, and invited to social affairs, and if all are satisfied the new man is a desirable acquisition he is invited to join. After initiation the watch over a ncAV member is kept uji. He is guarded against falling behind in class work and is taught during all his first year that neither he nor his opinions are of importance. By the time he is a sophomore he has learned
it is

''rushing" a man

him

to the fraternity house,

to

make allowance

for every one's point of

numy

long after leaving college.

In a

num-

view.

ber of instances the badge consists of a mono-

Among about six hundred and fifty chapgram formed of the Greek letters composing ters of American college fraternities nearly the name of the fraternity; in others, of a seventy possess houses or temples valued at representation of one or more emblems and over il, 000,000, costing from ^1,200 to in many instances of shields or rhombs, or- 1100,000. Some of them are elaborate and namented with enamelled, jewelled, or en- fanciful in design, others severely classic graved letters and emblems. and still others sombre piles of brick and The Greek-letter fraternity is unique stone. In many instances members lodge
among
secret societies, in that
it is

the only

in fraternity houses, in others out of them.

founded on an aristocracy of social advantage and educational opportunity. Students have to be invited to join them, and the uiulergraduate
organization
of

the kind

The
some

tabular exhibit on page 330 respecting
of the better

who should prove

so unfamiliar with college

customs as to ask to join one would probably never be permitted to do so. So "secret"
are the Greek-letter fraternities, or
that,

general Greekcondensed from data for 1890 and 1891, furnished by AVilliam Haimond Baird in Johnson's Encyclopaedia. The system of Greek-letter fraternities, nearly if not all of which are chartered
letter fraternities is

known

is fitly characterized by John Addison Porter, private secretary to Presibadges, members generally refuse to men- dent McKinley, in a "Century Magazine" tion the organization in the presence of pro- article, September, 1888, as ''the most fanes. Instances have been known where a prominent characteristic of American unmember of one college fraternity resigned dergraduate social life." A reference to and joined another, or was expelled aiul brief sketches of them will reveal the names elected by a rival society, but they are like of a few of the 125,000 members who durhens' teeth. When this does happen, the ing the greater part of the present century

of them,

most although wearing jewelled

corporations,

330

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
ignorant of the facts underlying the anti-

331

ett, then member of Congress, was the canMasonic agitation of from 1827 to 1840; didate (such is the irony of fate) for the partly to the warfare waged against secret Vice-Presidency of the Constitutional Union associations of all kinds by one or two re- party in 1860. The latter organization, it ligious denominations, and, to some extent, will be recalled, was the residuary legatee to ignorance of all that pertains to these of the so-called Know Nothing party, a societies, or because .antagonists had been 2)roscriptive, political secret society, which refused by or expelled from membership in antagonized aliens and Roman Catholics such organizations, or for special reasons from behind closed doors and at the ballotapplying to particular instances. All of box during the early fifties. (See Know this opposition, except that at Priiiceton, has Nothing Part3\) There were few chapters

practically disappeared, the other colleges

prohibiting Greek-letter fraternities not hav-

ing either the standing as institutions of
learning or the personnel

of college secret societies in 1831, not more than a dozen scattered throughout New England, New York, and New Jersey, and

communication between them either by mail There was no of establishing chapters of these societies. other effect of the effort by Adams, Story, The earliest warfare of this character was and Everett until in 1834, when a '' nonat Harvard College in 1831, Avhen John secret " Greek-letter society, Delta TJpsilon,*
their stu-

among

dents which would suggest the propriety

or in person was infrequent.

Quincy Adams and others, notably Joseph was formed at Williams College. It exists Story and Edward Everett, induced the par- to this day, with chapters in twenty-six colent Greek-letter society. Phi Beta Kapj)a, leges, and has many of the outward peculito make joublic its so-called secrets and be- arities of the secret Greek-letter fraternities. come an open, honorary organization. It It reveals very little more of what it does is worth recalling that in 1831 Mr. Adams than the latter, aiid calls itself private inwas elected an anti-Masonic and Whig can- stead of secret. Eleven years later, 1845, didate for Congress and that he had been the faculty of the University of Michigan defeated for reelection to the Presidency demanded the disbandment of chapters of three years before by Andrew Jackson, a Alj^ha Delta Phi, Chi Psi, and Beta Thcta Freemason, at a time when public feeling Pi under penalty of expulsion of members ran high against the Masonic Fraternity, and required new students to sign a j^ledge owing to its supjiosed responsibility for the not to join such societies. The fight bemysterious disappearance of one Morgan tween the faculty and the few members of who, it was said, proposed to reveal its the then far western branches of those frasecrets. Mr. Adams was led to " hate Free- ternities lasted five or six years. The memmasonry," not from any personal knowledge bers of Beta Theta Pi tried to evade the he had of it, but ^because of the attitude of rule and killed the chapter in the attempt. politicians toward the institution who ex- Alpha Delta Phi and Chi Psi fought the ercised a great influence over him. One faculty tooth and nail, in the press throughresult was a series of letters abusive of Free- out the State, by means of an informed and masonry which he published in the news* There is an anti-secret society called Delta papers between 1831 and 1833, and another, Upsilon, which exists at a number of colleges and evidently, was his rescuing the chapter of grew out of a confederation of societies having Phi Beta Kappa at Harvard, his alma mater, their origin in opposition to the secret societies. It from the depths of iniquity to which he evi- makes more or less point of the alleged immorality of the secrecy of the fraternities and its chapters dently thought its secrecy was leading it. work with or against the fraternities as may seem Associate Justice Story was professor of law to tlicm expedient. — Baird's American College Fraat Harvard at the time, and Edward Ever- ternities, New York.

.

332
health}' public sentiment,

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
fraternity laws have been repealed or ignored

and with the aid Freemasons and Odd Fellows, until the Two professors were rule Avas rescinded. expelled from the faculty by the Board of
of

by Harvard

as well as Vanderbilt,

and by
secrecy
be-

the Universities of North Carolina, Georgia,

Iowa, Missouri, and Alabama.
of these societies
is

The
it

Regents and one was allowed to resign. A new president of the university was appointed shortly after and there was no

confined to so

little

sides privacy of meetings that

hardly calls
their

for

comment.

While largely
lofty.

social,

This anti-fraternity war, almost one of extermination, was another outcome of anti-secret society sentiment created by the anti-Masonic 'agitation a few
further trouble.
years before.
ter fraternities

Advantages secured and friendships gained through them are often among the most valuable
acquisitions of the college student.

aims are high and ideals

Opposition to the Greek-let-

Origin

and

Extension.

— American

continued to show

itself at

Greek-letter college secret societies began

some

colleges

through faculty regulations

prohibiting their organization, notably at
the Universities of Alabama, North Carolina,

with the formation of Phi Beta Kappa at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., December
societies, usually
5,

1776.

Secret or

and

Illinois; at

Oberlin and others by

semi-secret, as Avell as open, literary college

requiring students to sign a pledge at matriculation not to join such societies,

with Latin names, already where debates and annual elections Avas the course pursued at Princeton in 1857, of officers were often the first training of The the young student in public speaking and at Purdue, Dennison, and elsewhere. William and Mary was a sucrefusal of the University of California in in jiolitics. 1879 to permit a chapter of one of these cessful and prosperous college one hundred societies to exist roused the press of that and twenty-one years ago, and there it was State, and tlie order was speedily rescinded. that five young men formed a new and, as At Purdue University, Indianapolis, the fac- they believed, more effective students' orulty opposed Greek-letter fraternities, on ganization. There was already a society the ground that they exercised an undue there with a Latin name, and as one of the iafluence to enlarge the classical course of five students was a good Greek scholar, it A has been thought that may have suggested studies at the expense of the scientific. In test case was made of the faculty's refusing the propriety of a Greek-letter name. to admit to college a member of the Sigma any event, they chose a Greek motto of Chi Fraternity who was otherwise eligible. three Avords, the initials of which are Phi The case was taken to the Supreme Court Beta Kappa; decided to keep the society's and the college authorities Avere beaten,* proceedings secret; declared themselves a " the fraternities " being placed by this de- fraternity; established a few local branches, cision " in a position entirely similar to that of Avhich nothing has been heard since, and of other secret societies," putting the bur- chapters at Yale and Harvard, Avhich preden of proof upon the faculty passing anti- served the society and founded what has fraternity laAvs, to show that attendance groAvn into a veritable Avorld of Greek-letter upon the meetings of a fraternity interfere fraternities. (See Phi Beta Kappa; also with the relation of the members of the col- accompanying genealogical charts showing The president of Purdue resigned the order and place of establishment of earlege." soon after and was succeeded, strange to lier chapters of Phi Beta Kappa, and some relate, by a member of the Sigma Chi fra- of the other older Greek-letter fraternities, Within the past fifteen years anti- whether imitators of or merely inspired by ternity. a spirit of rivalry to those which preceded * Baird's American College Fraternities. The parent chapter of Plii Beta them.)

which

existed,

'

'

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES

333

at the approach fraternity at Union was modelled after the Lord Cornwallis in 1781. The Yale first. Their names are suggestively alike Chapter Avas established in 1780, and that and a comparison of the watchkey badges of These were origi- both would seem to settle the question. In at Harvard a year later. nally the Zeta and Epsilon Chaipters, Beta, 1825 Ka2:)pa Alpha club blossomed out as a Gamma and Delta having been assigned regular Greek-letter fraternity, and two to now extinct, local, non-collegiate Vir- years later, stimulated by a spirit of emulaThey subseqnently became tion, Sigma Phi was founded and Avithin a ginia chapters. the Alphas, respectively, of Connecticut few months Delta Phi was organized, the

Kappa became dormant

of

and Massachusetts.
arose the custom
letter

in

From this, doubtless, many of the Greek-

third at

Union

College, Avhich institution

has proved a veritable mother of fraternities.

fraternities

of designating chapters

by Greek letters, the oldest in a State as Six years later, in Alpha, and so on. 1787, the Yale and Harvard Chapters took Phi Beta Kappa to Dartmouth, at Hanover, N. H., and in 1817, thirty years after, it was established at Union College at It was during this Schenectady, N. Y.
thirty years' interval that the older college

many of which had Latin names, some of which are still active, but most of which have given Avay to the
literary societies flourished,

Greek-letter fraternities, except at Princeton,

where Whig and Clio continue features and at Lafayette, where Washington and Jefferson claim a large Four years after Phi share of attention. Beta Kappa was taken to Union College, a second Greek-letter fraternity Avas founded at Yale, manifestly suggested by Phi Beta lines of other college fraternities, Avithout a Kappa, Avhich had been there forty-one Greek-letter title, but with more mystery It was called Chi Delta Theta, and and prestige than usually surrounds a sociyears. differed from its progenitor in that it never ety Avhich does not venture beyond the place established branches or chapters at other of origin. It is due to Skull and Bones that colleges, but remained a local, and, more Avhat is known as the Yale secret society recently, an honorary society, membership system differs from that at almost all other in it being practically an honor conferred colleges. At the latter, members of a fraupon the editorial staff of the Yale " Literary ternity Avould as soon think of committing Magazine." Two years later, in 18"-23, ac- treason as join a second college society; but cording to tradition, a Kappa Alpha club at Yale the sophomore joins one of the junior was formed at Union College, there being at Greek-letter fraternities, if asked, and then that time no intention of making it a secret Ha'cs in the unuttered hope of being in\'ited society. AVhether the thought of rivalling to join one of the local senior-year fraternithe then comparatively widespread Greek- ties. Whether successful or not, his interletter fraternity Phi Beta Kappa was the est in his junior society (one of the three inspiration is not known, but the probabili- most renowned Avhich have chapters at the
of student life;
ties

These three societies, the "Union Triad," more than any others, except Phi Beta Kappa, responsible for the Avidespread interest shown during the past sixty years in this department of secret, social, aiid literSigma Phi ary life at American colleges. was the first to follow the example of Phi Beta Kappa by establishing chapters, its original branch being at Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., Avhere it Avas established in 1831. Kajipa Alpha Avas 'piick to follow the example, but the Hamilton students AA^io were approached by the "Kaps" declined to become members of that society, and in 1832 founded one of their own, calling it Alpha Delta Phi. It was in 1832 also that the Yale society commonly called It has conSkull and Bones appeared. tinued a purely local organization, on the
are,

indicate

that the second Greek-letter

older institutions of learning)

is

not, as a

334
rule, of that

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
deep and lasting nature which

characterizes

members

of the

same

society

leges

which has established chapters at other coland has conformed to the college so-

at other colleges.

In 1829, three years be-

ciety system existing out of

New

Haven.

fore Skull

and Bones was founded, I. K. A. (not Greek), appeared at Washington, now

Alpha Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, and Delta

Kappa

Epgilon, for

fifty years,

have been

Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., and, like
the former, has remained a local senior society ever since.

closely associated in

the

bers of the college

minds of the memworld, and are fairly
rivals

In 1833 Union College

classed as the three great college fraternities.

gave birth to another fraternity, Psi Upsilon, which, within a few years, followed Alpha
Delta Phi, which led in placing chapters in
the then foremost colleges and universities.

They

are

great

and number
life

many
the

distinguished names in professional,

political,

commercial, and industrial
their alumni.

on

lists of

A

large propor-

Alpha Delta Phi shocked some

of the con-

tion of their chapters

own

their

own houses

servative spirits of 1835 by placing chapters

or temples.

At most

of the older Eastern

simultaneously at the University of

New and

Middle State colleges and universities

then regarded as the far West, at Miami University, Oxford, 0. In 183G it appeared at Columbia in New
in
M'as

York and

what

chapters of two of these fraternities are to

be found, and at
as pointed out
historic,

many such

three meet as rivals.

institutions the In the latter instance,

York

city and at Amherst; in 1837 at Yale, Harvard, and Brown, and in 1838 at the Cincinnati Laiv School; so that within six
it

by Baird,* the colleges are due to the fact that forty years ago such colleges were the centres of

which

is

years

possessed nine chapters as contrasted
cha2:)ters of

the literary activity of the country.

with only four
older societies,

Phi Beta Kappa,
all

New

chapters of Alpha Delta Phi, Psi

Kappa Epsilon, and Beta compared with two Theta Pi were established with comparative A brief account frequency between 1844 and 18G1, the sociechapters of Psi Upsilon. of the local, senior-class society. The Mysti- ties ranking during that period about in the cal Seven, founded at Wesleyan University in order named. During those years thirteen 1837 (since absorbed by Beta Theta Pi), may new college fraternities appeared to dispute be found in the sketch of the Heptasophs, supremacy, so far as possible, with those The advent of Alpha which were practically their inspiration, or Seven Wise Men. Delta Phi at Miami resulted in the forma- Zeta Psi at the University of New York in In 1837 Psi Upsilon 1846; Theta Delta Chi at Union in 1847; tion of Beta Theta Pi. went to the University of New York, in Delta Psi at Columbia in the same year; Phi 1839 to Yale, and in 1840 to Brown, in Delta Theta at Miami, and Phi Gamma Delta which year Alpha Delta Phi was established at Washington and Jefferson in 1848; Phi In 1841 Union arose to the Kappa Sigma at the University of Pennsylat Hobart. occasion again and gave birth to another, vania in 1850; Phi Kappa Psi, at Jefferson its fifth fraternity, Chi Psi, and in 1842, in 1852; Sigma Chi at Miami in 1855; stimulated by the success of Skull and Sigma Alpha Ej^silon at the University of Bones at Yale, Scroll and Key made its ap- Alabama in 1856; Chi Phi (southern) at pearance there, to choose fifteen juniors the University of North Carolina in 1858; annually and divide the honors, as far as another Clii Phi, this at Hobart College in possible, with the older senior society. In 1860, and Delta Tau Delta at Bethany Col1844 a schism from the Yale Chaiiter of Psi lege in the same year. The original SouthUpsilon resulted in the formation of a third ern college fraternity, ''The Eainbow,"
four of Sigma Phi, one of Delta Phi,

Upsilon, Delta

and

as

junior-year fraternity. Delta

Kappa Epsilon,

* Anierican

College

Fraternities

;

New

York,

the only living society originating at Yale

James

P.

Downs, 1890.

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
founded at the University of Mississippi in 1843, believed to have been an offshoot from the Mystical Seven of Wesleyan, did not livelong. (See Order of the Ileptasophe.) The Princeton and Hobart orders of Chi Phi united iu 18G7, and the Southern order of Chi Phi joined them in 1874, when the amalgamated orders took the name of the Chi Phi fraternity. After the Civil AVar there was not much opportunity for new college fraternities to compete with those already in the field, except at the South, where chapters of Northern fraternities had disappeared. As shown in an accompanying genealogical
chart of these organizations, five Greek-letter fraternities

335

Kappa Psi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Delta Tau Delta, Alpha Tau Omega, Kappa Alpha (southern) and Sigma Nu; the other, the result of Psi Upsilon and Delta Kappa Epsilon stimulus, including Sigma Chi, Kajipa Sigma, Pi Kappa Alpha, and Phi Kappa Sigina. Among remaining ])rominent societies Chi Psi and Theta Delta Chi had their origin at Union, and Delta Psi and Zeta Psi in Xevv York city, where Alpha
Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, and Delta Phi had
each preceded them.
gests
ties

The foregoing
of college

sug-

a
into

classification

fraterni-

general,
local.

honorary,

professional,

women's, and

were established at Southern

educational institutions between 18G4 and

The older societies in the first group may be subdivided according to seniority and
place of origin as follows:

1870: Alpha
at

tary Institute, and

Tau Omega at Virginia MiliKappa Alpha (southern)

General Fraternities. Washington-Lee University, Virginia, in 1865; Kappa Sigma at the University of Union Triad. Kappa Alpha, Sigma Virginia in 1867; Pi Kappa Alpha at the Phi, Delta Phi. same place in 1868, and Sigma Xu at the Historic Triad. Alpha Delta Phi, Psi

— —

Virginia Military Institute in 1869,

all

of

Upsilon, Delta

Kappa

Epsilon.

which have sent out branches and prospered. Aside from the founding in 1884 of a third local senior society. Wolf's Head, at Yale, the past twenty-seven years have developed
few,
if

Pennsylvania Triad. Phi Gamma Delta, Phi Kappa Sigma. Phi Kappa Psi. Double Triad (East). Mystical Seven, Chi Psi, Zeta' Psi, Tlieta Delta Chi, Delta
Psi,

— —

any, college fraternities of national

repute except professional and women's societies.

ChiThi (Princeton, 1854). Miami Triad (AVest).— Beta Theta

Pi,

The quarter

of a century in this

department of college life has witnessed a W. AV., or rapid growth on the part of some fraterni- The Painbow (dead), Sigma Alpha Epsilon, ties which, just after the war, were not Chi Phi (University of North Carolina), ranked among the first half dozen, and by Delta Tau Delta, Alpha Tau Omega, others, the development of abnormal con- Kappa Ali)ha, Kappa Sigma, Pi Kappa servatism, with a tendency to let well enough Alpha, Signui Xu. alone, and in some instances to live on presThe characteristics of the three earlier An accompanying chart makes it plain fraternities at Union College are broadly tige. that after Kappa Alpha, Sigma Phi, and marked. Twenty years ago and for a long Delta Phi at Union had given rise to Alpha time preceding, the membership of the few Delta Phi and to Psi Upsilon, the former chapters of Kappa Alpha (very few had or to Beta Theta Pi and the latter to Delta have been established) was limited and ex-

Phi Delta Theta, Sigma Chi. Triple Triad (South).— AV.

Kappa

Epsilon, that the line of pro])aga-

clusive,

while the policy of the fraternity
•

one of non-extension. Its was the outcome of the activity of Aljiha immediate imitator, Sigma Phi, was not Delta Phi and Beta Theta Pi, resulting iu long in securing a like classification. It, Phi Gamma Delta, Phi Delta Theta, Phi too, had a restricted number of chajiters,
distinctly

tion, as it were,

was divided.

One course was

336

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
the grandfather the man.
of

and a tendency to regard having much to do with Plii was less exclusive, but many new chapters and
as

what has been
as

called conservatism with

Delta
its

respect to
tains

increase of chapters

and main-

did not establish

high

literary

excellence

among

and formerly more distinChi Psi, while not so earlier standard with less success than the guished fraternities. Baird says of the three great restricted as to number of chapters as Sigma other two. fraternities, Alpha Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, Phi or Kappa Alpha, continues one of the and Delta Kappa Epsilon, that "they are smaller societies; its reputation is as much rivals of each other more frequently than of for good fellowship as for social or literary Zeta Psi was formerly one of other societies, and have the common char- excellence.
has held to
as older
acteristics of chapters of large size, literary

members

the smaller fraternities, but adopted a policy

work in their meetings, and wealth in their of extension and has grown rapidly. It is He thinks the very secret, was founded by Freemasons, outward appointments."
and in recent years has made a remarkable and advance in standing and membership. The that the third " occupies a middle ground." socially exclusive members of Delta Psi, like At Yale they are junior societies, and at those of Sigma Phi and KajDpa Alpha, do that place, more often than otherwise, are not add to their few chapters. There is
first

excels in literary spirit, the second in
life,

the cultivation of the social side of

stepping-stones

to

the

senior

societies.

considerable wealth centred in this organization.

found as rivals at Hamilton, Columbia, Yale, Amherst, Brown, Bowdoin, Dartmouth, Michigan, Eochester, Wesleyan, Kenyon, Cornell, Trinity, and Minnesota; the first and third at Western Reserve, Williams, and College of the City of New York; the second and third at Chicago and SyraPsi Upcuse, and the first two at Union. silon also has chaj)ters at New York University, University of Pennsylvania, and Lehigh; Alpha Delta Phi at Harvard, Johns Hopkins and Toronto; and Delta Kappa
are

They

Among

western

societies

Avhich

have shown enterprise and have become prominent of late years are Phi Kappa Psi, Phi Delta Theta, and Phi Gamma Delta. Some of the relatively smaller or younger societies, such as Theta Delta Chi, the (amalgamated) Chi Phi, Sigma Chi, and Delta Tau Delta, are particularly strong at
a

number

of colleges.

The

fraternities in

the Pennsylvania and Miami groups, as a

whole, have joaid more attention to extension than to

the exclusiveness which has marked societies forming the Union, Hisgers, Middlebury, Eensselaer Polytechnic toric, and Double Triads. Most of the ChapInstitute, De Pauw, Central, Miami, Cali- ters of the Southern grouji. are confined to fornia, Vanderbilt, Virginia, North Caro- colleges in the South. Since 1880, Beta Alabama, and Mississippi. Alpha Theta Pi, Phi Delta Theta, Delta Tau lina, Delta Phi and Psi Upsilon continue to pay Delta, Phi Kappa Psi, Sigma Chi, and that attention to the social standing and lit- Phi Gamma Delta, which, prior thereto, erary excellence among their members which were found almost exclusively in western has ever characterized almost all of the chap- and southern colleges, began to invade colters of each, but are more conservative as leges and universities of the North and Delta Kappa East, where to-day, in some instances, they to extension than formerly.

Epsilon at Colby, Lafayette, Colgate, Eut-

Epsilon

is

noticeable

for

good fellowship
of which, as

dispute supremacy with older fraternities.

and numerous chapters, some noted, are at minor colleges.
of the largest
less

Pi, the first western fraternity, is

Beta Theta now one

Honorary Fraternities.
Phi Beta Kappa; Chi Delta Theta,
local,

and best governed. It places weight on the propriety or desirability

Yale, and Sigma Xi, local, Cornell, 1886.

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES

837

Professional Fraternities.
Theta Xi, English and
selaer
scientific,

ties.

Its colors are
is

dark and light blue, and

Rensfour

the badge

a jewelled key with the letters
in black thereon.

Polytechnic
;

Institute,

1804;

Kappa Kappa Gamma and Alpha Omega
Omicron enamelled
Pres-

chapters in 1890
450.

membership estimated,

ent membership, about 2,200.

Phi Delta Phi, law. University of ^lichigan, 1800; sixteen cliaj^ters in 1800; membership in 1897 estimated, 2,000.

and

Q. T. v., (not Greek-letter), agricultural scientific, ^lassacliut^etts Agricultural

Kappa Alpha Theta, organized at De Pauw University, Indiana, in 1870, by a daughter of a member of the Beta Theta Pi, and three other women students, assisted by
the father of the founder.
Its

government

College, 18G9; four chapters in 1890;

mem-

bership estimated, G50.

Phi Sigma Kappa,

scientific

and medical,
esti-

was vested in the parent chapter until 18S3, when it was placed in the hands of a Grand Chai)ter composed of one member from each
chapter.
Its flower is the
its

Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1873;
three chapters' in 1890;

pansy,

its
is

colors

membership

are black and gold and

badge

a kite-

mated, 210.

Nu Sigma Nu,
Michigan,
1882;

medical. University of
three

chapters in

1890;
stu-

membership in 1897 estimated, 200. Alpha Chi Omega, music (women
dents),

shaped shield with a black field and white chevron bearing the Greek letters forming Its twenty active chapters in 1890 its name. were scattered tlirough the central western

and northwestern
California,

States,

with a few in

De Pauw

University, 1885 two chap;

Pennsylvania,

New

York, and
is

ters in 1890;

membership estimated, 200.

Vermont.

Present membership

approxi-

Phi Alpha Sigma, medical, Bellevue Hos1887; two chapters and an estimated membership of 150.
pital,

mately 1,900. Delta Gamma, founded at the University of Mississippi, in 1872, by three women, the

outgrowth of a social organization
boring educational institution.

at a neigh-

The twelve

active chapters in 1890 were distributed through southern, central, northwestern, lege, Illinois, by eleven young women; a few far western, and in eastern States. originally called the I. C. Sorosis, now March 15 is observed as a day of reunion, known by the Greek letters which, placed when the alumni, so far as possible, visit

College Sisterhoods.

Pi Beta Phi, founded at

Monmouth

Col-

on the feather

of a golden arrow, constitute

active chapters or

communicate with them

the society's badge; colors are Avine red and

by mail. A Grand (governing) and De])uty pale blue and its flower is the carnation; Grand Chapter is chosen every four years. there were nineteen chapters reported in There are alumni cha])ters at Cleveland, 1890 in Illinois, Iowa, Indiana. Kansas, Milwaukee, Chicago, and other cities. Its Michigan, Nebraska, Colorado, District of colors are pink, blue, and bronze, and the Columbia, Ohio, and Minnesota. Total pearl rose is the society flower. The badge

membership
mouth,
111.,

is

probably not over 1,G00.

is

a gold anchor, with a shield above the

Kappa Kappa Gamma,
1870,

Monby four young women,
organized at

flukes bearing the letters
of the organization.

forming the name

in preference to accepting

membership

in a

Alpha Phi, founded
sity, in 1872, by ten

at Syracuse Univer-

proposed sisterhood.

It spread to colleges

women

students.

Nine

through

tiie

central

western and

north-

years later

it

established the second or Beta

western States, and by 1890 had twenty-two
active chapters, with a

Chapter,

tliat at

Northwestern University,

form of government

similar to that of

many Greek-letter fraterni-

but has continued a conservative policy in this respect, having formed only five chapters

338
Idj

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
1890, the others being at Boston UniDe Pauw, and Cornell. There

Local Frateenities.
I.

versity,

K. A. (not

Greek),

Trinity,

1829.

alumni chapters. The first so- Founded by six students of the classes of ciety chapter house among Greek-letter sis- '29, '30, and "32. Its color is royal purple. terhoods was erected by the Alpha (Syra- The badge is a St. Andrew's cross, bearing Lilies of the cuse) Chapter of Alpha Phi. the initials of its title on three of the arms, flowers of the valley and forget-me-nots are and 177G on the fourth. Eev. Thomas Its colors are silver gray Gallaudet, St. Ann's, the sisterhood. New York, and Rev. and red, and its badge is a monogram George Mallory, editor of the " Churchformed of the letters composing its name. man,'' New York, are among its best known Frances Willard, late President of the W. C. alumni. T. U., was one of its alumna?. Skull and Bones was founded at Yale ColGamma Phi Beta, founded at Syracuse lege, as a senior society, by fifteen members University, 1874, by four women students, of the class of 1832. A writer in the New aided by Bishop E. 0. Haven, then Chancel- York " Tribune," in 1896, states that
are several
:

lor of the University.

Its four other chapters

Ann Arbor, UniUniversity, Boston versity of Wisconsin, The society University. ISTorthwesteru and Its colors are fawn flower is the carnation.
in 1890 were located at

The father
ties, is

of

"Bones,"

first of

the senior socie-

believed to have been General William H.

Russell, '37,

ing been for
military

who died a few many years at

years ago, after hav-

the head of a famous

brown, and the badge is a monogram of the three Greek letters within a

and

seal

academy in the city of New Haven. It is a part of college tradition that " Bones " is a branch
of a university coi-ps in

Germany,

in

which country

crescent.

Sigma Kappa was organized
versity, Waterville,

at

Me., 1874.

Colby UniEstimated

General Russell spent some time before his graduation. One of the classmates who joined with him
in establishing the

society at Yale
C!incinnati,

was the

late

Alphonso Taft of

President Hayes's

membership 130. Attorney-General. The society flourished from the Alpha Beta Tau was founded in 1881, at start. For a long time it held its meetings in hired Oxford Eemale Institute, Oxford, Miss., rooms but in 185G the windowless, vine-covered
;

with a branch
sippi.
Its total

at tlie University of Missis-

brown stone

hall in

High Street, near Chapel

Street,

membership is about 290. (Not Greek-letter.) Little is P. E. 0. known of this society, which exists West and South, both at and without college cities and towns. There appears to be an especial
Its element of secrecy attached to it. membership, has been estimated at about

opposite the campus, was erected.

A few years
is

ago

the society found more space necessary and built a
large
feet

wing
is

to the hall.

highj 33 feet wide,

The building and 44 feet

about 30

deej?.

The

property

a name

held by the Russell Trust Association, assumed in honor of General Russell. On

the last Thursday in

May

the entire college assem-

2,000.

among whom the juniors are conspicuous, for they all know that lightning Soon a "Bones" is to strike forty-five of them.
bles before Durfee Hall,

Delta Delta Delta was organized in 1888 at Boston University by four young women.

man

In 1890 it had five chapters. It is governed by convention, and during recess by the It displays the officers and parent chapter. jDansy, gold, silver, and blue colors, and a

appears who, however good natured, wears a solemn look as he passes in and out among the crowd. Suddenly he taps or slaps a junior on the shoulder,* and says sternly, "Go to your room."

Amid

wild cheering the lucky

man

obeys mutely,

followed by the one

" Will you accept
as
'

who tapped him, who says, an election to the society known
'

badge consisting of a crescent with three deltas upon it and three stars between the Its membership is about 300. horns. Beta Sigma Omicron was founded at the
L^niversity of Missouri in 1889.

Skull and Bones ? " and goes away in silence, while the junior returns to receive the congratulaAbout the same time a "Keys" tions of friends.

* Secret Societies at Yale. Clure's Magazine, June, 1894.

Rupert Hughes, Me-

340

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
have made such strides as to frequently dispute the first ]3lace which the older senior society has had in the minds of available
material.

mail, anil a "Wolfs Head" man in his wake, go through t he same evolutions. Between '; tapping time " and initiation a week elapses. During this time the shipper and the slapped ])i-eserve a sacred

mutual

silence, except

when the new man

is

noti-

" Bones
athletic

''

generally elects honor

fied of the time and place of the awful ordeal, to be consummated in the rccessps of the society house.

men and takes men

of the

Scroll and Key same rank, but more frestars.

This

i:)eculiai'

ceremou}^ of nominating or
of the Yale senior

quently from

among

the social element,

choosing
societies,

new members
original

while Wolf's Head has taken

men which
to either

there

with

Skull

and

might have been welcome additions

Bones and imitated by "Keys" and by Wolf's Head, is, doubtless, derived from the accolade, or conferring of knighthood, in ancient times an embrace, but more recently a blow on the shoulder with the flat
.

"Bones"
graduates

or

"Keys."
are "

The

following are

the names of some of the better

known Yale
:

who
Ellis

Bones" men
Roberts,

President

Dwight,
.Craj)o,

H.
C.

William

Daniel

Gilman,

W. Andrew D.

But still more singular is the White, Cliauncey M. Depew, Moses Coit custom of the Yale juniors in assembling on Tyler, Eugene Schuyler. William Walter the campus between foxir and six o'clock, Phelps, Anthony Higgins, Daniel H. Chamon the particular Thursday in May, accom- berlain, Franklin McYeagh, William Colpanied by half the college, and hundreds of lins Whitney, William Graham Sumner, other spectators, entirely without announce- George Peabody Wetmore, Wilson Shannon ment from or arrangement by any one. Bissell, John C. Eno, Theodore S. Woolsey, The writer first referred to points out, in Walker Blaine, Arthur T. Hadley, Robert addition to the fact that Yale's senior so- J. Cook, Judge William H. Taft, Walter cieties meet Thursday nights in closely Camp, Sheffield Phelps, and Alonzo A.
of a sword.

guarded society houses, that a "Bones" Stagg. The three historic junior societies man, while in college, is never without his at Yale are Alpha Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, badge, a skull and bones, with the figures and Delta Kappa Epsilon, although Zeta

"322"
in

in place of the lower jaw; that

if

Psi has figured there of late years as a sopho-

swimming without bathing costume, he more and junior society. Skull and Bones, carries it in his mouth; that one of the Scroll and Key, and Wolf's Head, as a matnewly chosen "Bones" men wears two ter of practice, each elect fifteen members (overlapped) badges for six months, and annually, generally from among members that the "sanctum sanctorum" in the of the first three societies named, seldom " Bones " house is referred to by the figures from members of that last named, and still "322." There is a tradition, however, less frequently elect a junior who is not a that the "322," the sum of which is the member of any of the Greek-letter framystical ternities. perfect number and suggests a Lambda Iota was founded at the Universeven," means " founded in '32, 2d chapter " (the first being " the German corps "); sity of Vermont by thirteen students, where also, that the members trace their society it has since maintained a prosperous exist" to a Greek patriot organization, dating ence. Its badge consists of an owl on the top of a column or pillar between the letback to Demosthenes, 322 B.C. The Bones It numrecords of 1881, it is alleged, are headed ters forming the society's name. its among 2203.'" Yermont governors of three bers Anno-Demotheni An election is more than 400. membership Its alumni. ambi"Bones" is generally the secret to
'

'

'

'

'

men, even over the bones of the Greek-letter societies, although Scroll and Key, and Wolf's Head, of late,
tion of almost all Yale

Scroll

and Key was founded

at

Yale in

1841, by

members

of the

class of '42, as a

rival senior society to Skull

and Bones, most

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
of the peculiarities of which
it

341

copied.

(See

Skull and Bones.)
anniversary with

It celebrated its fiftieth

men in the Junior Class overlooked by "Bones" and "Keys;" but with the increase in the size of classes, and

a three days' jubilee in

the

fact

May, 1892, in its society house at New Haven, one of the handsomest structures of
the kind in the country.
related that on the nights
It is incorporated
It
is

that each of the senior societies takes only
fifteen

men

each year, with increased age
ivy-clad society

and

its

handsome

house.
older

as the Kingsley Trust Association.

Wolf's Head continues to gain upon

its

when the society rivals. It is incorporated as the Phelps meets all the active '*Keys" men in New Trust Association. Its badge consists of a Haven are required to be in the society wolf's head transfixed on an inverted Egyphalf-past six until half-past tian tau, the symbolism suggested by which and that none of them is allowed to is significant, yet probably different from leave the building during that period, '' un- that taught within the pale of the society. less accompanied by another man." In Phi Nu Theta was organized at "Wesleyan preserving a deep mystery about its affairs, Universit}', 1837, shortly after the appearin not mentioning the society in the pres- ance there of the Mystical Seven which is now ence of an outsider, and in retaining con- dead, and in some respects one of the most stant possession of badges by undergraduate remarkable college societies in the country. members, "Keys" parallels its prototype. Phi Nu Theta sought to bring together a While members of the latter wear their few members of each class for mutual helpbadges on their vests, ''Keys" men fre- fulness and within the past sixty years has quently wear theirs on their neckties. The initiated about 4G0 members. It has a '" Keys " badge consists of a gold key across handsome house, and ranks well among a scroll, with the letters " C. S. P." above, Middletown college fraternities. Its badge and " C. C. I." below. It selects annually is a scroll watch-key with the letters formtwelve,
fifteen

house from

members

of the junior class by the

ing

its

name engraved

thereon.

Among

its

same process described as originating with alumni are Rev. Dr. Winchell, formerly of Skull and Bones. Its membership, on the Syracuse University, the late Bishop Haven Avhole, is characterized as conspicuous for and Professor W. 0. Atwater. social standing and wealth rather than for Kappa Kappa Kappa. Founded at Dartcollege or athletic honors, though many mouth, Hanover, N. II., in 1842, by six Yale athletes and honor men have joined students, assisted by Professor C. B. Hadit.

Among

its

promi)ient

graduates are

dock, the year following the appearance of

Theodore Runyon, John Addison Porter, Scroll and Key at Yale. It numbers about George Shiras, General Wager Swayne, the 850 members. The badge is a Corinthian Rev. Joseph 11. Twitchell, Dr. James W. column and capital of gold with the letters McLane, George A. Adee, Edward S. Dana, K. K. K. at the base. It has generally Bartlett Arkell, and James ranked with other fraternities at DartIsaac Bromley, ' R. Sheffield. mouth. Wolf's Head was founded at Yale by a Delta Psi. Organized at the University number of members of the class of '84, of ^'ermont in 1850. For a few years it was as a rival senior society to Skull and Bones an anti-secret society. It has no connection (See those soci- with the fraternity by the same name which and to Scroll and Key. eties.) It copies most, if not all, of the was founded at Columbia in 1847. It numpeculiarities of the two older senior soci- bers about 350 members. eties. For a few years it was not rated as Alpha Sigma Pi. Organized at Norwich highly as either *' Bones " or " Keys," and University, Vermont, in 1S57, by seven stuwas able to take onlv the so-called better dents. The military character of the society

'

:

"

342

COLLEGE FRATERMITIES

by stating that at almost all colleges the freshman who receives a bid from and joins a Greek-letter fraternity unites with an inplaying a flag and musket crossed over a terstate or national society which represents drum and the Greek letters forming the the social, literary, and human side of colname of the organization. Present mem- lege life and binds him closely to itself not General Granville M. only while an undergraduate, but for life. bership, about 290. At Yale when there used to be freshmen Dodge is, jjerhaps, its most widely known as well as sophomore, junior, and senior alumnus. Phi Zeta Mu was organized in the scientific societies, the same general cliques or group school, Dartmouth, in 1857, by five stu- of "fellows" were taken into the same It has a freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior socidents, members of '58 and '59.

was the natural outcome of the college where it U2)pearecl. Its colors are blue and white, and the badge is a gold shield dis-

monogram badge,

a fine society building,

eties in a mass, a sort of

four degrees system,

and about 400 members. Alpha Sigma Phi was founded at Yale in 1846 as a sophomore society. It established chapters at Harvard in 1850, Amherst in 1857, Marietta College, Ohio, in 1860, and The at Ohio Wesleyau University in 1865. parent chapter died from internal disagreements, the first two branches were suppressed by college faculties, and the fourth was withdrawn by the society itself, which
flourishes, therefore, solely at Marietta College.

each society representing a different "degree." The freshmen societies were merely

Yale

affairs,

with no ligaments reaching to
is

other colleges, and the like
Yale's sophomore societies.
fraternities are,

true to-day of

Its three junior

indeed,

j^arts

of as

many

national college societies, with a prestige

not second even to Yale's senior societies,

but one must leave the shadows of Yale to appreciate the fact. The Yale senior societies,

owing

to this excejDtioual

and unfor-

It has

about 300 names in

its cata-

tunate system so far as the Yale sophomore

and there are several organizations of and junior societies are concerned, are goals, The society has a fine house. and the sophomore and junior societies are Its badge consists of a shield bearing an merely stepping-stones. Twenty-five years open book on which are hieroglyphics, across ago the rival freshmen societies were " D. it a quill and letters forming the name of K." (Delta Kappa) and "Sigma Epps the society. (Kappa Sigma Epsilou). The sojjhomore Berzelius was established at Sheffield, Yale members endeavored to select freshmen most Its membershi]? is about likely to make a mark while in college, and College, iu 1863. The badge '' is a combination of pot- great efforts were made by the rival soci370. ash bulbs in gold," over which is the letter eties to outwit each other and get " the best
logue,
its

alumni.

*'

B."

It

ranks high

among Yale

scientific

men.
held,

' '

When the initiation ceremonies were
a

students.

month

later,

the

sojjhomores felt

Sigma Delta Chi was founded
Scientific School, Yale, in 1867.

at Sheffield
It is

that they were rewarded for their trouble.

A

some-

correspondent of the Isew York " Sun " has

rfefei'red to as Book and Snake, because described substantially what took place at badge consists of an open book display- the initiation of freshmen during the palmy ing the letters Sigma Delta Chi, surrounded days of "D. K." and "Sigma Epps," as It is prosperous and has follows by a serpent. about 300 members.

times

its

The foregoing makes
radically different
leges.

it

plain that the
is

The candidate received a black-bordered
tion of
liis

notifica-

election, with instructions to repair the

secret society system at Yale

something

following evening to some remote street corner.

from that

at other col-

The

difference

may

be made clear

straightway

There he was met by two sophomore members who blindfolded him and grasped him

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
firmly on either side. Then ensued a Walhalla dance through byj)ath and wood and dell. Now the candidate was run at full speed against a tree, now he trembled astride a picket fence, now the bandage was slipped so as to give one glance of an open grave or the dizzy verge of East Rock. Then, after many miles and countless turns, he was hurried, all panting, struggling, and stumbling, through a busy street, made evident by jostlings and derisive He was forced step by step to mount backcalls. ward a seemingly inferminable flight of stairs, and to wait in a close and heated room until there was a sudden upward jerk, the bandage was removed, and he found himself on the roof of a high building witli others of his classmates, equally confused and

343

were mild-mannered literary exercises and sometimes punch that was anything but mild. So serious were the results of one
occasion of that kind, in 1878, that the fac-

" '' twisted the neck Theta Psi," and closed " the book of Delta Beta forever." The two existing sophomore societies are He Boule and Eta Phi, the first formed in 1875 and the latter in 1879, among the most powerful organizations at Yale, it being seldom that a member of each fails of an election
ulty unceremoniously
of the ''iihcenix of
to the junior societies.

They

exhausted.

When

at length the candidate's

name

not

([uite as secret in their

are almost if workings as the

sombre tones he advanced all uncerThei'e he was bound and blindStrong arms grasped him from above and folded. from below. He descended rapidly with many a bump. He was dragged into the main hall, flung into a gi'eat canvas blanket with rope handles, and then, with all the force of a score of excited young devotees, tossed and slapped again and again against the lofty ceiling. He was rolled in a cask and nailed in a coffin, and stretched on a guillotine with one blade all to an accompaniment of sulphurous smoke and lurid flashes and piercing yells of " My poor fresh."

was

called in

tain to the scuttle.

and constitute a formidable The names of the seventeen members of each, together witli
senior societies,
factor in college politics.
their places of meeting, are confidently be-

lieved by

members

to be

unknown

to the

outside world; and while, as a matter of
fact,

—

such is seldom or never the case, the encouraged. The owl and initials of He Boule and the mask of Eta Phi are worn near the left armholes of the waistfiction is

coat.

Alpha Delta Phi,

Psi Upsilon,

and

But

these

ceremonies were not

always

without unfortunate results, and at were marked by a degree of hilariousness not explained entirely on the ground of good
side of
life.

Kappa E])silon of times chapters at many other
Delta
thirty-five

national fame, with
colleges, each takes

sophomores at the end of the

year.

Zeta Psi, a two-year society at Yale,

nature and a desire to look on the humorous

also takes its quota.

As explained

in the

The

displeasure of the faculty

sketch of Skull and Bones, these elections

was an outcome, and in 1880 the societies were abolished. The only remaining Yale freshman fraternity. Gamma Xu, founded
in

have an important bearing on the chances of those selected for securing membership in one of the three senior societies.

1859 as

a non-secret, literary society,

died from internal weakness in 1889, since

About twenty-five years ago Alpha Delta Phi refused to continue to be made a means
to
society,

which
secret

time Yale Greek-letter or other freshmen societies have been extinct. Twenty-five years ago Yale's sophomore fraternities were Phi Theta Psi and Delta Beta Xi, founded on the ruins, as it were, of Kappa Sigma Phi and Alj)ha Sigma Theta. The first, called "Theta Psi," was practically a stepping-stone to Psi Upsilon, and " Delta Beta " was an ante-room leading to the sanctum sanctorum of Delta Kappa

an end, merely an entryway to a senior and withdrew its Yale Chapter. For nearly a score of years thereafter Psi Upsilon and Delta Kappa Epsilon monopolized desirable junior classmen on their M-ay to '"Bones" and "Keys," and after 1884 Six or seven years ago to "Wolf's Head. Al2)ha Delta Phi revived its Yale Chapter, the oldest secret society at Yale except Skull and Bones, as a four-year fraternity, and Epsilon. They took about thirty men each tried to make it a Yale organization on a and held weeklv meetings, features of which par with even the senior year fraternities.

344
It

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
success,

met with only moderate

owing

to

the overpowering weight of Yale sentiment in favor of class societies, and within a few
years accepted the situation,
society

is a Yale man. The ''Keys" graduate of Yale might naturally find the height of his am-

of the

sentiment
or

"Bones"

became a junior bition in an election to a senior society. chapter is Neither his sophomore nor junior year fraconcerned, built one of the handsomest and ternities cuts much of a figure bej'ond the most expensive fraternity houses at New fact that he used them in an effort to get to Haven, and revived its ancient standing as "Bones," "Keys," or Wolf's Head. But a worthy rival of the Yale variety of Psi the alumnus of Cornell, Columbia, Amherst, the University of Michigan, and many other Upsilon and Delta Kappa Epsilon. This junior society rivalry^ however, is colleges, who is an "Alpha Delt," a "Psi more on the surface than otherwise, the U," a "Deke," a "Beta," a "Zete," a three fraternities being practically private "Kap," a "Sig," or a member of any of a clubs which meet separately, of score of others with a national reputation, social course, to cooperate in the production of remains more often than otherwise a faithjilays and burlesques and in even more dis- ful son of such society so long as he lives, The " Al- and treasures its records, its traditions and tinctively social entertainments. " " Psi U, " and Deke halls, its influences to the latest days of his life. pha Delt, "
again,
so
far

as

that

'

'

or houses, at

New Haven

are

among

the

The

Greek-letter fraternities antedate all

most elaborate and costly structures of the kind in the country. In the Aveek prior to the "tapping" ceremonial of the senior societies, in May (see Skull and Bones), the junior societies appear on the campus attired in gowns and hoods, singing each its own peculiar songs, after which they retire to their several buildings and proceed to initiate the thirty-five newly fledged members who are to act as heirs and assigns of these
fraternities for the ensuing college year.

other existing secret societies in America,

They more than might be supposed, for members are always convinced of the suexcept the fraternity of Freemasons.
vary
periority of their
rivals

own

fraternities over all

and confident

of the greater loyalty

of their
rituals

own alumni.

Some have

elaborate

and others ceremonials which would be regarded by good judges as commonplace.

The world

at large, unfortunately,

has had abundant evidence during the past
twenty-five years of the sensational
fraif not solemn character of the initiation ceremonies of some, as the results were such as to endanger the lives of initiates. Heckethorn* and some others attribute the founding, in 1776, of Phi Beta Kapjja, the

The

inspiration,
.of

development,
general

rituals,

and function

the

college

ternities, those

which do not live in vain, which hold the remembrance and affection of members well on into their declining years, which often divide the regard felt for alma mater, call for an analysis which mother of American college Greek-letter frathe mere chronicler may well be excused for ternities, to the Illuminati, of Weishaupt, in not attempting. A recent writer stated that Bavaria, but this is undoubtedly mere con" many men who have belonged to a Greek- jecture. The Illuminati itself was founded letter society during their undergraduate in 1776, and it is hardly likely that a few days lose interest in the matter before they boys at the College of William and Mary in are five years away from their alma mater. Virginia, in those days of extremely infreThis is almost inevitable because of new in- quent letter-writing and trans-Atlantic terests and because a large number of grad- voyages, were inspired in their formation uates are not associated in their homes with of a Greek-letter secret society by the

men who

belong to their fraternity."

One
* Secret Societies of All Ages.

can hardly refrain from believing the author

College of

Williamsburg.

William and Mary

Phi Beta Kapi-a.

Virginia, 1776.

Phi Beta Kappa, Yale. 1780.
Phi

BeU Kappa,

Harvard, 1781.

Plii

Beta Kappa. Dartmouth, 1787.

Phi Beta Kappa. Union, 1817.
Chi Delta Tbeta. Yale, 1821.

Chi Phi, Princeton. 1834

Kappa Alpha, Union, 1825
« I

Sigma Phi, Union,

1827.

Delta Phi, Union. 1825.

Phi Beta Kappa. Trinity, 1829. I. K. A.. Trinity, 1829.
Phi Beta Kappa, Brown, 1829. Phi Beta Kappa. Bowdoin, 1829.

Alpha Delta
Hamilton,

Phi,

1832.

Psi Upsilon, Union. 1833,

Bets Theta

Pi,

Miami. 1839.

Delta

Kappa

Epsilon. Yale. 1844.

GENEALOGICAL CHART OF EARLIER CHAPTERS OF PHI BETA KAPPA, AND THE BETTER KNOWN COLLEGE FRATERNITIES IMxMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THEM.

346
illustrious

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES
foreigner whose

name is linked comer; the American Improved Order of time was Red Men, as at present organized, was only short for a which to an order dis- then taking shape, and the Ancient Order then and Freemasonry upon grafted appeared forever. There is no reason .for of Hibernians had just arrived at New York Curiosity and jarejudice believing that American college Greek- city from Ireland. letter societies had any inspiration be- had been mingled in an effort to find out yond what appeared on the surface, until something with Avhich to condemn the type after 1828, the year following the disappear- of the secret society, Freemasonry, and the
ance of Morgan,

who was accused

of being

effort resulted,

among

other things, in a

about to betray Masonic secrets. and several succeeding years politicians made use of this " good enough Morgan un-

In that

study of secret societies in general. If one can read of groups of college students at

New York
cieties

and

New England

centres of in-

on the outward lines established by Phi Beta Kappa, Kappa Alpha, Sigma Phi, and Delta Phi without appreciating that they must have utilized some of the raw mahas been made to the effect on John Quincy terial which was floating in the air, he must Adams, Edward Everett, and others, and be deficient in imagination. The societies the history of that time will reveal some, which saw the light in 1825 and 1827, notably Thurlow Weed, who were less sin- KajDpa Alpha, Sigma Phi, and Delta Phi, cere in their antagonism to Freemasonry, probably did not have elaborate rituals at This presented that time. There are those who know they even though no less bitter. Then came Alpha Delta charlatans had them later. and cranks to opportunity an which was not to be despised, and the coun- Phi and Skull and Bones in 1832, Psi Uptry was speedily flooded with supposititious silon in 1833, Mystical Seven in 1837, Beta accounts of Masonic ceremonies and alleged Theta Pi in 1839, Chi Psi and Scroll and The public Key in 1841, and Delta Kappa Epsilon in revelations of Masonic secrets. mind was directed to that subject as it never 1844. In these one finds the practical inhad been before, and probably never will be spiration for all that came after in the famThat college Secret societies of the middle ages, ily of Greek-letter societies. again. and grew rapidly multiplied fast the mysteries of Isis and Osiris and of fraternities significant. more than period is this societies during secret Eleusis, and the revolutionary of the better some of fact, matter all came in As a countries, other of this and of for a critical examination and premeditated known college fraternities give unmistaking people discovered prejudices against the fraternity which they never till then suspected themselves of possessing. Reference

fanned the antitil Masonic flame that thousands of well-meanafter election,"

and

so

telligence organizing Greek-letter secret so-

condemnation and got both.

The only im-

able evidence, to those of their

portance attacl^ng to this reference is to recall what seems not to have been pointed out before, that it was during the period

a position to judge, of having

the bureau drawers of
of Malta,

members in rummaged in Freemasonry, Odd

Fellowship, Forestry, the Templars, Knights
tic finery.

from 1828
best

to 1845, covering

the anti-Ma-

sonic agitation, that the older

among

the

known

national

Greek-letter college

fraternities were born.

At that time the Foresters was just being Order of Eagiish introduced here; the English Order of Odd Fellows had not been domesticated more than a decade and had only a few members; the English Order of Druids was a new-

and other "orders" for ritualisZeta Psi was founded by Freemasons. Delta Psi, Columbia, 1847, was di'essed up by some one who had access to rituals of the bastard Masonic rices of Misraim and Memphis. Psi Upsilon hung its harp low on the tree of symbolic Masonry,
while its offspring, Delta Kappa Epsilon, read up on the Vehmgerichte and ancient

ALPHA DELTA
Grecian mysteries before selecting u few
ceremonials which would better
teenth-century college
tit

I'lII

347

and
inal

i'uuiided Al[)ha

Delta Phi.

The

orig-

nine-

"Alpha Delt " badge was

of gold, in

Chi went far
Delts "
they

afield

Theta Delta life. and returned with the

the form of an oblong, with rounded corners.
It presented a field of black

enamel

Forestic legend, while the earlier

"Alpha containing
erald star.

a white crescent with the horns

were evidently inspired by what of Eoyal Arch ^lasonry and the Ked Cross degree as conferred in commandThere eries of Masonic Knights Templars.

up, enclosing an upright, five-pointed, em-

knew

The

field

was bordered with a

rope of gold and beneath the crescent was
the date of foundation, 1832.
verse,

On

the re-

would appear to be
are too

little

room to-day

for

additions to the Greek-letter world.

There

many

of these fraternities already,
is

and while there
occasionally

no tendency on the part
their

of stronger societies to unite, weaker ones
find

way into older or

on plain gold, was engraved the name of the owner, his college and class, with a pair of crossed swords over the star and crescent upon the shaft of a conventionalized monument. The one star and the crescent are plainly a modification of tlie ancient emblem, a crescent with seven
possibly,
stars, suggested,

stronger fraternities.
the prestige of

The

latter,

having
invinci-

age and

a distinguished

alumni,
ble.

are

naturally

well-nigh

Phi Beta Kappa. The rope of gold requires no explanation. The crossed swords and the unbroken col-

by the

six stars of

The

general

fraternities

publish cataG,500,

umn

are easily traceable to the general at-

logues containing, as estimated, about 111,-

tention given secret societies between 1828

000 names,
fessional

honorary about

pro-

and 1835, and

to the

Masonic fraternity in
in

4,400,
all

and the

ladies,

perhaps,

particular, modifications of several of the

9,000; in portion of
bers.

which are

about 131,000, a large proof deceased mem-

ceremonies of which,

lodge,

chapter,

Alplia

Beta Taw.
Clii

(See College Fraternities.)

Alpha

— Women's Omega. — Professional
is

society.

and commandery, may be found in even The the modern Alpha Delta Phi ritual. emblem more commonly in use by members
to-day
is

a gold crescent containing a smaller,

(mu-

sic) society.

(See College Fraternities.)
the oldest
Greek-letter fraternities

Alpha Delta Phi.— This
of the three great

enamelled crescent, closely set about with pearls, and upon which in gold In are the letters Alpha, Delta, and Phi.
raised, black

the star, held by the points of the crescent,
is

round which the secret society world revolved between 1835 and 1870, and which
to-day are associated with
all

a large emerald contrasting with pearls

Avhich

surround
all

it.

This society, unlike

that leads in

almost
its

others of like nature, designates

this department of social and literary life in America. (See College Fraternities.) It was founded at Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., in 1832, by Samuel Eels of tiie class of '32, aided by John C. Underwood of his own class; Loreuzo Latham, '32; and Oliver A. Morse and Henry L. Storrs of tiie class of '33. Sigma Phi had reached llanulton in 1831 and Kappa Alpha sought to follow it a year later; but Eels and others who were approached by the '"Kaps," and asked to form the Hamilton Chapter of the latter,

chapters after the colleges Avhere situ-

after consideration declined the invitation

some local name, instead of by Greek letters in the order of establishment. It was the first Greek-letter fraternity (excepting Phi Beta Kappa) at Harvard, the University of New York, Columbia, Amherst, Brown, Miami, Hobart, Bowdoin, Rochester, and the College of the City of New York, and may be said to have blazed the way for such jirominent followers as Psi U[)silon, Beta Theta Pi, and Delta Kappa Epsilon during a f|uarter of a century preceding the Civil AVar. Its Harvard Chapter,
ated or with

;

348

ALPHA PHI
first

1837, at

was of an extremely
of

literary

character, but later took in an extraordinarily large

system at Yale.) The government of Alpha Delta Phi is by means of an Executive Council

number

members from each

(incorporated) consisting of the PresiSecretary, and

class, so that it lost, in a measure, a share of that sympathy with the other chapters

dent,

Eecorder,

ex-officio

nine members at large, the terms of three of

which usually

marks

college

fraternities.

whom

expire each year, one representative

and in 1858 became known as the "A. D. Club," which organization, having no connection with the fraternity, still continues to exist at HarThe Harvard Chapter of Alpha vard. Delta Phi was revived in 1879, and remains one of the best of the score or more which bear aloft the green and white and the star and crescent. The war at Michigan University between the faculty and chapters of Alpha Delta Phi, Beta Theta Pi, and Chi Psi, which lasted from 1845 to 1850-51, is treated under the title College Fraternities. Alpha Delta Phi has no alumni chapters, but there are several associations of its alumni, and in New York the Alpha Delta Phi club is one of the best of its kind in the city. Its Yale Chapter retrograded during the period 1870-72, and was withdrawn in With Psi Upsilon and the latter year. Delta Kappa Epsilon, Alpha Delta Phi had
It finally lost its identity,

dormant) chapter and two from each active chapter. This body transacts business through an executive committee of nine, and makes account of its stewardship to the annual convention. Among members whose names are most familiar are United States Senators Pugh, Allison, and Squire; United States Treasurer Ellis H. Roberts; Congressmen W. W. Crapo, W. S. Groesbeck, Jay A. Hubbell;
of each inactive (or

Edward F. Noyes, ex-Minister to France; John Jay, ex-Minister to Austria; Charles Emory Smith, ex-Minister to Russia; James R. Lowell, ex-Minister to England; James 0. Putnam, ex-Minister to Belgium; J.
Meredith Read, ex-Minister
to Greece;

HorJudge Blatchford of the United States Supreme Court; Judges Wallace and Coxe of the United States Circuib Court; Joseph A. Choate, Clarence A. Seward, James C. Carindulged in the luxury of being a junior ter, Everett P. Wheeler, and Francis Lynde society at Yale, permitting itself to be a Stetson, among leading members of the bar*^
ace Maynard, ex-Minister to Turkey;

stepping-stone merely to
senior societies.

the

(then)

two

In the struggle to secure
societies

Dr. R. S. Storrs, Bishops Brewer, Brooks, Coxe, Harris, Huntington, Lyman,

Rev.

elections to one class society after another,

loyalty to

Watson of Church; Presigarded there as the goal was likely to be- dents Eliot of Harvard, Gilman of Johns come a name only. For nearly twenty years Hopkins, and D wight of Yale; Edward Alpha Delta Phi remained away from Yale, Everett Hale, Donald G. Mitchell, Moses and then returned to make an effort to hold Coit Tyler, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Manton Marble, and Francis Parkman. its own as a four-year society, in the face of the dominant Yale sentiment favoring sepa- The fraternity membership list to-day conrate societies in the sophomore, junior, and tains more than 7,000 names. (See Alpha Phi. Women's society. senior years. It made a partial success of College Fraternities.) it, but finally concluded not to try to swim Alpha Sigma Phi. Local fraternity at against the stream, built itself a magnificent (See College Frasociety house and locked horns, as of old, Marietta College, Ohio. with its two former junior society rivals, ternities.) Alpha Sig-ma Pi. — Local society at with which it, as elsewhere, does not fail to (See Col(See College Fraternities for Norwich University, Vermont. hold its own.
Stevens, Wells, Whitehead, and

any one of the

not re-

the Protestant

Episcopal

—

—

further details concerning the secret society

lege Fraternities.)

—

BETA THETA

PI

349

Alpha Sigma Theta
(Sec College Fraternities.)

(extinct).

— One

Beta Sigma Omicron.
ety.

— Women's
of

soci-

of Yale's earlier local sojihomore societies.

(See College Fraternities.)

Beta Theta Pi.— One
triad of college fraternities

the

Miami
first

Alpha

Tail

Omega.

— A general Greek-

and the

letter college fraternity,

founded at Eichmond, Va., September 11, 18G5, by Otis A. Glazebrook and Alfred Marshall of the class
'65,

Greek-letter society founded at
versity,

Miami Uniclass of

Oxford, Ohio.

It

was founded in
of
'40,

1839
'39,

of

Virginia Military Institute, Lexing-

John Riley Knox, of the and Samuel Taylor Alarshall,
])y

and Alfred Marshall, then a recent "with whom were associated David Linton, The James George Smith, Henry Ilardin, John graduate of the same institution. parent chapter was, therefore, placed at the Holt Duncan, Michael Charles Ryan and Virginia ^Military Institute, by which the Thomas Boston Gordon the first named Virginia Beta was established at Washington of the class of '39, the next four of '40, It pushed its way and the last of '41. Alpha Delta Phi had and Lee University. almost exclusively among Virginia, Tennes- established a chapter at Miami in 1835, see and Kentucky colleges for a number of four years before, and its popularity and years, when in 1881 it appeared at the Uni- growing prestige are admitted having been versity of Pennsylvania and at Muhlenburg the inspiration of or causes for the forin Pennsylvania, Stevens in New Jersey, mation of Beta Theta Pi. The establishColumbia in New York and Adrian in ment of chapters of the latter throughMichigan. Its i)olicy of extension has since out the West and South "was rapid prior to taken it to many Western, Southern, and the war, during which period some were Eastern Colleges, among them, Lehigh, "killed" by anti-fraternity college laws, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cor- and later by hostilities between the North Beta Theta Pi absorbed the nell and the Universities of Vermont and and South. Michigan. The government of the frater- Mystical Seven fraternity in 1889, formed nity vests in a congress of delegates from at Wesleyan in 1837, and the Alpha Sigma chapters, which meets biennially, the Grand Chi in 1879, formed at Rutgers in 1873. oflBcers and High Council, the latter chosen (For particulars concerning the Mystical by the Congress and the Worthy High Chan- Seven, see Order of the Ileptasophs, or Seven For twenty-five years followcellor, who represents the judicial liranch Wise Men.) The badge is ing the close of the Civil AV'ar, Beta Theta and. decides disputed points. a black enamelled gold Maltese cross, with- Pi followed what was regarded as a radical Besides absorbing two out the indentations, with a circular field at policy of extension. the centre, in which are the Tan, three stars, smaller fraternities, alumni and all, it estaba crescent above and the clasped hands lished chapters at about thirty colleges bebelow. The letters Alpha and Omega on tween 18G5 and 1890, in many instances the arms of the cross, with the T at the notably at Johns Hopkins, the University centre, present the fraternity name vertically of California, Lehigh, Columbia, Dartand horizontally. Total membership is mouth, and some larger and older Eastern
ton, Va.,

—

about 3,250.
editor
of

C. R.

Breckenridge, former

colleges

— challenging
the

the respectful atten-

Minister to Russia, and Walter H. Page,

tion of
letter

representatives of the Greek-

had preceded them. Theta Pi is an eightFraternities.) sided shield of gold, the sides of which Berzelius (not Greek). A secret society turn inward. Along the edges a row of at SheflBeld Scientific School, Yale. (See pearls encloses a field of black enamel which College Fraternities.) displays the letters Beta Theta Pi above
the
''Atlantic

Monthly,"

are

world

which

among its

best

known alumni.

(See College

The badge

of Beta

;

350
tliem a

CHI DELTA THETA

diamond encircled by

a wreath of

liam B.

Woods
States.

of the

Supreme Court

of the

green gold, and below, the letters Alpha,

United

Omega, Lambda, Theta. Its earlier badge was even still more suggestive of the Alpha Delta Phi slab badge, being an oblong with corners curved inward instead of rounded off, and the Beta Theta Pi under a crescent and three stars instead of the waxing moon and a single star. Tlie crescent on the **Beta" badge ultimately became the wreath and diamond. The growth of the latter society has been aided by its absorption of a number of local fraternities, and by a general disregard of the conservatism and exclusiveness in the matter of extension preferred by some older societies. In this instance the innovation on the methods peculiar to most Greek-letter fraternities appear to have borne good fruit. Beta Theta Pi has more than sixty active and nearly twenty alumni chapters, and maintains a summer resort at " Wooglin," Lake Chautauqua. One of its characteristics, in which it differs from nearly if not all other Greek-letter societies, is a form by means of which its members sign letters to one another in a manner untranslatable except by
the initiated.
the writer
is

Chi

Delta Theta.
)

— Honorary,

local,

senior society at Yale.
ternities.

(See College Fra-

Chi Phi.

—A

general,

Greek-letter col-

from the union of three similar organizations by that title, the eldest being that founded at Princeton, in 1854, by John McLean, Jr., Charles S. De Graw, and Gustavus W. Mayer, as a result of the alleged discovery of some old documents purporting to be the constitution of a college social and religious society which
lege fraternity, resulting

existed at Princeton in 1824, the initials of

the motto

of

which were Chi Phi.

No

evidence has been shown that the Chi Phi

had an active existence and the " old constitution " has been lost. The
of 1824 ever

The only

jDarallel

known
a

to

the form of signature used by

Chi Phi of 1854 succumbed to the anti-frawas continued through its chapter at Franklin and Marshall, established ih 1855, which in 1867 placed a chapter at Pennsylvania College. In 1860 the Secret Order of Chi Phi was founded at Hobart College, New York, by Amos Brunson and Alexander J. Beach, of the class of '62, and ten others, and established chapters at Kenyon in 1861,
ternity laws at Princeton in 1859, but

members

of the Royal

Arcanum,

mutual

Princeton in 1864, and Rutgers in 1867, in

assessment, beneficiary, secret society.

which year,
united

after

two years' negotiations,

it

Beta Theta

Pi, incorporated, is

governed

by nine directors, the terms of three of

with the Princeton Order of Chi Phi, under title of the Northern Order of

whom
tary,

expire each year,

its

general secre-

the same, in distinction from the Southern

and the chiefs of subordinate districts into which the society is divided. Its membership
is

Order of like name, which was founded in
1858, at the University of

North Carolina,

The by Augustus W. Flythe of the class of '59, list of prominent alumni is a long one, and Thomas Capeheart and John C. Tucker of among the names are those of John C. '61, and James J. Cherry of '63. The last of
estimated at about 10,000.
Bullit
of
to

of

New York
Italy
;

; Dr. Mendenhall Albert G. Porter, ex-Minister Governors Francis of Missouri, ;

Philadelphia

three Chi Phi fraternities was the most pros-

perous prior to and after the war, establishing fifteen chapters throughout the southern States and maintaining a high social

Morton and Porter of Indiana, Hoadley of Ohio and Beaver of Pennsylvania William M. Springer, William D. Bynum Senators Daniel W. Voorhees, M. S. Quay, Joseph E. McDonald, B. Gratz Brown Stanley Matthews, and James M. Harlan and Wil; ; ;

and

literary

standard of membership. After

the war the Northern and Southern Orders

were attracted to each other, more, j^erhaps, by the striking similarity of names and badges, a monogram formed of Chi and

DELTA KAPPA KPSILON
Phi, than by any other cliaraclcristic com-

351

mon

to both,

and

after a i)ro]ongc'd corre-

monogram formed of Chi and Psi, the former heavily jewelled and over the latter,
on which, at the bottom
daggers.
a skull

spondence and negotiation they united in 1874 under the title of Chi Phi Fraternity. Among tlie chapters established since 1875 are those at Harvard, Stevens, the Universities of

top, apprars either a (juar-

tered circle or a passion cross, and at the

and cross bones under three
latter are significant in that

The

Mieiiigan, California, Pennsylvania,

Slieffield,

some of the haute grades of Yale, and Rensselear Polytechnic Freemasonry, from which storehouses, a few
they
})oint to

Institute.
ters of

Two of

the strong eastern chapat

of the secret characteristics of this excep-

Chi Phi are found Cornell, where they were

Amherst and
by the
is

tionally secret college fraternity were drawn.

i)laced

Neither
its

its

annual convention or fraternity
is

and the tie between and more lasting than a Grand Lodge composed of the president that found between members of many like Its total membership is about of the society and four members a})pointed societies. Philip Spencer, one of the foundby him. The total membership is about 3,500. 3,900. Among prominent alumni the names ers, when a midshipman on the United of the late Henry W. Grady and Emory States brig of war " Somers,'' was executed Speer are conspicuous. (See College Fra- for mutiny, but the unfortunate young man's
Northern Order.
fraternity

The

gov-

periodicals are public,

erned by convention, and during recess by

members

closer

ternities.)

Chi Psi.
smaller
ternities.

— One

of the larger

among

the
fra-

memory was cleared by United States Senator Thomas 11. Benton and others, among
them James Fenimore Cooper and Gail
Hamilton, who pointed out that the charge young Spencer, who was the son of a cabinet officer, was untenable, and that the arrest and execution were unwarranted. Among the better known "Chi Psis" are Speaker Thomas B. Reed, ex-United States Senator Thomas M. Palmer, ex-Postmaster-General Don M. Dickinson, Stephen H. Tyng, Jr., Elbridge T. Gerry, William
against

general
It

Greek-letter

college

was founded at Union College, N. Y., in 1841, by Major-General James C. Duane, Judge Patrick U. Major, Philip Spencer, Colonel Alexander P. Berthoud,

John Brush, Jr., Dr. Jacob A. Farrel, Robert H. McFadden, Samuel T. Taber, William F. Tcrhune, and James L. Witherspoon,
the fifth like society organized
at

Union, which college has been called the mother of fraternities. Within nineteen years, or during its lifetime prior to the Civil

Astor and Chief Justice Fuller of the United States Supreme Court. (See College Fraternities.)

War, it placed chapters at fourteen other colleges,

going to nearly all the larger eastern institutions except Yale and Harvard, as far
west as the University of Michigan, and as
far south as

Delta Beta Xi.
sopliomore
nities.)

—An extinct Yale,
(See

local,

society.

College Frater-

South Carolina and Mississippi.
naturally interfered with
its

Delta Delta Delta. Delta Gaiiiiiia. Delta Kappa
society.
ties.)

— Women's

society.

The

Civil

War

(See College Fraternities.)

progress,

and a number of "Chi

Psis''

— Women's society.
A
former Yale,

(See

were enrolled in southern as well as northern armies.

College Fraternities.)
local,

After the period of depression
it

incident to the war

became mucii more freshman

(See Collegi' Fraterni-

conservative, creating only ten

new chap-

ters within twenty-five years after the ces-

by which time only sixteen of its new chapters were active and Its badge consists of a gold nine inactive.
sation of
hostilities,

Delta Kappa Kpsilon. Organized on June 22, 1844, at Yale College, by William W. At water, Edward G. Bartlett, Frederick P. Bellinger, Jr., Henry Case, George F.

—

352

DELTA KAPPA EPSILON
John
B.

Conyngham, Thomas I. Franklin, AV. Walter Horton, William Boyd Jacobs, Edward V. Kinsley, Chester N. Eighter, Elisha Bacon Shapleigh, Thomas D. Sherwood, Alfred Everett Stetson and Orson W. Stow, who had just completed They had contemtheir sophomore year. l^lated being elected members of Psi Upsilou in a body, but some of them failing to
Chester, secure an election to that junior society, the fifteen stood together and formed a new

Yale ''Deke" and his
colleges
is

f raters

from other
any
be

not as strong as that between

members

of different chapters of almost

other college fraternity.

But

this

may

due to the peculiar society system at Yale rather than to a peculiarity in the govern-

ment
Its

or personnel of Delta

Kappa

Epsilon.

Harvard chapter ran against the antifraternity laws there in 1858 and practically
ceased to exist as a chapter of Delta

Kappa

Epsilon until 1863.

It

had not

initiated

junior society with the foregoing

title,

to

members

for several years, but held meet-

compete with Alpha Delta Phi and Psi ings in Boston, where it became known as The chapter was reXJpsilon, which, until then, had monopo- the " Dicky Club.'' lized junior year Greek-letter society inter- vived as a sophomore society in 1863, and
Delta Kappa Epsilon, or at Yale. *'D. K. E." as it is usually called, beat all records at extension, by placing chapters at
ests

exists to-day,

occasionally challenging

at-

tention

when some accident
its

reveals to the

public

ridiculous and
of

at

times reprecandidates.

thirty-two colleges and universities between

hensible

method

initiating

the year

was founded and the outbreak Dicky Club is no longer '* D. K. E.'' Quite of the v^ar in 1861, going as far as Miami a number of chapters of " D. K. E.'' have and the University of Michigan in the West houses of their own; the "D. K. E." and to colleges in Virginia, Kentucky, Ten- club in New York stands as high as siminessee, Mississippi and Louisiana at the lar institutions there, and there are assoThe southern chapters were ren- ciations of *' D. K. E.'' alumni at a scoi'e South. by the war, and since 1866 of cities which hold annual reunions and dormant dered
it

the fraternity has been

much more

particu-, cultivate the fraternal relations

begun duris

lar in creating branches, has

made more

of

ing college

life.

The

fraternity

gov-

than to Its original plan did not place new ones. contemplate a general fraternity, but early

an

effort to revive inactive chapters

erned by an advisory council which is inThe badge resembles that of corporated. Psi Upsilon, except that in the centre of the
field

opportunities for

new chapters presenting black
is

the golden letters Delta
scroll.

Kappa

themselves, a plan for the propagation of
''

Epsilon appear upon a white

Much

D. K. E." was organized and was car-

made

of

armorial bearings, each chapter

ried out with a thoroughness which,

owing having a distinct blazon. The fraternity upon the gen- emblem is a lion rampant, in black, on a gold the reacted war, in part to On its list of names of disFrom to background. society. 1870 of the standing eral date the society has built upon far better tinguished members are those of United foundation and with more care and skill, States Senators M. C. Butler and Calvin S. and ranks as the largest general college Brice Perry Belmont, W. D. Washburn, fraternity, with more than 12,000 members, John D. Long, A. Miner Griswold, A. P. nearly 10 per cent, of the total membership Burbank, Theodore Roosevelt, John Bach The McMaster, George Ticknor Curtis, Julian of the world of Creek-letter societies. impression has always prevailed that the Hawthorne, Robert Grant, Theodore WinAlden, ex-Governor parent chapter of ''D. K. E." exercises a throp, William L. Kentucky Wayne McYeagh, McCreary of the entire organiover influence dominant Cer- Charles S. Fairchild, General Francis A. zation, but this has been denied. tain it is that, at times, the tie between the Walker, Whitelaw Reid, Robert T. Lincoln,
;
;

DELTA TAU DELTA

353

Stewart L. Woodford, Mark H. DunucU, embody in its ritual features of some of the and Henry Cabot Lodge. elaborate and audacious innovations upon Delta Phi. A general Greek-letter ancient Freemasonry which appeared at the

—

college

fraternity,

founded

in

1827,

at

end

of

the last

and early

in

the present
Its

Union
ing

College, almost immediately follow-

century.

(See
is

College

Fraternities.)

Sigma Phi, by Benjamin Burroughs, William H. Fondey, Samuel L. Lamberson, Samuel C. Lawrison, David H. Little, Thomas C. McLaurey, John Mason, Joseph J. Masten, and William Wilson. It has relatively few chapters, but as most of them are in the New England and the Middle States, not far from one another, it tends to bind the members
the
organization of
of the fraternity close together.
its

membership
a golden
sides of

St.

about 2,7G0. The badge is Anthony^s cross, or T the

which are curved inward.
is

Upon

the u})right of the cross

a conventional

upon a field of There are four Hebrew letters upon the bar of the cross, and at the base a skull over a crossed key and sword.
shield dis})laying Delta Psi

blue enamel.

Some

of

the

best

known

members

are

Some

of
its

chapters stand high, and, owing to

age, the society enjoys considerable prestige.
Its

Bishops Doane of the Protestant Episcopal Church and Galloway of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South Hamilton Fish, .Jr.;
;

government is by convention. The General Stewart L. Woodford Nicholas badge is a gold Maltese cross having a cir- Fish, ex-Minister to Belgium Rev. Justin cular disk in the centre, displaying the let- D. Fulton, Brooklyn Thomas Nelson Page ters Delta and Phi. On the arms of the Stuyvesant Fish, former President of the cross are engraved or enamelled the clasped Illinois Central Railroad, and H. AValter hands, an antique lamp, a scroll and quill Webb and Dr. W. Seward Webb of New and a constellation of stars. It numbers York. about 2,540 members. In the list are the Delta Psi. The second Greek-letter sonames of Hon. William H. Seward, Sena- ciety by that name. It has no connection tors C. K. Davis and Christopher Magee, with the general college fraternity of that ex-Governors Ludlow of New Jersey and title a local society at the University of Gaston of Massachusetts, Dr. Howard Cros- Vermont. (See College Fraternities.) by and Edgar Fawcett of New York, Dr. K. Delta Tan Delta.— One of the better Ogden Dorcmus, William H. Hurlburt of known of the group of southern general London, Charles Scribner and John W. Greek-letter fraternities. It was organized and Joseph A. Harper, the publishers. January 1, 1860, at Bethany College, W. (See College Fraternities.) Va., by William R. Cunningham, with Delta Psi. Founded at Columbia Col- whom were associated Henry K. Bell, lege, New York, in 1847, by Charles Arms Alexander C. Earle, John L. N. Hunt, Budd and John Hone Anthon perhaps the John C. Johnson. Jacob S. Lowe, and most exclusive general Greek-letter college Eugene Tarr, as a rival to Phi Kappa Psi,
; ; ;

;

—

;

—

;

fraternity as to the social standing of
bers.
It has comparatively
all of

mem-

then the only other like society at the college

few chapters,

named, and

jn'omjitly

began placing

but

them

possess their

own

houses.
costly.

chapters at other colleges.
sion was North, East,

As the exten-

and West, rather tlian Two of its southern chapters survived the South, it suffered relatively less from the Civil War. There are several graduate Civil War than some other southern Greekclubs or associations of Delta Psis known letter fraternities. It has shown good judgas St. Anthony's clubs, notaljly at New ment in withdrawing charters from undeYork, Philadelphia, and Rochester. The sirable institutions, and has strong chapters .society is exceptionally secret and is said to South, West, and East, notably those at the
are very
23

Some Delta

Psi temples

354

DELTA UPSILON

Universities of Michigan, Minnesota, Colorado, Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee, Vir-

Kappa Alpha. — Founded
lege, in 1825,

at

Union Col-

by Rev. John H. Hunter of with whom were assoYonkers, Tufts, N. Y., Kensselaer, ginia, and Wisconsin, at ciated Professor Isaac and Technology, W. Jackson of Union, Institute of Massachusetts In 1886 it absorbed two chapters Dr. Thomas Hunn and Judge Rufus W. Cornell. of the Eainbow Fraternity, or W. W. W., Peckham of Albany, Judge Levi Hubbell the first southern college secret society, of Milwaukee, Senator Preston King of founded at the University of Mississippi in New York, Professor Amos Dean of the 1848, by seven students who had gone Albany Law School, and Rev. Leonard thither from La Grange College, Tennessee. Woods, D.D., ex-president of Bowdoin The two remaining chapters of Rainbow, College. It is the oldest general Greekor W. W. T\'., united with Phi Delta letter college fraternity having a continuTheta, and so the Rainbow, etc., disap- ous existence as a secret society, and stands It was very much like the Mys- alone in having had as founders gentlemen peared.
tical

Seven, Wesley an, 1837,

made much who afterwards became

distinguished
It

in
a.

of the

number

seven, emphasized the seven

political or professional life.

began as

primary colors, referred to its members as the Sons of Iris and employed an iridescent (See arch over three W^'s as its emblem. M. W. •.; Order of Heptasophs, or S. Delta Tau Fraternities.) also College Delta is governed by an Executive Council, since the union with the Rainbow, called an Arch Council, composed of five alumni and four undergraduate members, elected by convention. The badge is a square slab of gold, with concave sides, displaying the letters Delta Tau Delta over a crescent and under a radiated eye. There is a fiveTotal mempointed star in each corner. Among prominent bership is about 5,500. alumni are Dr. Allan McLane of New York
*.

social club in a private school, in 1823,

and
at

two years
college,

later,

when members were

blossomed out as a secret brotherhood in manifest imitation of Phi Beta Kappa, a secret society which had appeared
at

Union

in 1817, eight years before.
;

(See

Phi Beta Kappa also College Fraternities.) The badge of Kappa Alpha, a watch-key with the handle and stem at diagonally
opposite corners of a square of gold, instead
of
at

opposite

sides

as

in

the

case

of

the watch-key badge of Phi Beta Kappa,
is

enough

to

indicate

the

inspiration of

Kappa Alpha, if nothing else were availThe signs of the zodiac surround able. the letters Kappa and Alpha in the centre of
the square, and in the right and left hand
corners, respectively, are engraved or
elled

and Will. Carleton the poet.

Delta Upsiloii.
ternity.

— Non-secret, general fraof

enam-

(See College Fraternities.)

two Hebrew

letters, sufficiently signifi-

Eta Phi. — One
soijhomore
nities.)

two

rival

Yale local

societies.

(See College Frater-

cant to those familiar with "the summit and perfection " of something else to indicate

the

direction

in

GaiiHiia

Jf u.

—

(Non-secret.

)

Formerly

'^Kaps" delved
rising sun

for material with

local literary society for

freshmen at Yale.
society.

dress their ritual.

On

which the earlier which to the reverse are "the
in line

(See College Fraternities.)

and other symbols," quite

Ganmia Phi Beta. — Women's
(See College Fraternities.)

He
I.

Boul^.

—A
at

local

sophomore society
society

at Yale.

(See College Fraternities.)
senior

K. A. — Local

(not

with what has just been written. Kappa Alpha established a chapter at Williams College in 1833, the first outpost, where it encountered active antagonism from a social fraternity, later known as Delta Upsilon, established in

Greek-letter)

Trinity

College.

(See

1834 to combat secret

College Fraternities.)

college societies (see College Fraternities),

;

KAPPA SIGMA
a liumbcr of the

355

members of which witli- equal length and the letters Kappa and drew and joined Kappa Alpha. In 1827 Alpha on a black field. Its total member(See College Frater,the success of Kappa Alpha at Union ship is about 2,950. was such that two fraternities Avere organ- nities.) Kappa Alpha Thcta. Women's soized there in opposition to it, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi, the first of wliich followed ciety. (See College Fraternities.)
Williams in 1834. Its conservatism in instituting new chapters has always been marked, and it has only half a dozen today, exclusive of those which \yere killed by
it

to

Kappa Kappa
ciety.

— Gam ma. — Women's
College.

so-

(See College Fraternities.)
frater-

Kappa Kappa Kappa. — Local
nity at

Dartmouth

(See College

the anti-fraternity wars at Princeton and
at the University of Virginia,

Fraternities).

which disKappa Sigma. A general Greek-letter appeared at the outbreak of the Civil War. college fraternity, organized fit the UniIts Williams* Chapter was the first among versity of Virginia, in 1867, by Dr. George like organizations there to own a house of W. Hollingsworth and Dr. George M. Arits own. Its membership, estimated at nold, with whom were associated Edward L. 1,140, has always been limited, but is of high Rogers, George L. Thomas, John C. Boyd, rank socially. At its semi-centennial cele- and Robert Dunlop. It is declared that the bration at Union in 1875 the address was society is a direct descendant of Kirjaith delivered by Governor Henry M. Hoyt of Sepher, a European university secret soPennsylvania. It is governed by an Execu- ciety, founded at Bologna and Firenze, tive Council composed of alumni and dele- Italy, about 1400 a. d. by a Greek professor Among its at those institutions, branches of which apgates from active chapters. better known alumni, other than those peared at the French Universities of Montmentioned, are General Albert J. Myer; pellier, Orleans, and Paris about 1410. The story runs that the Italian branches finally S. G. W. Benjamin, ex-Minister to Persia Edward S. Bragg, ex-Minister to Mexico became extinct, except in a family named " Augustus Schell, ex-Collector of the Port De Bardi, " who handed down its traditions Potter, to Hollingsworth and Arnold in 1806 while of Xew York, and Eliphalet President of Hobart and of Union Colleges. they were abroad studying medicine, giv(Southern Order.) ing them permission to establish the society Kappa Alpha. Founded in 1865 as a general Greek-letter in America, which, Baird addsj "they did, It was college fraternity at Washington and Lee under the name of Kappa Sigma."
. ;

—

K

—

University,

Virginia,

by Professor
Rev.

S.

Z.

carried

to

the University of

Alabama

the

Ammen, James W. Wood,
Scott,
it

W. N.

year the parent chajjter was founded, and

and William A. Walsh. Until 1870 governed by the jKirent chapter. Since then its affairs have been governed by conventions of delegates from chapters, and in the intervals administered by an Executive Council. It has confined its extension mainly to the South, and is prosperous, although numerous chapters, some of which are not at institutions of tlie first rank, will explain why its membership is
was

spread rapidly to southern and southwestern colleges with the exception that the third
outpost was ])laced at Bellevue Medical College,

New

York, where

to initiate students at

College of
all

it was empowered Columbia and the Nearly the City of New York.

western colleges.
fraternity
is

other northern chapters are at smaller The government of the

through a national Grand Conwhich meets biennially, not, as a whole, of the highest social or between the sessions of which the affairs of Its badge is a gold shield the society are in the hands of a committee scholastic grade. on which are a cross having four arms of of five officers. The badge is an inverted
clave, or convention,

)

)

356

KAPPA SIGMA EPSILON
of

crescent
star with

gold, attached
its

to
is

and below
in its

minati,

'^

according to some accounts," had

which, by four of
.

points,

a five-pointed

spread to America, there to form a philosophico-political sect based

the letters

Kappa Sigma

upon the teach-

At the top, on by jewels. the crescent, a skull and bones are engraved; at the left, the crossed keys, and at the Membership about right, crossed swords.
centre, encircled

ings of Philo,

Cato, Lucian, Pythagoras,

and Marius.

But he evidently forgot that Weishaupt's Illumiuati was born on the
Europe
its

continent of

in

the same year,

2,800.

(See College Fraternities.)

probably only a few months before Phi
local

Kappa Sigma
Fraternities.)

Epsiloii.

— Former

Beta Kappa made
ginia, that

appearance in Vir-

freshman society at Yale.

(See College

Kappa Sig-ma Phi.— Long extinct local sophomore society at Yale. (See College
Fraternities.)

communication between Virginia and the continent of Europe at that time was infrequent, and that there could have
been
little

in

common between
and the
five

the Bava-

Lambda Iota. — Local society at the University of

who were studying the elements of a higher education
rian philosopher

boys

ternities.)

At all, or nearly all, American colleges at that time, there were j^ublic and private literary societies, Mystical Seven. (Not Greek-letter. In' some respects among the most ambitious as they were called, debating clubs, in which
Vermont.
(See

College Fra-

at Williamsburg, Va.

of the

—

efforts at creating a college secret society

students learned

how

to

think while stand;

with a good ritual. Absorbed by Beta Theta Pi. (See Order of the Heptasophs, or Seven

ing upon their feet and talking

how

to

express their ideas, and, more than that,
others feel the force of what Most of those organizations, only a few of which remain, were known by ponderous or other Latin names. At the founding of the new society in the Apollo room in Ealeigh Tavern, it was thought desirable to make a departure instead of imitating the Latin-named societies of the day and, as one of those present *' was the best Greek scholar in college," the name of the society was formed of the initials of a Greek motto,' Phi Beta Kappa. It is hardly probable the five young men
to

Wise Men;
society.

also,

College Fraternities.)

how

make

Nu Sigma
P. E. O.

Nu.

— Professional,
)

medical

they said.

(See College Fraternities.)

(See College Fraternities.

cal

— (Not Greek. Women's society. Phi Alpha Sigma. — Professional, medisociety. (See College Fraternities.) Phi Beta Kappa. — The parent of the
system of Greek-letter college
organized December
5,

American
fraternities,

;

1776,

by John Heath, Thomas Smith, Eiehard Booker, Armistead Smith and John Jones, undergraduates at the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., then one of responsible for this creation realized or the most prosperous and aristocratic insti- thought they were "planning a union of tutions of learning in the colonies. It is the virtuous college youth of this country;" likewise explained that the meeting to form but they were. Moreover, they called themthis society was held in the Apollo room selves a fraternity, declared the society in Ealeigh Tavern, made famous by the was formed for congeniality and to progreat speech of Patrick Henry. Much time mote goodfellowship, with "friendship and erudition have been expended in investi- as its basis and benevolence and literature gations to determine tlie origin of the Greek- as its pillars." A month later, January 5, letter fraternity and how the first one came 1777, Daniel Fitzhugh, John Stuart, Theto give itself a title consisting of Greek let- odoric Fitzhugh, and John Stark joined

Heckethorn disposes of the matter the organization and entered into a coveters. summarily by stating that the Bavarian lUu- nant to preserve its secrets and advance its

PHI BETA
interests.

KAPPA

357

lu 1778

it

was decided
in wiiich

to estab-

thereafter the society assumed a purely for-

lish bi'UDches of

the society in order to ex-

mal existence which has continued."
College Fraternities.)

(See

tend

its

good work,
tiiat

we

find

tlie

The

influence of John

beginnings of
chapters
of

movement

wliieh

has

l)eopled the college world with about 700

one hundred Greekcharter for a branch to be known as the Beta chapter was granted Samuel Hardy in 1779, another to William Stuart for Gamma, and a third to William
nearly
letter fraternities.

A

In December that year was granted Elisha Parmele, a graduate of Harvard, who had also been a student at Yale, and in 1780 charters were granted, respectively, to John Beckley for an Eta chapter at Richmond, and George L. Turberville for a Theta at WestmoreIn 1781 meetings of the parent land. chapter were suspended owing to hostilities between British troops and the colonists.
Cabel for Delta.
a charter

Quiney Adams, Joseph Story, Edward Evand others was sufficient, in those days of trial and tribulation for Freemasons and members of other secret societies, to cause the Harvard Phibetians to appear on the Cambridge campus and publicly announce the features which had been the mystery and inspiration of Phi Beta Kappa. After that the meetings of the society were held at longer intervals, and generally confined to a public literary programme. But with the removal of the secrecy which aterett,

tached to the society
felt in it

much

of the interest

disappeared and formal meetings

commencement time were about all that remained to show that the organization was not extinct. It elected members annually
at

Of the fate of the five local chapters nothis known, and it is due to the granting of a charter to young Parmele of Harvard and Yale that Phi Beta Kappa did not die at the approach of Lord Cornwallis. Parmele organized a chapter at New Haven in November, 1780. It was originally ining

from among the
class,

best students in the junior
it
is

and, in time, became, what

to-

day, an honorary organization, holding an

annual meeting for the election of officers and new members, each of whom is permitted to wear the well-known oblong gold
watch-key, for so

tended to
this

call

the Yale chapter Zeta, but
it

Phi Beta Kappa.
at
versit}' of

many years identified with The honorary society was

Wcsleyan College and at the UniAlabama in the twenty years foltember, 1781, lowing, and between 1852 and 18G9 chapters dead, what was intended to be tlie Ei)silon, were ])laced at the University of Vermont, at Harvard, was organized as the Alpha of Western Reserve, Amherst, AVilliams, New Massachusetts. In 1787 Yale and Harvard York University and at Rutgers. There carried the organization to Dartmouth at were rumors of southern cha})ters at that Hanover, where the Alpha of New Hamp- period, but little is known of them. The shire was formed. writer quoted says that down to 1881 chapXo more chapters were established for ters of Phi Beta Kappa were in the habit thii-ty years, when Yale, Harvard, and Dart- of having an oration and poem at public mouth, in 1817, instituted an Alpha of New exercises at commencement time, of holdYork at Union College. Twelve years after, ing a " private " business meeting to choose in 1829, cha})ters of Phi Beta Kappa were officers and members for the ensuing year, placed at Washington, now Trinity College, "the former, graduates, and the latter, the Hartford, Conn. Brown University, Provi- best scholars in the incoming class." The dence, R.I., and Bowdoin College at Bruns- centennial of the organization's arrival at wick, Me. In 1831 the Harvard Chapter, as Harvard was celel)rated in 1881, and twendescribed by Baird, "gave up its individual ty-nine delegates rejiresenting twelve chapsecrets and those of the organization, and ters met there and adjourned to meet in
of Connecticut.

was changed, and
In

became the Alpha placed

than a year, Septhe parent chapter being
less

;

358

PHI DELTA PHI
in

New York

October,

when
it

sixteen chap-

Kappa
seven
stars

is

ters were re})resented, .and

was resolved to

l^etually points
stars.

prevented by the hand which perthrough the motto to the

recommend

tlie

formation of a National

The

crescent

Council and adopt a constitntion.

At a

are

found on

third meeting, at Saratoga Springs, Sep-

Masonic floor-cloths
one as a centre
are connected

moon and seven some of the oldest and charts. The sigperceived

tember, 1882, a constitution was adopted

nificance of the six stars arranged about

and afterwards approved by sixteen chapters under the title United Chaj^ters of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. This society is governed by a National Council of senators and delegates, each chapter being entitled

may be

when they

by straight lines. The resulting figure is a hexagon consisting of six equilateral triangles with tlieir apexes

to send

three of the latter, each of

common point, the centre of a circle circumscribing the hexagon, whence the
at a

whom must
standing.
classes,

be a graduate of five years'

sessions,

There are tliirty senators in two whose terms expire in alternate and who are elected by delegates,

a circle "

Freemason again finds the "point within and the member of Phi Beta Kappa another meaning than merely a
fraternity.

reference to the seven earlier chapters of

from among
Council
is

whom

the president of the

that

by a study of their Thus, Alpha Delta Phi used a sion the senate is the executive. single star and crescent Beta Theta Pi, a Chapters of Phi Beta Kaj^pa also exist crescent and three stars Delta Tau Delta, at the College of the City of New York, four stars and a crescent Kappa Sigma, a Columbia, Hamilton, Hobart, Colgate, Cor- single star suspended from a reversed cresnell, Rochester, Dickinson, Lehigh, Lafaycent Sigma Chi, seven stars on the base of ette, De Pauw, the University of Kansas, its St. George's cross, and Theta Delta Chi, and Northwestern L^niversity, total mem- two stars. The letters " S. P." on the bership being not far from 10,000. The reverse of the Phi Beta Kappa badge are badge of the Phi Beta Kappa is an oblong translated "Societas Philosophise," or Philwatcli-key of gold, on one side of which are osophical Society. The date is that of its engraved the letters Phi, Beta and Kappa, origin, or, as some mystical students will with a hand below pointing to seven stars have it, the date of " Dluminism." The above, while on the reverse is the name of sign of a Phibetian, prior to 1831, was the owner and S. P., Dec. 6, 177G. made by placing two fingers of the right The apparent mystery in this badge, which hand over the left corner of the mouth tradition informs us was originally worn on and drawing them across the chin. His a ribbon about the neck of the owner, is grip Avas made by locking the hands witheasily explained in view of the services ren- out clasping the thumbs at the same time dered posterity by John Quincy Adams, pressing the wrists; and his ''^word" was Joseph Story, and Edward Everett. The tlie motto for which the letters of Phi Beta letters Phi Beta Kappa refer to the motto Kappa stood. of the society, Philosophia, Biou KyberPhi Delta Phi. Professional, law, netes, or Philosophy is the guide of life. society. (See College Fraternities.) The seven stars refer to the j)arent chapter Phi Delta Theta.— Organized in 1848 and its six branch chapters, from which at Miami University, where Aljjha Delta the college secret societies of to-day may Phi had established a chapter in 1835, and be said to have descended. Forgetful- where Beta Theta Pi was founded in 1839, ness of the original chapters of Phi Beta the second member of the Miami Triad, the
ternities is indicated

chosen by the senators. The Council meets the first Wednesday in September in each year, and when not in ses-

crescent and stars

The popularity of among later college

the
fra-

badges.

;

;

;

;

—

;

PHI

KAPPA

PSI

359

most widely extended, and therefore the most distinctively national among the general

those letters on a white scroll upon a black
field

below " a radiated eye."
flag,

The

frater-

Greek-letter college

fraternities.

It

nity also displays a coat-of-arins, an ''open

of Kentucky, exCommissioner of Pensions J. C. Black, the late Eugene Field, and former war correspondent H. V. Boynton. Its total memfive remained. In the next nineteen years bership is about 9,200. (See College Frathe work of extending the fraternity was ternities.) carried on with a degree of enthusiasm Plii Kappa Psi. Third of the Pennsylnever equalled, forty-six chapters being vania Triad of general Greek-letter college established between 18G4 and 1883. While fraternities, founded at Jefferson College in by far the majority were placed at what may 1852, by Charles P. T. Moore and AV. II. This society has a long list of be classed as minor institutions of learn- Letterman. ing, principally at the West and South, there chapters and credits many of the efforts were noteworthy exceptions at Michigan resulting in its successful extension to Judge University, Cornell, the University of Vir- Moore, one of its founders, with whom was ginia, University of Vermont, Vanderbilt, associated T. C. Chamberlain. During the and the University of Minnesota. In the last period preceding the Civil War most of its fourteen years more than that number of chapters M'ere placed in Pennsylvania and chapters have been established, the invasion southern colleges. It gradually spread West, of the East being continued at Union, Col- but in 18G9 appeared in the East'at Cornell, lege of the City of New York, Columbia, in 187G at Johns Hopkins, in 1881 at Ilobart, Dartmouth, Williams, University of Syra- in 1884 at Syracuse, and later at other eastIn ern colleges. In the meantime it had gained cuse, Lehigh, Amherst, and Brown. two instances two chapters of Phi Delta a strong footing throughout the Central and Theta were established at a single college Northwestern States and on the Pacific owing to an overflow of members, but con- Coast, so that it numbers about forty active Owing to chapters and (i.GOO members, notwithstandsolidation followed shortly after. frequent conflict with college anti-fraternity ing losses through chapters having become laws its list of inactive or dead chapters is a extinct during the Avar, college anti-fralong one, yet it boasts an organization at ternity laws and other causes. The govabout seventy colleges and universities in ernment is patterned after that of some of nearly thirty States. The society is gov- the regular secret societies, as are some of erned by a General Council, composed of a its secret features, consisting of a Grand president, secretary, treasurer, and historian, Arch Council and an Executive Council of and is divided into provinces, each of which five alumni and four undergraduates. In has a president chosen by the General Coun- order to facilitate the work of both, the fraternity is divided into four districts, each of cil. It has a long list of alumni cha])ters, which have the privilege of sending dele- which is presided over by an Archon. The gates to conventions to choose members of Grand Arch Council meets biennially, and the General Councils. The Phi Delta Theta elects the alumni members of the ExecuUndergraduate members are badge, in the form of a shield, presents tive Council.

was founded by Robert Morrison and John McMillan Wilson of the class of '49 Robert Thomjoson Drake, John AVolfeLindley, and Andrew Watt Rogers of '50, and Ardivan Walker Rogers of '51, all of whom Before the graduated with distinction. outbreak of the Civil War it had established sixteen chapters in the AVest, Northwest, and South, but at the close of the war only

motto," a triangular
''yell."

and a society
of distinguished

The

list

of

names

"Phis " contains those of ex-President Harrison,

ex-Vice-President

Stephenson,

ex-

Secretary of the Interior William F. Vilas,

ex-Senator Blackburn

—

)

360
elected by District Councils.
Josej-)!!

PHI

KAPPA SIGMA

Ex-Governor
of

Phi Zeta Mu.
Dartmouth
ternities.)

—Local

scientific

society

man known alumni
is

B. Foraker of Ohio and CongressPhilip H. Dugro are among the best
of the
society.
Avith

College.

(See College Fra-

The badge
a jewelled

Pi Beta Phi. Pi Kappa

a

conventional shield,

College Fraternities.)

border bearing the letters Phi Kappa Psi above an antique lamp and below "a radiated eye/' on either side of which
is

— Women's Alpha. — Founded

society.

(See

as a gen-

eral Greek-letter fraternity in 1868, at the

a

five-

LTniversity of Yirginia, by Frederick S. Taylor,

pointed

star.

(See College Fraternities.)

L.

Phi Kappa Sigma. The second of the Julian E. Wood, and James B. Sclater, Pennsylvania Triad amoug general Greek- some of Avhom had been intimately associ(See College ated in the Confederate Army. Its growth letter college fraternities.
Fraternities.)

—

W.

T. Bradford, Robertson

Howard,

was founded August 16, Mitchell, J. B. Hodge, A. Y. Du Pont, Charles H. Hutchinson, J. T. Stone, Duane Williams and A. A.
It

was

less

hurried than that of some like fraonly eleven chapters being estab-

1850, by S. B.

W.

ternities,

lished in twenty-two years, all of

them

in the

Eipka, and prior to the Civil

War

estab-

South Atlantic and Gulf region. Indifference, anti-fraternity laws and the decline
of colleges themselves

lished chapters at Pennsylvania colleges, at

contributed to the

Princeton, Columbia and throughout the

death of a majority of the chapters.
bership about 500.

Mem-

The goA'ernment is by South proved unfortunate, for the war closed a council of graduates. The badge flispla3'S This, with anti-frater- a diamond field upon a shield, Avith the letthe colleges there. (See nity legislation, left it badly crippled, though ters Pi Kappa Alpha on the former.
South, fourteen in
all.

Its strength at the

has succeeded in maintaining a gratifying Its rank among the smaller fraternities.
it

College Fraternities.)

Psi Upsiloii.
Fraternities)

— One

of the

three great

government is in the hands of a Grand Chapter composed of three delegates from
each
subordinate
chapter.

Greek-letter college fraternities (see College

The

present

lished at colleges

membership

man

Ex-Congressis about 2,230. D. McEnery of Louisiana, Jiidge Chauncey F. Black of Pennsylvania, Wharton Barker of Philadelphia and General
S.

whose chapters Avere estaband universities of the first rank throughout the country between 1835 and 1870; which, from a social and literary point of view, stand highest, and Avhich present on the rolls of their alumni the

bers of Phi

Horatio C. King of ISTew York are memKappa Sigma. The badge of
society
is

names
It
AA'as

of

many

of those distinguished

in

professional, political,

and commercial

life.

the

suggestively similar to that

founded in 1833

Avorn by Masonic
sisting of a black
Avith skull

Knights Templars, con-

Avhere Kap2:)a Alpha,

at Union College, Sigma Phi, and Delta

enamelled Maltese cross, Phi had preceded it, the first of the three and crossbones at the centre, a named, in 1825, in imitation of Phi Beta six-pointed star on the upper arm, and the Kappa, Avhich Avas established there in 1817, letters forming the name of the society on and the other tAvo in 1827, stimulated by
the other three. the success of
of Psi

— Local fraternity at Wesleyan University. (See College Fraternities. Phi Sigma Kappa. — Professional, medi(See College Fraternities.) Plii Theta Psi. — A former Yale,
Phi
Nil Theta.
cal, society.

Kappa Alpha. The founders Upsilon Avere Samuel Goodale, Sterling G. Hadley, EdAvard Martindale, and George W. Tuttle of the class of '36; Robert Barnard, Charles W. Harvey, and Merwiu H. StcAvart of '37. It had evidently been in process of formation for some time, for the statement is made that its badge

local

sophomore
ties.)

society.

(See College Fraterni-

PHI GAMMA. DELTA

361

"had been exhibited " at Union 1831. The badge consists of
elled field surrounded, generally,

as early

iir>

conservative, and with not
of chapters
bers.
it

a lozenge-

more than a score numbers about 7,825 memshares the honors of junior

Alpha Delta Phi and Delta across the shorter diameter of whioh is the Kappa Epsilon, and its Yale members with ancient emblem, a pair of clasp. ?d hands, those of the other societies named form the
society life with

shaped slab of gold, enclosing a black ouamby pearls,

At Yale

it

Fides, with the letter Psi above below.
It is usually

ar, I
;

Upsilou
col-

material from which each of
senior
societies

tlie

three Yale
its

worn, as ar most

usually

selects

fifteen

lege society badges,

on the

Avaistooat.

Psi

Upsilon was the

first

of like fra ernities at

Union

to initiate students
is

from

all

of

tlio

fonr classes, which

explained

by;iits

hav-

ing been founded by sophomores and fresh-

members. It is governed by convention and an Executive Council, with headquarters at New Y^'ork city. It has no alumni chapters, but associations of " Psi U" alumni exist at nearly twenty cities. A valuable and in-

teresting account of the fraternity, its orwhere ganization, government, and the personnel Alpha Delta Phi and Sigma Phi had pre- of its membership, has been published by ceded it, and its third at Yale il, 1H39, Albert P. Jacobs of Detroit. Its list of where Phi Beta Kappa and Alph;; Delta alumni who are well known is a long one, Phi had gone before. In 1840 it ;,vent to and on it are the names of the late ex-PresiBrown, in 1841 to Amherst and in 'vL842 to dent Arthur; United States Senators 0. S. Columbia, at all of which Alpha Delta Phi Ferry, W. P. Frye, J. R. Hawley, Anthony had then been established, and atjjthe first Higgins; Congressmen Lyman K. Bass, of which it also faced chai^ters of Phi Beta Galusha A. Grow, Waldo Ilutchins, William Kappa and Delta Phi. It established a Walter Phelps, Clarkson X. Potter, and chapter at Dartmouth in 1842 also.^ where William E. Robinson; George B. Loring, it was first upon the ground after y\n Beta at one time Commissioner of Agriculture; Kappa, which antedated it there fj fifty- William C. Whitney, ex-Secretary of the five years. In 1843 it ajipeared at Hamilton, Navy; James B. Angell, ex-Minister to Turthere to meet its jirincipal rival, Alpi:,a Delta key; Eugene Schuyler, ex-Minister to Phi; at Bowdoin, where it followed»the lat- Greece; Andrew D. White, ex-Minister to ter; and at Wesleyan, where none of the Germany; ex-Governors D. H. Chamberlain existing general college fraternities except of South Carolina and A. H. Rice of MassaPhi Beta Kappa then had a chapter. In chusetts; Chauncey M. Depew, Francis M. 1844 a number of Yale sophomores who had Bangs, George Bliss, and Daniel G. Rollins been elected to membership in Psi Upsilon of New York; Charles Dudley Warner, Eddeclined to be initiated, inasmuch as others mund C. Stedman, William Allen Butler, associated with them had not been chosen, Albion AY. Tourgee, William G. Sumner, and, with the latter, formed Delta Kappa Orange Judd, John Taylor Johnson, BrayEpsilon, which has since become the largest ton Ives; and Bishops Beckwith, Littlejohn, general Greek-letter college society, and is Whittaker, Niles, Paddock, Spaulding, bracketed with Alpha Delta Phi and Psi Scarborough, Brown, Perry, Seymour, and Upsilon, wliich form the three great Greek- Knickerbocker of the Protestant Episcopal letter fraternities. Psi Upsilon did not in- Church. crease its list of chapters so rapidly during Phi Gniuiua Delta. One of the Pennthe next fifteen years, establishing branches sylvania Triad of general Greek-letter fraonly at Harvard, 1850, Rochester, 1858, ternities. It was founded at Jefferson Coland Kenyon, 18G0, prior to the outbreak of lege, Canonsburg, Pa., (afterward Washthe Civil War. Its growth has been very ington and Jefferson), in May, 1848, by
Its

men.

second chapter was placed at the

University of

New York

in

18J-»7,

—

362

Q.

T. V.

John T. McCartj, James Elliott, Daniel (Several chapters were revived and many Webster Crofts, Samuel B. Wilson, Ellis B. ne V ones placed throughout the South and Gregg of the class of '48, and Naamen Soutbwest, in some instances at seminaries, It was started as a rival of institu^^^es, and what were little more than Fletcher of '49. Beta Theta Pi, and, following the interests high scbools. Many such died, and others
the were killod by college anti-fraternity laws, it, extended South and West, rather so that l\y 1880 another effort was needed The exertion than the East. It went to the College of to build ^up the society. is described made l;>est the statement and to Coby the City of New York in 1865, thirt'y that chapters were established Scientific new Sheffield the lumbia in 1866, School in 1875, and to Cornell in 1888, within t'3n years, half a dozen of them crossnumbering more than forty active chap- ing the*'' Mason and Dixon, line to locate at Iowa ters, nearly one-half as many inactive, with Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and The fraternity is divided into a list of nearly 5,700 members. It has sev- colleges.' eral graduate associations, and perhaps one- province,^ for convenience of administration half of its chapters possess houses of their and governed by a Supreme Council of six, The own. It is governed by a Grand Chapter elected at conventions of delegates. composed of graduates from the New York badge Is a diamond-shaped slab, with the
of

many

identiiied with

fraternity to the

city chapters

and

New York

resident

memis

usual bf:»rder of jewels enclosing a black field

bers of

other

chapters.

The badge

a

diamond-shaped slab of gold, with the customary border of pearls, and the Greek letters forming the name of the society on
a field of
black.

Above them

is

a five-

Sigma, Alpha, Epsilon an upright hii'man figure beside a recumbent lion. Below, this are the letters Phi and Alpha. (See ColTotal / nembership about 3,400.
in

which the

letters

are dis^J^ayed over a representation of

and below, the letters Alpha, Omega, Mu, and Eta. Among its graduates the best known names are those of Zebulon B. Vance; William C. Goodale, and Daniel D. ex-Minister to Belgium Lloyd and Maurice Thompson, authors.
pointed
star,
;

lege Frtiternities.)
Signiftx

Chi.
to

— Founded at Miami Univer-

sity in J355,

the third general Greek-letter

(See College Fraternities.)

Q. T. V.
agricultural,
ternities.)

— (Not

Greek.)
(See

Professional,

which that institution gave C. Bell, James P. Caldwell, Di^miel AV. Cooper, Benjamin P. Runkle, Frank H. Scobey, Isaac M. Jordan, and William L. Lockwood, the result of a
fraten>''ty

birth, tiy

Thomas

society.

College

Fra-

Scroll
nity,
ties.)

and Key.

—Local

senior frater-

schism in Delta Kappa Epsilon, all but the named founder having been members The of the Miami Chapter of " D. K. E."
last

Yale College.

(See College Fraterni-

parent chapter did not live long, but the
early,

Sigma Alpha Epsiloii.

— Founded
9,

at the

University of Alabama, March

1856, as

was begun and notwithstandiug its growth was checked by the Civil War, the society num-

work

of extending the fraternity

by bers a long list of chapters scattered Noble L. De Votie, with whom were associ- throughout the West, Northwest, South, at ated John W. Kerr, Wade Foster, John B. various Pennsylvania colleges, on the Pacific Rudulph, Nathan E. Cockrell, Samuel M. Coast, and at the East in such institutions Dennis, and Abner E. Patton. The Civil as the Massachusetts Institute of TechnolWar killed fourteen out of the fifteen chap- ogy, Stevens Institute, and Cornell UniverDuring the Civil War there was a ters Avhich were established within five years, sity. the surviving branch being at Columbian chapter of Sigma Chi in one of the brigades University, District of Columbia. In 1866 of the Confederate Army, something unique
a general Greek-letter college fraternity

THETA DELTA CHI
in the history of like societies.
It

363

was uot

Alpha

as a general Greek-letter fraternity,

chartered,

however,

initiated

only a few

.of

members, and became dormant at the close The Purdue chapter was rethe war. sponsible for the fraternity war there. (See
College
Fraternities.)

The

fraternity has

been governed since 1883 by an Executive Council of alumni members and may be ranked as exceptionally j^rosperous, with

having a continuous existence as a secret society, after which it patterned. It was founded at Union College in March, 1827, by T. F. Bowie, George N. Porter, Charles N. Rowley, S. W. Beall, R. II. Champan, and Charles T. Cromwell, members of the senior class. In 1S31 it established a chapter at

Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y,, the

first

about 5,400 members. Some of the better known alumni are Harry S. New of Indianapolis, Edgar L. Wakeman, William G.
Stahlnecker and J. J. Piatt.

after Phi Beta Kai)pa to begin a policy of

Sigma
Cornell,

Chi.

(See College Fraternities.)
at

Sig'iua

— Honorary Delta Chi. — Local —Women's

local

society at

extension, yet it has ever been conservative, even exclusive, and ranks to-day preeminent for the social standing of its members. Each chapter owns its own house, that at Williams being one of the costliest in the

Sheffield

country.
is

It

is

governed by convention, and

Scientific School, Yale.
ternities.)

(See College Frasociety.

incorporated under the laws of the State

While the loyalty of alumni Greek -letter societies to their fraternities is marked, in the case of graduCollege Fraternities.) Sigma Nu. One of the more prosperous ate members of Sigma Phi it is conspicuous. southern general Greek-letter college fra- Its total membership is about 2,265, and in ternities, founded January 1, 18G9, at the the list of names are found those of ex-Senof

New

York.

Sigma Kappa.

(See

members of

all

—

Virginia Military Institute, by Frank Hopkins,

ator J. J. Ingalls;

Charles J. Folger, late

with

whom

were associated J.

W.

Secretary of the Treasury; J. J.

Knox,

late

Hopson, Greenfield Quarles, J. M. Riley, and E. E. Semple, in opposition to Alpha Tan Omega, which had become prosperous Minister to England; H. C. Christiancy, and prominent in the college world at Lex- ex-]yiinister to Peru ex-Governors Hoffman The establishment of new of New York and Hartranft of Pennsylington, Ya. chapters was managed rather loosely at vania; Colonel Emmons Clark, A. Oakey Hall, Elihu Root, Joel B. Erhardt and first, and by 1879 only the parent chapter remained. With the placing of a chapter John E. Parsons of New York; and ProIts badge consists at the North Georgia Agricultural College fessor Whitney of Yale. formed monogram of the letters gold of a there were more energy arid judgment disformer Phi, the usually richly and Sigma next seventeen years during the played, and
;

Comptroller of the Currency; A. D. White, ex-]\nnister to Germany; John Bigelow, ex-

the society appeared at a
leges.
Its total

number

of

col-

je\velled.

(See College Fraternities.)

1,700.

membership is now about The government is by a High, or

Executive Council, created by annual conventions called Grand Chapters. The badge
is

a fifteen-pointed, five-armed cross in

a

circular field, in the centre of

which is a coiled serpent. On each of the arms or panels is a pair of crossed swords, below which are distributed the letters Sigma, Nu, Epsilon,

Tan, Tau. (See College Fraternities.)

Sigma Phi.

—Next

in

line

to

Kappa

Skull and ISoiios. Local senior society, Yale College. (See College Fraternities.) Tliota I>olta Chi. The sixth general Greek-letter college fraternity founded at Union College, one of the larger, stronger, and more progressive of the group of smaller It was organized in 1847, at a fraternities. period when Ihiion was very prosperous, by Theodore B. Brown, William G. Aikin, William Ilyslop, Samuel F. AVile, Abel Beach and Andrew II. Green. It estab-

— —

364
lished

THETA XI
sixteen

charges, as

its

chapters are

Sommers, William Henry Dayton, and John
of the class of '49, with whom was associated Rev. AVilliam Henry Carter, D.D., of Florida. It impresses upon its members^ rather more than some like organi-

called, witliiu fourteen years

preceding the

M. Skillman

Civil

War, but not many more than that

half of

during the past thirty-four years, about oneThis college which are inactive.

fraternity

stead of an executive council
tion,

governed by a Grand Lodge inand conventhe former corresponding to a convenis

zations, the imjjortance of

regarding the
will
its secret

society

profound secrecy and its affairs. It

tion

made up
society

of delegates

from the charges.

probably surprise members to learn that work, so-called, embodies several

The

badge

is

a shield of gold dis-

features borrowed

from Freemasonry.

The

playing a border of pearls or other jewels,

badge, however, has no resemblance to the
better
of a gold

surrounding a field of black enamel, on which are the letters Theta Delta Chi, above

known Masonic emblems, monogram formed of
circle in its

consisting
a jewelled

them two
crossed

five-pointed stars

and below two Zeta, with a
it

upper and an

A

in

arrows.

In 1869

published a
to
flag.

its

lower angle, placed upon a Psi, upon the

fraternity journal

have left arm of which is a five-pointed star, and has upon the latter a Roman fasces. When the a membership of about 3,500, and among parent chapter was two years old it began the names of members who have become well the work of extension, and sixteen chapters known are John Hay, Fitz James O'Brien were established in thirteen years prior to the and John Brougham, Daniel N. Lockwood, outbreak of the Civil War, most of them in. Seward A. Simons of Buffalo, Charles R. the New England and Middle States, the Miller, editor of " The Times," New York; outposts being at Michigan and North Caroand Bishops Wingfield, Randolph, and Gril- lina Universities. The latter was one of the bert of the Protestant Episcopal Church. few such chapters which survived the war. Theta Xi. Professional, engineering, In addition to the parent, chapters at Rutsociety. (See College Fraternities.) gers, Harvard, University of Pennsylvania, W. W. AV., or The Rainbow.— (Not Union, Cornell, the University of California, Greek.) First southern college society, be- Magill College, Montreal, the L^niversity of lieved to have been founded by a former Toronto and Yale are exceptionally prosmember of the college fraternity called perous. The fraternity as a whole is a Mystical Seven. (See the latter; also Col- prominent factor in the college secret solege Fraternities; also Order of Heptasophs, ciety world, and has shown more of a spirit or Seven Wise Men.) of progress within the last fifteen years than,

and

is

thought

been the

first

to

fly

a fraternity

It

—

Wolf's Head.
Yale College.

— Local

senior

society,

some which are
bership
is

older.

The

present
the

memnames

(See College Fraternities.)

of a

Zeta Psi. In the brief historical sketches of its prominent alumni are those of Nelson number of other general Greek-letter Dingley, Jr. William P. Feppev, Provost
;

—

about 4,300.

Among

college

fraternities,

explanation has been
of their characteristics

of

the University of Pennsylvania;

offered of

how some
instances

T. Cable,
Illinois;

ex-member

of

have been drawn from Masonic sources, in
almost
not
all

Joseph Nimmo,

unknown

to nearly if

the Bureau of Statistics,

Ben. Congress from Jr., ex-Chief of Treasury Depart-

ment; A. D. Hazen, of the United States Post-Office Department; Dr. A. L. Loomis, societies, differs only in that it was virtually and Judges Larremore and Van Hoesen of organized by members of the Masonic fra- New York; Robert Garrett and ex-United ternity. It was founded in 1846, at the States Senator Charles J. Noyes of MassaUniversity of New York, by Jolm B. Yates chusetts. (See College Fraternities.)
all of

the living members. Zeta Psi, one

of the best

among the

smaller general college

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC

365

IX

MILITARY AI^D AI^OESTRAL ORDERS AND SOCIETIES
Artvaiicc

OraiKl
tion

Army

Guard of America, or the John of Progress. — An orgtmiza- and
and
sailors

A. Rawlins, General AV. T. Sherman,

General
is

Grenville
524.

M. Dodge.

Its

of soldiers

of

the

Civil

membership

Tiic Military Order of

Its the Loyal Legion was founded at PliihidelWar, formed in Missouri in 18G5. membership was ultimately absorbed by the phia, April 15, 1865, and the Grand Army Grand Army of the Eepublic, to which of the Republic, nearly a year later, at

order

it

is

believed to have suggested

its

name.

Grand Army of the Republic.) Ancient Order of Gophers. See Sons
(See

—

of Veterans, United States of America.

Grand Army of the Republic. — An
Union
soldiers

organization of
of

and

sailors

the AVar of the Eebellion, 1861-1865,
:

founded
1.

To

preserve and strengthen these kind and

fraternal feelings wliich bind together the soldiers,

and marines who united to suppress the late and to perpetuate the memory and 2. To assist such former comhistory of the dead rades in arms as need help and protection, and to extend needful aid to the widows and orphans of and 3. To maintain true tliose who have fallen
sailors

111., where its first post was estabon April 6, 1866. Two years later, on February 16, 1868, the Society of the Army of the Cumbei'land was organized for the benefit of officers and enlisted men who had served in that army. Its list of presidents includes the names of Major-General George H. Tiiomas, General W. S. Rosecrans, and General Philip II. Sheridan, and It was its total membership is about 700. in^ 1868, also, on July 5, at New York

Decatur,
lished

Rebellion,

city, that

the Society of the

Army
and

of the
soldiers

;

Potomac was formed.

Officers

;

Avho served in that army, and in the Tenth and Eighteenth Army Corps of the Army
of the

allegiance to the United States of America, based

James, are

eligible to membersiiip.
II.

upon a paramount respect for, and fidelity to, its Constitution and Laws; to discountenance whatever tends to weaken loyalty, incites to insurrection, treason or rebellion, or in any manner impairs the efficiency and permanency of our free institutions; and to encourage the spread of universal liberty, equal rights and justice to all men.
societies,

Lieutenant-General P.
first

Sheridan was
liis

its

president,

and among
of the

successors are

the names of

many

most conspicuous

Union

officers in

the Civil War.

The

society

holds an annual meeting, at wiiich those

among

its

1,800

members present partake

Third of an elaborate dinner. The foregoing, with The first of such Army Corps Union, was organized during the Union Veterans^ Legion, founded 1884, the Rebellion, March 16, 1862, and con- and the Sons of Veterans, 1878 and' 1881, tinues, to this day, to hold an annual comprise the older and more comprehensive banquet and business meeting on the societies having their origin in the war of The second is the 1861-1865. Membership in those designated evening of * May o. Army of the Tennessee. It was organ- by names of particular armies natnrjilly ized in the Senate Chamber of the State carries with it associations and memories but this characCapitol at Raleigh, N. C, April 14. 1865. of only a part of the war
the
;

Membership
see."

is

restricted

to

officers

who
the

terization

does not apjily to the Military

served with the *'old

Army
of

of the Tennesof

On

the

list

of

presidents

society are

the

names

Major-General

Order of the Loyal Legion, United States an hereditary order to which all honorably discharged officers of the United
of America,

366 States

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC

the War of the Re- Stephenson discussed a proposed ritual with male successors are various j^ersons in Springfield, and in Febor to the Grand Army of the Ee- ruary, 1866, with others, obligated some eligible public, to which Union soldiers and sailors of them to secrecy in order to secure their In March, 1866, a conferof tlie Civil War are eligible, and which cooperation. hundreds of thousands of them have joined. ence was held at Springfield between Dr. To Benjamin Franklin Stephenson is Stephenson, Colonel John M. Snyder, Dr. given the honor of being the founder of the James Hamilton, Major Eobert M. Woods, He was Major Eobert Allen, Chaplain William J. Grand Army of the Eepublic. born in Wayne County, Illinois, October 30, Eutledge, Colonel Martin Flood, Colonel He studied medicine with his brother Daniel Grass, Colonel Edward Prince, Cap1822. at Mount Pleasant, la., and graduated from tain John S. Phelps, Captain John A. Eush Medical College, Chicago, in 1850. Lightfoot, Captain (since Colonel) B. F. He married Barbara B. Moore, of Spring- Smith, Brevet Major A. A. North, Captain field, 111., in 1855, and began practising Henry E. Howe, and Lieutenant (since his profession at Petersburg in that State. Colonel) B. F. Hawkes, " which finally He was elected surgeon of the Fourteenth resulted in the Grand Army of the EepubIllinois Infantry May 25, 1861, but was lic,'' as explained in the history of the ornot commissioned until April 7, 1862, at ganization already referred to, from which Dr. Stephenson was many of these data have been obtained. Pittsburg Landing. mustered out June 24, 1864; went into the Captain Phelps is mentioned as having been drug business at Springfield, and a year particularly active at the conference. It later formed a partnership with Dr. G. T. was he who subsequently went to St. Louis He is and obtained a copy of the ritual of the Allen and Dr. James Hamilton. described in Beath's " History of the Grand Soldiers' and Sailors' League, a portion of Army of the Eepublic " as a poor manager in which was used for the Grand Army of the financial affairs and lacking in some of the Eepublic, a name, by the way, said to have qualities which should have secured him been suggested by '''The Advance Guard of He is said to have America, or the Grand Army of Progress,'* a lucrative practice. formed strong friendships, to have been formed in Missouri in 1865, which, like the of an extremely sanguine temperament and Soldiers' and Sailors' League, was merely

Army and Nav}^ in
and
;

bellion

their eldest

charitable to a fault.
It

a forerunner

of

the

Grand Army

of

the

was while Stephenson's regiment Eepublic, and was ultimately absorbed by it. formed part of Sherman's expedition to Mary H. Stephenson, daughter of Dr. Meridian, in February, 1864, that Eev. B. F. Stephenson, in reply to an inWilliam J. Eutledge, chaplain, and the quiry from the writer of this sketch, "tent-mate and bosom companion'^ of wrote from Petersburg, 111., December Surgeon Stephenson, suggested, as related 24, 1894, that her father " was an Odd in Beath's History, "^'that the soldiers so Fellow prior to the founding of the Grand closely allied in the fellowship of suffering Army of the Eepublic," which she "unwould, when mustered out of the service, derstood was the only secret' society ta naturally desire some form of association which he belonged, except the Grand Army that would preserve the friendship and the of the Eepublic." While the founder of the memories of their common trials and dan- Grand Army was, as stated, a member of This was frequently discussed, and no other secret society except the Odd Felgers.'" formed a subject of correspondence between lows, the earlier Grand Army ritual, prothem at the close of their army service. duced by the joint labors and suggestions As early as the latter part of 1865 Dr. of more than a dozen gentlemen, presents

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC
evidence of the Masonic affiliations of some
of them.

367

himself. The committee decided on was Palmer, the popular soldier, as calculated taken to Decatur, and, at the suggestion of to better advance the interests of the orGovernor Oglesby, given to the Decatur ganization, and arranged that Ste])henson's "Tribune" to publish in book form for intimate friend, Chaplain RuLledge, sliould the use of tlie Grand Army, after the pro- second Palmer's nomination, and in so doprietors and compositors of the paper had ing give full credit to Major Stephenson been obligated to secrecy. In this way as the ''organizer of the Order." The it was natural that the first post was orwork of extending the Army was evidently A constitution was rapid, for by October, 1866, Dejjartments ganized at Decatur. adopted early in May, 1866, after Post 2, had been formed in Illinois, Wisconsin, at Springfield, had been organized. The Indiana, Iowa, and Minnesota, and posts in latter, while recorded as having been formed Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Dis*'in April," presents no formal records trict of Columbia, Massachusetts, New until July 10, 1866. Dr. Stephenson gave York, and Pennsylvania. At the Philaup almost his entire time to the newly delphia Encampment, January 15, 1868, organized society, often sacrificing profes- the Union League of America, "a secret sional engagements and opportunities. The political association " (see Ku Klux Klan), preferment of another for the highest which had become prominent in fighting honors when the Dejiartment of Illinois "fire with fire "in its antagonism of the was organized at Springfield, July 12, 1866, Ku Klux Klan, invited a conference lookand again at Indianapolis, November 20, ing to cooperation, which was not accepted. 1866, when the National Encampment was It was during the administration of Comformed, were bitter disappointments but mander-in-Chief John A. Logan that Genmore grievous than all was the apparent eral Orders, No. 11, were issued from extinction of the Grand Army, a year or headquarters, at Washington, D.C., May 5, two later, in his own and neighboring 1868, for the first time designating May States while still enjoying a large mem- 30 as Memorial Day for the purpose of bership further East, pointing seemingly decorating the graves of comrades who died to the failure of efforts of himself and in defence of their country during the late friends. Greatly discouraged, and without Rebellion. In them was expressed thehoi)e financial resources, he removed with his that the observance would be continued family from Springfield to his old home in from year to year, " while a survivor of the

When that ritual was ready,

it

;

Petersburg.

He
later

died at

Rock Creek,

111.,

August

30,

1871,

Eleven years
at

where he was buried. his remains were removed

war remains to honor the memory of his Memorial Day is now a legal holiday in thirty-five States and
departed Comrades."

and buried in Soldiers' Plot territories, including the District of CoEose Hill Cemetery with Grand Army lumbia. This action by General Logan did services. much to cement the brotherhood of the The work of organizing new posts as Order and to remove prejudice against it. at first conducted, by a Department staff, It suffered in its earlier years from its was slow, but by July 12, 1866, the ])olitical teiulencics. date fixed to form the Department of The great mass of the soldier vote was Illinois, thirty-nine posts were represented Republican in 1866, but there were many in convention at Springfield. Tho first Democrats among them and a considerable blow to Stephenson's pride came in the number who clianq)iont'd the cause of Presielection of Major-General John M. Palmer dent Johnson against his party. One result as Department Commander, instead of was the efforts of politicians to catch tiie
to Petersburg

368
soldier vote.

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC
President Johnson was enfied

more with the
it

political life of the period

dorsed at a convention of Democratic soldiers held at Cleveland, September 17, 1866, and on September 25, a week later, a
soldiers*

than

deserved.

Distinctly partisan action
i^ublic distrust

by some posts increased the
posts died or gave
in

of secret society political methods,

and many

and

sailors'

Eepublican convention

up

their charters, while

was held at Pittsburg. It is related that the Adjutant-General of the Department of Indiana '^ was exceedingly active during
that convention in
of the Kepublic

some

localities it

was impossible to estab-

lish

new ones. During that period the Grand Army suffered in numbers and presfew appearing to recognize the cause

interviewing

leading

tige,

representatives relative to the

Grand Army

of the trouble in the exacting
political conditions.

and unsettled

and in urging the organization of Posts, and for that purpose he obligated ' quite a number from the East, instructed them in the work,^ and gave them copies of the rules and ritual." At this convention an executive committee was appointed to act with representatives from the Grand Army of the Eepublic, United States Service Club, Maryland Boys in Blue, Michigan Boys in Blue, and the Soldiers' and Sailors' Union, which resul-ted in a national organization of the Boys in Blue for the presidential campaign of 1868, the immediate practical value of which was to
*

In January, 1868, the

National
it

Encampment

declared that while

was the purpose of the Grand
all

Army

''to

'

secure the rights of these defenders of their

country by

moral, social, and political
.
.

means

in our control,

.

yet this as-

sociation

does not design to
its

make nomiinfluence as a

nations for office or to use

secret organization for partisan purposes.

"

The following was added
regulations in 1869:

to the rules
officer or

and

''No

Com-

rade of the Grand
shall in

Army

of the Republic

any manner use this organization for partisan purposes, and no discussion of advance the political interest of the veteran partisan questions shall be permitted at any A reason of its meetings, nor shall any nominations as opposed to that of the civilian. As j^ointed for the reference to this phase of political for political office be made." out by Past Commander-in-Chief Robert life of thirty years ago is found in the unexl^ected effects of the formation of Boys in B. Beath, the Grand Arm}^ under the influBlue clubs on the fortunes of the Grand ence of these wise regulations, grew in numArmy. There had been no ^^osts of the lat- bers and in public esteem until it ranks ter established east of Ohio prior to October, second to no similar society in its influence 1866, but the propagandism developed, at for public good. At the Cincinnati National
the Pittsburg convention,
the
fact

that

Encampment, in 1869, the degreesof Recruit,

Boys in Blue clubs were made up of men Soldier, and Veteran were proposed, which eligible to Join the Grand Army, and the provided for a reorganization of the Army. desirability of some general society of sol- They were designed to draw new members diers and sailors naturally resulted in Grand and hold old ones, but proved so unpopular Army posts iDeing formed, ready made, as it that after two years' trial they were abolwere, from clubs of Boys in Blue. Membership decreased from 240,000 It was ished. only natural, then, when one recalls the in 1869 to less than 25,000 in 1871, though troubled state of politics during the period not solely because of the innovation. At the of attempted reconstruction at the South, National Encampment held at Washington, that the public should fail to distinguish D. C, May, 1879, the membership badge between the political club of Boys in Blue was established and a committee was named and Grand Army posts made up of and to prepare installation and burial services. oflBcered by the same men, for which, among A committee was also appointed to consider other reasons, the Grand Army was identi- the advisability of an auxiliary organization

MILITARY AND ANCESTRAL ORDERS
of the wives

369

and daughters

of

comrades and

1896, although cmly 1,631 more than were

the widows and orphans of deceased soldiers,

reported in 1887, nine years before, constitute about one-half of the surviving
soldiers
bellion.

Eadical

effect in 1871,

changes in the ritual went into which, thougli causing tem-

Union

and

sailors
list

of the

War

of the Re-

porary loss in membership, placed the Army on a better working basis. At the National Encampment held at Dayton, 0., in 1880, committees were api)ointed to report on the auxiliary organizations, the Women's National Relief Corps, G. A. R., and the Sons These societies had sprung of Veterans. up without action ou the jiart of the Grand Army of the Reimblic, and finally became recognized auxiliaries of wide influence. More extended accounts are given of them under the proper headings. In addition to the establishment and perpetuation of Memorial

The
;

of

Commanders-in-Chief
Illinois,

includes B. F. Stephenson,
provisional
;

1866,

Day

services, the

actively aided the

Grand Army War Department in

has
col-

lecting data calculated to be of use to the

historian of the future in writing the history

of the

War

of the Rebellion; has been in-

strumental in securing a government census of soldiers

and

sailors; in

maintaining

veterans' rights both in
in erecting lasting

and out of Congress;

monuments to members who were conspicuous leaders in the war
;

in

encouraging the construction of homes

for the refuge of indigent veterans of the
Civil

Stephen A. Hurlbut, Illinois, 18GG John A. Logan, Illinois, 1868-1870; A. E. Burnside, Rhode Island, 1871-1872; Charles Devens, Jr., Massachusetts, 18731874; John F. Hartranft, 1875-1876; J. C. Robinson, New York, 1877-1878; William Earnshaw, Ohio, 1879 Louis Wagner, Pennsylvania, 1880 George S. Merrill, Massachusetts, 1881 Paul Van Der Voort, Nebraska, 1882 Robert B. Beath, Pennsylvania, 1883; John S. Kuntz, Ohio, 1884; S. S. Burdette, Washington, 1885 ; Lucius Fairchild, Wisconsin, 1886 ; John P. Rea, Minnesota, 1887; William Warner, Missouri, 1888 Russell A. Alger, Michigan, 1889; Wheelock G. Veazey, Vermont, 1890; John Palmer, New York, 1891; A. G. WiesJohn G. B. Adams, sert, Wisconsin, 1892 Massachusetts, 1893 ; Thomas G. Lawler, Illinois, 1894 Ivan N. Walker, Indiana, Thaddeus S. Clarkson, Nebraska, 1895 John P. S. Gobin, Pennsylvania, 1896 1897, and James A. Sexton, Illinois, 1898.
; ;
;
;

;

;

;

;

;

alleged inaccuracies in

War, and in directing attention to The total sum disbursed by the Grand some school histories Army for the relief of members, their of the late Rebellion. Beginning with a widows and orphans, within thirty years, few veterans in 18G6, the membership of is estimated to be in excess of §4,000,000. the Grand Army ran up to about a (juarter Ladies' Aid Society. See Sons of Vetof a million within three years, but declined erans, United States of America. to less than 25,000 by 1871, during the Ladies* Auxiliary, U. V. L. See Union latter portion of which year it rose to 30.- Veterans' Legion. The next seven years saw a struggle 124. Loyal Ladies' League. See Ladies of to hold members, totals ranging from '2S,- tlie CI. A. R., to which title it was changed 693 in 1872 down to 20,809 in 1876, and up in 1886; also Women's Relief Corps. to 31,016 in 1878. This was a period of Military and Ancestral Orders. The extreme depression in business, following number and variety of so-called orders in the panic of 1873, and the Grand Army the United States is suflicicnt to confuse the membership showed some of the effects of ordinary onlooker. The word, as commonly

—

—

—

—

it. The business revival in 1S79 brought used, refers to the almost innumerable secret, an increase of 13,736 members, and from charitable, and beneficiary assessment socithat period onward the growth of the Order eties, many of which have titles beginning has been such that the 357,639 members of '•Order of," "Independent Order of,"

:

370

MILITARY AND ANCESTRAL ORDERS
may be judged worthy of becoming and members.
its

''Ancient Order of," or ''United Order of."

supporters

There are other secret society orders, notably those incorporated in or appendant to the Masonic Fraternity, such as the Order of the 'i'eniple. Order of Malta. Order of the Red Cross, and the like, reference to which as orders, by others than members, is infreIn fact, the enormous total quently heard. membership of the various assessment beneficiary "orders"' has brought them, their purposes, and names so frequently into the

The first meeting was j^resided over by Baron Steuben at his headquarters at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson. General Washington was its first president, and Major-General Knox, secretary. Alexander Hamilton succeeded Washington as president, at which time the membership included representatives from the thirteen original States. There are to-day eleven State organizations conversation of the general public that the of the society, those of New Hampshire classification, colloquially, as " orders," has and Georgia not being separately repreinvested the word with a new meaning. sented. Membership is limited to the eldest There are also several mystical non-bene- male posterity of the original members, and
orders

ficiary

other

than those

groujjed

in case of the extinction of the direct line
to the next in order of descent,
if

with Freemasonry and military orders, patterned after European models, in Avhich, in

found

worthy.

In some State societies descend-

some instances, membership)
there
are

is

inherited by
Finally,

ants in the female line are admissible

when

descendants of original holders.

the male line

is

extinct.

It

is

worth noting
its

American

hereditary ancestral

that the city of Cincinnati received

name

from prominent members of tlie Society of of members to the American colonies, or to the Cincinnati, who were respectively govthe United States in securing their inde- ernor and secretary of the Northwestern terpendence. Some of the military orders are ritory. Members of this society, in whose
secret societies, but this
is

orders founded on the services of ancestors

not true of the

veins runs the blood

of officers

ancestral orders.

The

patriotic orders

form part

in the struggle for the

who took independence

an entirely distinct group, and are referred to ixnder that title. Every war through which
the country has passed has left one or more
military orders as a legacy.

of the colonies, meet annually to revive the memories and the glories of the War of the

Revolution.

All except a

In

its earlier

years the society was strongly
its

few of those commemorating the Civil War are non-secret, suggested in part by the Society of the Cincinnati, which was founded

antagonized on account of
exclusive

j)lan

of

he-

reditary membership, and, as believed, its

and

aristocratic tendencies.

Prom-

May

10, 1783,

at

Temple

Hill, near

New

inent

Windsor,
of the

New York, at the last cantonment those American Army, five years prior to many, from which the Columbian Order or
the

among counter demonstrations were by the Sons of St. Tamina, or Tam-

the adoption of

Constitution of the
the Eevolution-

Tammany
origin.

United
ary

States,

by

officers of

Society of New York city took its This feeling of opposition has long

Army.

Its records state
as well the

since passed away,

and the Society of the

remembrance of this great event as the mutual friendships which have been formed under tlie pressure of common dangers, and in numerous instances cemented by the blood of the parties, the officers of the American army do hereby, in the most solemn manner, associate, constitute and combine themselves into one
Society of Friends, to endure while they shall endure, or any of their oldest

To perpetuate

Cincinnati

remains the animating spirit

and original inspiration of many other military orders which perpetuate the memories, American associations of sacrifices, and
wars.

For military orders commemorating the

War

of the Rebellion, modelled on the lines

male posterity who

of secret societies, see the

Grand Army

of

MILITARY AND ANCESTRAL ORDERS
the Republic, "Women's Relief Corps, Ladies
of
for the distinction conferred
cial

371

the G. A.

R.,

Military Order of the

opportunities offered

upon and somembers. The
are refen-ed

Loyal Legion, Union Veterans' Legion, Sons of Veterans, United Confederate Veterans,

characteristics of
to below.

some

of

them

and

others.

The
of the

Military Order of the Foreign

United States, instituted

seeks to perpetuate the

names

of

Membership in the Sons of the RevoluNew York city, 1875, is confined to in 1894, men who descended from an official, civil commis- or military (army or navy), in any of the

Wars

tion,

sioned officers in either branch of the ser-

thirteen original colonies or States, or of

War of the Revolution, war with Tripoli, War of 1812, and war with Mexico, Members, known as Companions,
vice in

the

National Government, who assisted between April 19, 1775, and April 19, 178:3, in securing American independence.
Eligibility to the Sons of the

are in two classes, Veteran and Hereditary.
Eligibility to

American
is

Companionship

is

much

the

Revolution,

New York

city,

1889,

the

same

as that in the

Military Order of the

Loyal Legion. The Aztec Club of 1847 was founded at the City of Mexico, by United States offithe memories and traditions Mexican War and of the officers taking part in it. Each member nominates,
cers, to cherish

same as that to the Sons of the Revolution, and the outlook is that these societies will become one organization. Members of the Order of Founders and
Patriots,

1607-57, are lineal descendants
either parent

of the

(men only) from
in

who

settled

any

of the eight original colonies

as his successor, his son or a blood relative,

May

13,

1607, and

May

between 13, 1657, whose

who on
to full

the death of the former succeeds
in
is

membership.
the General Society of
confined to veterans of
of 1812

Membership
the

"intermediate ancestors'' sided with the colonies during the War of the Revolution. Li the Order of Washington, eligibility
to

War

membership

is

that war, lineal descendants of the same,
or, if
if

scendants of those

nominally confined to dewho held ''some official

none, to one collateral representative,
of the

deemed worthy. Membership in the Naval Order
is

United States
descendants of

confined to officers and

officers

who served

in

the

(army and navy), between 1750 and 1776. Daughters of the Revolution are lineal descendants of any officers^ soldiers, or sailors in service under the colonies or original
jiosition," civil or military

navy and marine corps in any war or in States or the Continental Congress; of any battle in which tlie United States naval signers of the Declaration of Independence, forces have participated. members of the Continental Congress, or of The increase in the number of Ameri- any State or Colonial Congress actually can ancestral orders in the United States, assisting in establishing American indepenalmost exclusively within a decade, has dence. been largely stimulated by the prominence Membership in the Daughters of the achieved by the original military orders. American Revolution is restricted to acceptMany of the former are chiefly noteworthy able women descendants from those wlio
for the interest they stimulate in the gene-

alogy of American families, their biographical researches

and records, for the
of

collec-

rendered material aid to the cause of American independence. The National Society of Colonial Dames
ants of

tion of data which have escaped the historian

and student

Americana, for markthe sites of

ing with tablets or

monuments

America is composed of women descendworthy ancestors who came to America prior to 1750, who, or their deof

events of national and historic interest, and

scendants,

shall

have rendered service in

372

MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES
"
to

founding a commonwealth or institution which survived, or who shall have held an important colonial office, or by distinguished services shall have aided in founding the United States. AFembers of the Society of Colouial Dames of America are women descendants of ancestors who shall have come to America prior to 1776 and shall have been of efficient service in the colonial governments or
have contributed to the establishment of the independence of the colonies.

promote

social virtues,"

and "

to repro-

bate fashionable vices and follies."

Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Founded at Philadelphia, April 15, 1865, the day following the death of Abraham Lincoln, by Lieutenant-Colonel S. B. W. Mitchell, Captain Keyser, and Lieutenant-Colonel P. D. T. El wood Zell, at a meeting to arrange for the funeral of the President. There had been a movement among officers of the

—

Union Army looking

to the organization of

Members

of the Society of Colonial

Wars

the Military Order of the

Loyal Legion,

which the shock caused by the assassination line from ancestors who served as military of the President brought to a head. The or naval officers or in civil capacities in the revelation of a plot to murder the Cabinet, American colonies during wars against sav- and rumors of a conspiracy with which officers as well as members of the rank and file ages or foreign powers. Colonial Order of the Acorn is conferred of the Union Army were identified, were only on male descendants of those who re- well calculated to try the souls of loyal men. sided in the American colonies prior to 1776. It was at such a time that the Military Order Eligibility to membership in the Daugh- of the Loyal Legion was born, when shock ters of the Cincinnati is confined to descent and grief at the death of the President gave from a member of the Society of the Cin- place temporarily to the supreme efEort of cinnati, or from an officer in the Revolution- strong and loyal men to maintain and proary army or navy who died in the service, tect the federal government. The organiand whose offspring were eligible to mem- zation is designed to cherish the memories bership in the Society of the Cincinnati. and associations of the Civil War; strengthen The Daughters of the Cincinnati assumed the ties of fraternal fellowship between comthe name without the approval of the Soci- panions-in-arms; advance the interests of ety of the Cincinnati, and is not recognized soldiers and sailors of the United States, " especially those associated as companions by the latter. United States Daughters are descended of the Order; " relieve the necessities of from ancestors who in any way aided the their widows and children; foster the cultiAmerican cause, either in the War of the vation of military and naval science; "enare descended in either the male or female

Revolution or the

War

of 1812.

force unqualified allegiance to the general

Descendants of the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Rock, December, 1620, have organized the Society of Mayflower De-

government; protect the rights and liberties of American citizenship, and maintain National honor, union, and independence." scendants. It is composed of Companions of three The Aryan Order of St. George of the classes: First, commissioned officers of the Holy Roman Empire in the Colonies of Army and Navy of the War of the RebelAmerica was instituted 1892, and is con- lion and the eldest lineal male descendants ferred upon acceptable men and women of of Original Companions of the First Class,
illustrious

family,

colonial or noble,

"of according

to the

rules

of

primogeniture;

the Aryan race," and
their children.
It

may

be inherited by

second, eldest sons of living Original

Com-

panions of the First Class who shall have genealogical and biographical records, seeks attained the age of twenty-one years, and
compiles and preserves

MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES
who, upon the deaths of their fathers, bIuiII become Companions of the First Class; and,
third,

373

insurrection, treason, or rebellion, or impair
in

any manner the efficiency and permaThe innency of our free institutions." tinguished for loyalty to the government, signia of the Order consists of a blue Maland active in maintaining the supremacy of tese cross of eight points, cantoned with the same, but the number of Companions gold rays to form a star, charged with a
gentlemen who
in civil life

were

dis-

in this class shall

not exceed the ratio of

smaller white cross, displaying at the centre
a national eagle in gold, and
the motto,

one to thirty-three of those in the First Class. Xo additions have been made to this class since April 15, 1890, and, as none
are likely to be,
tinct,
sist
it jiromises to become exand membershiiT in the Order to con-

" Lex Regit

Arma Tuentur."

On

the re-

verse, at the centre, are a i)air of crossed

swords, a fasces ensigned with the Phrygian
cap, thirteen stars, and a wreath of laurel,

exclusively of officers

who

served in the

Union Army and Navy

in the

War

of the

Rebellion and their eldest male successors.

and the legend, M. 0. Loyal Legion, U. S. MDCCCLXV. There are twenty State Commanderies, the parent Commandery at

—

The Society of the Cincinnati, founded by Washington, Knox, Steuben, and other officers of the American Army in the Revolutionary War, May 13, 1783, at Steuben's headquarters on the Hudson, membership in which descends by inheritance from father
to son according to the laws of primogeni-

Philadelphia having been instituted April
15, 1805; and the youngest, that of Vermont, at Burlington, October 14, 1891.

The Commandery
was instituted at
17, 18GG,

of the State of

Xew York
January on

New York
of

city,

and that
4,

Maine

at Portland,

April 25, 18(!G;
Boston, March
Francisco,

that of Massachusetts at
l.SGS; California at

was manifestly the pattern after which the ^Military Order of the Loyal Legion of Together the United States was modelled. they are, necessarily and for obvious reasons, the most conservative and rigid in questions involving membership among American pamilitary orders. There are triotic and
ture,

San

April

12,

1871;

Wisconsin at

Milwaukee, May
cago,
at

15, 1874; Illinois at Chi-

May

8,

1879;

District of
1,

Columbia

Washington, February

1882; Ohio at

Cincinnati,
troit,

May

3, 4,

1882; Michigan at De-

February

1885; Minnesota at St.

members of the Loyal Legion, Paul, May G, 1885; Oregon at Portland, them being Comi)anions of ^lay G, 1885; Missouri at St. Louis, Octothe First Class, about 8 per cent, in the ber 21, 1885; Nebraska at Omaha, October Second, and less than 1 per cent, in the 21, 1885, on which date, also, was instiThird Class. The Order has never 2)er- tuted the Commandery-in-chief, with headmitted its name to be linked with pension (juartersat Philailel})hia; Kansas at Leavennearly 10,000
91 per cent, of or other Congressional appropriations.
Its

worth, April 22, 188G; Iowa at Des ^Moines,

fundamental principles are ''a firm belief and trust in Almighty God, extolling Ilim under whose beneficent guidance the sovereignty and integrity of the Union have been maintained, the honor of the flag vindicated, and the blessings of civil liberty secured, established, and enlarged," and "True allegiance to the United States of America, based upon paramount respect for and fidelity to the National Constitution and Laws, manifested by discountenancing whatever mav tend to Aveaken lovaltv. incite

October 20, 18SG; Colorado at Denver, June 1, 1887; Indiana at Indianapolis, October
17, 1888, aTid

the State of Washington at
14, 1891.

Tacoma, January

TheComnnind-

ery-in-chief meets once a year, and once in

four years a congress
chief,

is

held, com})osed of

the Commander-in-chief, the Recorder-in-

and three representatives from each

State
of tlie

Commandery.

The following

is

a

list

Commanders-in-chief during the past Major-General George thirty-two years: Cadwalader, Major-General Winfield Scott

A

374

NATIONAL ORDER, LADIES OF THE

G. A. R.

Hancock, General Philip H. Sheridan, Ma- Eelief Corps, auxiliary to the G. A. E., was Rutherford B. Hayes, Briga- founded without New Jersey, and. the action dier-General Lucius Fairchild, Major-Geu- of its own delegates was endorsed by the New Three years eral John Gibbon, and Eear Admiral Ban- Jersey Loyal Ladies' League. branches in Kansas, League had later the Legion is stated The Loyal croft Gherardi. and Delaware, W^est VirCalifornia, Ohio, Colonel Lieu tenantby Eecorder-in-chief
jor-Geueral

John

P. Nicholson, in a letter to the writer,

ginia, in addition to those in

New

Jersey

and Pennsylvania, representatives from jjublic by more than a year," as shown by which met in convention at Chicago, No" vember 18, 1886, where the Loyal Ladies' the fact that " a portion of the constitution (of the G. A. E.) and also the preamble to League united with a local Grand Army the constitution were taken from the first aid society known as the Ladies of the constitution of the Loyal Legion, published G. A. E. under the title National Order, Ladies of the G. A. E., with Mrs. Laura in September, 1865. National Oi"der, Ladies of the G. A. R. McNeir, of Camden, N. J., as National
to ''antedate the

Grand Army

of the Ee-

— Organized
lic.

as the

Loyal Ladies' League,

President.
States,

The

total

auxiliary to the

Grand Army

The badge of the Order resembles that of Department of New from various Grand Army of the the Grand Army itself, except that the name, Eepublic aid societies which sent delegates Ladies of the Grand Army of the Eepublic 1886, encircles the design in the centre to Trenton to form a State organization in response to a request from the Commander of the five-joointed star. and Sailors' League. Soldiers The of the Department of New Jersey. Mrs. Carrie M. Burge secret organization of soldiers and sailors first president was
15, 1881,

EepubJersey, December
of the

when

last reported,

membershii^ in eiglit was about 3,000.

—

—

of

Vineland.
in

A

distinctive badge, rules,

of the

War

of the Eebellion, with head-

etc.,

were adopted at the Trenton Conven-

quarters at St. Louis, which was a fore-

which eight subordinate leagues Only mothers, wives, were represented. daughters of honorably disand sisters,
tion,

runner of and ultimately was absorbed by
the

Grand Army

of

the

Eej)ublic.

(See

the latter.)

charged Union veterans of the War of the Eebellion were eligible to membership, and its objects were to encourage loyalty, " love
for each other,"

Sons of Veterans, U.

S.

A.

— Organized
Army
of

by Major A. P. Davis, at Pittsburg, Pa., under this title, from existing Cadet Corps
attached to posts of the Grand
the

and "the precepts

of true

fraternity;" "to perpetuate and keep for-

Eepublic.

The

earliest similar

Corps

ever sacred Memorial

Day

;

' '

to assist the

Grand Army of the Eepublic in its work, and to relieve members and other soldiers and sailors in sickness and distress. In 1883, after the League had spread into Pennsylvania, the meeting of women's auxiliary societies was held at Denver to unite (See them all if possible in one body. Women's Eelief Corps.) As the New Jersey delegates, Mrs. S. D. Hugg and Mrs. Laura McNeir, declined to agree to ^he plan to make all loyal women eligible to membership and insisted on confining membership
to

organized was by a committee appointed by Anna M. Eoss Post, No. 94, G. A. E.,
27, 1878, which on September 29 called itself Camp No. 1 of Philadelphia, Order of Sons of Veterans. Other Grand Army posts in Philadelphia and elsewhere throughout Pennsylvania organized Cadet Corps, and in July, 1880, as related by Beath in his historical sketch

Philadelphia, August

of the society, a division

or

State organ-

women relatives of

Conrad Linder succeeded by was The latter as Colonel. by 1881 the orand Classen, James H. spread to New had called, was it as veterans, the Women's der,
ization was com])leted with

UNION VETERANS' LEGION
Jersey, Delaware,

375

and

New York.

ter year a national organization

In the latwas effected

by

the

Grand

Army

of

the

Republic

has been rapid, extending to nearly every
State
is

in the Union. Its membership about 100,000. The Ladies' Aid Sodivision withdrew and joined the Sons of ciety auxiliary to tiie Sons of Veterans Veterans, United States of America, first numbers a few thousand members and referred to, organized by Major Davis. seeks to i)erform a service similar to that This left only three Camps of the older rendered the Grand Army by the Women's Order of Sons of Veterans, which in 1886 Relief Corps and the Ladies of the G. A. R. united with the Sons of Veterans, United The Sons of Veterans indulge in tiie luxury

with Alfred Cope as Commander.
thirty-three

Camps

of

the

In 1883 Pennsylvania

States

of

America.

In

1888 the Grand

of a supplementary order, or degree,
to tlie i)rofane as the A. 0. G.

Army
ment
erans,
cially

of the Eepublic in National
at

Encamp-

known None but

Columbus, 0., formally endorsed

the objects and purposes of the Sons of Vet-

United States of America, and offiit and recommended the are in session, it is inferred that something institution of camps of the same. The Or- of a recreative nature is indulged in, so far der is essentially military in character and as some of those present are concerned.
recognized

Veterans and Sons of Veterans are eligible to unite with conclaves of the Ancient Order of Gophers. "When these conclaves

ceremonial work.
tution says:

Section 1 of

its

consti-

Union Veterans*
at

Legrion.

— Organized

Pittsburg, Pa., March, 18.S4, by A. B.

All male descendants,
soldiers,

not less than eighteen

Ho}^ David Lowry, Samuel Harper, N. W.
Tyson, and A. L. Pearson,

years of age, of deceased or honorably discharged
sailors,

among whom Mr.

or marines

who

served in the
Civil

Union Army or Navy during the
that no person shall be eligible

War

of

1861-65, shall be eligible to membership, provided

convicted of any infamous crime, or

who has ever been who has, or

Harper was a Freemason and the rest were members of the Grand Army of the Republic. It has about 150 encampments, as its
subordinate bodies are called, in the principal States,

whose father has ever borne arms against the Government of the United States of America.

The objects of Sons of Veterans in banding themselves together are
:

from which Federal troops were drawn during the Rebellion. Only survivthus ing Union officers, soldiers, sailors, aiul marines of the Civil "War may become members, those
1,

1.

To keep green
sacrifices
;

the memories of our fathers,
for
tlie

who

volunteered prior to July

and their Union 2.

maintenance of the
of the

18G3, for a term of three years and were

to aid the

members

Grand Army

honorably discharged Union soldiers, sailors, and marines in the caring for their helpless and disabled veterans to extend aid and protection to their widows and orphans to
all
; ;

of the Republic and

service of at least

honorably discharged for any cause after a two continuous years, or

perpetuate the

memory and

history of their heroic

were at any time discharged by reason of wounds received in line of duty; also, those who volunteered for a term of two years
prior to July 22, 1861, and served their full

dead, and the proper observance of Memorial
;

Day

and Union Defenders' Day 3. to aid and assist worthy and needy members of our Order, and, 4. to inculcate patriotism and love of country, not
only

among our membership, but among

all

the

people of our land, and to spread and sustain the
doctrine of
justice to all.

equal rights, universal liberty,

and

term of enlistment, unless discharged for wounds received in line of duty; but no drafted person or substitute, nor any one who has at any time borne arms against the United States, is eligible. These conditions
of eligibility differ radically

from those

in

The Order
United
States

of
of

the

Grand Army and
growth since being

Sons of Veterans, America, is clearly of Masonic origin. Its
formally

the
of

Grand Army
the
Civil

of

tlie

Republic, whicli
join,

any honorably discharged ex-soldier or sailor

War may

if

elected,

recognized

whether he ever participated

in a battle or

A

376

UNITED CONFEDERATE VETERANS
organizations.

not,, whether going as a substitute or not, and irrespective of term of service. They also differ from tlie requisites for admission to the First Class in the Loyal Legion, which ex-officers of the Union Army and Navy in the late war may join irrespective of length of term of actual service. Loyalty the to the United States Government moral, social, and intellectual improvement of members; their relief and that of their widows and orphans; the preservation of " fraternity, charity, and patriotism," and,
;

The members maintained

cemeteries and provided for widows and

orphans of fallen comrades. The Confedhad been formed at a meeting at New Orleans called by General W. H. Jackson, C. S. A., who was its first and only Commander, and was
erate Cavalry Association
still officiating when the Association was merged into the United Confederate Vet-

was about the time that the Cumberland was advocating the purchase of the Chickamauga battleerans.
It

Army

of the

national jjark. The Confederates unorganized were not able to be of assistobjects of the Legion. Its ''work" differs ance, "though the park was desired by both Confederates and Federals to perpetufrotvi that of other military orders, but, like them, preserves a strictly military muster- ate the valor of both upon the bloody field." iug-in service, or initiatory ceremony. The The United Confederate Veterans' Associaorganization is non-partisan in character, tion was organized at New Orleans, June and partisan questions are not discussed 10, 1889, about fifty camps and associations at meetings. Its "recruiting ground" is of ex-Confederate soldiers being reprethe Grand Army of the Eepublic and the sented. General John B. Gordon, the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. The Confederate hero of the battle of Sharpstotal membership in 1896 w%as 20,000. The burg, was elected first Commander. Tlie Ladies' Auxiliary of the Union Veterans' first reunion of ex-Confederate Veterans Legion, organized to perform a similar ser- was held at Chattanooga, July 3, 4, and 5, "all other things being equal," the preferfield for a

ence of members in business are

among

the

vice to that

rendered the Grand

Army

of

1890, and so large was the attendance

and so

the Eepublic by the

Women's

Relief Corps,

great the enthusiasm that a strong impetus

and by the Ladies of the G. A. R., numbers about 2,500 members. The badge of tlie Legion is a shield containing a monogram formed of the letters U. V. L. the words, " Three years we have served," and tlie dates 1861 and 1865. United Coufederate Veterans.
;

was given the newly formed association. Reunions were held at Jackson, Mississippi,
in June,

1891

;

at

New

Orleans in April,
;

—

federation of ex-Confederate soldiers,

first

suggested and advocated by Captain J. F. Shipp, C. S. A., at a banquet on the anniversary of Stonewall Jackson's birthday,

Houston, Texas, in May, 1895 Richmond, Va., in June, 1896, and at Nashville in June, 1897, where Commander Gordon, the first and therefore the only Commander, was again reelected. Among its projects were the location of the proposed Battle Abbey for the preservation of Southern relics of the war, and the erection of a monument at
1892
;

January
of

by the Louisiana Division Northern Virginia. At that time there were four organizations of ex-Confederate soldiers in New Orleans, the Army of Northern Virginia, Louisiana
21, 1889,

the

Army

of

latest list of

Richmond, Va., to Jefferson Davis. The camps numbers 1,006, divided
the States as follows
;
:

among
73
;

Texas, 223

;

South Carolina, 95
Georgia,
66
;

Alabama, 91; Missouri,
Arkansas,
;

72

;

Division
Division

;

Army

of

Tennessee,

Louisiana
Artillery

sippi.

Tennessee, 59
;

67 ; MissisLouisiana, 53 ;
;

;

Washington
all

Light

Kentucky, 45
ginia, 38
;

Association, and the Confederate Cavalry

Association,

but the latter being local

North Carolina, 38 VirWest Virginia, 17; Okla Indian Territory, 15 Maryland, 7
Florida, 30
; ; :

:

WOMEN'S RELIEF CORPS
homa,
1,

377
in 1883 to

7

;

New Mexico,
;

3

;

Illinois, 2

;

Mon- met

there

form one Women's

tana, 2; California, 1

District of (Columbia,

and

Indianii,

1.

Its

pnrposos are

social,

Auxiliary to the Grand Army out of several which existed without a national organization.

literary,

historical,

and benevolent.

Its

The

ladies

responded and

were a

constitution says
It will
all

unit as to the advisability of union, but

could not agree as to what
endeavor to unite in a general federation associations of Confederate velenins, soldiers

women should

be eligible for admission as members, the

and sailoi's, now in existence or hereafter to be formed to gather authentic data for an impartial to preserve history of the war between the States to cherish the relics or mementos of tlie same
; ; ;

majority favoring the Massachusetts eligibility

clause, admitting all loyal women whether related to veterans or not, and the

ties of

friendship that should exist

have shared common dangers, and ))rivations to care for the disabled and extend a helping hand to the needy; to protect the widows
;

among men who common sufferings,

minority, the
relatives of

New

Jersey delegates, advo-

cating restriction of membership to

women

and the orphans, and to make and preserve a record of the resources of every member, and, as far as
possible, of those of

our conn'ades who have preceded

us in eternity.

Local bodies are called
organizations. Divisions.
of the association are at

the Grand membership is about 50,000. Army of the Rei^ublic and to perpetuate Women's Relief Corps. An auxiliary the memory of their heroic dead to a-ssist to the Grand Army of the Republic, founded such L^nion veterans as need jirotection by Boswortli Relief Corps, auxiliary to Bos- and to extend needful aid to their widows worth Post, G. A. R., Portland, Me., in and orphans to find them homes and em1869. The title, Women's Relief Corps, ployment and assure them of sympathy and appeared when the first State organization friends to cherish and emulate the deeds of these societies was formed at Fitcli- of our army nurses and of all loyal women burg, Mass., in April, 1879. Several Na- who rendered loving service to their country tional Encampments of the Grand Army in her hour of peril to inculcate lessons of of the Republic were asked to officially patriotism and love of country among our endorse or adopt these Women's Auxiliary children and in the communities in which Corps, and while the replies were encourag- we live; to maintain true allegiance to the ing, nothing was done until 1881, when, on United States of America to discourage the report of Chaplain-in-chief Rev. Joseph whatever tends to weaken loyalty, and to
'•

Camps and State The headquarters New Orleans. The

Union veterans. The newly formed Women's Relief Corps was then reorganized on the same lines as the Grand Army and cordially welcomed by the latter in national convention. The New Jersey delegates declined to join the new organizaThe tion. (See Ladies of the G. A. R.)
objects of the W^omen's
to

Relief Corps are
assist

specially

aid

and

total

—

;

;

;

;

:

F.

Lovering,

the National

Encampment encourage
of
in
this

the spread of universal liberty
to all

approved the work of the Women's Relief Corps and authorized tliem to add to their
title
'•

and equal rights

men."
was

The growth
from

Auxiliary to the Grand

Army

of the

Republic."
iliaries "

As pointed out by Grand Army

historian Beath, ''all existing ladies' auxto Denver,

were invited to send representatives when the National Encampment

10,085 1884 to 17,854 in 1885, to 3G,G32 in 188G, 49,590 in 1887, 63,214 in 1888, and The total amount to 140.305 in 1895. been nearly expended for relief has
$1,500,000.

organization

378

AGRICULTURAL WHEEL

X

LABOE A]^D EAILWAY BROTHEEHOODS AND
COOPEEATIVE FEATEEJN'ITIES
Agricultural Wheel. An early off- leaders as John Jarrett, William Weihe, Order of Patrons of Hus- and M. M. Garland. During late years its It was membership has declined and its influence bandry in the Southern States. National Farm- is felt less, though it still ranks among the the by afterwards absorbed best managed and most efficient secret trades societies.) both Alliance. (See ers' Agriculturists' Xatioual Protective unions in the country. In 1895 its total Association. The title given to a secret membership was about 10,000, and was not It pays no organization of farmers, 1895-OG, said to have far from that two years later. originated with and to have been controlled sick or death benefits, but a defence fund by members of the National Farmers' Alli- is accumulated by means of monthly assessance, to enhance the price of wheat by with- ments, from which $4 weekly is paid to (See Na- members in good standing who are on strike holding it from consumption.
shoot of the

—

—

tional Farmers' Alliance.)

or locked

out.

Each candidate

initiated

—

Amalgaiiiatetl Association of Iron and Steel Workers of the United States. Founded by Joseph Bishop of Pittsburg, Pa.; John Jarrettof Sharon, Pa., and David
It A. Plant of Columbus, 0., in 187G. became, within a decade, one of the most Its meetings are influential trades unions. secret, and its members have secret means

pledges himself on his word of honor to

maintain the laws, rules, and rates of wages In 1893 a adopted by the Association.

number

of the

rollers,

heaters,

roughers,

of

making themselves known

to each other.

and catchers in the Amalgamated Association became dissatisfied, seceded, and organized the National Union of Iron and Steel Workers as a rival society, but it never rose to the prominence or influence of the parent
organization.

Fifteen years ago not even the Knights of

(See National

Union

of Iron

Labor, although having a

much

larger

bership, wielded a greater influence

mem- and Steel Workers.) American Flint in its
Union.

own

sphere than the Amalgamated Associa-

and Steel Workers. The latter was born almost at the low ebb of the trade depression following the panic of 1873, and after a few years of conservative growth found itself in an enviable position by reason of the boom in iron and steel which began in 1879 and continued well into the Centred in and about following decade. Pittsburg, with branches throughout western Pennsylvania and a few at more remote
tion of Iron
points,
this

Glass "Workers' union formed on the lodge system, with a ritual and other appur-

—A

trades

tenances of the conventional secret society.
It

was founded

in 1878, with headquarters

at Pittsburg, and, oddly

enough,

is affiliated

with the non-secret confederation of trades unions, the American Federation of Labor,

notwithstanding various features of its secret work and ceremonial point to its having been the creation of Knights of Labor,

which

is

a secret brotherhood

made up

of

Association practically deter-

representatives of almost
activity.

all lines

of indus-

mined the rates of wages and hours of labor trial for its members for a period of years, and pays
carried abroad the reputations of such of
its

The

Glass Workers'
benefits,

Union
its

sick

and death

and during

existence of nearly twenty years has paid

'

AMERICAN RAILWAY UNION

379

more than $1,000,000 to sick arul distreesed ern in 1S94, when every man in its employ, members and to relatives of those deceased. engineers, firemen, conductors, brakemen, laborers, shop mechanics, and even clerks It has about 10,000 members. American Railway Union. Founded and janitors, went out and won the battle. at Chicago, in 1893, by Eugene V. Debs of The great strike of 1894, at Chicago, was

—

won, not by the railroad, but by the Federal In 1894 were associated George W. Howard, Clii- and 1895 the membership of most of the cago, of the Order of Eailway Conductors; half dozen railway brotherhoods and orders the decreased heavily, in jjart due to the '' hard of Sylvester Keliher, Minneapolis, Brotherhood of Eailway Carmen, and L.W. times" and in part as a result of the conRogers, Chicago, of the Brotherhood of tinued antagonism of the American Railwuy Railway Trainmen, as a secret fraternity of Union and the defeat sustained in the strike At first it was an open at Chicago in 1894. The Firemen were derailway employes. " trades union, and as such begun and man- clared by the St. Louis " Globe Democrat aged the sympathetic strike of railway em- at the close of 1894 to have lost more than ployes at and near Chicago in aid of the 4,000 members within a year, the Switchstrike at Pullman, 111., in 1894, which ended men's Association to have become little in Debs and Howard being imprisoned for more than a nominal organization, and the After a Carmen's Brotherhood to have "gone to contempt of the Federal court. A similar story was told of the brief incarceration the leaders named, with pieces." remaining membei's of the American Rail- Order of Railway Telegraphers. The Locoway Union, reorganized the latter as a secret motive Engineers were reported to have lost society on the plan of the Knights of Labor, 8,000 members, the Trainmen 4,000, and ^Eeanwith the design of forming a strong central the Conductors a large number. authority to control all branches of railway Avhile the American Railway L^nion forged employes, in opposition to the several sejoa- slowly ahead, districted the country and Fears of l^lackrate and independent secret brotherhoods formed new secret unions. companies prevent the railway listing Prior to by railway employes. orders of and his connection with the Engineers, Debs L^nion from publishing the names of its was for fourteen years secretary of the Fire- members, so its leaders, while claiming a men's Brotherhood, and had for years been large membership, declined to furnish tlie One of the four organactively at work to unite the secret railway approximate total. In arguing for his plan izers wrote, December 8, 1894, that both labor organizations. " men and women are eligible to join the Mr. Debs referred to the " perfect machine formed by the railway managers, who, he organization and that there were 140,000 The L^'nion had probsaid, have "reduced the number of railway names on the rolls. managements from 357 to only fifteen con- ably fewer members in 189G than in 1895,
the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers,

a resident of Terre Haute, Ind., with

whom

courts and United States troops."

trolling

bodies," which, he adds, are ceinto a single union ••])y the

mented
eral

Gen-

Managers' Association."
is,

The argusuccessfully

but constituted a factor in the world of transjiortation which was not overlooked. The independent railway brotherhoods and
orders which suffered a loss of membership
in

ment

naturally,

that

to

combat the

infliience of practically a single

railway employer there must be a strong
secret federation of all employes.

them

1894 and 1895 have revived, and most of In total membership, are prosperous.

available relief funds,
in

In a speech

at

Philadeljihia,

1895,

Debs said: '' The American Railway Union showed its organization on the Great North-

and other evidences Locomotive Engineers, Firemen, Conductors, and others present statistics rivalling the most favorable heretofore
of progress, the

380

BRICKLAYERS AND MASONS' INTERNATIONAL UNION OF AMERICA

exhibited by them.

Union

in 189G bore a relation to

The American Railway Canada. It does not include the plasterers them sim- and stone-cutters, which have unions of
their own, although the former are admitted
to the Bricklayers

and Masons' Union where no jilasterers' unions. Death, accident, and sick benefits are paid by subordinate unions death benefits, which range from 150 to 1500, by assessment; and acciject of the L'nion leaders, entitled the Social dent and sick benefits, ranging from |10 to Democracy of America; and in Jnly, 1897, 125, are met by dues. This Union is not the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, affiliated with any other labor organization. Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen, Order It encourages strikes only as a last resort of Railway Conductors, Brotherhood of and after all peaceful means for settlement Locomotive Firemen, and Order of Railway of disputes have failed. It is a firm beTelegraphers "formed a coalition and liever in the desirability of arbitration, and pledged themselves to stand ready to help congratulates itself on not having had a each other."' In the future "the unions strike for nearly a decade. Brotlierliood of Locomotive Engiwall work as a unit ... to resent any attack on its members or any attempt to en- neers. Founded by W. D. Robinson of Charles Steele, Xorwalk, act legislation detrimental to the interests Marshall, Mich. of labor in general." 0.; J. P. Fox, Chicago; J. T. Johnson, Bricklayers and Masons' Interna- Lafayette, Ind. Francis Wheeler, Adrian, tional Union of America. This is one Mich., and William Dempster of Chicago, in of the comparatively few labor unions of 1863, as a secret, fraternal, mutual benefit It is the oldest and has international importance which have been labor organization. formed on the lines of secret societies, with continued first as to conservative and sucrather more than a mere means of recogni- cessful management among the various secret tion, which constitutes joractically the only societies of railway employes in the United Citi- States. It forms a type of fraternities of secrecy of the ordinary labor union. zens of the United States and Canada, or this class, and has been more or less successthose who declare their intention of becom- fully imitated by the Order of Railway Coning such, are eligible for membership. The ductors, founded in 1868; the Brotherhoods society was formed in Baltimore in 1865, of Railway Locomotive Firemen, 1873 Railbut the organization was not perfected until way Trainmen, 1883; Railway Carmen of at a meeting in PJiiladelphia in 1866. John America, 1890, and by the Switchmen's A. White of Baltimoi*e was its first presi- Union of North America, organized in dent. The Union held its thirty-third an- 1894, The Brotherhood of Telegraphers, nual convention at Hartford in 1899. Its formed by operators in the employ of railobjects are to unite in one body, for mutual way companies nearly a score of years ago, protection and benefit, all members of the was modelled after the same pattern. The mason craft, or who work at the same. reasons which induced the founders of the There is no restriction as to creed or color, Locomotive Engineers' Brotherhood to the endeavor being to maintain a "just adopt the secret society system for attainscale of wages " and the so-called eight-hour ing their ends are not made public by their day, which has been adopted at almost all successors, but when the Brotherhood was leading cities throughout the country. The organized, there were only a few widespread Union numbers about 45,000 members in the secret fraternities in the country compared United States and 5,000 in the Dominion of with the number now in existence. The
there are
;

ilar to that between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor. (See Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers.) In June, 1897, the American Railway Union, in session at Chicago, was formally dissolved to make way for the new cooiierative pro-

—

;

;

—

;

1

—

< I(

Q O O a «
P2 Eh

O

pq

c H <1 N
t—
^

<
o

2j'
}o sjqSiaji

o m

5

O o I—
Eh

<

I—

o,
S^4

—
«

T

;

382

BROTHERHOOD OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS
of

more conspicuous
the

those Avbicli crossed

ployer as well as to employe in discussions

State lines at the outbreak of the war were

Freemasons,

Odd

Fellows,

involving mutual interests, in which he has Improved always given evidence of a desire and intention to be just.
to

Order of Red Men, Ancient Order of Hibernians, Ancient Order of Druids, the Senior

He

counsels his followers

shun saloons and gambling dens, and deand Junior Orders of United American Me- clares that where the Brotherhood has failed chanics Patriotic Order, Sons of America to give adequate protection it was because the Rechabites, Good Templars, Sons of of the treachery of the members themselves. Temperance, and the older Greek-letter fra- The Brotherhood rightfully claims to be internities scattered through leading colleges. ternational in extent, as it includes many None of the several hundred-and-one mu- locomotive engineers on Canadian and Mexitual assessment, life insurance, secret soci- can railways. Its total membership numbers eties which have since become so prominent about 35,000, and represents one section had been born, those named which now of the clearest-headed, most progressive, present that feature having incorporated it and intelligent skilled labor in America. The Brotherhood of Locomo- The organization pays sick and death benesince 1863. tive Engineers itself did not adopt a plan fits by means of mutual assessments, and for the payment of benefits at the death of the total sum so appropriated amounts to members until it had perfected its machin- nearly $7,000,000. There is also an auxery for acting as an intermediary between iliary organization for women relatives of railway companies and locomotive engineer members of the Brotherhood. The career employes looking to the receipt by the lat- of the Brotherhood has been marked by ter of the highest wages consistent with a fewer strikes than similar organizations in like efficiency. There is very little likeli- proportion to the number of years it has hood that the engineers framed a ritual been in existence, its policy being to disand ceremonial and ado^^ted signs, of recog- countenance them except as a last resort, nition, ]3asswords, and the like, similar to and after all other proper remedies have the " work "of the college fraternities, the been exhausted. It has found itself antagtemperance societies, the patriotic organiza- onized several times by engineers attached tions, the Druids, or the Hibernians, Nearly to the Knights of Labor, and once by the all of these directly or otherwise drew their American Railway Union in the strike of plans on Masonic models, which, in view 1894 at Chicago. After each of these strugof the visible evidences of the symbolism gles it invariably became stronger than beand general organization of the Brother- fore. In 1895 a federation was formed of hood, leads to the conclusion that its found- the Brotherhoods of Locomotive Engineers ers, or some of their successors among its and Firemen and the Orders of Railway leaders, were affiliated with the mother of Conductors, Trainmen, and Telegraphers, nearly all modern secret societies of good an offensive and defensive alliance, for coP. M. Arthur of Cleveland, 0., operation in the settlement of controversies repute. for many years Grand Master of the Brother- with railway companies. A large number hood, has an international reputation for of members of the orders named attended
;

having placed the organization in the first preliminary meetings held at Indianapolis, rank among labor unions. He began life as Chicago, and Denver, leading representaa wiper and was promoted successively to tives at the city first named being P. M. be fireman and engineer. He differs from Arthur, Chief of the Brotherhood of Locosome leaders of organized labor through motive Engineers; Chief Frank P. Sargent having a broader and better education and of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen; a keen perception of what is due to em- Chief E. E. Clark of the Order of Railway

BROTHERHOOD OF RAILWAY TRAINMEN
Conductors; Chief P. II. Morrison of the Order of liaihvay Trainmen, and Chief K. R. Austin of the Order of Railway Telegraphers. At the Chicago convention resolutions were adopted favoring the right of trial by Jury for every man, ajipeal from the unreasonable decision of any Federal judge in ease of punishment for contempt of court, and the principle of arbitration for the adjustment of differences between This fedthe employed and the employer. eration was formed apjiarently in opposition to a union of railway employes in one secret organization under the title American Railway Union, formed in 1893 by Eugene V. Debs. The latter still lives, but little is known of its numerical strength. There has been no occasion for a demonstration of the efficiency of the Federation of Railway Brotherhoods and Orders since its formation, and the amount of vitality remaining
in
it

383

United States. Though it suffered consequence of the inroads made upon it by the American Railway Union in the years 1893-95, the past year or two have brought a large increase in membership and
ers in the
losses in

material prosperity.
life

Since 1880,

when the

and disability feature was adopted, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen has

paid nearly §4:,000,000 in benefits.
teachings of
its

The

ceremonial of initiation are

charity, industry, sobriety,

and protection.

(See Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers

and the American Railway L'nion.) Brotlierliood of KaiUvay Carmen of America. Founded in 1890 by W. II. Ronemus of Cedar Rapids, la. S. Keliher,

—

;

]\Iinneai:)olis

;

W.

S.

Missimer,

St.

Josejih,

Mo.; F. L. Ronemus, Estherville, Mo., and X. B. Chambers of Fairbury, Neb., as a
railway employes' secret trades union.
It
rail-

was suggested by the success of similar

must be conjectured.

An

evidence of

way employes'

societies

among

the engi-

and trainmen. hood of Locomotive Engineers is found in Among the founders were several Knights contracts between it and more than one of Labor and one Odd Fellow, but the ritual hundred railway companies, by which tlie of the Brotherhood suggests the Masonic innature of services to be rendered by engi- fluence which dominated those who prepared neers and the compensation to be paid by rail- rituals for the societies after whicii this was way companies are placed beyond dispute. modelled. Its membership in 1895 numIn July, 1897, an offensive and defensive bered more than -4,000, about 300 members alliance to protect their mutual interests being on Canadian and Mexican railways. was formed between the railway engineers, Local lodges pay sick and disability beneThose who desire may firemen, trainmen, and telegraphers. fits if they wish. Brotlierliood of L/ocoiuotive Fire- insure their lives in an auxiliary mutual aid men. Founded by Joshua A. Leach of society. The motto of the Brotherhood is Port Jervis, X. Y., as a railway employes' " Friendship, Unity, and True Brotherly union, similar in jiurpose to the Brotherhood Love." The business depression of 1S95 of Locomotive Engineers formed ten years reduced its total membershiii, so that for a before. It numbers more than 25,000 loco- time it had only a nominal existence, but motive firemen on Canadian, Mexican, and it has since shown signs of life and growth. American railways, i)ays sick benefits at the (See Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers option of local lodges, and death benefits and the American Railway Union.) Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen. by means of mutual assessments throughout the Brotherhood. There is a women's aux- •^A railway employes' trades union, organiliary for women only. Mr. F. P. Sargent, ized on the basis of a secret society. It was who has for many years been Grand Master founded in 1883, being the natural outof the organization, is among the highly re- growth of similar societies among locomospected and the better known labor lead- tive engineers and firemen and railway
neers, firemen, conductors,

the business-like methods of the Brother-

—

384

BROTHERHOOD OF UNITED LABOR
and,
like

conductors,

them,

among

its

25,000 members

including Improved Order of Advanced Knights many employes of Labor. A short-lived, schismatic branch

—

on railways in the Canadian Dominion and in Mexico as well as in the United States. Subordinate lodges pay sick benefits at their edition, and the Brotherhood at large, by means of assessments, pays death and Extotal disability benefits of 11,200 each. cluding sick benefits, the total sum paid as described amounts to about l?3,000,000. The secret ceremonial is based on the work

Order of Knights of Labor, organized at Baltimore in 1883. (See Order of Knights
of the of Labor.)

Independent Knights of Labor. Organized by seceding members of the Order
of

—

Knights

of Labor,

at

Binghamton, K.
than one

Y., late in 1883.
year.

It lived less

(See Order of Knights of Labor.)

Independent Order of Knights of Laand duties of railway em^^loyes in train ser- bor. Organized at Columbus, 0., in Febvice and is modelled after that in use in ruary, 1895, by prominent members of the The Order of Knights of Labor, brass workers, the other organizations referred to. Brotherhood suffered from a deci'ease in glass workers, and coal miners, who were membership after the great railway strike dissatisfied with the management of ilie For a short time it gave at Chicago in 1894, but within the past two parent society. The chief promise of seriously rivalling the older bod}^, years has grown and prospered. emblem of the organization displays railway but for two years maintained little more signal flags and a lantern. Much of its than a nominal existence. It was absorbed success is attributed to the prudent man- by the Knights of Labor in the spring of agement of Grand Master S. E. Wilkinson 1897. (See Order of Knights of Labor.) International Association of Machinof Galesburg, 111. (See Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and the American Eail- ists. Founded in 1888 with headquarters way Union.) In July, 1897, the trainmen at Richmond, Va. It is one of the larger united with the railway engineers, firemen, though younger trades unions established conductors, and telegraphers in a coalition on the lodge system, having signs for the to protect their mutual interests. identification of members known only to Brotlierliood of United Labor. the initiated. It disclaims, through leadFormed about twelve years ago by members ing officials, direct descent from any of the of the Order of Knights of Labor. It pat- older secret trades unions, yet it possesses terned closely after its parent, but did not characteristics of all of them, and is, in fact, live long. (See Order of Knights of Labor.) a legitimate descendant of such organizaCoiniiionwealtli of Jesus. Official ad- tions as the Amalgamated Association of dress, San Francisco, Cal. It teaclies organ- Iron and Steel Workers, National Union of ized Christian cooperation in order to attain Iron and Steel Workers, American Flint The the highest development of the spiritual, Glass Workers' Union, and others. mental, and j)hysical interests of humanity. Association of Machinists reports more than Crowned Republic. The title of a pro- 500 lodges in the United States, the Dominjected fraternit}' the would-be founders of ion of Canada, and Mexico, with a total which claim to have solved the problem of membership of about 33,000. Its objects social reorganization and that "it is pocsible are to secure as members every active, comto secure personal freedom, social unity, and jietent machinist who has worked at his universal wealth.'' The plan was published trade four years or more; an effective j^lan in Boston in 1860 and elaborated in 1879. to keep its members employed and the legal Daughters of St. Crispin. Women's establishment of an apprenticeship sj'-stem trades union auxiliary to Knights of St. of four years; to induce emplo5^ers to pay Crispin. (See the latter.) full current wages, and give preference, in

—

—

—

—

.

—

.

—

NATIONAL FARMERS' ALLIANCE
hiring, to union

385

men; to have all disputes the founder of the Order of Knights of Labetween employer and employe settled by bor at Philadelphia in 18G9, is said to have arbitration, "when possible," and to have been influenced to some extent in his leana day's labor shortened to eight hours. Its ings toward socialism by his acquaintance monthly magazine contains trade news from with Eccarius, one of the General Council In the countries named, and articles on the of "the International" in London. construction of machinery and other topics 1871-72 the Association fell under the inAlthough its fluence of the extreme socialists at Paris and of interest to the craft. monthly dues are small, yet subordinate elsewhere in Europe, whicli resulted in its Mention is made from time to lodges pay sick and disability benefits, and disruption. display an activity at building up the fra- time of the continued existence of " Interternity which is more conspicuous than in nationals " in the L'nited States, but nothsome more pretentious organizations. Its ing in the nature of the original Internaemblem, like those of almost all other secret tional Association is known to exist here and non-secret trades unions, consists of to-day. (See Order of Knights of Labor.) Fouiided in Kiiljifhts of St. Crispin. some of the better known implements used by its members, the callipers and square in- the L^nited States as an international trade The local unions The ritual, which organization in 18C9. terlaced upon a flywheel. were called lodges, and united in forming is short, is based on the every-day shop life of machinists, and seeks to teach the strength State and provincial Grand Lodges, which and importance of friendship and justice as sent representatives to the International ennobling influences. The seventh conven- Grand Lodge, the supreme authority. A tion of the Association was held at Kansas separate branch composed of women was The City, in May, 1897, aiul included eighty- called the Daughters of St. Crispin. boot and strongest among the order was various parts of from the five delegates United States, Mexico, and Canada. The shoe makers; in fact, became identified with address of the Grand Master embraced the them; but the crisis of 1873 brought its deprohibiting of members working on more cline, and internal dissension within a few

—

than one machine; opposition to blacklisting; the discouragement of the ]nece-work system; the restriction of cheap foreign
labor; the introduction of civil service rein

j'ears led to its extinction.

National Aid

Degree.

— The

mutual

assessment, beneficiary, or insurance de-

partment of the Xational Farmers' Alligovernment machine shops, and the ance. Its government is distinct from that of the Alliance, and mcmbershiii in it is establishment of an eight-hour day. luternatioiial Association of "Work- optional. National Farmers' Alliance. OrganAn international secret society ingineii. of workingmen, organized at London in ized by Milton George, James W.Wilson, and 18G4 by Messrs. Tolain and Fribourg, two David Ward Wood of Chicago, and August

form

—

—

French delegates

to

the

tional Exposition of 18(32,

London Interna- Post of Moulton. la., at who were much 1880, as a non-sectarian,
tion of farmers

St. TiOnis,

Mo., in

political organiza-

impressed by the influence of English trades unions, and sought, by means of the new society, to form a secret, cooperative federation of

and their wives,

to

"promote

the interests of agriculture" and the agriculturist.

It

closely parallels

the Patrons of

workingmen's unions throughout the Husbandry, of which society it is an outThe Association became popularly growth. (See the latter.) It differs in that Avorld. known as "the International," sjiread to it utilizes the machinery of a secret society The Alliance various European countries, and in 1870 to build up a ]iolitical party. Uriah S. Stephens, was started as a non-secret organization, but to the United States.

3SG

NATIONAL FARMERS' ALLIANCE
list of whose had solemnly to hold back their wheat This was the in order to advance its price. first of the several attempts on the part of growers in recent years to put up the price The details were of wheat in a similar way. communicated and subsequent events made it plain that the effort was as sincere as it was fruitless. In 189G evidence was published of what was called "a secret con-

found something was lacking. As many of its earlier members were drawn from the Patrons of Husbandry, it was easy to make
optional with State and subordinate lodges
the adoption of a secret ritual
of initiation

the Alliance Avheat growers, a
to possess,

names he claimed bound themselves

and method

and

so

the organization.

change the character of The ritual and initiatory
to
Avith

ceremony of the Alliance are calculated
impress
rights,

the

candidate

the

duties,

and

privileges of the

agriculturist

and suggest their Order-of-Patrons-of-Husbandry origin. The principal emblem of
the latter, the sheaf of wheat,
in
is

spiracy"

among

"3-40,000

farmers," in

also used,

conjunction with the plough and the

N. F. A., as the badge of Alliance membership. While the Patrons of Husbandry seek by inquiry, discussion, and study to fit themselves to grapple intelligently with ecoletters

Minnesota and the two Dakotas, to corner wheat and force up prices. The circular sent out was dated at "Triple Alliance Headquarters, Minneapolis." It explained that over 90,000 farmers had taken a pledge
to

hold their wheat for II per bushel, and

it "as rapidly as one nomic questions, within the organizations to hundred and thirty agents can administer which its members belong, the Alliance early oaths to them." In 1896, what was called The the Agriculturists' National Protective Asconstituted itself a political party. society grew slowly for a few years, after sociation, an oath-bound organization of which the energy and executive ability of farmers of the central Western and other the late L. L. Polk of North Carolina in States, planned to put up prices of wheat organizing and extending it at the South by storing it in corporation warehouses, in gave it a prominence which its founders had order "to compel people to import their hardly anticipated. Polk Avas its National farm products." It is hardly necessary to President for several terms, during which add that none of these hold-your-wheat he established the society's headquarters at projects were successful. Buying for cash Washington and published a j)aper in its through Alliance agencies and selling to interest. By 1887 it had a very large mem- members at a slight advance had been the bership, some claim as many as 240,000. principal feature of the organization up to It was strong at the South and AVest, and 1887, but through mismanagement or for

others were taking

its

leaders were not slow to perceive

its util-

other reasons the project Avas abandoned.
tional

price-making and political machine. The depression in the price of wheat between 1890 and 189G, inclusive, intensified the financial stringency among farmers and was largely responsible for several attempts
ity as a

feature under the title NaAid Degree is still retained. (See the Merchants and professional men latter.) were not and never have been eligible to membership, and such of them, "even min-

The insurance

made to Whether

artificially

force

the price up.
best

or not the Alliance was solely re-

sponsible for the

method adopted

is

known

to those

most concerned.

All that

the Gospel," as opposed the Alliance in any wa}^ were frequently boycotted. At various times it practically controlled the legislatures of Tennessee, Arkansas, Misisters of sissippi, Georgia,

the writer

proprietor of a reputed Alliance publication

North and South Carolina, Northen of Georgia, Hogg circulated in the Northwestern spring wheat of Texas, Tillman of South Carolina, and States is responsible for the assertion that Buchanan of Tennessee became governors.

knows on

this point is that the

and such men

as

:

NATIONAL FARMERS' ALLIANCE
through its support. Various labor parties have vied in strength with the Alliance and with Patrons of Husbandry at the West and Northwest. Delegates from all of them

387

siasm rivalled that of the " hard-cider " cam-

paign of 1840, one of the features being tlie singing of i)olitical songs with the refrain,

" Good-by,

my

party, good-by," indicating

came together

at Cincinnati,

May

16, 1888,

that the singers had found
principles and formed
cret society

new

political

looking to consolidation for
ventions were held.

j^olitical

pur-

new

])arty ties.

Se-

poses, but being unable to agree, two con-

machinery having

political

ends

The first, dominated by the agricultural element, was called the Union Labor party, and nominated Andrew
on a platform which favored government ownerJ. Streator of Illinois for President,

in view was still in full operation, and after the campaign, the East awoke to find that a third party, the Alliance, had secured control of legislatures
tors,

which were to elect senahad elected State officers and Congressship of railroads, free silver, the issue of men in a number of States, and had carried legal tender notes direct to the people, gov- off bodily the Dakotas, Kansas, and Neernment loans on land, postal savings-banks, braska. It was at the Ocala convention that and an income tax. The second, in which the Alliance ajiproved what has since been representatives of labor unions and railway known as ''the Ocala platform," which deemployes predominated, called itself the manded that the government establish wareUnited Labor party, and nominated Robert houses all over the country, and lend money H. Cowdrey of Illinois for President, on a to farmers on their crops to be stored in platform favoring government ownership of those warehouses. This step brought the railroads and telegraph lines, a direct tax more radical theorists throughout the counon land, government inspection of work- try into sympathy with the political moveshops, fewer hours of labor daily, and the ment Avhich was even then not at its full Australian ballot system. The strength of height, and in this manner the way was the organized, political, agricultural interest paved by delegates from the Alliance and is shown by Streator's receiving a total of other societies for the organization of the During these years the Alli- National People's party at Omaha in 1892. 140,836 votes. ance continued to increase in membershiji. The preamble to its platform read, in part, At a meeting of the Kansas Alliance in as follows: March, 1800, a platform was adojjted Avhich We meet a nation brought to the is sufficiently characterized by its first plank verge of moral, political, and material ruin. Cor''We demand legislative enactment appor- ruption dominates the ballot-box, the legislatures, tioning the shrinkage of farm values that the Congress, and touches even the ermine of the are under mortgage obligations by reason of bench. The urban workmen are denied the right

....

contraction of circulating

medium
the

or other

unjust legislation between

mortgagor

and mortgagee,
spective

in iu-oportion to their re-

imported pauwages a hireling standing army, unrecognized by our laws, is established to shoot them down. The fruits of the toil
of organization for self-protection
;

perized labor beats

down

their

;

at time mortgage was drawn." Out of this and the remaining planks grew the principles with which the organization was identified in later years.
interests

of the millions are boldly stolen to build

up

colossal

fortunes for a few.

A

vast conspiracy against

manit

kind has been organized on two continents and is rapidly taking possession of the world.

The

first

national convention of the Alli-

ance was held December, 1890, at Ocala, Fla.,
following a period
ley

parties were denounced,

Both the Republican and the Democratic and an endorsement

when
At
fall

the growth of the

given the Alliance Sub-Treasury plan, the
free coinage of silver at tiie ratio of 16 to 1,

society in the Central Mississippi River val-

was marked.

political gatherings of

the increase of the circulating

medium

to

the Alliance in the

of that year the enthu-

$50 per capita, an income tax, government

388

NATIONAL UNION OF IRON AND STEEL WORKERS

tele- and Massillon, 0.; Muncie, Ind., and other points in the central Western States. land owned of It reclamation and the phones, did not, become was however, a serious rival of Iowa to Weaver James E. aliens. by nominated for President and received its parent, the Amalgamated Association. 1,043,531 votes, about one in every twelve Its emblem is a hand holding the scales of cast, the largest total vote ever given to a justice, and its ritual teaches the importance He received twenty- of unity of action and that the laborer is third-2)arty candidate. two electoral votes, those of Kansas, Colo- worthy of his hire. The headquarters of rado, Nevada, and Idaho, and one each in the society are at Youngstown, 0., a communication from which places the total North Dakota and Oregon. The Alliance as a political secret society membership at about 2,000. (See Amalwas well-nigh exhausted after giving birth gamated Association of Iron and Steel

ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and

to the People's party in 1802, but in 1895
it still

Workers.)

numNew Order of Builders. Founded At by William H. Von Swartworst, at New bered probably 100,000 members. Chicago, January 21 and 25, 1893, it de- York city, September 29, 1879, on primiretained an organization and
clared that
'•

—

its

methods are non-partisan,"
is

tive

socialistic lines.
v. 18.
:

It

drew inspiration

and that

its

object

merely

''

to

secure

from Rom.

'"'By the righteousness

unity of action, after full and intelligent dis-

cussion, for the promotion of such reforms
as

may

be necessary to the bettering of

came uj)on all men." Membership carried with it membership in the the New Commonwealth, Colombia, and
of one the free gift

farmer's condition."
Alliance.

By 1897

little

ap-

proposed to regenerate society through the
application of the 2:)rinciples of
i^olitical

peared to survive of the National Farmers'

" the new

By these, members, economy." work, for it was the National People's party, after performing public service six hours a the offspring of the National Farmers' Alli- day (five days a week, twenty days in a ance, the child of the Patrons of Husbandry, month, and ten months in a year) for which secured control of the" machinery of twenty-nine years, or between the ages of the National Democratic party in National twenty-one and fifty, are permitted the enConvention at Chicago in 1896, and polled joyment of life, liberty, culture, and hap6,502,685 votes for William J. Bryan, its piness thereafter " without money and candidate for President of the United States, without price." Noble and Holy Order of Kniglits of out of a grand total of 13,923,643 votes. and Steel Labor of America. One of the earlier National Union of Iron Pittsburg, Pa., titles of the Order of Knights of Labor. TVorker.s. Formed at October 29, 1892, by rollers, heaters, rough- •(See Order of Knights of Labor.) Noble Order of Knights of Labor of ers, and catchers, members of four of the Original title of the Order of skilled crafts employed in the finishing de- America. partments of the rolling mills of that city. Kniglits of Labor. (See Order of Knights
But
it

had evidently done

its

—

—

—

all of them had been members of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel

Nearly

of Labor.)

Workers, but becoming

dissatisfied,

they

— Formed
*

Order of Commercial Telegraphers.
in 1897, auxiliary to the Order

organized a rival society on similar lines.
to maintain uniwas formed formity of wages for work of the same kind throughout the United States," and soon spread to other Western Pennsylvania iron and steel centres; to Cleveland, Youngstown,

of Railway Telegraphers.

(See the latter.)

The

latter

'

'

Order of Knights of Labor.*— The
indebted to "
of

For some of the particulars given, the writer is An Historical Sketch of the Knights Labor," by Carroll D. Wright, published in tlie
Journal of Economics, January,
1887

Quartei-ly

ORDER OF KNIGHTS OF LABOR
most important and by far tlie largest seUnited States organized
tlio

389

cret society in the
in

interest of industrial workers.
to

It

seeks

amalgamate

all

trades

into one

great fraternity for the amelioration of the

material condition of the laborer, the meclianic,

and the

artisan.

In that
it

i

t

stands for

wages syswas born August 3, 1821, in Cape May County, New Jersey. II is grandfather was killed fighting for the independence of the colonies in the War of the Revolution, but his mother's people were Xew Jersey Quakers. After a brief tem."
lie

gradually abolish the present

the opposite of the trades union
it

;

and, while

probably was suggested in part by the International Assobeen,
ciation of

may not have

attendance at a Baptist theological seminary he was compelled by the business reverses of 1836 to 1840 to learn a trade

and

known as engage in mercantile pursuits, after which ''the International," organized in London he taught school. In 1845 he removed to in 1864 by two French artisans who went Philadelphia. Between 1853 and 1858 he
Workingmen,
better
in

there

18G2 to

visit

the

International

Exhibition and were impressed by the influence of English labor unions. "The
International" has been characterized as
the principal instance of a labor organization

travelled in Mexico, California, Central America, the West Indies, England, Germany, and Belgium. In London he became intimate with the tailor Eccarius,

which

sought

to

harmonize indi-

vidual interests in the interest of the whole.

American labor. His Northern capital to build tip manufacturing enterprises in the Southern States and to relieve congested labor markets at the North, were likewise fruitless, but they stamp hiuj as a true projihet who was only one generation ahead of the march of events. In j^olitics he was an abolitionist, and though he took the Mr. Stephens belonged to the Garment stump for Fremont, and again for Lincoln, Cutters' Union of Philadelphia, an organi- he was never a seeker of public otiice. He zation which had proved unsatisfactory as was a })rominent worker in the greenback a means to sustain the rate of wages, and movement twenty-five years ago. and is had, for several years, planned a society to declared to have been responsible for the embrace "all brandies of honorable toil," incorporation of the word labor in the which, through education, cooperation, and name of the political party to which that an intelligent use of the ballot, " sliould movement gave birth. His unsuccessful candidacy for Congress, in 1878, was forced (George II. Ellis, Boston) for others, to John W. upon him by the Greenback Labor party. Hayes, General Secretary-Treasurer of the Order of It was about ten years prior to his nominaKnights of Labor and to the sketch of Uriah S. tion for Congress that his attention was Stephens, published in The People (tlie organ of particularly drawn to the need, on the part Labor New party), York, November Socialist the of labor, of something better than the mere 11. 1894.
to

For a time it grew rapidly, and by 1870 had spread to the continent of Europe and to the United States, numbering nearly But by 1871 the French 100,000 members. and other continental sections were so controlled by the radical socialists of Europe that the society went to pieces. The original, underlying idea of "the International" was given renewed life at Philadelphia, Pa., on Thanksgiving Day, 18G9, when Uriah S. Stephens founded the second great secret society in which all trades were to be recognized, the Noble Order of Knights of Labor of America.

ten years later was a member of the General Council of "the International." On his return to Philadelphia he found the " labor question *' still prominent, and

who

endeavored, although unsuccessfully, to in-

duce capitalists to make industrial investments in South and Central America and
other sparsely settled countries, in order
colonize surplus
efforts to secure

;

;

890

ORDER OF KXIGHTS OF LABOR
Carroll D. Wright, he states
jjliens
:

trades iniiou, aud in 1867-68 he received

" Mr.

Ste-

considerable

literature

on

sociological

brought into the

ritual of the

new

questions from his

London acquaintance, Order many

of the features of speculative

Eccarius the tailor, who had since risen high in the councils of " the International," aud among the works sent him was a copy of the communist manifesto by Marx and
Engels.
prises,

Masonry, especially in the forms and ceremonies observed." In a sketch of the life
of

Stephens,

published in 1894,
secret

it

said

:

The
the

increase of corporate enterof
cooi^eration,
as

progress

work and constitution of the Order of the Knights of Labor. This was done in the external form

" Stephens drew up the

growth of building and loan of the secret societies of Freemasons, but societies, together with the practically un- upon the i^hilosophic principles of socialimproved condition of labor, even Avith its ism.'"' Some of the accounts mention Willsystem of trades unions, evidently made a iam H, Phillips and David Wescott among The Gar- the original members, making nine instead strong imi^ression upon him. ment Cutters' Union, to Avhicli he belonged, of seven. The first to be admitted among finally disbanded late in 1869, and, on in- them were William Fennimore and Henry vitation, a few of its members met at his L. Sinexon. The motto adopted was the one, house, November 25 of that year, where now well known, " That is the most perhe unfolded his plan of an organization to fect government in which an injury to one be known as " The Noble and Holy Order is the concern of all." An equilateral triExcept for the angle within a circle was selected as the of the Knights of Labor." sentiment which underlaid it in common principal emblem, the meaning of which is

shown

in the

*

with

"the

International,'" the

projected
departure.

confided to

members

only.

Whether

it

order was a

new and
first,

radical

Stephens
always

held,

that

surplus labor

conveys anything more than is taught in Freemasonry is not likely to be known

wages down, and, second, except to Freemasons Avho are Knights of The design as a whole, the triangle that nothing can remedy this evil but a Labor. purely and deeply secret organization, within the circle, and ''A. K. the 9th," based upon a plan that shall teach, or the whole inscribed in a pentagon in a rather inculcate, organization, and at the circle within a hexagon within another same time educate. its membership to one circle, resting upon an inverted five-pointed set of ideas ultimately subversive of the star, suggests excursions by the founders of present wage system. the Order into the symbolism employed in The six other Philadelphia garment cut- some of the higher degrees of Scottish Rite ters who met with Stephens to form a Freemasonr}'. At the outset, physicians secret society were James L. Wright, Eob- were not eligible as members, because proert C. Macauley, Joseph S. Kennedy, Will- fessional confidence might force the soiam Cook, Robert W. Keene, and James ciety's secrets into unfriendly ears, but M. Hilsee, and at a meeting held Decem- this rule was repealed in 1881. Profesber 28, 1869, obligations and a ritual sional politicians were likewise excluded, were adopted and the title abbreviated to but they are eligible now. Lawyers, liquor Knights of Labor. The society began as sellers, and professional gamblers were and one of the most secret in character, mem- still are denied the privilege of memberThe secrecy thrown about the Order bers being bound not to mention its name ship. outside of the assemblies. In circulars, at the beginning was so profound that its rej)orts, and in referring verbally to the growth was slow, the total membership six or five stars were nsed. months after it was founded being only Order, In the historical sketch of the Order, by forty-three, all garment cutters. It was
keej)s

*****

ORDER OF KNIGHTS OF LABOR
not until October 20, 1870, that a member was elected from any other trade, after which progress was more rajiid. When a member found a man who was considered worthy of admission, he questioned him as to his oi)inions concerning the elevation of labor, and if his sentiments were found in accord Avith the objects of the Order, his name was brought before a meeting of the organization and a committee was a])pointed to investigate his qualififields,*
its

391

from which Philadelphia received
of

principal supply of fuel, also influenced

the

members

the

new Order, because

through open and })ublic association the miners of the coal-fields had allowed desperate
cieties.

men

to gain admission to their soveil of secrecy

The

was necessary,
perse-

therefore, to shield

members from

cution.

Mr. Stej^hens and his co-laborers sought u2)hold the dignity of labor. Every cations. The member who proposed the lawful and honorable means was to be candidate was not allowed to act on the resorted to, to procure and retain emcommittee. When the committee reported, ployment for one another, and it mattered the candidate was balloted for, and if re- not to what country, color, or creed the jected no further mention was made of the member belonged, if misfortune befell liim The candidate was he was to receive the aid and comfort of his matter to any one. kept in ignorance of what had transpired, fellow members. Strikes were discounteand the members, even those who had voted nanced, but when it became justly necessary against his admission, would treat him with to make use of that weapon it was intended
to

to aid such members as might suffer loss was elected, the in short, it was the intention to extend a friend who proposed him would on some helping hand to every branch of trade pretext invite him to a meeting, a party which made a part of the vast industrial The members were or ball, or a gathering of some kind, and forces of the country. manage to secure his presence at the regular not taught that idleness was to be respected meeting place of the assembly on the night in any one, and the newly initiated soon of initiation, and when the candidate for realized that those who surrounded him the first time learned that he was to join a were not there to spend their time in idle It was not until July, 1872, society, he was at the same time led to be- amusement. lieve that his friend had also been invited that Assembly No. 3 was organized, but there for the same pur])Ose, so that in case in 1873 over eighty assemblies of various of failure to initiate, the elected one would trades and occupations had been formed. not even then know that his friend was In 1873 the Order spread rapidly in Philaconnected with the society. This method delphia, no less than twenty local assemof securing members was kept up for several blies being formed with representatives of j'ears, and is now practised by many of the as many lines of trade. It spread to Xew The reason for this was be- York a year later, where local Assembly assemblies.
;

the same consideration in the workshop as
before.
If the candidate

cause public associations had, after centuries
of struggle, proved failures.
It

was

also

claimed that
that
its

if

the Order worked openly, so

members might be known to the public, it would expose them to the scrutiny, and in time to the wrath, of their employers, so it was deemed best to work in such a way as to avoid comment and The troubles which were at that scrutiny.
time attracting attention toward the coal-

No. 28 was organized by the goldbeaters. By 1875 fifty-two local assemblies had been formed in Philadelphia, with 252 scattered throughout the mining regiuiis of
Pennsylvania, in West Virginia, Indiana, and Illinois. The first District Assembly was formally established at Philadelphia, December 25, 1873, but the Order had no
*See Molly Muguiros.

392

ORDER OF KNIGHTS OF LABOR

Order then took on new strength, until, in amble beyond those referred to until Janu- 1879, there were twenty-three District Assemblies and about 1,300 local assemblies ar}', 1878, when delegates from the scattered assemblies met in general convention at in the United States. The action of the Order in nominally Reading, Pa., and organized the General Assembly, or national governing body, to removing the veil of secrecy from much wliicli District Assemblies, formed of rep- that had been hidden was a great blow to He fought the change, and sucresentatives of local assemblies, were sub- Stephens. in delaying it for a time. founder of ceeded Stejihens, the In JanMr. ordinate. uary, he was reelected Workman of Grand the first Master 1879, Master was the Order, first District Mas- Workman, but unable to overcome the preslocal Assembly No. 1 ter Workman of District Assembly No. 1, sure in favor of the ncAV plan, he resigned and first Grand Master Workman of the his office, and was succeeded in September, 1879, by T. V. Powderly. Mr. Stephens General Assembly. At the Reading Convention seventeen remained an active member of his local trades were represented from seven States, assembly until his death, due to heart failand among the delegates was Terence V. ure, in 1883. His memory is revered by Powderly, afterwards Grand Master Work- all Knights of Labor, and at the convenUp to this period, tion of the Order at Richmond, in 1886, man of the Order. for nine years, the strictest secrecy had $10,000 was appropriated for the erection been maintained respecting the Order, its of a home for his family. Official reports name, membership, and purposes, which, of the growth of the Order placed the total as claimed, tended to restrict its growth. membership at 52,000 in 1883, 71,000 in This seems, in part, Avell founded, for 1884, 111,000 in 1885, and 711,000 in 1886, despite exaggerated reports at the time, the a remarkable increase. In 1 881 women were total membership was probably not in ex- made eligible to membership, and many It was not until 1883 that have availed themselves of the privilege. cess of 10,000. During There had been 14,000 local assemblies so many as 50,000 were enrolled. 1877-78, two factions appeared, one headed chartered by January 1, 1897, 18 State Asby Stephens, desirous of maintaining the semblies, 21 national or local trade Disextremely secret character of the Order, trict Assemblies, 260 District Assemblies, with its solemn oaths or obligations taken and one National Assembly, that in New on the Bible, and the other made up of the Zealand. The Order may well be described Roman Catholic members and the influence as international in scope, as assemblies of that Church against secret societies in have also been established in Great Britain general, and, at that time, the Knights of and France, where there were reported to l)e At a special session of the General 100,000 members in 1896 Belgium, AusLabor. Assembly, June, 1878, resolutions to make tralia, South Africa, and Hawaii. It favors public the name of the Order, omit from the initiative and referendum in the enactthe ritual scriptural quotations, and modify ment of laws the establishment of bureaus the initiatory ceremonies " so as to remove of labor statistics making " gambling in the opposition coming from the Church," the necessaries of life " a felony the abrowere submitted to the vote of the local and gation of laws that do not bear equally on District Assemblies, and through the influ- capital and labor the adoption of laws ence of these some of the changes referred providing for the health and safety of those to were made, so that the prejudice against engaged in mining, manufacturing, and and indemnification the Knights of Labor on account of Catho- building industi'ies lic opposition gradually disappeared. The for injury received through lack of necesexpressed declaration of principles or pre;
;

;

;

;

;

;

ORDER OF KNIGHTS OF LABOR
sary safeguards
;

393

compelling corporations assessment of two cents per month for the pay their employes weekly in lawful General Assembly, Local assemblies can money the enactment of laws providing proclaim a boycott of men or of goods in for arbitration between employers and em- their own districts, A strike may be orto
;

ployes

;

the prohibition of the employment

age compulsory education, and the furnishing of
of children
lifteen years of
;

nnder

by a local assembly, but to draw support from the Order outside the region
dered
of the local assembly, the strike
legalized

must be

free text books at the expense of the State

;

by the District Assembly, and in

a graduated

tax on incomes and inherit-

case further aid

ances

;

the prohibition of the hiring of con;

vict labor

the establishment of a iiational
in

is necessary, a general assessment may be ordered by the General Assembly,

monetary system,

which a circulating

medium

in necessary quantity shall issue

directly to the jieople, without the inter-

vention of banks

;

a law that the national

There have been several schisms in the Order, none of which has survived or exercised any appreciable influence on the parent society. In 1883 trouble in the
at Baltimore led to the forma-

issue shall be full legal tender in

payment organization
that the
tion of the

of all debts, public

and private

;

government shall not guarantee or recognize any private banks, or create any banking corporations that interest-bear;

ing bonds,

or notes shall never be issued by the government, but that, when need arises, the emergency shall
bills

of

credit,

be met by issue of legal-tender, non-interest-bearing money the prohibition of the
;

importation of foreign labor under contract ; the establishment of postal savings
banks, and compelling
of all deposits received
all

other banks to

give approved security in twice the

amount
governthe

by tliem

;

Improved Order of Advanced Knights of Labor, which lasted long enough to formulate a ritual. Soon after, a split at Binghamton resulted in another Order, called Independent Knights of Labor, which died in the spring of 1884, In 1887 a Provisional Order was started by members of the International Workingmen's Association, and tluit was followed Ijy the Brotherhood of L'nited Labor. But the most formidable secession was that at Columbus, 0., in February, 1895, which resulted in the formation of the Independent Order of the Knights of Labor by William B. Wilson
of Pennsylvania, a miner; Charles R.Martin,

ment

control of the trans^iortation of pasintelligence,

sengers,

and

freight;

who was
in Ohio,

a candidate for Secretary of State

establishment of cooperative

institutions

wherever possible to supersede the wage S3'stem and ecjual rights for both sexes. Foreign jurisdictions have the right to so amend the preamble of the Order " as to them may seem most likely to secure the
just

demands

of labor in their respective

countries," subject to the approval of the

General Assembly or the General Executive Board, No regard is paid by tlie Knights
to sex,
color, creed, or nationality
in
its

requirements for membership, beyond the fact that a candidate must be eighteen
years of age.
assemblies.
rate

on the Populist ticket in 1894, and otherSjWith an alleged membership of 20,000 glass workers, brass workers and coal miners. As an excuse for this action the founders of the Independent Order charged arbitrary management by the officers of the General Assembly, Knights of Labor and mismanagement of the finances. One difference bet\veen the constitution of the old and the new Knights was that, whereas the Committee on Credentials is appointed by the general officers sixty days before the annual
this

Dues

are regulated by local

convention in the old Order, in the new committee was to be elected by the
the convention.

An

entrance fee and a monthly
besides
a

delegates at

The new

are

charged,

per

capita

Order also made a chancre in the method of

—

394

ORDER OF RAILWAY CONDUCTORS OF AMERICA
American Federation by which each 1,000 memSocialistic

voting, adopting the
of Labor plan,

(See
of

bers of any organized trade are entitled to

Labor Party in New York city. The Order of Knights Labor's largest total membership is stated

The

Triangle. )

by General Secretary-Treasurer John W. two years this organization was absorbed by Hayes to have been 729,677, in July, 1886. In June, 1894, the total was 235,000, and the Knights of Labor. The American Federation of Labor is a early in 1897 it was about 175,000. Order of Railway Conductors of non-secret confederation of trades unions, A secret trades union founded of which Grand Master Workman Sovereign America. of the Knights of Labor declared in 1896 by James Packard and William Wier of that it had proved too loose in its organized Amboy, 111., and E. A. Sadd of Chicago, in capacity and too weak in its test of mem- 1868. It pays total disability and death benone delegate.
After a colorless existence of

—

bership to resist the onslaughts of capital.

efits.

Beneficiary membership
tlie

is

obligatory,

Order has paid more than $2,000,000 to relatives of deceased members. More than 20,000 conductors on railways in the Unitecl States, Mexico, and the Canadian Dominion belong to this Order, which in its ceremonials and ritual suggests Masonic inLocal bodies pay sick benefits, and fluence. for the free coinage of silver in the jiresi- the Order at large is assessed to meet death dential campaign of 1896. He also signal- benefits, which range from $1,000 to $5,000. ized his accession to office by advocating an The Ladies' Auxiliary of the Order of entirely new secret work for the Order, Railway Conductors is separately organized. *'with stronger obligations, '' a degree The organization of the Conductors' Order known as the " Minute Men," and, as far as Avas naturally suggested by the Brotherhood possible, " a return to our former system of of Locomotive Engineers formed five years working in absolute secrecy."' In this he before, in 1863. Tlie only serious check to sought to reverse the policy which ushered the growth of the Order was \n 1894 and in and maintained Mr. Powderly in office 1895, which has since been overcome. Its for fourteen years, aild signalized a tendency chief emblem is characteristic of the emto return to the position of the founder of ployment of the members, and to the stuthe Order. These points lend color to tlie dent of secret societies is sufficiently sugcharge that the members of the Xew York gestive. (See Brotherhood of Locomotive city secret society, The Triangle, have Engineers and the American Railway greater influence among the Knights than Union.) In July, 1897, a coalition was they had a few years ago. The Triangle is formed between the conductors, engineers, the name of an extremely secret organiza- firemen, trainmen, and telegraphers, for

For a while the Independent Order of the Knights of Labor a^jpeared likely to disrupt the older organization, but it did not, and gradually disappeared from public view. Mr. Powderly was succeeded as Grand Master Workman in 1893 by James E. Sovereign, who identified the Knights with the fight

and

tion of

New York

city socialists,
latter, as

members the protection
be in-

of joint interests.

of the Knights.
ferred, represent

dissension in the
resulted

Order of Railway Telegraphers. the Stephens side of. the Formed by twelve railway telegraph operOrder in 1878-1879 which ators at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in 1886, nominally with
efit

The

may

in Powderly's election after the founder of the Order had resigned as Grand Master Workman. That they favor a closely guarded secret organization goes without saying. They stand for the triumph of socialism and are prominent in the

weekly sick and disability benIt

features.

union.
its

In earlier days
or

became a secret trades its power to enforce
was
relatively

demands

position

greater than of late years, owing to the enor-

mous

increase in the

number

of available

—

ORDER OF PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY
operators tlirougliout tlie country. In a number of struggles witli niilway and telegrapli companies the Order was success-

395
it is

Records at hand state that
*'

conferred

in nearly all large cities."

Order of the Mystie Brotherhood

but the comparative ease with which non-union operators may be secured had much to do with the. decline of the Order. In 1895 its membership did not exceed
ful,

A

secret,

oath-bound body of Kansas voters,
prohibition

who

declare that the

laws of

that State do not prohibit, and

that the liquor clause in the State Constitution

demand

be re-submitted to the people. It is an outgrowth of the old Anti-prohibition League, formed in 1882, '* to secure the election of a re-submission governor was organized in among the various railway brotherhoods 1894, and seeks to secure the election of the and orders with which it has cooperated. necessary number of State legislators to reThe American Railway Union claimed to submit the prohibitory statutes. Its leaders have sedured many railway telegraphers in claimed 80,000 members in 1890. In form its efforts to federate railway employes in it is a regular secret society with an initiatory one imposing secret organization, but no ceremony, signs, symbols, obligations, etc., statistics are given of the number en- and among its leaders are found ])rominent
it

had been more than four It was organized three years after the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen appeared, and may be classed
2,500, although

times that

total.

;

members of the Republican, Democratic, new and Populist jiarties. lease of life early in 1896 and has grown Order of Patrons of Husbandry. rapidly ever since, numbering about 12,000 The National Grange or governing body of
rolled.

The

telegraphers' Order took on a

at

the

time of the

Peoria convention in

body was organized at the Peoria convention to be known as the Order of Commercial Telegraphers, the object of which is to unite in one body telegraphers of the Western Union and the Postal Telegraph companies. The new Order is to be managed by the Order of Railway Telegraphers until 3,000 members have been secured, when the former is to
1897.
auxiliary

An

Order was founded December 4, 18C7, by 0. n. Kelley, a Freemason, and William Saunders of the Agricultural Bureau at
this

Washington,

John

R.

Thompson,

John

Trimble, F. M. McDowell, William M. Ireland, and Rev. A. B. Grosch of that Bureau

and

of the Treasury

and Post
Ilall

Office De])art-

ments, and Caroline A.

of Boston, a

niece of ^Ir. Kelley, exclusively for

men and

women

representatives of

the agricultural

take charge of
of the

its

own
is

affairs.

A peculiarity
is

population.

It opposes the

"single tax"
to

new Order

that

it

to have

no

theory; seeks to bring producers and con-

subordinate
also

lodges.

A

ladies'

auxiliary

sumers into direct and friendly relations;
eliminate, so far as possible, the
to encourage
rti

of the Order of Railway Telegraphers was

ddleman;
and

an outcome of the Peoria meeting, which will seek to parallel the work done

and increase cheap

tiansj^orta-

tion; opposes excessive rates of interest

for other railway orders by

women

relatives

exorbitant profits; favors agricultural and
industrial colleges

of

members

of the same.

and

all

the arts that adorn

In July, 1897, the telegraphers entered into an alliance with the railway engineers,
firemen, conductors, and similar orders.

the home, and prohibits the discussion of
sectarian

Order of the Grand Orient.
true fraternity and equality of vate

— Recently
men,
ele-

constructed from existing rites to teach the
all

germinate thouEjht and gather reason for svmbolism."
socially,

them

and

"

to

and i)artisan questions at meetings. While purely a farmers' institution, it is an agricultural brotherhood which "recognizes no North, no South, no p]ast, no West." Professional men, artisans, laborers, merchants, and manufacturers are excluded, "because thev have not sufficient direct

39G

ORDER OF PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY

interest in tilling the soil, or

may have some became

imjiressed Avith the importance of

interest in conflict with our purposes," yet

organization
lines,"

among
as

the farmers, something
sectional
it,

" the general desire for fraternal harmony, equitable compromise, and earnest
it

hails

"above and beyond
or,

he put
' '

and party something that
ties of agricul-

cooperation."

Among

specified objects are

Avould unite by the

strong

"to buy
versify

and 2)roduce more;" " to di- ture." From this o^cial trip came the our crops and crop no more than we suggestion of the Grange, Avhich has done
less

can cultivate;"

"to condense the weight much
and

for a higher education, enlarging so-

and enhancing material prosperity more on hoof and in fleece," "less in lint in the agricultural community. On his reand more in Avarp and woof;" "to dis- turn to Washington, Mr. Kelley unfolded countenance the credit " and " every other his plan to William Saunders, who Avas at
of our exports, selling less in the bushel
cial life,

system tending to bankruptcy," and " to avoid litigation" by "arbitration in the

the head of the government experiment gardens and grounds, and to others named, by

Grange. " In an account of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the organization of the " first

Avhom
j)Osed

it

Avas

Avarmly Avelcomed.

»

It

was
that

Miss Hall,

among

the founders, Avho pro-

Grange in the world," that established

at

the admission of

women and

Fredonia, Chautauqua County, X. Y., April 20 and 21, 1868, appears the following explanation of the inspiration of the secret

they be entitled to the same rights and privileges as the
of

work

of the Order:
of Free

The Order

and Accepted Masons
organization

is

the

men, thus making the Patrons Husbandry " the first organization of its kind to admit Avomen to full membership." Among the founders, Messrs. McDowell, for

surviving result of

among

artisan

laborers, entered into first at the building of Solo-

mon's Temple and the pyramids centui'ies ago. Agricultural labor has been unorganized through all the ages and in consequence has been kept under foot at the mercy of the trades and professions,
dishonored and despised, as the slaveliolder despises the slave, from the very fact that lie will permit
himself to remain a slave. Patrons of Husbandry
. . .

.

The Order

of

.

.

Avas the first at-

tempt
zation

to introduce the benefits of

thorough organi-

among

agricultural laborers along the

same

lines that

have made the Masonic Order so widespread and powerful for many centuries of the
world's history.

After the close of the Civil War, after said of the Confederate soldiers, "' Let these men keep their horses; the}' will need them to put in their crops," President

twenty years treasurer of the National Grange; Thompson, author of much of the ceremonial and degree Avork, and Ireland and Grosch are dead. After the establishment of the first Grange at Fredonia, IST. Y., in 1868, the work of building wp the Order The first State Grange was Avas sloAV. formed in Minnesota a year later, and two years afterAvard the State Grange of Iowa was organized. Only 10 dispensations for granges Avere granted in 1868, 36 in the second year, and 134 in the third, but at the end of 1872 there were 1,005 granges. During 1873, 1874, and 1875, Avhen the
effects of the
Avas at its

Grant had

panic Avere

felt,

the

height and the farming

movement commuIn the

nity fairly flocked into the Order.
first

Johnson, through the Commissioner of Agriculture, sent a representative South among the farmers and planters to see what could be done to place that section agriculturally

quarter of 1874 there were 6,000

new

granges established, and on two jDarticular days 330 applications for dispensations were
received.

on

More than 13,000 granges AA^ere Some of the Southern sion was 0. H. Kelley, of Boston birth and granges fell away during the "Granger" American ancestry, who went to Minnesota excitement of from 1873 to 1877, became He Avent South in 1866, local in character, and Avith changes in work to farm in 1849. and during the several months spent there and ritual became knoAvn as the Agricultural
its feet.

The man

selected for this mis-

organized in 1873.

ORDER OF PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY
Wheel.
born,

397

In 1880 the Farmers' Alliance was
a
secret
political

organization

of

lodges,

while subordinate bodies, corresponding to were called granges, and members
It is a

farmers and planters, which swallowed the
Agricultural Wheel and drew heavily upon

thereof, grangers.

matter of easy

recollection that for years following the

war

more restless Husband r}'.

spirits

among

the Patrons of

enormous sums

of

money were spent and

It

was a child of the Grange,

empires of prairie land given away in extending, develo])ing, and paralleling railway systems to meet the wants of the rapidly inci'easing population in

being the natural overflow of impatience and impetuousness which had been dammed

np among
listed in

the husbandmen who had enan army of peace and education.

Western and North-

western States;

that railway building was

!N^otwithstanding these diversions the Pat-

jiushed beyond immediate requirements, and

rons of Husbandry continued to grow, at

that the panic of 1873 and succeeding years

one time extending to thirty-five States, the of trade depression found railroad compaDominion of Canada, England, France, nies as well as the farming population seriGermany, and Australia. Its grand total ously in debt, with declining denuind, greatly membership in this country in 1896 was reduced prices, and relatively smaller reducthere were no Granges tions in trausi^ortatiou rates. 162,000, and Comparaabroad, except in the Dominion of Cauada. tively high rates for carrying farm products Since its organization more than 27,000 to market, or what appeared to the farmer Oranges have been instituted and more to be such, together with the ownership of than 1,200,000 members initiated. When the roads being at the East, where the shares its membership was largest, the Order atof most of them were favorites with specutemjDted several methods of materially aid- lators, lent color to the then rapidly growing ing its members, among them cooperative opinion that the interest of the railway comprojects, the owning of elevators and steam- pany Avas opposed to that of the agriculturboats, and the establishment of mammoth ist. Out of this state of affairs arose what

was called the '"granger movement," in which the Patrons of Husbandry as such did not take part, and for which the Order in fire insurance and in buying supplies in is not to be held responsible or given credit. quantities from first hands, particularly by The declaration of principles by the NaState Granges in Texas. Xew York, New tional Grange repeatedly announced that Jersey, and New England. The Order, like the organization was not an enemy of the Scottish Kite Freemasonry, is governed from railroads, and whei'e, in a few instances, inthe top, the National Grange, as stated, dividual granges took part in political movehaving been the first body organized. The ments looking to the coercion of railway use of the word " Granger," as synonymous companies, establishing rates of transportawith '"countryman" (see Standard Dic- tion, etc., they were disci])lined for it and tionary), is the outgrowth of indiscrimi- their action disavowed by the Order. This nate reference to farmers as grangers by the was the period in which the " granger movenewspaper press between 1873 and 1880. ment"* resulted in " granger legislation " At that period ''the farmer was,'' as the and granger cases which attracted the "Nation" said, ''the spoiled child of poli- attention of the entire country aiul sent the tics," and the most conspicuous farmers' average i)olitician scurrying to the beck and organization was the Order of Patrons of * For an outline of the "granger movement" Husbandry, the governing body of which anil its results see papers by Charles W. Pierson in was called the National Grange. State or- the Popular Science Monthly for December, 1887, ganizations were controlled bv State Granires, and January, 1888.
all

"buying and selling agencies,

of Avhich

proved conspicuous failures. But suj3cessful efforts have been made at cooperation

398
call of

OKDER OF PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY
a farmer constituency.

lates that:

County Granges are established Pomona degree, which have education charge of the and business intermerchants and doctors, lawyers, days In those They are composed of discovered in themselves a marvelous interest in ests of the Order. As a Masters and Past Masters of subordinate agricultural pursuits and joined the grange. granger remarked, they were interested in agricul- granges their wives, who are Matrons, and
Pierson reDistrict or

in the fifth, or

;

ture as the

hawk

is

interested in

the

sparrow.

Two

one, the "

granges were organized in New York city Manhattan," on Broadway, with a mem;

other fourth degree

members who may be recState

ommended by

subordinate granges.

bership
of as

of

forty-five

wholesale
etc.,

dealers,

sewing-

machine manufacturers,

representing a capital
acts

—

Granges confer the fifth, or Pomona degree and consist of Masters and that of Faith

—

many

millions; the other, the "Knickerfirst official

Past Masters of subordinate granges
wives,

;

their

was to present the National Grange with a handsome copy of the A Scriptures a gift causing some embarrassment. similar one was organized in Boston, which made great trouble before it could be expelled, and one was founded in Jersey City, with a general of the army as its master, a stone mason as secretary, and the owner of a grain elevator as its chaplain.
bocker, '' one of whose

—

who are Matrons, and fourth degree members who shall be elected representaState Granges may also confer the tives. that of Hope on sixUi, or Flora degree members who have attained the degree of Pomona. The National Grange works in

—

—

the sixth degree, and

is

The growth

of

"the Grange"

in 1873,

and Past Masters
wives

of State

composed of Masters Granges and their
the

1874, and 1875, as already indicated, was

who have taken

Pomona degree

unprecedented, extending to every State in
the

and the members of the Executive Commit-

Union except Ehode Island. Although tee of the National Grange. The seventh numbered about 880,000 members, yet degree, Ceres or that of Charity is conas an organization it kept out of politics. ferred in the National Grange, and carries Many of its members, as representatives with it honorary membership in that body. of the thousands of farmers' clubs which This degree " has charge of the secret work
it

—

—

dotted the West, were, no doubt, active in
the fight against the railroads and news-

of the Order,"

and

is

the court of impeach-

ment of officers of the National Grange. papers, seeing only one great national or- " The ancients worshipped Ceres, the godganization of farmers, naturally insisted on dess of agriculture," says the Grange mancalling the uprising a " granger movement;" ual, "but we, in a more enlightened age, the anti-railway laws, ''granger legisla- give her the honored position, ... to show The seventh, or tion," and legal appeals on questions of our respect for women."
constitutionality of

some of the

laws,

" granit

highest degree, represents the Ceres of today, the mother surrounded by her family

ger cases."

From

this state of

affairs

was but a step for the casual chronicler to classify all Western farmers as "grangers," and the word, with that meaning, has thus secured a place in the language from which it is not likely to be dislodged. The ritual of the Order is of an elaborate and impressive character. Four degrees

on a modern farm in contrast with the anThe mysteries performed in cient goddess. the ancient temple erected in honor of Ceres are confronted in this degree with the work and civilizing influences of modern farming implements, railroads, telegraphs, telephones, factories, churches, grange halls, are conferred in subordinate granges. and schoolhouses. Typifying the products In the first the man and woman noviti- of the farm, Pomona, Flora, and Ceres find The princiates typify, respectively. Labor and Maid; prominent places in the ritual. in the second. Cultivator and Shepherd- pal emblem, the sheaf of wheat, is described ess; in the third, Harvester and Gleaner, and as " many grains to each ear and all the ears in the fourth. Husbandman and Matron. united in one sheaf by a common band;"

)

SWITCHMEN'S UNION OF NORTH AMERICA
this, typical of the
exiilaiiatioii.

399

Order

itself,

requires
is

no
a

In 1800

it

favored international bimetallism,

1'he seal of the society

protection against imported farm produce

heptagon containing the names of the seven founders, a wreath of myrtle, and a monogram made of the letters K and 0, said to be -' familiar to all " who have received the
degree of Ceres.
degree
enth,
galia
is

and stock, encouragement of the sugar industry, more stringent laws against hog butter and all adulterations, and retaliation
against nations that unjustly discriminate

The

color of the fourth

against American meats and other produce.

blue; of the fifth,

of the sixth,

Pomona, green; Flora, pink, and of the sevcorn-color.

— One among

Ceres,

Among

the re-

and emblems of the Order are found the pouch and sash and the spade, pruning hook and shepherd's crook. In an address a few years ago at Kochester, Vt., the Grand Lecturer of the Order declared that twelve years previously farmers, as a rule, had comparatively little knowledge of the great economic questions involving immigration, transportation, finance, and the tariff, and that it had been by discussion and study of the problems that the Order had been able to act with wisdom in their settlement; and, he added, it is through the direct influence of the Grange that the farmer has been invading legislative halls to grapple with questions of pure food, good roads, education, cooperation, and corporate fran-

Provisi<mal Order, Knights of Labor. live secessions from the Order of the Knights of Labor. It is stated that surviving members of " the International "
were prominent in instigating this schism. It Avas organized in 1887, but soon disappeared. (See Order of Knights of Labor.) Sovereigns of Industry. Extinct. (See Patrons of Industry.)

—

—

S^tclimen's Mutual Aid Association. ^^A secret society among switchmen at the
centres, organized

more important railway

in 188G, three years after the founding of

the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen.

It

paid death as well as sick and disability benefits,

and was quite successful until July, when it was discovered that the chief fiduciary officer of the society was short in his accounts to a large amount. The immediate effect of this was to disband the Association. Three months later it was rechise. Patrons of Industry. Organized by the vived as the Switchmen's Union of North (Seethe Rev. F. AV. Vertican, D. AV. Campbell, America formed at Kansas City. F. II. Krause, and others, at Port Huron, latter. Switclinien's Union of Xorth Amer!Mich., in the spring of 1885, as a secret, Successor to the Switchmen's ^Mutual social, and educational organization for men ica. and women. It draws its membership Aid Association, which was organized in largely from the agricultural community, 1880, and went to pieces in July, 1894. and though dormant in many States, is alive The latter was a secret, mutual assessment, in Michigan and in Canada, with a total beneficiary trades union. The immediate membership of about 50,000. At one time cause of its dissolution is said to have been it had quite a vogue, but, having fallen into a shortage in the accounts of the Grand Secthe hands of office-seekers and others, its retary and Treasurer. Three months later usefulness was restricted. It is largely in- the Switchmen's Union of North America terested to-day in discussing economic ques- was organized by D. D. Sweeny of Jersey tions and practically in experimenting with City, who became Grand ^faster; John cooperation, in which respect it parallels in Dougherty, Kansas City, who was made some ways the active work of the Patrons Grand Secretary and Treasurer ; M. K. of Husbandry, with which, however, it has Conlin. Kansas City, and others. It pays no no conTiection. The headquarters of the death benefits. Lodges have the option of organization remain where it was founded. arranging to pay sick and disability benefits
1894,

—

—

iOO

THE BROTHERHOOD

Founders of the Switchmen's Union were members of the Knights of Pythias, Ancient Order of United Workmen, and the Order of United Friends, but there is no resemblance between it and any of the latter. The total membership is about 5,000. No particular
or not, as they choose.

"and ex-delegate"
iron-clad

present to

take

"an

point

is

made

as to ritual or ceremonies, the

object of the organization being to encour-

age benevolence, hope, and protection and to famish a means of cooperation and mutual assistance.

oath" that "from that time forth " he would not belong to any body which sought to control the legislation of the Union, and that he would use all his power to break up any such league. All the delegates and ex-delegates present took that oath and then enacted the requirement into a law applying to members of the Union. The Brotherhood, or the " AVanetas," is, like the Triangle Club, composed of Knights of
Labor, in that
it is

The Switchmen

first

or-

a secret society within
it

ganized in secret assembly in 1886, three years after the formation of the Brotherhood
of Eailway

another organization; but

difPers i n that its

Trainmen. (See Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, the American Eailway Union, and the Switchmen's Mutual Aid Association.) The Brotherliood. The title applied

found in all parts of the country, that it draws its members from a non-secret society, and that it is not known
are or have been
to be established to dictate the policy of an-

members

other society.

On

the contrary,

it

is

pre-

—

sumed
secret

to be a purely charitable

by members of the non-secret International Typographical Union to the secret organization, or "brotherhood," composed exclusively of members of the Typographical Union. The Brotherhood is a fraternity of compositors, a secret trades union modelled after the fraternity of Freemasons, designed to relieve brethren in sickness and distress, and provide work for those in need of it.
Particulars concerning
it

members of making themselves known The National Typographical to each other. Union dates back to 1850, but permanent
ficiary organization,

and benewhich have

methods

of

organization was effected at Cincinnati in
1852.

national Typographical
lished in the Canadian

The name was changed to InterUnion at Albany,

are difficult to ob-

kept more or by members. The fact that members are drawn from the International Tyjwgraphical Union has, from time to time,
tain, as its very existence is
less secret

excited
latter,

the jealousy or opposition of the
to a fear that the secret society to control its offices

owing

might seek
its policy.

and shape

N. Y., in 1869, Unions having been estabDominion and the The Brotherhood of Hawaiian Islands. Locomotive Engineers, the Order of Railw^ay Conductors, the Ancient Order of L'nited Workmen, the Knights of Pythias, "the International," and the Knights of Labor were all founded during or within a few years following the Civil War, and it was this, doubtless, which suggested to
the desirability of a secret

few years ago it Avas reported Union printers that the Brotherhood was dead, but it was brotherhood of The rise evidently only dormant, for at a meeting of craft. the International Typographical Union at secret societies

A

chosen members of their
of scores of

mutual benefit and the opposition of the Colorado Springs, Colo., in 189G, a New majority of Union comjoositors have united York city delegate declared that "he had to check the growth and activity of the positive proof" that there was in existence Brotherhood in late years. " The International." The popular in the Union a secret body known as the " Wanetas," which was " the old Brother- name given the International Workingraen's This announcement was Association, a secret and ultimately socialistic hood revived." much importance that a reso- society of workingmen, Avhich had branches deemed of so requiring adopted every delegate throughout Europe and in the United States. was lution

—

THE "WANETAS
It
is

401

practically extinct.

(See International

Workingmen's

Association.)

Tlie Triangle.
character,

— Sometimes called Trian-

of attempted destruction we find some of the best and truest friends of our Order."

gle Club, a society of an exceptionally secret

angle

The most conspicuous member of the 'J'riis Daniel De Leon, editor of " The

made ui> of Englisli-speaking People," New York, a West Indian of members of the Socialistic Labor party in French extraction, a man of thorough eduNew York city, who are also members of cation and culture, who felt compelled to
the Order of Knights of Labor and of the
resign the position of lecturer on interna-

Labor Federation in New York. The Club is probably more than fifteen years old, but facts concerning it are difficult to obtain, owing to the absolute secrecy with which members surround it. It is not even known that any of the names given, proj^erly
Central
apjilies to the society, as

discuss such an organization with
bers,

much
it

less its

members refuse to non-memname. The anti-socialis-

Columbia College because of on socialism. He is said to be a radical among socialists and is credited with using the Triangle Club and labor union machinery to swing the Knights of Labor and other organizations over to the Socialistic Labor party. Gi-and ]\Iaster Workman Sovereign of the Knights of Labor is more
tional law at
his views
socialistic in his

views than his predecessor
fact

tic section of

the Knights of Labor char''a small cabal of socialists

in office,

and that

may

or
is

may not

be

acterize

as
its

behind the intimation that
angle's

it

to the Tri-

influence among the Knights of Labor that the latter organization has shown ples of socialism as set forth by the Socialis- a tendency to revert to its position when Its policy is that outlined Stej)hens was Grand tic Labor party. Master Worknmn. by Karl Marx, modified by the destructive This would mean a partial reversal of the tendencies of the Mazzini school of socialism publicity and anti-socialism which marked A prominent official of the the administration of Powderly. One of or anarchism." Order of Knights of Labor writes that " the De Leon's most conspicuous Triangle assoClub has no connection whatever with the ciates is Lucien Saniel, who was the SocialOrder, and is not recognized by it in any istic Labor candidate for mayor of New way." The same official, in a recent Gen- York a few years ago. (See Order of eral Assembly of the Knights of Labor at Knights of Labor.) Rochester, X. Y., was quoted as follows: The Universal Republic, or the United " Since we met a year ago your general States ofthe Karth. A veritable altruria, officers have had to contend against attacks projected by Iowa enthusiasts in 189G. It of the most villainous character" for proposed to establish a universal brother" refusing ,to allow a small clique of men hood, where love, truth, and purity should

having for

object the subordination of

labor organizations generally to the princi-

—

.

.

.

who

are familiarly

known

as the

New York
of the

prevail to the utter exclusion of ignorance,

Triangle Club

...

to get control

want, and crime.

machinery of the Knights of Labor for the
dissemination of their doctrines."

But

his

Tlie AVanetas. One of the names by which the secret society of compositors,
the International Typograjihical
(See

—

most
those

significant

remark was that
this
*

"among members of
work
Union,
is

who assisted
36

cabal

'

in their

known.

The Brotherhood.)

402

CADETS OF TEMPERANCE

XI

TOTAL ABSTIT^E^CE
Cadets
of

FRATEEISTITIES
Royal Virtue,
teaching

Temperance.

— Juvenile

of

duty to Gody

branch of the beneficiary, secret society, the Sons of
(See the latter.)

total abstinence

is still

referred to with admiration and re-

Temperance.

spect.
split in

Within a year, in 1852, there was a
the ranks, and the Independent Or-

Daughters of Temperance.
secret
society,

—AVomen's

auxiliary to the beneficiary, total abstinence

the Sons of

Temperance.

Good Templars made its appearance. This condition of affairs continued for several months, when a Grand Lodge of the
der of

(See the latter.)

Independent Order of Good Templars for

Knights of Rechab of the State of New York having been formed, North America. An American branch of both factions came together there. (See the English Independent Order of Recha- Independent Order of Good Templars.) Independent Order of Good Samaribites, Salford Unity, not known to be now tans and Daughters of Samaria. OrIndependent Or(See in active existence.

Encamped

—

—

der of Eechabites.)

ganized by the Grand Lodge of the former
at Utica,

Good Templars. — Organized

Grand United Order

of

Good Samaritans

at

N. Y., in 1851, as a total abstinence, secret society, to which men and women were eligible, by the action of L. E. Coon, Rev. J. E. N. Backus, and William B. Hudson, reorganization committee from the Knights of Jericho, a similar society admitting men The Good Templars was, in fact, the only. Knights of Jericho, changed and renamed. The latter was organized at Utica by Daniel Cady, of Lansingburg, N. Y., in 1850, and passed its candidates through three degrees which they were not supposed ever to forget. Cady was a prominent member of the Sons of Temperance, membership in which at that time was confined to men. The Good Templars started with one degree, the Red Cross, dressed up undoubtedly from some of the spurious degree rituals by that name which have done duty in various secret societies during the past hundred But this did not meet the needs of years. the time, and the new ritual by Rev. D. W. Bristol, assisted by M. R. Barnard and C. S. Miles, in which were presented the degree of the Heart, teaching duty to self, the degree of Charity, and the degree

September 14, IS-!?, a temperance, benevolent, and beneficial society for colored men and women. The Independent Order of Good Samaritans (white) was organized by Isaac Covert, M.D., C. B. Hulsart, R. D. Heartt, and a few others at
city,

New York

New York
in the

city,

March

9,

1847, a true de-

scendant of the Sons of Temj^erance, to aid

work

of

rescuing people from

the

temptation to use strong drink.

On

Sep-

tember
at

14, 1847, a

Grand Lodge was formed

New York city by representatives of three lodges at New York, one at Bridgeport,
Conn., and one at Newark, N. J. On December 9, 1847, the first lodge of Daughters of Samaria was organized, also at New York, an auxiliary order for women. At the first meeting of the Grand Lodge, September 14, 1847, a charter was granted to I. W. B. Smith and others to institute a lodge The Independent of colored members. Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria, therefore, dates its birth from a period six months later than the organization of the former Grand United Order. It exists to this day and claims to have initiated

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF GOOD TEMPLARS

403
It is educational as well

FAMILY TREE OF TOTAL ABSTINENCE
SOCIETIES.
Independent
OUDEIt OF
REC'HABITES, organized l)V
Britisli

400,000 members.
ciary
features,

Odd

Fellows and
Foresters.

Sons op
TEMI'ErtANCB, organ iz(Ml by Ainericau

1—1835

and has benefipayment of death, sick, disability, old age, and annuity benefits. Its lodges are found in nearly all States of the Union and in England. Its
as benevolent in its objects

including

the

emblem
and
[In England.]
-1842

is

the triangle, enclosing the dove

Freemasons and others.
1842[In U. S.]

olive

branch,

with
its

the

words Love,

Purity, and Truth on

three sides, and
of the

1845-

Templars of Honor and Temperance.
Independent Order of Good Samaritans

symbolizes
-1845

perfection,

equality,

Trinity.

The headquarters
1).

and the Order

are at Washington,

C.

1847-1
1850 1851-] 1852

IiidepeiKlent
plar.s.*

Independent Order of (Jood Templars

of

Royal Teraplare Temperance.
-1870

society which stands for and no license. It had its conception in the minds of a few printer boys in the city of Utica, N. Y., during the winter of 1850-51. It sprang directly from the Knights of Jericho, an outgrowth of the Cadets of Temperance, a boys' temperance organization under the patronage of the Sons of Temperance. Utica Section, No. 85, Cadets of Temperance, was composed entirely of boys and young men between the ages of twelve and eighteen, and at one time was presided over by Thomas L. James, now president of the Lincoln National Bank, New York, former Postmaster-General of the United States. About 1849 some of the older boys thought they would like to have a society of their
total abstinence

— A secret

Order of Good Tein-

own

;

that they could exert a greater influ-

ence for temperance in an

organization

were not admitted. Early in 1850 Daniel Cady of Lansingburg, N. Y., founder of the Cadets of Temperance, came to Utica and instituted the
little

where

fellows

Knights and Ladies of the Golden Star.
1884

Knights of Jericho, a new order, from which sprang the Good Templars, Central City Temple, No. 1, of Utica, being largely composed of the older members of The Knights the Cadets of Temperance. of Jericho, like the Sons of Temjierance It at that time, did not admit women. had three " very mysterious and frightful degrees," and as "it was thought" the
* Drafted

by Rev.

J.

E. N. Backus.

404

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF GOOD TEMPLARS

Otsego, Chenango, and Delaware counties. an "organizing Coon, soon after, left the Order, and with committee" was appointed by Central City the organization of the Grand Lodge the Temple, with power, consisting of Leverett feud died out and all Templar lodges went From this small E. Coon, James E. N. Backus, and William to work harmoniously. B. Hudson, who visited Oriskany Falls beginning the growth of the Order has Temple, No. 2, eighteen miles south of been truly wonderful. With remarkable Utica, to see if some change could not be rapidity the Independent Order of Good agreed upon. Coon and Hudson died years Templars spread into every State and terago, leaving the only surviving member of ritory of the United States, and into the For seventeen years the '' organizing committee," 1897, the provinces of Canada. Rev. J. E. N". Backus, who has been called it was confined to North America, but in the *' father of the Order of Good Tem- 1868 it appeared in England, and a few plars." As a result of the visit to Oriskany years later in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Falls, a resolution was adopted changing It continued to spread until it was found the name of the Knights of Jericho to in France, Switzerland, in Asia, Africa, Good Templars. The first Good Templar Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania and paper, " The Crystal Font," was soon issued other Pacific Islands, and in nearly every from the office of Thomas L. James, who civilized nation on the globe. With 600,at that time was publishing a Whig paper 000 members, it is to-day probably the Men and women of strongest organized foe to the legalized at Hamilton, N. Y. In the United States the influence soon began to join the order, liquor traffic. and Rev. D. W. Bristol, D.D., then pre- membership of the Order is about 350,000, siding elder in the Utica District, set him- of which 55,000 are juveniles. The The Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North self at work to prepare a new ritual. number of lodges having increased to America was organized in May, 1855, at thirteen, it was thought advisable to call Cleveland, 0., by representatives of the a convention of representatives from the Grand Lodges of New York, Pennsylvania, various lodges to mature plans for future Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, IlliThe worki_ This convention was held at Utica nois, Missouri, Iowa, and Canada. have warm discussion is list those who prewhere took following a of in 1851, a place between the Rev. Wesley Bailey, sided over the Supreme or Right Worthy editor of the Utica " Teetotaller," and L. Grand Lodge of North America during the E. Coon, which resulted in a disagreement past forty years Rev. James M. Moore, and bitter feeling. Coon went to the vil- Kentucky, 1855-50 Smith, S. Merwin lage of Fayetteville, seven miles from Syra- Pennsylvania, 1856-57; Orlo W. Strong, cuse, and organized Excelsior Lodge, No. Illinois, 1857-58; Hon. S. B. Chase, Pennsylvania, 1858-63 Hon. S. D. Hastings, 1, of the Independent Order of Good Templa'rs. Two other similar lodges were or- Wisconsin, 1863-68; J. H. Orne, Masganized in Onondaga County, so that, for a sachusetts, 1868-71 Rev. John Russell, few months, there were two divisions of Michigan, 1871-73 Hon. S. D. Hastings, the Order. On August 17, 1852, a Grand Wisconsin, 1873-74 Colonel J. J. HickLodge of the Independent Ordel- of Good man, Kentucky, 1874-76 Colonel TheoTemplars of the State of New York was dore D. Kanouse, Wisconsin, 1876-78; organized at Syracuse, with which both Colonel J. J. Hickman, Kentucky, 1878branches were apparently satisfied. In the 1881; George B. Katzenstein, California, meantime several new lodges of Good Tem- 1881-84; John B. Finch, Illinois, 1884-87 plars had sprung up in Oneida, Tompkins, William W. Turnbull, Scotland, 1887-92

admission of

women would increase the pow-

er of the order for good,

:

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

—
INDEPENDENT ORDER OF RECHABITES IN NORTH AMERICA
Dr. Oronhyatekha,

405

Dr. D. H. Mann,

New

Canada, 1892-93, and York.

Lodge

is

in

Brooklyn, N. Y., and the ad-

dresses of the officers of the International

At the session of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge held at Louisville, Ky., in 1876, there was a difference of opinion as to the admission of negroes into the Order, and representatives from Great Britain, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, with two from Indiana and one each from Ohio and Iowa, witiidrew, met in another room, and organized what they claimed was the Eight Worthy Grand Lodge of the World. The schism, however, was confined mainly to the continent of Europe, although a few lodges in Canada, the United States, Asia, Africa, and Australasia joined in the movement. The following were the presiding
officers of
:

organization range from Brooklyn to Bir-

mingham, England; Dumfries, Scotland;
Sacramento, Cal.; Toronto, Out.; Beaufort, Wrexham, Wales; Calcutta, India; ; and back to Jacksonville, Fla. This is the
Africa
only international American secret society

which sup])lements the usual mode of government through local. State, and national
lodges, councils, or the like, with an Inter-

national Lodge.

this

IiKlcpeiidcnt Order of Rcehabitcs. offshoot from the English Independent Order of Rcehabitcs, founded at Salford, in 1835 introduced into the United States in 1842. It is among the

An American

;

body, with their terms of service

Rev.

James Yeames, England, 187G-77
William
Ross,

;

Rev.

pioneer sick benefit, total abstinence, secret societies, but has a small membership. (See

1877-79; Rev. Joseph Malins, England, 1880-85, and Rev. W. G. Lane, Nova Scotia, 1885-87. The two organizations worked separately for ten years, •when, at the Saratoga session of Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America, in 1887, they united and have worked harmoniously ever since. A system of temperance training and study was projected by the International
Scotland, G. Gladstone, Scotland, 1879-80
;

Independent Order of Rcehabitcs, Salford
Unity.)

liidepeiident Order of Recliabites in North America. Introduced into tlie

—

United States from England, at New York, in 1842. The American work was written by Father John Quick of New York. The headquarters in this country are at the office of the High Secretary in Washington, D. C. The parent fraternity was established at Salford, in 1835, as a temperance society.

Supreme Lodge

in

1888, to cover a period
basis of
forty-five

From humble beginnings
land.

this oldest prohi-

of three years, on the

bition order has extended throughout

Engthe

minutes' reading daily for nine mouths of the Its object is to acquaint members year.
with the principles underlying the temper-

Scotland,
British

Ireland,
Islands,

Wales, and
aiid
is

smaller

working

North America in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio. Virto discuss it from historical, scientific, and ginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Wisconsin, religious points of view. The emblem of Michigan, and British Columbia ; in the the International Suju'eme Lodge contains Australian Colonies, in Victoria. New South a globe representing the earth, inscribed Wales, South Australia, Qui-ensland. Westwith the words, " our field," which is within ern Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand ; a circle divided into zones in which are while in Africa it exists in Natal, Cape the words, ''International Supreme Lodge," Colony, Naniaqualand, Orange Free State, and '' Faith, Hope, and Charity." Pen- and the Gold Coast. Branches have also dent from the centre is a standard contain- been established in the Bahamas, Jamaica, ing a cross, and above are the All-seeing Tolajo, Trinidad, Bermuda, Denmark, and Eye and a heart and anchor. The office of Malta. In the United States the usual
successfully in

ance reform movement so as to enable them

the executive of the International Su])rcme

rate of sick benefit

is

four dollars weeklv.

406

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF RECHABITES, SALFORD UNITY
neither they nor their sons forever
tion has
;

The funenil benefit is 1100.. Primary Tents are composed of white male persons between the ages of sixteen and fifty-five
years,

and the injunc-

At various been obeyed to this day. periods in modern liistory have travelers come upon the lineal descendants of these Rechabites of

wlio believe in the existence and old, in Spain, in the districts visited by Dr. WolU, omnipotence of God, and are willing to sign and in the neighborhood of the Dead Sea, still adherPersons over ing faithfully to their total abstinence principles. a pledge of total abstinence. Fe- Other orders may claim the questionable honor of bemembers. honorary ao^e may become ing founded by extremely mythical personages, but white women of composed are male Tents the Independent Order of Rechabites, if it cannot twelve years of age and upwards, and there prove an uninterrupted kind of apostolic succession are junior branches for boys from twelve from Rechab, can show that it has at least a continuto sixteen years, and Juvenile Tents for ity of purpose and a similarity of aim that effectually The promchildren of both sexes between the ages of connect it with the Rechabites of old. ise of the Prophet Jeremiah that for their faithfulEach branch has a five and sixteen years. ness in adhering to the command of their forespecial service and each branch is reprefathers they should not want a man of the house of

sented in the higher body.
is

The

initiation

Rechab

to stand before the

solemn and impressive, and leaves upon

literally fulfilled.

There

is

Lord forever has been no break in the chain,

the

mind

of the initiate lessons not likely

to be forgotten.

The first

degree, or

Knight

Temperance, fully exemplifies that prinThe ciple and is a key to the remainder.
of

and for nearly 3,000 years a living testimony of The total abstinence has been upheld on the earth. English Rechabites are not lineally descended from
these ancient Eastern teetotalers.

The present Or-

second degree, or Knight of Fortitude,
trates the virtues of fortitude

illus-

and prudence

der sprang from the desire of a few total abstainers living in Salford in 1835 to found a benefit Such a thing had society on teetotal principles.

in a

manner to impress those principles upon the mind and conscience, while the
sublime lessons of the third, or Covenanted

Knight
fect

of Justice degree,

is

a fitting com-

never been heard of before. The affiliations and societies that were then in existence had leaned for support on the landlords, much to the advantage of the latter. Clubs in public houses were the rule, and those who differed from the upholders of the

and per- drinking that necessarily went on were denounced membership in the as selfish curmudgeons and enemies to social enjoyUnited States is about 4,000 and through- ment. It was on August 25, 1835, therefore, out the world about 220,000, of which 5,000 that the first teetotal benefit secret society and adults 140,000 members, are honorary founded at Salford, and called Tent was Order Independent (See juveniles. 75,000
pletion of a wonderously beautiful

whole.

Total

of Eechabites, Salford Unity.)

Ebenezer, No.

1,

the

title of

'^

tents" being
still

Independent Order of Reclialbites, Salford Unity. The forerunner, if not the parent, of practically all modern bene-

given, instead of
abites, for the

lodges, to

further

—

associate the society with the ancient Eech-

commands

of

Jonadab were

ficiary,

temperance, or total abstinence
;

se-

cret societies

founded

at

Salford,

Eng-

land, in 1835.
articles

The compiler

of a series of

not only to abstain from wine, but " all your days ye shall dwell in tents." The early career of the new Order was
all

from the Leed's " Express,'' in a not
published at Leeds about fifteen
:

smooth

sailing,
it

short history of the chief affiliated friendly
societies,

teen years after

years ago, states

7,000 members. land as a friendly society shortly after, In 1869 since which time it has prospered.
it

and by 1854, ninewas founded, it had only It was registered in Eng-

If any order in the world has a claim to call itself an Ancient Order it is that of the Rechabites. As we learn from the Scriptures, a command was laid over 2,700 years ago upon the sons of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, that they shovdd drink no wine,

numbered 13,884 members,

of

which

5,013 were in other countries, and by 1879
its total

10,000

membership was 33,000, of which members were in Australia, the

INDEPENDEN'T ORDER OF RECHABITES, SALFORD UNITY
Canadian

407

Dominion, Newfoundland, the they claim to be a lower death rate over a West Indies, South Africa, and " else- period of years and a snuiller total number where abroad." The Order is made up of of days' illness of members than may be male adult tents, female adult tents, and found in like organizations in a given numjuvenile tents, most of the English tents

ber of years, their object being to prove
that abstainers as a body ar^ healtiiier than
non-abstainers.

being self-governing and having care of their own funds for the payment of sick

In order to show this they

and other benefits. Every member of the Order signs a pledge to " abstain from all
intoxicating liquors except tn religious or-

contrast the records of the average annual

number member

of days' and hours' illness of each
of the

Independent Order of Rech-

dinances, or
ness which

when

prescribed by a legally

abites in the Bradford District during the

qualified medical practitioner during sick-

years 1870 to 1877 inclusive,

amounting

to

renders one incapable of
. .
.

fol-

four days and two

hours,

with a corre-

also sponding exhibit from the records of the lowing any employment, that he (or she) will not give or offer them Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows in Bradto another, nor engage in the traffic of ford District, in the same years, tiie latter them, but in all possible ways will dis- amounting to thirteen days and ten hours. countenance the use, manufacture, and sale A like comparison as to the annual death of them, and to the utmost of my power rate in the two orders showed that only one I will endeavor to spread the principles of in every 141 of the Bradford District Rechabstinence from all intoxicating liquors." abites died, while among the Odd Fellows in The Order is governed in England by a that District the rate was one in forty-four. Movable Committee, which form is plainly But as the average age of the Manchester borrowed from English Odd Fellowship. Unity was given at forty years, and that of This committee meets at different towns the Rechabites at thirty years, and as there once in two years. Executive power is were no means of determining what provested in a board of directors elected by portion of the Bradford Odd Fellows were the Movable Committee, which meets quar- abstainers, partial abstainers, or greatly adThe sub-divi- dicted to drink, the compilations and comterly to transact business.

and tents follow closely form of government of leading Orders of Odd Fellows and ForestThe range of benefits given by the ers. Rechabites is about the same as in other orders, but the method of subscribing for
sions into districts
after the general

parisons leave

much

to be desired.

The
a

Rechabites, like other sick benefit orders,

has

its

ritual

and ceremonies,

which

"zealous neophyte" has described as fol" Its simplicity yet impressiveness lows
:

them

is

different.

Members subscribed

for

to six shares in the sick, and from one to four each in the funeral benefits. One share in the sick fund called for Id. a week, and paid 2.s'. (Sd. a week during the illness of the holder, and one share in the funeral fund was valued at £5, and cost bd. per quarter. This system has been modified by the adoption of the more equitable system of contributions graduated according to age, similar to the system now in use The in most other beneficiary societies. Rechabites have made a point of what

from one

was to me really beautiful in fact, when compared with the modes of initiation adopted in other orders that I have for some years been familiar with, viz. the
;
:

Foresters,

Odd

Fellows, etc.,

it

certainly

stands unrivalled." the Order

English accounts of
themselves with the

content

statement that

it has been extended to America, where there are two flourishing Orders, the National Order of Independent Rechabites and the Encamped Knights of Rechab of North America.

No

records are obtained of the latter in the
States, but the

United

Independent Order,

408

KNIGHTS OF JERICHO
nal
benefit
society,

which was introduced into this country
in

1842,

has not

flourished

greatly,

its

from which, on satisfactory evidence

with a benefit fund, of the

total

membership not exceeding 4,000. death or total disability of a beneficiary The headquarters of the American branch member, a sum not exceeding $5,000
the

of

Order are

at

"Washington,

D. 0.

should be paid to the family, orphans, de-

The Order has an organization in nine pendents, or persons having an insurable The total membership of the vari- interest in his life. The Supreme CounStates.
ous Orders of Rechabites in about 220,000. Kuiglits of Jericlio.
all

countries

is

cil,

or law-making body of the order,

was

—A

total

absti-

nence secret society,

founded at Utica, N. Y., by Daniel Cady of Lansingburg, N. Y., in 1850, who organized, the juvenile branch of the Sons of Temperance, known as the Cadets of Temperance. Within a year the Knights of Jericho was reorganized as the Good Templars, and a year later a dissatisfied brother organized a rival society with the title Independent Order of Good Templars, which united with the Good Templars in 1852 under the name Independent Order of Good Templars. The latter is the largest and most successful secret society in the world the members of which are pledged to total abstinence. (See Independent Order of Good Templars.) Marshall Temperance Fraternity. One of the earlier names of the Templars of Honor and Temperance. (See the latter; also Sons of Temperance.) Marshall Temple of Honor, Xo. 1, Sons of Temperance. A title of the Templars of Honor and Temperance, while temporarily subordinate to the Sons of Temperance. (See Templars of Honor, etc.; also Sons of Temperance.) Royal Templars of Temperance, The.— Organized in 1870 at Buffalo, N. Y., as the result of an effort to close the saloons on Sunday. Its founder, Cyrus K. Porter, had for many years been actively identified with the Freemasons, Odd Fellows, and Sons of Temperance, and so acquired the experience necessary to frame a ritual for an organization which should be educational and uplifting in its character. An active interest was taken in the movement, which subsequently became a secret frater-

organized at Buffalo, February 16, 1870. During its earlier years the order endeavored to unite all to labor morally,
socially,

and religiously for the promotion,
cause of temperance, and in this

of the

regard maintained a local organization and confined its efforts to purely local work.

—

—

At a meeting of the Supi-eme Council, January 15, 1877, a revised constitution, including the benefit system, was adopted, and the society reorganized. From the date of its reorganization its growth was marked, and has kept pace with the everwidening influence of the fraternal system. The formation of the order, while undoubtedly inspired by, was not the result of any disruption of other temperance orders. It came into the fraternal world with a special work to perform, and claims to be "the only strictly total abstinence order that has successfully combined its temperance principles with its beneficiary work." During twenty years the stream of benefits, which appeared small at its beginning, has
steadily increased, until over 15,000,000 has been disbursed in the United States and Canada. Its membership is composed of both men and women, who enjoy equal

rights

and

vested in a
biennially,

Its government is Supreme Council, which meets composed of the incorjaorators

privileges.

and officers and representatives from Grand Councils. Grand Councils are formed in any State or territory where a sufficient number of Select Councils have been organized, and when so formed have
of the order

jurisdiction in

its

State

or territory, exSelect

cept in the beneficiary department.
bodies
of

Councils are the subordinate or working
the members.

An

influential

)

SONS OF TEMPERANCE
branch exists in tlie Dominion of Canada, which has a separate beneficiary jurisdiction. A union has been formed with the Swedish American branch of the Templars of Temperance, and the beneficiary department is managed as one in tlieUnited States. An emergency or reserve fund is a feature in both the United States and Canada. Tlie strength of the order in tlie United States and Canada, and in the Scandinavian branch, exceeds 20,000 members in the beneficiary department and al)out The number of 30,000 social members. Grand Councils in the United States is The order does seven, and in Canada five. business in twenty-seven States, aims to
furnish insurance at actual cost, and " has no deaths from intemperance." Its plans have been improved by experience, and as
its

409

what might otherwise prove only a spasmodic repentance. The Washingtonian movement, as it was called, had swept the country and was composed nearly altogether of converts from the use of intoxicating liquors who were bound to live up to their j)rofessions of reformation by a simple
to

pledge only.

The

fouiulers of the Sons of

Temperance
zation of a

felt tlie necessity of

fraternal character
it

with beneficiary featui'es, and
''

an organicombined was started,

therefore, ])urely as a philanthropic project,
to reform drunkards and to prevent others from becoming drunkards.'' Many of the local divisions, corresponding to lodges, pay sick and funeral benefits, and there is a
relief

society

established

exclusively for

members
life

of the order,

which includes the

insurance feature of so

many

fraternal

record inspires confidence

its

prospects

organizations.

are bright for continued success.

The order is open alike to men and women, as are its offers of insur-

One of the various ance and relief. Sick and funeral benefits by which the Templars of Honor and are paid by local divisions from quarterly It has been eminently progressive, Temperance was known prior to the organi- dues. zation of the National Temple. (See having gone forth from the United States, Templars of Honor, etc.; also Sons of throughout the North American continent, to the Bahamas, Liberia, Australia, New ZeaTemperance. Sons of Jonadal), A prominent Xew land, England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. England total abstinence, secret society, This fraternity is composed of subordinate. founded at Boston more than half a century Grand, and National Divisions, there being It flourished as late as twenty years four of the latter, one each in North Amerago. It was manifestly ica and the United Kingdom, and two in ago, but is now dormant.
titles

Sons of Honor.

—

—

an imitation of the English secret, total abstinence society, the Independent Order of Rechabites, which was introduced into
this country in 1842.

Australia.

Al)out
of

one-half
is

of

its

total

membership

64,000

in

the United

A

Son

of

Jonadab
Re-

who broke
stated.

his pledge could not be rein-

(See United

Daughters of

It is the parent of the IndepenStates. dent Order of Good Templars, a similar organization, which does not pay pecuniary benefits, and which has far outstripped it

chab.)

in the race

for

membership.

The Sons of Temperance was introduced Sons of Teniperiuice. The Sons of Temperance is the oldest among several into England at Liverpool in 1846 by a Mr. American temperance or total absti- Thomas, an ilnglishman " who had been
nence secret societies. It was formed in to Anu'rica and initiated there, liy 1855 1842 at New York city by sixteen gentle- a National Division was formed in England men, prominently Daniel Sands and John which is independent, although all the W. and Isaac J. Oliver, at a time when a National Divisions recognize each other's great temperance reform movement was members as visitors when furnished witii under way. to attract and give permanence proper credentials. The Sons of Temperance

—

410

TEMPLARS OF HONOR AND TEMPERANCE
are several opportunities permitted for re-

took the lead in England in demonstrating the propriety and practicability of both men and women mingling in secret
society lodges.

At
it

first

there was quite

an outcry against

" Suppose

this

United States. example was followed by
in the

Odd

Fellows, Shepherds, Foresters, Druids,

and the rest,'' wrote one, "^what would become of their secrets then ? " Evidently he was not well informed as to what had been accomplished by the Daughters of Eebekah, the Companions of the Forest, the Daughters of Liberty, and many other secret societies of men and women in the United
States attached to secret societies for
only.

men

In the end, English members of the Sons of Temperance evidently saw the usefulness of organized Daughters of Temperance, whidi is connected with, but is not

governed by, the Sons of Temperance, and provided a general rule that each branch of the order may admit women visitors after they have been obligated in conformity
Ultimately the Daughters of Temj)erauce crossed the Atlantic, and while acknowledging no subjection to the English Sons, " work amicably

pentance and maintenance of membership in good standing. Whether the Sons of Temperance, founded at New York city in 1843, was in whole or in part the outgrowth of a desire to success of the Independent l^arallel the Order of Eechabites, formed at Salford, England, in 1835, is not plain. Yet the fact that the Independent Order of Eechabites was introduced into America in 1842, the year in which the founders of the Sons of Temperance met to formulate their plans, suggests that the English Independent Order of Eechabites is entitled to rank as the inspiration of the Sons of Temperance, which, four years later, in 1846, went over to England and thence half round the world, to renew the triumphs it had won in America. Out of the 64,000 Sons of Temperance in the world about 30,000 -are in the United
States.

The

office

of

the Most

Worthy

with the

visitors'

ritual.

Scribe, as the secretary of the organization
is called, is at South Hampton, N. H. More than 3,000,000 names have been on the roLs of the Sons of Temperance since its organ-

with them."
as
is

In England the beneficiary
the face of the examj)le

ization in 1842.

features of the organization are emphasized,

Templars of Honor and Temperance.
est

natural in

—A fraternal, mutual assessment, bensociety
;

of

so

many

successful

English

affiliated

eficiary, total abstinence

the old-

and most direct descendant of the Sons monial is elaborate, particularly as com- of Temperance, which is the oldest similar pared with that of many of the minor and society of American origin. The latter was some of the more important British secret founded at New York city in 1842, and two beneficiary societies, and its regalia, decora- years later, at the annual session of the naThe Cadets tional, or governing division, in New York, tions, and titles are striking. of Temperance is designed for boys, but a proposition was made to draft three deThe grees based on the society's legend, " Love, is controlled by the Grand Division. the cadet feature Purity, and Fidelity." But the anti-secret English brethren adopted arriving sentiment then j)revailing in various which youths may join. On society also, at sixteen years of age the latter are drafted State Divisions, the outgrowth of the antiinto divisions. A pledge of total abstinence Masonic agitation of 1827-40, was strong from the use, manufacture, or sale of all in- enough to defeat the project. The Sons of toxicating liquors is, of course, a pre-requi- Temperance itself was a secret society, but site to joining either the Sons, Daughters, adhered to extreme simplicity in its cereExpulsion is the penalty of monials. As the members of Marshall Dior Cadets, repeated violation of the pledge, for there vision, No. 11, Sons of Temperance, New
friendly
societies.

The

initiatory

cere-

TEMPLARS OF HONOR A XI) TEMPERANCE

411

York

city,

strongly favored

tlie

introduc-

tion of

degrees into the

order,

together

•at

with signs, as a safeguard against imposition, that
*'

body took

stei)s

on June

2,

1845,

had fourteen subordinate Temples, twelve New York and one each at Philadelphia and Baltimore. The Grand Temple of New York was to act as the bead of the order

without any definite object as to ulterior
organize a strictly total absti-

until the National Division, Sous of

Tem-

results,^' * to

nence association having in view an impressive
its

perance was ready to formally incorporate the new order within itself. The work of
establishing subordinate temples of Sons of

and

practical

ceremony more lasting

in

teachings than the forms gone through

Honor progressed

rapidly, but as the

Na-

Sons of Temperance, in June, 184G, declared it "inexpedient to form a connection between the National all these changes there was no expectation Division and the Temples of Honor," the that the outcome would be a sjilit from the National Tcmi)lo of the Templars of Honor parent society. The newly formed organ- and Tempierance of the United States was ization was practically a society within a organized in Columbian Hall, No. 263 society, and called itself the Marshall Tem- Grand Street, New York city, November perance Fraternity after the division in G, 184G, by representatives of the Grand Avhich it had its birth. In November, 1845, Temples of New York, Pennsylvania, Marythe name of the body was changed to Mar- land, Massachusetts, and Ohio, thus marking shall Temple, No. 1, Sons of Honor, a title the permanent separation of the two socieThe National Temple of Honor manifestly suggested by that of the parent ties. promptly declared itself a total abstinence, society. fraternity and adopted a ceremonial secret made in Efforts were that month to bring
tional Division of the

with by the Sons of Temperance. A plan was also incorporated for extending relief to sick and distressed members, but with

the Sons of
perance,
as

Honor into the Sons of Teman adjunct to the latter, all
the

of three degrees, entitled, respectively, Love,

Purity, and Fidelity, and a ritual

and

re-

being Sons' galia, together with " a traveling pass and The degrees have since been inof Temi^erance, and its name was again key." changed to Marshall Temple of Honor, creased to six by the addition of the degrees No. 1, Sons of Temperance. This was at a of Tried, Approved, and Select Templar, meeting held December 15, 1845, the birth- the last named representing the summit

members

of

new

society

day of the order. Among the first officers, A. D. Wilson, R. T. Trail, and John Murphy It was then are regarded as the founders. arranged that none but Sons of Temperance should be made Sons of Honor, and Marshall Temple of Honor, No. 1, should grant charters for subordinate Temples of the new order within an order until there should be five such, when a Grand, or State, Temple would be formed. But before the

and perfection

of this variety of templarism.

Before the Civil membershi}), but

War
it

the order spread to
it

the South and West, where

had

a large

never completely rallied

from the
war.
It

loss of membership due to the numbered about 7,000 men and

women

at the

close of

1896, residents of

Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Grand Temple of Honor of the State of Louisiana. Texas, Utah, Wyoming, New New York was organized at American Hall, Brunswick, England, and Sweden. The

Grand
city,

Street and Broadway,

New York

on February 21, 1S4G, Marshall Temple
etc..

* Early History of Templars of Honor,
Cincinnati, 1855.

department has not proved a and membershi)) in it is not obligatory. The social department is composed mainly of women, but brethren It is managed are eligible to membership.
beneficiary

marked

success,

412

UNITED ORDER OF THE GOLDEN CROSS

and controlled by women under the guidance of the Inner Temple of the Grand
Temple, and contained, at the close of 1896, about 1,100 women members. Junior Templars of Honor and Temperance meet iii sections. Boys of from
twelve to fifteen years of age are eligible

United Order of the Golden Cross.

—

mutual assessment beneficiary society of men and women total abstainers from the use of alcoholic drinks as a beverage, founded by Dr. J. H. Morgan in New England in
1876, one of the older of this variety of organizations.
It is

A

governed by a Sujareme
its officers

and representwhich have jurisdicIts preliminary training is designed to tion over subordinate Commanderies. tlie The Templars of Honor strength lies in the New England States, prepare them. ritual is based on historical accounts of but Grand Commanderies also exist in New Templar knighthood, with fraternal teach- York, District of Columbia, Tennessee, Its organizers ings drawn from the stories of David and Kentucky, and Indiana. were Freemasons who sought, by a system Jonathan and Damon and Pythias. It is more than a matter of conjecture of graded assessments, to form an economwhether the ritnal and degrees of the Tem- ical and safe method of insuring the lives of
to join,
atives of

and at eighteen years of age may enter the Temple of Honor, for which

body composed of

Grand

bodies,

Honor were suggested, in part, at by printed and other outgivings of the fierce anti-secret society agitation which
plars of
least,

members

for 1500, $1,000, or 2,000.

The

had hardly quieted down when this society of teetotal Templars made its appearance. The names of the three supplementary deAcceptable white men and grees of tlie Templars of Honor suggest organization. Masonic inspiration, and the formation of Avomen between sixteen and fifty-five years Councils of Templars by those attaining of age are eligible to membership, and it the highest or Select Templar degree par- claims to be among the first societies, if not
allels

Order also cares for members when in sickness and distress. Its success is attested by its annual death-rate of only about 9 in 1,000, and its grand total of nearly $4,000,000 paid to beneficiaries since the date of

the relationship of the Chapter to the

lodge in Freemasonry under the American

system or
order, a

rite.
is

Quite significant, as bearthe chief

ing on this,

emblem
it

of

the

temple, and within
star,

the

nine-

pointed

composed

of three interlaced

equilateral triangles.

The government of the order rests in the Supreme Council, which has jurisdiction over Grand Temples and Grand Councils,
the latter being composed of representatives
of

subordinate

temples

and
of

subordinate
the sixth or

councils.

Select

Only members Templar degree are

eligible to

mem-

bership in subordinate councils.
is

order not only unsectarian, but unpolitical, and

The

seeks, in addition to pledging its

members

not to use or

traffic in

intoxicating liquors,

to enforce "prohibition

of the law, maintained
lic

sentiment.''

by the strong arm and upheld by pub(See Sons of Temperance.)

the kind to admit women on the same terms as men. In 1893 there were 20,357 members, and in The emblem of the Order 1897, 28,000. is a Greek cross with the initials of the words United Order, Golden Cross in the arms thereof, and a five-pointed star in the centre, crossed by a monogram formed of The headquarters of the two letters S. society are at Lewiston, Me. United Daughters of Rechab. S. C. Gould, in his resume of Arcane Fraternities in the United States, 1896, says that the society was established at Boston, March 15, 1845, and ''their pledge is based on the command of Jonadab, the son of Eechab, to his posterity." Their motto was, "Mercy and Truth are met together.'* This was a branch of the Sous of Jonadab. Both were total abstinence societies, and both are dead.
the
first society, of

to its ranks

—

—

CLAX-XA-GAEL

413

XII

REVOLUTIONARY BROTHERHOODS
Brotherhood of United Cue of the earlier titles of the
(See the latter.)
Trislniien.

words,

signs,

and terrorizing

penalties,'*

Clan-na-Gael.

ered as the

characterized some Le Caron's pretended revelations as lies, lutionary secret society was formed at and has ignored others. If Le Caron was a 'New York city in 1869 by the union of Freemason he would not have made those three hundred seceding Fenians and a statements, and what he wrote is valueless small band of local Irish cons^iirators if he was not a Freemason. One characknown as the Knights of the Inner Circle. teristic of the Clan is its custom of taking
first

Clau-na-Gael.

— What

but declares that Masonic signs, etc., were adopted by the Clan without modification.

may

be consid-

The Clan-na-Gael has
of

camii of this Irish revo-

the Clan-na-Gael were to Irishmen at home and abroad into one vast organization and to secure the freedom of Ireland by armed insurrecThe original title was the Brothertion. hood of United Irishmen, but later it was frequently called the United Brotherhood by means of the letters Y. C," the Clan cipher using letters immediately following those given. The new organization drew to it the more active element in the Fenian Brotherhood, and began the work of establishing camps, as local bodies were termed, all over the United States. By 1873 it claimed to have practically absorbed similar societies in this country, which inobjects of
all

The

bring

for

innocent and, in a sense, misleading titles its camps, such as the '* Columbia LitIts active revolution-

erary Association."

raising funds, by subscription and otherwise, for the use of the Revolutionary Directory. As it has no
in

ary work

consists

army

^''

to invade the British Em})ire it has been charged and credited with attem])ting

bunkers of English shipping with trying to blow up the House of Parliament and other public buildings with planning to assassinate the
; ;

to place explosives in the coal

with the construction of a submarine torpedo boat intended to successfully
;

Queen

dicated a decline in interest, as the Clan's
total

membership was only about 11.000
It
is

in

1876.

governed, so far as ordinary

business affairs are concerned, by an ExecuIts revolutionary projects tive Committee. and the funds for their execution are in

the exclusive charge of the Revohitioiuiry

who have worked in sympatliy with the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the foreign branch of the Fenian BrotherDirectory,

combat a fleet of British war vessels, aiul with other and similar plots calculated to bring distress to British subjects ami the British government. These enterprises have been conducted by means of the "skirmishing fund," collected from members or other " friends of Ireland " by those appointed for the purpose. During the years 1876-88 the Clan had a large membership and was prosperous, hundreds of thousands of dollars passing into and out of its skirmishing fund annually through the hands of the
Revolutionary Directory. In 1881 Alexander vSullivan was chosen Supreme Chief of the Clan-na-Gael, which excited the
jealousy or animosity, or both, of Dr. P.
II.

hood, thus pointing to the dormancy of the Le Caron, in his " Twenty-five latter. Years in the Secret Service," not only states that the Clan-na-Gael was organized

with a " Masonic form of

ritual, grijis, pass-

Cronin,

who was

also a

prominent

leader.

414

CLAN-NA-GAEL

of Chicago, and, those identified with the Clan have been preferment in the prominent in party politics in the United Jolm Devoy sided with Cronin and States in recent presidential years. Clan. Various Hibernian, Chrysanthemum, and The O'Meagher Condon with Sullivan. fight was bitter, Cronin, in effect, charging other so-called Literary associations, really Sullivan with hiismanagement of the so- camps of the Clan-na-Gael, continue to dot ciety's funds and with desiring to hold the the country, but, so far as learned, they highest executive position in order to cover have indulged in nothing more serious durThe outcome was a demand for ing the past few years than picnics and the fact. in

Both men were residents
a

way, rivals for

an investigation, followed in 1884 by the literary entertainments, except to celebrate expulsion of Cronin and his friends, who March 4, the birthday of Eobert Emmet, The Clan announces immediately reorganized and continued the the Irish patriot. Clan-na-Gael. The Sullivanites called their itself to be "the vanguard and embodihalf of the old organization the Triangle, ment of Irish nationality, the motive power after the practice of using the A on official which animates and regulates the Irish documents of the Clan. The factions con- struggle, and has nobly kejDt the national tinued an acrimonious and stormy existence flag and national principles to the front in for two or three years, when friends of the dark and evil days."
leaders endeavored to bring

them together
at a congress

It also

characterizes itself as ''benevo-

and reunite the two wings
called for 1888.

lent, literary,

and

historic,

cultivating the

They

were successful, but

language, literature,

art, science,

and music

the Croninites insisted that those in charge
of the funds of the society four years before

of ancient Ireland, while giving all possible

aid to the mother country in its aspirations and efforts to establish the principles of Dathe Brine, "Wolfe Tone, and Emmet, or astonishment of even some of his friends. assist in doing for Erin what William Tell Dr. Cronin was placed on the committee and George Washington did for their counIn the United States the Clan-nato try Alexander Sullivan and others for tries."

be tried for misappropriation, and succeeded in carrying the point, when, much to the

unfaithfulness while in charge of the funds

Gael says

it is

"first in peace, first in war,

Cronin was expected to be an important witness at that trial, and hence the surprise at his being made a prosecutor and judge. This j^laced a club in Cronin's
of the Clan.

and

first

in every effort to perpetuate

and

maintain the spirit of the Declaration of Independence, to foster and maintain the historic friendly relations existing between
Ireland and America since the days of Washington and Franklin, who looked upon
Ireland
si^irit."

hands, Avhich

may

or

may

not explain his

His body sudden death not long after. was found in a sewer basin and suspicion was naturally directed to some of his enemies

as

a

sister

republican

state

in

among
were

the Clan-na-Gael, several of
indicted.

whom
this

The outcome
others received

of

notorious case was the acquittal of

During 1895 and 189G it was announced number of news2:»apers, notably by the New York " Sun," that the Clan-na-Gael
in a

Sullivan,
sentences.

but three

life

was forming a large and well-drilled military organization within
itself,

known

as to

The
its

society has not been quite as con-

the

Irish Volunteers,

which promised

spicuous in late years, either by reason of
public appearance or through the anof

become a menace
president of the

to Great Britain.

The
was

Clan in

New York

nouncement

plans to free Ireland by
the
of

carrying death and destruction into
British empire.

The names

of

some

quoted by the paper named as saying "that the Clan-na-Gael was supporting the military movement, and that the object was to

INDUSTRIAL ARMY
organize a force for the United States in
case of war/'

415

Fenian

1857, by Colonel

Brotherhood. Founded in John O'^Iahoney, Michael
others, at 'New

—

Doheny, and

York, to

se-

rio, where it repulsed a detachment of Canadian troops. The invaders were soon driven back into the United States, where they were seized by the authorities, and allowed to go to their homes, on parole. At

the time of this invasion of Canada there O'Mahoney and Doheny were Irish refugees was a Fenian *'navy" also, consisting of who escaped to France in 1848 and came to one tugboat carrying one gun. It steamed the United States. The name Fenian is a up and down Xiagara River between Bufmodification of the Irish form, Fiana, which
Irish tradition applies to

cure the political independence of Ireland.

some
of

of the tribes

constituting the

militia

the

King

of

Erin.

The Fenians (Feinne

or Fiana) in
''

the early history of Ireland and Scotland
are represented as au established militia
to

falo and Fort Erie, carrying the Irish flag proudly aloft and occasionally firing in the direction of Fort Erie. A second attempted invasion of Canada was even less successful. The Brotherhood then began raising funds

for further efforts to liberate Ireland,

and

defend the country against foreign or domestic enemies, to support the right and succession of their kings,

from these

and

to be ready,

upon

the shortest notice, for any surprise or emer-

supposed to have resulted the Fenian riots in Great Britain in 1867. The first Council of the Brotherhood in the United States was held at Xo. 22
efforts are

gency of state." With the rise of monasti- Duane Street, New York, but in 1864 its cism, says Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia, headquarters were on Centre Street, whence "the ancient order disappeared," but has they were soon removed to Duane Street " remained to the Gaelic imagination what again. It was after its Cincinnati convenArthur and his Knights were to the Cym- tion in 1865 that the organization began to ric." The Fenian Brotherhood of 1857 was grow rapidly and accumulate funds. Withmade up of circles presided over by centres. in another year the national headquarters The chief executive was called the head- were moved to Union Square, where the accentre. It spread rapidly throughout the commodations were ample, appointments preUnited States to Ireland, and among Irish- tentious, and officials exclusive and difficult men in the United Kingdom, practically to interview, even by members of the Brothabsorbing then existing political societies erhood for few except leaders were permithaving the independence of Ireland in view. ted to pass the green-uniformed halberdiers In Crreat Britain it was known as the Irish who guarded the doors to the inner offices. Republican Brotherhood. Between 1863 The result was disputes, discontent, dissenand 1872, when it was quite active and se- sion, loss of interest and members. With cured large membership, it was governed by the rise of the Clan-na-Gael in 1869-73, the the head-centre and a senate. At its Chi- Fenian Brotherhood became less and less cago convention in 18G3 there were 240,000 prominent. It is related that 'Donovan members reported, and its object was de- Rossa gathered together the fragments of the clared to be to separate Ireland from Eng- organization late in the seventies, and reland and to establish an Irish Republic. tired with them to his office on Chambers Several unsuccessful attempts were made at Street. Ilis efforts to secure funds to buy insurrection in Ireland, and at the close of dynamite and arms to liberate Ireland are the war one noteworthy invasion of Canada within easy recollection. It was not many from Buffalo. The invading Fenian force years after, that the Fenian Brotherhood as 1860 was small considering the size of the an organization practically ceased to exist. general organization, but it penetrated into Industrial Army. An organization the Queen's Dominions to Ridgewav, Onta- among the laboring classes, advocating
;

—

:

"

416

IRISH REPUBLICAN

BROTHERHOOD

revolution as a remedy for economic and
social
ills.

It aj^peared in 189G.

Little

is

known

as to its

nnmerical strength.

(See

ning and unscrupulous always victorious, emerging from every campaign master of the spoils ? Have you any hopes that this will be changed in the
future
?

The

past

is

one long protest against the

Iron Brotherhood.)

The Iron Brotherhood secured many adand afterwards the Clan-na-Gael, was known herents in the far West, notably in Col(See, orado. in the United Kingdom and Ireland. A Colorado newspaper, in June, Feuiau Brotherliood, and the Clan-na-Gael.) 1897, published an account of the growth of Iron Brotherhood. A secret '' revo- the Brotherhood in that State, in which it lutionary society," claiming to be a law "was said that members who were all armed unto itself, an outgrowth of the business had sworn to carry out the purposes of the depression and social unrest developed dur- commander-in-chief, and not to "tolerate"

name by

Irish Republican Brotherhood. The Avliich the Fenian Brotherhood,

—

ballot as

an instrument of reformation.

—
A

ing the years 1894-96.
tion

similar organiza-

Chinese, Italians, or Jews.

which appeared

at the close of 1896 is

Ku Ivlux Klan. —A former
of

secret society

called the Industrial

Army, which General

" regulators," organized at Pulaski, Giles
original!}^

Master
of

Workman

Sovereign of the Knights

County, Tenn., in June, 1866,

Labor

declai-ed in a letter to a labor organ,

designed for the diversion of young

men

of

in February, 1897, was, with the Iron Broth-

the town, to relieve the dulness of a j^eriod

erhood, ready to provoke insurrection at

home

as a release

from economic burdens,

immediately following the close of the Civil War, when the reaction from the excitement
of
to

idleness,

and

starvation.

He

also quotes in

army

life

made

it

practically impossible

part as follows, from a circular distributed

by one of these

societies

In the closing of the nineteenth century
class despotism establishing itself

we

see a

the Republic.

An

oligarchy

is

upon the ruins of now in power, and

engage in business or jirofessional jjursuits. The most detailed account of the origin, growth, and disbandment of the Klan, one which gives genuine evidence
that the authors

knew much

of the internal

already the hideous phantom of imperialism over-

embodied in the aiitocratic claims and the acts of unbridled military despotism characteristic of the Federal Government of to-day. What is to be done ? We have appealed in vain to the ballot. Every trial of
shadows
us, as

of the Federal Court

workings of the society, and which has been regarded as a partial aj^ology for the many outrages with which the name of the society has been linked, was j^ublished in the " Century Magazine " in July, 1884. The
origin of the title of
teresting.
tlie

strength in the political arena has resulted in victory for the unscrupulous

organization

is in-

nothing surprising in
best wielded by the

this.

money power. There is The ballot is a weapon
of

At the second meeting
it

of the

hand

cunning and

craft.

founders one suggested calling

" Kukloi,"

ing.

History records no nation that freed itself by votNo let us be frank. The hour has come for
;

men

the face.

"Klan" immediately suggested itself, and was added to complete the alliteration. The writers of the article in the magazine named shackles stricken forever from the limbs of humansuggest that there was a weird potency in the ity and behold emancipation, the rebirth of the nation which Jefferson revered, that Paine wrote very name Ku Klux Klan which impressed and wrought to establish ? Do you believe that not only the general public, but exercised this can come through the ballot ? No, you do an influence over members themselves Have not the reformers spent their lives, not. which was responsible for the excessively their fortunes, and their energies in the cause of solemn and mysterious, even sepulchral political reform through the ballot box, and what Have thev not seen the cun- character of the ritual, ceremonies, and lias been the result ?

mask and look each other in Fellow reformer, would you be free ? Would you see the regime of corporate power and class despotism at an end ? Would you see the
to lay aside the

from "the Greek word kuklos, meaning a band or circle," when somebody else cried out, " Call it Ku Klux," w^ien the word

KU KLUX KLAN
appearances of the society.
Accordingly,
tlie

417

presiding officer became the

Grand Cyclops;

the vice-president, a Grand Magi; the marshal, a Grand Turk; and outer and inner guards of the Den, as the jilace of meeting was called, Lictors. Members were sworn to profound secrec}' respecting the Klan and everything pertaining to it. They were not permitted to tell who belonged to They wore it or to solicit people to join. white masks with holes through which to see and breathe fantastic cardtall, board headpieces and grotesque or hideous gowns. The ceremony of initiation was borrowed from some of the features of the introdubtion of candidates of the long defunct Sons of Malta and other like societies, and M'as calculated to, and did provoke, much amusement for most of those, if not all, who were present. The Den was estab;

Dens at distant points began to ])Our in membership in the Klan increased, and during the fall and winter of 186G many
lish

as

Avere

granted.

It

was

not

long before

" strangers " who joined the Klan began establishing Dens at their homes, even without permission, but by ''tacit agreement" the Grand Cyclops of the Pulaski Den was " virtually the ruler of the Order.''

To

this time it is declared that ludicrous

initiations, the

baffling of public curiosity,

and amusement for members were the only objects of the Klan, and in each of these directions it was singularly successful. Beginning in April, 1867, there was a gradual transformation which, within the year,

developed a band of "regulators." This explained in the sketch referred to as due to the effect of the order on the minds of
is

lished in the

L of

a partially ruined dwelling

which were storm-torn, limbless trunks of trees. "The founders were among the representative
at the outskirts of the town, about

business and professional

young men

of the.

town.

The nature

of the society soon atto

tracted attention,

and applications

join

were numerous. When a desire to unite with the Klan was expressed in the presence of a member, he would take the applicant aside when unobserved, and say that he thought he knew how to get in, and suggest
that they meet at some particular time and
place and join together.
after the boisterous
It Avas

members, on the public, and to "the anomalous and peculiar condition of affairs in the South at that time." The members had conjured up a veritable Frankenstein. They had played with an engine of power and mystery, though organized on entirely innocent lines, and found themselves overcome by a belief that something must lie behind it all that there was, after all, a serious purpose, a work for the Klan to do.
its

—

Many white people, not meinbers, had been frequently overcome with awe or terthe sepulchral and often horrible and noises for which the order after dark was responsible. The ignorant and superstitious Avere even more impressed by Avhat they imagined it all meant, and the
ror
at

sights

and

grisly

not until sounds of

mirth and mystification had ceased in the Den sounds which soon led the colored negroes in particular Avere so terror-stricken people and gentler townsfolk to avoid the by all that Avas conveyed by the term Ku locality after dark that the newly initiated Klux that in many localities Avhere there member discovered, if even then, that he Avere Dens they refused to go out of doors had been introduced through a member, after nightfall. Given these conditions and rather than by an ajiplicant like himself. the peculiar social, business, and political inDuring July and August the Ku Klux Klan fluences that reigned throughout the South; was the talk of Pulaski and the surround- the era of forcible '"reconstruction " inroads ing region. Its growth was rapid, and of Avhat Avere termed " carpet-baggers " young men from the country found their the dominance of border Fetlerals Avho had way to the town and ultimately into the "played traitor to both sides," the enfranrecesses of the Den. Applications to estab- chisement of the blacks and consequent

—

—

;

;

—
KU KLUX KLAN
many
instances,

418

placing of majority rule, in
in the

that the Nashville convention set forth
fenceless; relieve the injured

its

an ignorant and, at the time, antagonistic race, and it is alleged to be sufficient to account for the natural evolution
of

hands

objects: to protect the weak, innocent, de-

and oppressed;

succor the suffering, especially widows and

of the

Klan

into a "protective organization."

There Avas great disorder throughout portions of the

South at that period, and it was on one side. There Avas an armed thereto, and to assist in the execution of all negro and white population antagonistic to constitutional laws, and protect the people those who represented the recent Confeder- from unlawful seizure, and from trial except It was by their peers and in conformity to the laws acy, and outbreaks were frequent.
not
all

orphans of Confederate soldiers; to protect and defend the Constitution of the United States and all laws passed in conformity

then that the reorganized Ku Klux Klan made its appearance, the one which the

of the land.

After this the Klan appeared in public
oftener, but preserved the extreme secrecy

North has der" and

identified with

"midnight murIt is ad-

and mystery which had characterized it. Its membership had grown to large dimensions and its power proportionately. Bad and recruited its membership ofttimes with men crept into the order, and thousands The Klan who were not bad, but who were rash, rash, imprudent, and bad men. could not have disbanded then had it tried. lacked judgment, and could not be conThe result in 1867 and 1868 Avas In order to gird up its loin^ more effectually trolled. that many deeds of violence and bloodshed it held a convention at Nashville early in 1867, at which the territory covered by marked attempts described as efforts to preserve peace and order. Many outrages "the Invisible Empire"* it was termed pointing to Knight of the Golden Circle explained as due to the Ku Klux were cominfluences the Empire being divided into mitted by those Avho tried to shield themrealms, dominions and provinces,correspond- selves in that way. Even the negroes played ing to States, Congressional districts and at Ku Klux. Gradually a feeling of excounties. Autocratic powers were lodged treme hostility toward the Klan showed itThej^ were attacked and fired on, with the Grand Wizard, or supreme officer. self. His cabinet consisted of ten Genii. The as claimed, without provocation, which nat(See Grand Dragon governed a State, or realm, urally caused counter hostilities. aided by eight Hydras; a Grand Titan and Union League of America, ) Late in 1868 the his six Furies presided over a dominion; a Grand Dragon of the realm of Tennessee, Grand Giant and four Goblins over a prov- "Dreadful Era, Black Epoch, Dreadful ince, and the Grand Cyclops, in charge of a Hour," issued a general order, denouncing Den, was aided by two Night Hawks. At the misjudgment of the Klan by the imblic, this convention the Klan declared: "We declaring it a society for the maintenance of recognize our relation to the United States law and order. But matters grew worse, and government, the supremacy of the Constitu- Governor Brownlow called the Tennessee tion, the constitutional laws thereof, and the Legislature together in September of 1868, union of the States thereunder." The au- when it passed an anti-Ku Klux statute, thors of the " Century" article infer from designed to suppress the society, imposing the quotation that " every man who was a heavy fines and imprisonment for mere Ku Klux really took an oath to support the membership in the order, offering a rcAvard Constitution of the United States." the of relief from liability for members who writer is unable to extract that meaning would turn informers, and declaring assofrom the quotation. It is further stated ciation or connection with the Klan " infa"political infamy."'

mitted that at this period the Klan threw some of its conservatism to the winds,

—

KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE
mous."

419

"In some

sections of the State a

reign of terror followed the passage of this

act," and the governor's last action before

going to the United States Senate was to
order troops into certain counties to sup-

to have played a part in founding the Knights of the Golden Circle. Henry Baldwin, custodian of American History, New Haven, Conn., relates that data in his

possession are authority for the statement

was on February 20, 1869, and was shortly followed by the formal and official dissolution of the Order
])ress

the disorder.

Tliis

that the circumference of the Golden Circle

reached from the Mason and Dixon line on the north to the Isthmus of Panama on the

by the Grand AVizard of the Invisible Em- south, and that within this circle was con" who was invested with the power to tained the field of tiie organization. determine questions of paramount imporBefore the Civil War there existed in tance to the order. " Members were directed almost every large town in the Southern to burn tlieir paraphernalia and regalia, and States a social club, and when it became to unite with all good people " in maintain- evident to the mind of Secessionists that it ing and upholding the civil laws and in was possible for Southern States to secede, putting down lawlessness." The article an effort was made to unite these clubs from which many of the foregoing points into one body as a secret society. A man have been taken says of the report of the "from Cincinnati " is said to have travelled joint select committee of Congress on the through the Southern States in furthercondition of affairs in the late insurrection- ance of this i)urpose. During the war ary States, Eeport No. 22, Part I, 42d there were arrests made in the West,* and Congress, 2d Session, February 19, 1872, * In Charles M. Ilarvey's "A Forgotten Conspirthat '' it contains a mass of very disrepuator," published in the St. Louis "Globe-Demotable histoiT which belongs to a later date, crat," November 7, 1897, there occurs the following and is attributed to the Klan, but not justly " A secret organization has been found, said GovThese persons were acting in the name ernor Oliver P. jMorton of Indiana in a message BO. of the Klan and under its disguises, but not to that State's' legislature in June, 18Go, which, by by its authority." Truly, as declared by D. its lectures and its rituals, inculcates doctrines subversive of the government, and which, carried to L. Wilson, who with J. C. Lester is respontheir consequences, would evidently result in the sible for the article to which reference has destruction of the nation. Tlie members of the been made, the birth of the Klan •" was an organization w^ere united by solemn oaths which, if accident ; its growth was a comedy, its death observed, bound them to execute the orders of their There never was before, grand commanders without delay or question, howa tragedy. ever treasonable or criminal their character. or since, a period of our history when such Some of the chief conspirators have been arrested an order could have lived. May there never and tried by the government and others have fled. be again." Their schemes have been exposed and baffled." Of Knights of the Gohleu Circle. De- course the secret organization which Indiana's govscribed in the "Century Dictionary of ernor spoke of was the Knights of the Golden CirNames" as "a former secret order in the cle. This order had many designations. It was called the American Kniglits, tlie Knights of the United States in sympathy with the SecesMighty Host, the Mutual Protection Society, the sionists." The time and jilace of its organ- Circle of Honor, the Sons of Liberty, and various
pire,
:

.

.

.

.

.

.

—

ization, as

lost in the obscurity into

might naturally be supposed, are other names. Some of the men who were arrested which almost all on tiie charge of belonging to it, and who acknowl-

pertaining to the early history of the order

has fallen.
a ])eriod

The " Order of
its

the

Lone Star,"

believed to have had

origin in 1852, at

when the Know Nothing party
is

was

at the height of its power,

supposed

edged their membersliip in it in some one or other of its appellations, denied that its purposes were treasonable, or that it was designed to give aid and comfort lo the Confederacy. The fact, though, that all, or nearly all, the men who were known to belong to it were also known to be copperheads, or

)

420

KNIGHTS OF THE INNER CIRCLE
and
foul, at all times

southern sympathizers, is in itself good evidence that its purposes were hostile to the government.

and on all occasions, accomplishment of its object." It Among the well-known persons who were popularly was also included that " whether the Union supposed to belong to the order were Clement L. is reconstructed or not, the Southern States Vallandigham, Jesse D. Bright, and General SterThe late Daniel W. Voorhees was also must foster any scheme having for its object ling Price. the Americanization and the southernizasaid to have been a member of it. It was likewise published tion of Mexico." a military trial revealed the names of sev- that a staunch member of the Circle was eral organizations, or several names of the made to " swear that he will never dishonor same body, among which was the Corps de the wife of a brother member known to be Prior to the war the several such Belgique. and to declare that he will, to bodies from which the Knights were formed, the utmost of his ability, oppose the admisor into which they were divided, formed sion of any confirmed drunkard, profesthe storm centre of the filibuster move- sional gambler, rowdy, convict, felon, aboment in Central America and Cuba between litionist, negro, Indian, minor, or foreigner 1850 and 1857. During the Eebellion the to membership in any department of the Knights were especially active in Texas, Circle." The order was anti-Catholic, and and its membershij) spread through the demanded that " all nunneries, monasteries, On or convents should be publicly opened," border States, both slave and free. June 16, 1863, a meeting was held in and that any minister holding any place Springfield, 111., when it was resolved to under government "must be a Protestant." take the draft as a pretext for revolution, The order was declared to be fully organ'^and it was arranged that New York ized in the North, where it appeared under should take the initiative." The Morgan various names. The end of the Civil War, raid into Indiana and Ohio " was a part and with it the possibility of secession, ended the career of this remarkable organiof the plan." In July, 1861, the Louisville ''Journal" zation. gave what purported to be an expose of the Knights of the Inner Circle. A Knights of the Golden Circle, which de- small band of Irish revolutionists, formed clared that the "organization was insti- at New York about 1867, which in 1869 tuted by John C. Calhoun, William L. united with about three hundred seceding Porcher, and others as far back as 1835, members of the Fenian Brotherhood to and had for its object the dissolution of the form the Brotherhood of United Irishmen, Union and the establishment of a south- which was afterwards known as the United ern empire." The question naturally arises Brotherhood and then as the Clan-na-Gael. whether the reorganization of the Ku Klux (See the latter. Klan in 1867-68, with its ''invisible emNational League of the Armenian Organized at Boston, pire," did not find insjnration from former Race in America. Knights of the Golden Circle. It was also January 8, 1895, to aid by secret society charged that it was solely by means of the methods in rescuing Armenia from the secret and powerful machine of the Knights rule of Turkey. The central board chose of the Golden Circle that the Southern from among trusted men of the race States were plunged into rebellion that " twelve patriots, whose identity Avill be nearly every man of influence at the South known to them alone, so that there will (and many a pretended Union man at the be no possible way by which the Turkish North) was a member of that organization, government may discover them, and thus and "sworn under penalty of assassination defeat the plans being formed to wrest to labor, in season and out, by fair means Armenia from the rule of the Porte."
for the
.
.

.

—

—

;

UNITED BROTHERHOOD
Armenians
at large

421

which " went oaths of the latter bound them for life not under the name of Reubens ''' had eight to reveal the fact that they were selected grips and passwords, and its members were
of the identity of tlie

were to remain ignorant men chosen, and the

lodges were formed elsewere on both sides
of the border.

The
'

society

for the mission.

Similar leagues were to

obligated to " aid the

movement

for inde-

pendence with men, money, arms, and amwherever there were Armenian colonies. munition," to be forthcoming "at the first Order of Mules. Organized just after sight of hostilities." The invasion was the close of the Civil War, a secret society made in November and resulted in an inof farmers in Kentucky and West Virginia, glorious defeat, the claim being that the to put a stop to lawlessness, horse stealing, Canadians did not reinforce the Americans and general thievery. It was at first known as jiromised. as the Mutual Protective Society, but ultiUnion League of America. Declared mately became known by its present title by D. L. Wilson and J. C. Lester, authors owing to its adoption of a picture of an of the " Origin, etc., of the Ku Klux Klan," attenuated mule as its emblem. Its policy in the "Century" magazine for July, 1884, is to cooperate to secure the detection and to consist, at the South, "of the disorderly conviction of wrong-doers rather than to elements of the negro population, inflict punishment upon criminals. The led by white men of the basest and mean-

be formed throughout the United States

—

—

.

.

.

Grand Lodge

of the Order, Avhich holds an-

est type,"
. . .

.

.

.

who " met

frequently

nual sessions, reports a total membership
of about 3,000.

ally

'

Order of Reubens.
secret society,

—A

and "literbreathed out threatening and slaughto the teeth,"
.
. .

armed

revolutionary

ter'

against

persons,

families,

formed in 1838, at cities and towns from Detroit east, on the north and south shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, notably through central New York, to aid a projected Canadian revolution, and a plan for the acquisition of British North America as a part of the territory of the United

and property of men whose sole crime was that they had been in the Confederate army, and in not a few instances these threats were executed. It was partly to
resist

this organization that the

Ku Klux

were transformed into a protective organization." (See Ku Klux Klan.) The editor

States. It formed, as may be inferred, of the "Century Magazine" adds in a footone of the features of what is known as note "What is meant here is the LTnion the Patriot War, which was planned in League of America, a political organization what was then called Upper and Lower having connections both North and South, Canada, by Joseph Louis Pajjiueau, a and entirely distinct from the Union League
:

wealthy and influential resident of Quebec, and William Lyon Mackenzie, a newspaper

club of
the

New York and from
in

the club of
conflict
is

same name

Philadolj)hia.

man and

political sjieaker of Ontario.

by the results of the
of

Ku Klux

Viewed and

It is said that the latter travelled

Michigan, Ohio,

New

through York, and Vermont,

the reports of the time, what

here said

the dangerous character of the
at the South, except as
it

Union

from Detroit to Burlington, to secure the cooperation of Americans in the anticipated Canadian ut)rising. In the Auburn, N.Y., correspondence of the Syracuse "Herald," July 17, 1897, it was stilted by one of the
survivors of the invasion that ^lackenzie,

League

acted in

self-defence,

must

be taken,

we think, with

a grain of allowance."
of

The Union League
to feed.

America did not long survive the condiit

tions on which

;i])|)C'ared

United I$rof herliood. One of the when at Auburn, organized a secret soci- names by which the Clan-na-Gael was ety lodge of nearly 700 members. Simihir formerly known. (See Clan-na-Gael.)

—

—

432

BUTTON GANG"

XIII

misoella:neou's societies
*'

Button Gang."

— Nickname
of

for

tlie

1896, as containing the worst element of

Mutual Protection League
(See the latter.)

New

Mexico,

Caniorra, The.

— Originally a Neapolitan

political secret society, similar to the Car-

bonari of Italy and the Mafia of Sicily, which were prominent early in the present century as an organized opposition to the The Mafia and the Triple Alliance. Camorra have preserved an existence to this day, but, having fallen into the hands of with office for their services." The officers vicious leaders, have degenerated into bands are or were " backed by Americans," and " a of criminals bound together by oaths to history of the murders committed by these protect and defend each other in the com- bands of assassins would fill a large volume." mission of crime, and to slay those who These societies are said to have been in may prove unfaithful to their obligations. existence in this form for seven or eight Less is heard of the Camorra years. (See Mafia.) Mafia, The. A Sicilian secret society of in the United States than of outbreaks from time to time by reputed members of the criminals, who bind themselves together to Mafia. The wave of immigration from prey upon society and protect each other. Europe in the preceding and during the There is a tradition that the "deadly present decade is responsible for the exist- Mafia," as it is called, is the outgrowth of ence of associations of members of both a patriotic secret society formed at Palermo, these societies in the United States. Sicily, in 1782, to drive out the French, Independent Order of Old Men. who then ruled there. The word Mafia Credited to the conceit or imagination of had no meaning of its own, but was comfounders who resided at Burnet, Texas. posed of the initials of the words, " Morte Nothing has been obtained relating to its alia Francia Italia anelea," or, "Death to features. the French is the cry of Italy." The purKnights of Damon. Eecent referred pose of the parent Mafia was to resist opto in Southern newspapers, but untraced. pression, and as it grew strong and rich, it "Knights of Labor." A secret politi- is stated that it used its influence in behalf cal organization in New Mexico, having no of the poor and oppressed. In after years connection with the industrial secret soci- it fell into the hands of the unprincipled ety of that name also called White Caps, and vicious, and even in Sicily to-day the though differing from the lawless bands of name of the society, as here, is a synonym alleged conservators of morals which mas- for crime. The organization in Sicily still querade at the South, East, and central exercises an influence to control elections, West under that title. It was described in courts of justice, and coerce employers of a communication to the New York " Sun,^' labor into giving preference to its memdated Santa Fe, N. M., November 4, bers. The society was brought to the

Democratic party and " ignorant Mexican Indians,"' to resist the encroachments of the Eepublicans, '' who formed Mutual Protection Leagues." Evidently the latter, known as the ''Button Gang," Avas made up of equally bad people, as " murder" was a "recognized political method" by these societies, a mere ''campaign trick," as " assassins have been rewarded
the

—

— —

;

;

THE MOLLY MAGUIHES

423

United States by Italian immigrants, where '' order " existed in the anthracite coal regions of Pennsylvania from 1854 to it has found lodgment at New York, New 18TG, and from 18G2 onward was responPennin the Orleans, Philadelphia, Chicago, reign terror, of Its sible for a practical sylvania coal regions, and elsewhere. record, so far as known, is one of highway owing to the lawlessness, assaults, train A wrecking, arsons, and murders committed robbery, atrocious assault, and murder. It was a regular secret suspicion that a member has betrayed the by its members. society or a brother results in his being society, composed ''entirely of Irishmen followed until an opportunity is afforded and the sons of Irishmen professing the to kill him. The society was accused of Roman Catholic faith,* having signs, passkilling the Chief of Police of '^ew Orleans words, and other means of recognition. "Mollies" were members of the in 1890, and eleven of its members, who The had been arrested and acquitted of the Laborers and Miners' Union of the period, charge, were taken from jail by a mob and and were sufficiently numerous to practilynched. At the protest of the Italian cally dominate the latter, which, at times, government, the United States government gave rise to the not altogether well-founded agreed to indemnify the relatives of the opinion that the Union was in sympathy murdered men. A few years ago the Mafia with the lawless portion of society. Worse
in the Pennsylvania anthracite coal regions
actually duplicated

than

this, Avhile all

members

of the chari-

some of the viler records table and benevolent incorporated secret at robbery, arson, and murder of which society, the Ancient Order of Hibernians, in the Molly Maguires were guilty ten or the coal regions, were not members of the twelve years before. They were arrested Molly Maguires, "'every Molly was a Hiberand punished by the same method of de- nian,'' and the two organizations, so far as tection that was employed to break up the the coal regions were concerned, for that
Mollies.

The location of

the society in

New

reason were regarded as identical.
origin of the Molly Maguires
is,

The
ap-

York

not far from police headquarters. AVhile the police have not admitted official
is

naturally,

obscure.

The

original

of

that

name

knowledge of this, there is little reason to doubt their familiarity with the fact. It is
given out that

peared in Ireland in 1843 as an auxiliary to
the Ribbonmen, to continue forcible resist-

when

a

new member
is

is

to be

initiated into the Mafia he

placed in a
all

group of members, and with

lights ex-

tinguished, at a given signal, an order to " charge " is given, lights are turned up,

ance to Irish landlords. The name was said to be that of an old woman at whose house the first meetings were held, but other writers claim it was applied to the

members
of

of the Irish organization because

and the candidate

finds a terrifying array

of glittering blades held close to his face

original practice of disguising themselves with women's clothes, masks,
their

and

body

—

stilettoes

with
all

their

points

blackened faces,
officers of

etc.

The

Irish

Mollies,

pressed
saying,

against

him
to

— and

" Death

hears a voice traitors " The
!

disguised, would pounce

the law,
in the

upon and maltreat servants, and others

candidate sinks upon his knees, and places the point of a stiletto upon his bared breast
over the heart, and swears that he would

when engaged
duties.
If

there were any,

performance of their even remote,

plunge the blade into his heart rather than
betray his brothers in the Mafia.

He

is

connection between the Irish Ribbonmen and Molly Maguires in the United States, it must have been through the Ancient
*

reminded that his brothers are ready to be avenged if he proves unfaithful. Molly Maguires, The. This so-called

The Mollie Maguires

:

the Origin,
;

Growth and

—

Character of the Organization Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott

by F. P. De Wees.

&

Co., 1877.

424

THE MOLLY MAGUIRES
wliicli had an exten- man. The bludgeon, a hammer, the pistol, membership in Ireland, England, and and shotgun were indiscriminately employed country. But on this point there is no to revenge a fancied or real antagonism.* A

Order of Hibernians,
sive

this

direct proof.

The Ancient Order
it

of Hiber-

partial record of the outrages of the

was possessed by the Mollies, in Pennsylvania, nominally professed the purest and most worthy motives, and numbered throughout the United States many good and some distinguished citizens. But it proved a convenient cloak for the Molly thugs and assassins, and notwithstanding there were reports that some Catholic priests in the coal regions sympathized with the Molly Maguires, it, if true, must be attributed to either the fears
nians, at the time or perversion of such representatives of a

Christian church.
seven priests of the
of

On October 3, 1874, Roman Catholic Church

Molly Maguires in the Schuylkill and Shamokin coal regions has been made public, and an analysis of it shows that in addition to six murderous assaults and twenty-seven robberies in each of the years 1866 and 1867, there were, from 1863 to 1867, inclusive, at least fifty deliberate murders for which the organization was held responsible. Among minor outrages, an illustration is afforded by the record for 1875, of one attempted murder in addition to an assassination eight cases of theft and robbery; six socalled "coffin and pistol notices " to leave;
;

fourteen instances of arson; twenty-eight
cases of assault, intimidation, etc., a

Schuylkill,

Columbia, and Northum-

num-

berland Counties, Pennsylvania, published
a denunciation of
societies''

ber of

them being the

Avork of mobs, and.

Ribbonmen "and kindred as having been condemned by the

thirty-five instances of

and of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, which their "experience compelled " them to believe had "all the vices"

Holy See

;

of the

Irish societies referred to, because

" works forbidden by the commandment 'thou shalt not kill' are traceable to the Ancient Order of Hibernians." Rev. D. J. McDermott of Pottsville, Pa., 1877, one of
the signers of the document just outlined, published a letter May 1, 1876, giving it as

damage to property from incendiarism, most of it being to railway stations, track and rolling stock. These cold-blooded incendiaries and assassins gloried in the power to escape punishment through alibis and other testimony furnished by "brother" Mollies, thereby reflecting on many worthy Irish people who
aside

emigrated

to

escaj^e

oppression

abroad.

They were

at

once an anomaly and a dis-

grace to the character of their countrymen

and the land which gave them birth. The his opinion that the Ancient Order of Hi- immunity which the criminal in the coal bernians is a " diabolical secret society," and regions enjoyed, aside from that given him that "it is everywhere the same society in by those associated with him in the organIt is only fair to izations referred to, was due very largely to spirit and government." add that the latter conclusion was not well the fact that the majority of the Irish popfounded. The breaking up of the Ribbon- ulation, particularly that portion Avhich had men, organized in Ireland earlier in the cen- been born and brought up abroad, had tury, by the execution of two members in inherited the Irish detestation of an " in1852 for conspiracy to murder, caused many former." Even in instances where a witand these are de- ness could not ap|)rove an act, so great was to flee from the country clared to have formed in 1854 the secret so- the influence of inherited contempt for and
;

ciety
as

known in

the Pennsylvania coal regions
* The frequency of attacks on Englishmen resulted in an organization of the latter to resist the

They ultimately became The Mollies made the Molly Maguires.
"Buckshots."
felt

themselves

not only by the so-called capi-

outrages of the Mollies, which in 1871 was formed into the fraternal and beneficiary secret society, the

talistic class,

but by

many an honest laboring

Order of Sons of

St.

George.

(See the latter.)

TRAMP FRATERNITIES
" informer" that eastern Pennsylvania was often the scene of disgraceful outrages, of which many were as cognizant as the perpetrators, but who would not tell of or consent to appear and testify concerning them. At the height
disapproval of the
of
fearful oath of the order

425

bound every man to do upon him as the order might command. More than one hundred and fifty murders in three years in the Lackawanna, Schuylkill, and Wyoming coal fields, and a strike that paralyzed the coal and iron business of the whole State of Pennsylvania for one entire summer,
the stern duty devolving

their

power,

1865-1875,

the

Mollies

gained

many

subordinate and some impor-

was a part of the mission of the dreaded order of the Molly Maguires.
So, while the thug of India and the bandit of Italy remain as evidences of how calmly and justifiably in their own minds

and State offices from both leading political parties, and boasted, with some show of plausibility, their power to secure pardon for such of their members as might find it necessary to
tant municipal, county,

some men can continue
prevent
themselves

to kill others to

demand clemency.
Their encroachments on the rights of
property became
so

annoyed, the Molly Maguire in the United States and Ireland, even as the buccaneer of the Spanish

being

intolerable

in

1870-

main
is

'of

yellow-covered novel remem-

1873 that Mr. Franklin B. Gowen, president of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, as prime mover,

brance,
is

dead to the world. It proper to add that the Ancient Order of Hibernians, so much of the history of
literally

engaged the Pinkerton Detective Agency to discover and expose the leaders among the Molly Maguires and Hibernians in the
coal regions.

which

in this country has

been unfortu-

nately linked with

the Molly Maguires,

survives to-day, purified, reorganized,

and

of

The story of the experiences Detective James McParlan, an Ulster
Catholic,

prosperous.

Mutual Protection L,eagne. — A former
political secret society

during three years of membership as a Molly, and in the Ancient Order of Hibernians, forms so startling a tale of adventure as to prove anew that truth is stranger than fiction. In 1876, aided largely by confessions from Mollies who had been arrested and the remarkable testimony of Detective McParlan, a long list of ringleaders and others were convicted of various crimes and severe senThis broke up the tences were imposed.
organization,
State and

Koman

formed of some of the
as the

worst elements in the Republican party in

New

Mexico

;

also

known

" Button

Gang.'' (See ''Knights of Labor.") Order of Sovereign Patriot ie Knig'hts.

— Efforts
Tramp

to trace this organization or to
it

discover whether

has even a nominal ex-

istence have been unsuccessful.

Fraternities.

— These

are

com-

posed of groupings of the portion of the population which includes (1) enforced or vol-

many members fleeing the some the country. The following is an extract from an article on ''The Molly Maguires,"' in the
''American Federationist," the organ of the American Federation of Labor, April, 1897:
I

untary wanderers, (2) adventurers who will not work, and (3) beggars and jietty thieves. Their characteristics, groupings, and secret
A. N. Somers
years ago,
signs were interestingly discussed by Rev. in the Boston " Globe " a few

when he pointed out

that there

are three different sets of signs used by as

tlio

my

was intimately acquainted with John Sharkey, many distinct classes of tramps since 1875. man who murdered the mine boss Williams, and The latter, of course, are unorganized, beno man in the range of my knowledge had more of ing the outcome of a process of natural
esteem up to that time than John Sharkey.
respectable,

home was
telligent,

on

whom

His and his wife an estimable, inworthy woman. But Sharkey was the man the lot fell to kill the mine boss, and the

selection, the higher grade or clan including

not only honest, but educated men,

who from

psychological and other causes have become

;

426

WHITE CAPS
Signs of
these
fraternities

tramps.
gates,

are

characters and designs placed on houses,
fences, doors, or walls to guide the

composed, as alleged, of some most vicious elements of the "Democratic party " in New Mexico. (See " Knights
litical society

of the

next tramp

who may

pass that way.

of these signs refer to the ease or otherwise

Most of Labor.") Wliitecaps, The.
or

with which people residing there may be approached for food or clothing; whether they are kind-hearted or not, and kindred data. The signs of one tramp fraternity are seldom or never intelligible to

Detached and unorganized oath-bound bands of "regulators"

—

" vigilance "
and

societies

at

many
States

jalaces

in Southern, Central,

Western, and even

in Middle

New England

which

a

member

of another.

The more
shows in

aristo-

have appeared within the past fifteen years. At the North and East efforts of Whitecappers have generally been confined
to

cratic of these fraternities

its

signs
its

the educational opportunities some of

regulating the morals and habits of their

members have enjoyed.
letter

Thus, the Greek

neighbors under penalty of being whipj^ed,
tarred

Eho

at a street corner or fork in the
its

road indicates by

curve the direction to
;

and feathered, or worse. At the South, and in what were called the border
like

go to secure food, clothing, etc. a square, marked near or on a house, means " good ; for a square meal " an oval, or oval with both its diameters, "religious," or "very religious people " a triangle pointing upwards, '' safe people ;" pointing downwards, " they have been approached too often " the letter Y, " it will not pay to ask for anything " a square with an x in the centre, "they will send you to jail," and a circle with an x in the centre, "an officer Signs used by the second and lives here." third classifications of fraternities of tramps are very crude, and some may be easily read
;

States,

frequent.

phenomena have been more Some of these gangs send warn-

ing messages, crudely written, with skull and bones and dagger, etc., signed " White

Caps," which, if not heeded, are followed by visits to offending citizens, when the
callers,

;

generally

in

fantastic

costumes,

"white caps" and masks, whip or otherwise assault, and sometimes murder their victims. One of the more frequent missions of White Caps at the South is to kill or drive away witnesses against illicit whiskey distillers. In some of the mountain counties of Georgia and other States these by the curious. organizations have been so strong as to " White Caps." Another name for a defy the courts and maintain a reign of so-called " Knights of Labor," a secret po- terror for years.

—

INDEX
TO MAP8, PLATES AND OTHER GRAPHIC CHARTS, TO STATISTICAL EXHIBITS, A^^D TO GENEALOGICAL OR FAMILY TREES OF SECRET SOCIETIES.
PAOK

Genealogical or Family Tree of Secret Societies

Chart showing Relative Size of Leading International Secret Societies
showing Similarities,

....
. .

vii

xvii

Contrasts, or Relationships of the English, the Ancient Chart Accepted Scottish and the American Masonic Rites

xxiv
24
31

Chart showing the Spread of Freemasonry from England throughout the World

Chart showing the Relative Membership of Leading, Living Masonic Rites
cepted Scottish Rite, in the United States

...

Chart showing the Regular and Irregular or Spurious Supreme Councils, Ancient Ac49
" Chart showing the Succession of Authority among the Original Chiefs of " Scottish AcAncient Degree, the 33d Freemasonry, and among the Earlier Possessors of

cepted Scottish Rite

'>0

Map

of the

World

showing, in

Black, the Countries in which Freemasonry has an Organ89
.

ized Existence

Geographical Distribution of Membership of Eleven International Secret Societies
Graphic Chart showixcj the Relative Masonic Membership
Statistics of
in

91.93
93

Various Countries
by,

.

.

Membership
in 1897

of,

and of Amount of Claims Paid

Ninety-four Fraternal
113, 114

Orders

Statistics of Total Membership, by States and Territories, of Twenty-six of the Leading Secret Societies in the United States, together with Summaries of Totals for

Foreign Countries

{inset opposite)

114

Special Reports to the Cyclopaedia of Fraternities, by Leading Fraternal Showing Cost of Protection under Various Systems Employed

....
.

Orders,
117, 121

Map

showing the Rank of Four Secret Societies, in Each State and Territory, wnicy HAVE a Larger Membership there than like Organizations

119

Charts showing the Relationship of the English, American and Canadian Orders of Foresters
. .

127

Chart showing the Larger and More Prominent English and American Orders of Odd Fellows Chart showing the Leading Societies into which Ancient English Odd Fellowship
Divided
is

249

253
in

Chart showing Relative Size of Twenty-four Secret Societies

the United States

,

289
291

Family Tree of Leading Patriotic and Political Secret Societies
Genealogical Chart of Earlier Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa and the General GeeekLetter Fraternities immediately following them

339

Genealogical Chart of General Greek-Letter College Fraternities

345

Chart showing the Origin or Inspiration of Leading Labor and Railway Secret Organizations

Chart showing Relationships of Various Temperance Secret Societies

....

381

403

,

INDEX TO TITLES OF OEGANIZATIOIS-S
[TTie location

of (he leading article on each topic isindicated by full-faced figures.]
Bricklayers and Masons' International Union of America, 380.

Abraham, Independent Order, Sons of, I'JO, lai, 210. Acorn, Colonial Order of the,
372.

Americans. Order of Native.
200.
2'.>4.

310.

Damon, Knights of. 422. Danish Brotherhood of America, 131.

Americans. Order of United,
200. 291, 202, 294, 304, 305, •300, 317.

Adam,
.(Egis',

Son.* of, 282.

Order

of, 200.

Americans, Order of United
(2d). 318.

Abraham. Independent Order of, -im. 209. 210. Brotherhood, Colored ConB'rith

David and Jonathan, Order
of.
I(»3.

Agriculturists' National Protective Association, 378,
380.

Ahava.s Israel, 113, 206, 210. Alfredians, Order of, 171. Alovau. Sociute d', 38. Alpiia Beta Tau, :i;j8, 347.

Americans, Patriotic Order of True. 31.S. 31'.l. 320. Americans. Patriotic Order of
I'nited, 303.

solidated, 131. Brotherhood. Knight.s of the,
148.

Brotherhood of the Union,
113.

Delta BetaXi. .343, 351. Delia Delta Delia. .««<. 351. Delta Gamma, ;i.37. 351. Delta Kappa. 312. 361. Delta Kappa Epsilon. .3.30,
3-}4, *», :«(!, :«(), .•J43. 344, 310, :M7, :M8. 351, .'Wl. :i62. 1.5. T79, 2.38, .3:!0, 33.'5, a34, ;«5, 3;K), .-140. 363, 355, .3(^,301. Delta Psi, :i30, :i34, .3.35, ««;.

Alpha Chi Omega. ;«", 347. Alpha Delta Phi, !.), nil, 2;K 3*), 3:^1, 3a3, mi. ;«-), 330,
;«0, 343, 340, 3.V,>, 3.5S, 301. 347,
.•J4i(,

Amitie. Order of, 171. Arcadia. Monks of, 205, 275. Armenian Race. National

League of
420.

the. in

America,

Brotherhood. The, 400. Bucki-hots. The. 42-1. Bucktails. The. .325. Buffaloes, Benevolent Order
of, 220. 230.

Delia Phi,

350,

Artisans' Order of Mutual Protection, 113, 117, 104,
229.

Builders.
••

New Order of, Button Ciang." 422,42.5.

388.

.341, :«(;,

363.

Alpha Alpha Alpha Alpha Alpha Alpha

I'hi, :i3;, 348.

Delta Psi (2d). 363. Delta Tau Delta,

Sigma

*30,

Chi, :i49. Sij;ma Phi, 342.

Sigma Pi, 341, 348. Sigma Theta. 343. 349. Tau Omega, 3:W, 33,5,

349, 303.

Atlantic Self Endowment Association of America, 130. Aurora. Knights of. 145. Ayrian Order of St. George of the Holy Roman Empire in the Colonies of America,
372.

*}4,

Camorra. The. 422. Carbonari. The. 422. Catholic Knights of America,
113, 214.

*«,

:«0. 363,

;i58.

Delta Upsilon. *«, ;«1, 364. Deputies. United Order of,
31 s, 327.

Catholic Knights of Illinois,
214.

Altrurian Order of Mysteries,

Catholic Knights of Wisconof,

Dickey Club. :i52. Do Nothing A.^sociation, 08. Druids, American Order of,
123.

Azar, Knights and Ladies

sin, 113.

Amaranth. Order of, 97, 102. America. Brotherhood of, 3(H). America, Daughters of, 301,
315.

141.

Aztec Club.
Beneflt

.371.

Bektash, The,
113. 122.

2, 4.

American Order of United. 292. Cedars of Lebanon, Tall. 104. Chi Delta Thcta. 3*3, :«0, 350.
Catholics,

Druids, Ancient Order of,
21,
:i2, 25f), 2.'^.

15,

Druids. L'uited Ancient Order
of, 90, 91, 92. 93, 112, 113, 120, 121, 122, 12.3, 177, 211. 212, 224, 226, 2S.3, 284, :307, 314, ;i46, :i<2, 410.

America, Knights and Ladies
of, 199.

Society,

American.

Chi Phi, 330,
350.

334,

335,

330,

America, Patriotic Daughters
of. 318, 31fl, 320.

America, Patriotic Order, Junior Sons of, 2<J4, 303, 31'.i,
320,
.S21.

Benevolent Association, American, 113. 197. Benevolent Association. Ladies' Catholic. 114.

Chi Psi,

330. -331, 334, 335, 330, 340. 348. 351.

Cincinnati, Daughters of the,
Cincinnati,

Benevolent
Patriotic

Legion,

Amer-

Society of the,

America,

Order,

ican, 122.

241, 311, 325, 370, 372. 373.

Sons of, 115, 110, 318, 3Ut, 320. :«1, 320, 382.
America, Patriotic Order, United Sons of, 2!t0. 2!)1,
294, 209,
30»i,

Benevolent Legion, Catholic,
110. 117.213.

Eastern Star, Ancient and Honorable Order of the. 99. Eastern Star Benevolent Fund of America, 131,
IK.3.

Benevolent Legion. Catholic

Circle of Honor. 410. Circle, Order of the American Fraternal, 171.

Eastern Star, Order of the,
97,98, 101. Eclectic, Assembly, 197. Eleusis, Society of, 102.

Women's,
197.

113.120, 121, 216.

Clan-na-Gael,
420. 421.

10, 413, 415, 416,

300, ;W1, .303, 305, 315. 318. 310, 320, 321, 324, 326.

W!.

Benevolent Union. 197. Benevolent Union. American, Benevolent Union, Catholic,
113.

College Fraternities, 178, 179,
328, 347.
:353,

Elks, Benevolent
tective
229,
2.31.

and
of,

Pro185,

America, Protestant Knights
of, 31.5, 310, 322.

3.54, .355, 3(i0,

350.

:«0, ;J51, :»7, 358, 302. 303. 3(>4, 382.
;}4.s,

;i49,

Order

97.

3.50,

274, 2H4,

:«I2.

Emi)ire

America, Sons and Daughters
of. 205.

Benevolent

Union,

Irish

Catholic. 216.

America,
192.

United Order

of,

Benevolent Union, Order of
the. 201.

Coloni.il

American Brethren, 327. American Brotherhood,
317.

Ben Hur, Supreme Tribe
292,
113, 105, 190.

of

Colonial Dames of America, National Society of, .371. Dames of America, Society of. 372. Colonial Wars, Society of,
372.

Knights of Relief, 117, 131, 101, KM. Equitable Aid Union, 132, 101,
1(>1,

1S5.

Equitable League of America, 132.

Equity. Order of. 200.
of, 293,

American
204, 410.

Institutions,

So-

Benjamin. Independent Order, Sons of. 120. 121, 206,
210.

Columbia, Daughters
301, 315.

E
Knights
of, 146,

Eipiitv, United Order of. 205. soter-ists of the We.-t. 17.
34.3,

ciety for Protection of, 297.

Columbia,
Benevolent

Essenic Order, Ancient. 221.

American Knights,

200, 292,

Bereans,
of, 300.

Order
349.
:«(),

161.

Eta Phi,

364.

American Patriotic League,
200, 201, 293. 2'.>4. 200, 301, 315, 3IH, .322, 32.5. 327.

Berzelius. 342. 349.

Beta Sigma Omicron. iis, Beta Thela Pi. 178, 179,

Columbian Knights,.Supreme Lodge, Order of. 114. Columbian League. 131.
Columbu.s. Catholic Knights,
of. 114. 120. 216, .i22.

Farmers' Alliance, National,
.•J03,

304. 378, 386, 397.

American Protective Association ("A. P. A."'), 115,
290, 291, 2<.)2, 293, 2^>4, 21K), 301, :i02, 303, mh. :W7, 308, 310, 315, 310, 3IH, 321, 324, 327.

iA\. 331. .ir). :«0. :«7. 340, •M~. 34s. 349, .^50. :i58, ;i02.

Farmers' Alliance. Naiional: National Aid Degree, 386,
.3S0.

Columbus Mutual Benefit Association, 197.

Bethk'heni. Knights of. is;}. Big Four Fraternal Life Association. 130.

Father Mathew, Knights
114,217. Felicitaires,

of.

American Protective Association, Junior,
the. 317.
2'.»8,

302.

Birmingham. Knights of, 146. Black Flags, t»^. Black Knights, Order of the,
176.

Comforting Sisters. 112. Commercial Travelers, Order of United, of Ameriat, 120,
121, 183.

Ordre des. 00. Fenian Brotherhood, 10, 413,
415, 410, 420.

Commonwealth
Constitutional
298. 301.

American Shield, Order of
American Star Order. 206. American Union, Order of
the.
11.5.

of Jesus. 384.
18, 22.

Fidelity

League,

Modern
and Ladies

Compiinionage, The.

Bine Cross. Knights of the, of the World. 148. B'nai B'rith. Improved Order
of. 206.

Reform Club,

KniL'hts, 167. Fireside, Knights

of the, 114. 144.
Flint

Continental Fraternal Union,

Americans. Ancient Order of
Lo.val. 299.

B'nai B'riih. Independent Order,
0(1. 01. Wi. 93, 121, 2tHi. 207, 200.

11.3,

120,

Order of the. 120. 121. 20L Covenant, The, 102. Craftsmen, Modern Order of.
109.

Fishermen of (ialilee, 196. Gla.-is Workers' Union,
.\inerican, 378,
of. .171.
-384.

Foreign Wai-s. Military Order
Foresters, Ancient Order of,
.32.

Americans, Order of, 291. Americans, Order of Free and Accepted, 290, 291, 294, 301,
317.

Bohemian C. C. U.. 113. Bohemian Slavonian Knights
and Ladies,
113.

Cresceiils,
290. 301.

The.

290, 291, 294.

Crowned Republic,

384.

90. 91. i»2, 221. 229. 2:)1.

IS.3,
2.3.3,

2.34,

19,5,211. 251,

430
252, 254, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 307, 34(>. 403, 407, 410.

INDEX TO TITLES OF ORGANIZATIONS
218, 219, 2;J0, 231, 244, 252, 262, 273, 27'8, 281, 288, 302, 317, 323, ;M7, 3.53, 375, ;>!2, 397, 400, 413.
242, 251, 261, 268,
32.

Foresters, Ancient Order of,

America), 112, 113, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 130, 139, 147, 152, 179.
(in

Foresters,

Canadian

Order
153,

of. 11.3, 121. 130, 217, 223, 234.

1-JO,

Foresters, Catholic Order of,
113. 120, 141, 234.

Foresters. Catliolic Order of, of Illinois, 216, 217,223. Foresters: Companions of the Forest. 126, 129, 139, 151,
2;il,

220, 221, 2;12, 2;K, 245, 247, 2,5f), 257. 2(i4, 265, 274, 275, 282, 283, 304, 307, 331, ;«2, 360, 364, mi, 390, 403, 408.
:

222, 224, 238, 241, 248, 2,50, 2.58, 259, 266, 267, 276, 277, 284, 285, 308, 315, ma, ;W6, 367, 370, 395, 396, 410, 412,

Gardeners, Ancient Order of Free, Yorkshire Union. 254. Gardeners, British Order of
Free, 254.

der, 369, 371. 374, 375, 376, 377.

Grand Army of the Republic,
Relief Corps,

Women's Na-

Gardeners.

Grand

National

Order of Free, 254. Gardeners, Loyal Order of
Free, 254.

tional, 369, 371, 374, 375, 376, 377.

Grand
395.

Orient, Order of the,

Gardeners. National

United

Grange, The National, 310,
395, 396, 397, 398.

Order of Free,
Free.
2.54.

262.

Gardeners. Scotch Order of
Gardeners, United Order of
Free, 254.

Granite League, 136.
Guild, American, 113.

Freemasonry American Rite, Freemasonry
Chinese,
67.

Harugari,
209. 234.

German Order

of,

234, 410.
:

among among

the the

Foresters, Female. 112.

Genii of Nations, Knowledges and Religions. 96. Gleaners, Ancient Order of,
128 Globe, Daughters of the, 131,
148.

Heaven, Earth, and Man, Society of, 68.

Foresters Glenwood Degree,
134, 139, 140.

Freemasonry
groes, 72, 116.

Foresters, Inde])endent Order
of, 113. 114. Ill), 117, 131, 134, 138, 14.3, 157, 193. 193, 215, 223, 234.

Mormons, 70. Freemasonry among
Freemasonry
8, 22.
:

He Boule. 343, 364. Helpers, Order of Fraternal,
174.

NeAc-

130, 164,

Globe, Knights of the, 131,

Helping Hand, Order of the,
202.

Ancient

148.

cepted Scottish Rite,
:

43.

Foresters, Independent Order of (Negro), 224. Foresters, Independent Order of Illinois, 113,130.134,139,
140, 153, 157, 215, 217, 223,

Freemasonry Anti-Masonry,

Freemasonry
Americans,
:

:

Distinguished

Globe Mutual Benefit Association, Knights of the, 148. Gnostics. The, 21, 22. Golden Band, Circle of the,
131, 184.

Heptasophs, Improved Order
of, 113, 116, 117, 137, 147, 164, 180.

132, 134,

94.

Heptasophs, Order Seven Wise Men,

Freemasonry Masonic Directory, 55.

Golden Chain, Knights of the,
164, 292.

Foresters.

Irish

National

Order

of, 223, 234, 262.

Freemason ry Order of Knights of Rome, and of
:

Golden Chain, Order
176.

of, 117,

Forester8,.Juuior, of America,
234. 262.

the

Red Cross
2(;s,
:

of Constan-

Golden

tine, 80,
:

276.

Circle. Knights of the, 316. 418. 419.
113, 117, 122, 161, 165, 169, 181, 193. 412.

of, or 137, 138, 147, 151, 173, 175, 176, ;334, 335, 349, 354. 3.56, 364. Hermann. Daughters of, 232, 284. Hermann. Sons of, 332, 282.

Hermann's Sons of Wisconsin, 113.

Foresters, Juvenile, 2.34, 2(52. Foresters Knights of St. Rose, 217. Foresters Knights of the Slierwood Forest, 139, 233,
:

Freemasonry Freemasonry
raim,

Rite of

Mem-

Golden Cross, United Order, Golden Eagle. Kniglitsof Golden Eagle, Ladies of
151, 154.

pliis, 30. 78, 268, 346.
:

Hibernians, Ancient Order of,
15. 90, 91, 92, 93. 115, 121, 122, 211, 313. 346,

Rite of Mis-

32. 78, 2(is, 346.
:

the,

120, 382,

274.

Foresters, Massachusetts
Catholic Order of, 140, 215,
217, 323.

Freemasonry Rosicrucians, Society of Modern. 86. Freemasonry: Royal Order of
Scotland,
87.
:

114. 11.5. 120. 121, 148, 156.

423, 424, 425.

the,

Golden Fleece, Ancient Grand
United Order. 251. Golden Fleece, Ancient Order
of, 159.

Hibernians. Ancient Order of Daughters of Erin, 212. Highbinders, The, 69.
:

Foresters:

Miriam
of
129, 184, 231, 2S5,

Degree,
115,

Freemasonry Sovereign College of Allied Masonic and
Cliristian Degrees for America, 103. Freemasonry, Statistics of,
90.

Historical Society,
298, 315, 327.

Women's,

139, 140, 157.

Foresters

America,

116, 120, 121, 151, 177, 179, 224, 225, 229, 262, 274, 2S2,

130, 139, 217, 223, 233, 251, 289. 316.

Freemen, Order of American,
290, 291, 294, 299.

Foresters,
Order

Pennsylvania

Freesmiths, Ancient Order of,
6, 7. 8.

of, 184, 223.

Foresters, Royal

Order

of,

Freischmiede, Alte Orden der,
6.

Golden Fleece. Ancient Order, Bradford Unity, 251. Golden Fleece, Independent Order of, 251. Golden Lily Hui, 68. Golden Linlcs of the World, Knights of. 262. Golden Precept, Knights and
Ladies of the.
202, 204. 144.

Home Builders, Order of, 201. Home CiMe, 11.3, 114, 116,
117, 135, 161, 164, 184.

Home Forum
113, 136.

Benefit Order,
137.

Home

Palladium,

Honor, American Legion

of,

183, 222, 224, 250, 251, 252, 281.

Friendly Fellows, Fraternity
of, 134.

Golden Rod, Order of
Golden Rule Alliance,
184, 187.

the,
136,

113, 116, 117, lis, 122, 123, 141, 148, 157, 1(53, 171, 176, 186, 187, 189, 193, 194, 199, 204. 213.

Foresters, United Order of,
140. 192, 223, 234.

Friends, Canadian Order of
Catholic

Foresters.

Women's

Chosen,

130, 174.

Honor, Colored Brotherhood and Sisterhood of. 131. Honor, Iowa Legion of, 117,
123, 141, 164, 187. 195.

Order of, 114. Founders andPatriots, Orders
of, 371.

Friends, Independent Order of Chosen, 138. Friends, Order of Cliosen,
113, 117, 138, 164, 171, 17.3, 181, 184, 189, 192, 199. Friends, Order of Select, 117, 118, 1(K, 18L

Golden Rule, Knights and
Ladies of the, 144. Golden Rule, Knights of
144, 161, 174.

Honor, Knights and Ladies
the,
113,

of,

Fraternal

Aid

Association,

114, 11,5, 147, 156, 169.

120,

121, 142,

113, 132, 164.

Golden Star Fraternity,
120, 121. 136.

Fraternal Alliance. 113. Fraternal Association

of

Golden

Star,

Knights and La114, 116, 117,

Honor, Knights and Ladies of: Order of Protection, 147. Honor, Knights of, 114, 115,
117, 122. 123, 135, 142, 144, 146, 1.56. 1(50, 161, 168, 169, 174, 175, 186, 189, 191, 193, 199, 201. Honor, Knights of, of the World, 147. Honor, Legion of, 114. Honor, National Temple of, 411.
116, 143, 164, 188,

America.
202.

198.

Fraternal Circle, Order of the,

Friends, Order of True, 183. Friends, Order of United, 114,
116, 117, 161, 184, 400. 164, 169, 173,

dies of the,
146, 164, 403.

Good

Fellows, Royal Society
122,
164, 169,

Fraternal Guild. 198. Fraternal Legion, 113,
164.

133,

Friends, United, of Michigan,
114, 173, 192.

of. 113, 117, 188, 191.

Good Samaritans,
United Order
ent Order

Grand

Fraternal Mystic Circle, Supreme Ruling, 113, 114, 117,
123, 133, 164.

Frieiidshio, Actors' Order of,
120, 121,' 122, 218.

of, 402.

Good Samaritans, Independof, 402, 403.

Fraternal Order,

Modern As-

Friendship, Knights of. 2H8. Friendship, Order of Knights
of, 277.

Good Samaritans, Independent Order of, and Daughters of Samaria, 402.

Honor, Northwestern Legion
of, 114. 123. 170, 187.

sociation, 120, 121, 157. Fraternal Order of Protectors,
134.

Friendship, Sisters of, 288. Friendship, United Brothers
of, 288.

Fraternal Orders, 112. Fraternal Tribunes, 113, 120,
121,134.

Good Templars. 402, 403. Good Templars. Independent
Order of,
90, 91, 92. 115, 116, of,

Honor, Sons of. 409, 410. Honor, Supreme Court
114.

of,

Friendship, United Brothers of and Sisters of the Mysterious Ten, 288.

122, 296, 382, 403, 408.

Honor, United Order of, 161. Hoo-Hoo. Concatenated Order
of. 231.

Fraternal Union of America,
113.134.

Gophers, Ancient Order
365, 375.

Freemasonry,

1,

4, 5, 6, 8, 17,

Galilean

69-90, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103,
104, 111, 114, 11.5, 123, 124, 125, 12S, 134, 135, 136, 141, 146, 148, 149, 153, 1.59, 168, 169. 172, 177, 178, 179, 181, 186, 188, 189, 193, 198, 199, 200, 201, 206, 208, 209, 210, 116, 132, 143, 156, 173, 183,
19.5,

122, 133,
14.5,
1.57,

Gamma Nu, Gamma Phi
Gardeners,
195.

Fishermen, Grand United Order of. 235.
343, 354. Beta, 338, 354.

Gorinogons, August and Noble Order of.
9.

Hope, Daughters of, 131. Hope, United Order of, 193. Humility, Oriental Order of,
279

Grand Army of Progress, Advance Guard of America, or
the, 365, 366.

Hung
I.

League,

68, 69.

Ancient

Order,

Grand Army of the Republic,
11, 11.5, 116, 148, 191, 201, 214, 365, 373, 374, 375, 376,

176,
184,

Gardeners, Ancient Order of
Free, 307.

C. Sorosis, 337. Idle Rest, Sons of, 284. I. K. A., 334, 338, 364.

197, 203, 204,

Gardeners, Ancient Order of Free, Lancashire Union,
250, 254.

377.

Grand Army of the Republic,
Ladies of the. National Or-

lUuminati, Society of, 102. lUuminati, Weishaupt's, 344,
356.

211, 212,

INDEX TO TITLES OF ORGANIZATIONS
Independent ImmaculiUes, Order of, of the U. S. A., 141.
Iinijerial

431
of

Labor, American Federati<m
of, 378. 380,
.3'.)4.

of St.

John the Baptist
230, 209.

Mutual

Jerusalem.

(New
Mutual

Protection League Mexico), 422. 426.
of,

Indian
2i)2,

Lesion, 137. Uepiiblican League,
31f!.

Labor, Labor.

Brotherhood of Uni3i»4.

ted, 3H4,

301,

Industrial
Indu.»triiil

Army,

415.

Improved Order of Advanceu Knights of. 384,
Kniglits of. 384,

Benefit Order. 198.

3'.)3.

Malta. Grand Black Lodge of Scotland. 275. Malta, Imperial Parent (Jrand Black Lucanipmcnt of the Universe, 41, 218, 273, 27.5,
27ti.

Mutual Protection, Order
114. 117. ItU, 174.

Protection

Society,
81.

419, 421.

Indii.«try,

aliern

Independent Ctievand Ladie.* of, 138.

Labor. Indeiiondent Order of
.3'.M.

Industry, Patrons of,(2d». 399. Iinier <'ircle, Kniglits of tiie,
4l:i,

Labor. Kniirlits
420.

of, 422, 42,5,

Malta. Knights of, 270. Malta. Knights Hospitalers ot
St.

420.
121, 123.

Insnrancc' rnion, American,
l-.i{i,

Labor. Noble and Holy Order of Knights, of America,
388,

Alalta:

John. 272. 273. Knights of Cyprus,
:

mi

262, 270.

Malta
of,

Insurance Union, American
Fraternal. 122. International Fraternal AUianoe, l>)->, lit", 198, 202.

Labor, Order of Knights
3S3, HKi. lis:,, 388, 401. 411!, 420.
3'.)'.),

10, 11. 123. 310. 378. 37i), 380,

400,

Knights of St. John, 272 Malta, Knights of St. John and, 114, 2!.s, 220, 266, 281,
307.

Mysteries, MysK^ries, Mysteries. Mysteries, Mysteries, Mysteries, Mysteries, Myst«Ties,
the,

Adoniac,

Cabiric, 21. K''yptian, 21. Ktensian, 21.

Grecian, 21. Mitbraic, 21. Persian, 21. Syrlac. 21. Mysterious Ten, Sisters of
28.'^.

Mystic

Brotherhood,

Order

of the, 396.

"International,
400.
Iris.

The,"

:i8i),

Labor,

Provisional
of, 399.

Order
Lincoln,
the

Knights
of. 3.")4. Iteiiulilican

Sons

Ladies of
306, 30!).

Abraham

Malta. Kni"hts of St. John of Jerusalem. Uhodes, Palestine and. 219. 220. 2:^0, 202,
200, 207, 268, 274. 270, 277, 340.

Mystic Brothers, Independent Order. 247. Mystic Chain. Ancient Order: Daughters of Hnlh. 125. Mystic Chain. Aiuieni Order: Degree of Naomi. 125. Mystic Chain. Ancient Order, Knights of the, 124. Mystic Legion of America,
Loyal.
ll-»-

Brotherhood, 4i;i 416. Iron and Steel Workers, NaIrish

Lady

True Blues of World. 306, .308. 30i).
Iota. 340. 356.

Malta: Non-Masonic
of,

Orders
208,

tional
388.

Union

of,

878, 3S4,

Lambda
Liberty,
Liberty.
2'.)1,

Daughters

of, 298,

218, 220, 200, 207, 274. 28).

Iron and Steel Workers of the

301, 315. 310, 410.

Malta: Order of Hospitalers,
277.

United
8S8.

States.

.Vinalganior,378,."iS4,

Guards

of, 290, 291,

ated .Association

301.

Malta: Order of
270.

St.

John,

208,

Mystic Shrine, Ancient Arabic Order. Nobles of the,
1, 2:i2.

Iron Brotherhood. 416. Iron Hall of Baltimore,
202. Iron Hall, 201, 202.

Liberty, Kniiibls of. 198, 262. Liberty, Sons of. 2.iS. 239, 240,
198,

Malta. Royal Black Associati(m of Knights of, 274. 28L

201.

Order of

the, lOS,
120,

241, 242, 291, 292, 2<.)8. 303, 311, 310, 319, 323, 324, 325, 419. Liberty, Sons of, (2d), 325,
.320.

Iroquois, Order of,

121,

180. Isis, Temple of, 104. Independent Order, Israel, Free Sons of, 113, 120, 121, 206, 208, 209. Israel, Sons and Daughters of, 282. Israelites, Independent Order of American, 206, 20'.).

Liberty,
2',)1.

Templars

of,

290,

294. 315. 324, 327.

Liberty, Templars of. (2d), 189 Light of the Ages, 156.

Malta. Sons of. 2S2. 284, 417. Malta. United Military and Religions Orders of the Temple, of St. John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhotles and, 274. 275, 270. Marshall Temperance Fraternity, 408, 411.

Mystic Shrine, .\ncient Arabic Ordi'r of Nobles, North and South America (negroi. 6. Mystic Shrine Daughters of
:

Isis. 3.

(negro): Mystic Shrine . Daughters of the Pyramid,
6.

Locomotive Engineers. Brotherhood of, 379, 380, ;i82,
383. 384, 394, 400.

Marshall Temple No. 1, Sons of Honor. 411. Marshall Temiile of Honor,

Mystic Star, Order of the, 101. Mystic Workers of the World,
114. 120, 121,169.

Mystical Seven,
3:i4,

No.
Bro379, 380,

1.

Sons of Temperance,

Locomotive therhood
382, 383.

Firemen,
of,

408, 412.

If., 17s, 179, :«5, .«1, 346, 349, 354, 356, 304.

121,

Jericho, Heroine of, 100, 308. Jericho. Knights of, 402, 403,
404, 408.

Martinists, Order of, 98. Masonic Protective Association, 114.

National
117.

Aid

Association,

Lone

Star.

Order of the,

419.

Loval Additional Benefit As-

Mayflower Descendants, Society of. 372.

Jerusalem,

Ancient

Order

sociation, 114.166, 104,187.

National Aid Degree, 386, 3S(l. National Benevolent Society,
114.

KniL'htsof, 229.

Jerusalem. Ancient Order of Daughters of, 22'.).
Jesuits, Society of, 12. Jolly Corks, The, 22<), 230.

Loyal Circle, 156. Loval Guard, Knights of the,
151,
If 14.

Loyal

Kniuhts and
14.3.

Ladies,

Mechanics. Independent Order of, 120. 121. 141. Mechanics. Junior Order of tfnited American, 115, 110,
120,
121,
l:i4.

National Dotare, 199, 202, 204. National Fraternal Congress,
U.S. 110, 118, 120,160.

120. 121.

156.

141.

199,

2',)0.

National
200.

Fraternal

Union,
121,

Joseph, Koyal Tribe
188

of, 114,

Loyal Knights
291, 299.
.302.

of America,
306.

Jonadab, Sons
412.

of,

406,

409,

Loyal
374.

Ladies"

League,

369,

291. 292, 294, 297, 300, :W1, 302, 305, 300, ;W7. :i08, 315, 31li. 319, 324, :iS2.

National Fraternity, 120,
167.

Jlechanics, Order of United
11.5. 141, 101, 2:W, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 299, *10, .301. :W2, :»3, 305, .300, 311, 317, 318, 319, 324. 320, :i82. Mechanics' LTnion. American, 314.

National Protective Legion,
114.200. Nalioiuil Protective Society,
120,
121. 122.

Judah, Independent Free Sons of, 209.

Order,

Loyal Legion. Military Order of the, of the United Slates,
30.5,

American,

2-t3, 29-;,

371. 372, 370.

Kabbaliets. The, 21. 22. Kappa Alpha, 15, IT'.), 2;«. ;«0,
3:«, 3H0.
33.1.

Loyal
erty,

Men
2'.)1.

of American Lib292, 294. 306.

National
National

Provident
He.serve

Union,
Associa-

114, 110, 117, 104, 167.

33.1, 31)3.

33(),

34(1,

:Mr, 354,

Loyal

Women

of American

Liberty. 290, 300, 315.

Kappa Alpha,
355.

(South), 330,
^

Low German
97.

G. L. of U. S. of
of,

Kappa Alpha Thcta, 337, Kappa Kappa Gamma,
366.

366. 337,
355.

N. A.. 114. Lnxor, Hermetic Brothers

Melchizedek, Fifth Order of, and Egyptian Sphinx. 96. Mighty liost. Knights of the.
419.

National

in, 118, 1(;4, 168. I'liion, 114, lio, 117, 118, 12:i, 157, 104, 168, 109, 1S5, 292, 2'.Mi.
tion, 114,

Native Sons of .America, 290,

Military

and Ancestral Or310. 310.
of,

291,294,310,315.

Kappa Kapi>a Kappa. 341,
Kai>pa Sigma,
;i5S. 3.30.
."tt.").

Maccabees, Knights of the,
114, 11.5, 110, 140, 161, 1.54, ItU, 1S5, 202,

ders,' 369.

365,

Kappa Sigma
366.

Epsilon, 312,

117, 118, 143, 1.5.5, 159, 101, 290.

Minute Men. 31S. Minute Men of '<)0, Minute Men of '90,
Mogribins. The.
Motriillians. 174.
1.

Native Sons of the Golden West, 109. Naval Order of the United
states,
129,
.371.

Maccabees,
Phi. :i43. 366. Shel Harzil. 209.
114, 164.

Ladies

of

the,

Nazarites,

Kappa Sigma
Keshcr

Order

Khorassan. Dr.imatic

Order

of Kniu'hts of. 232, 2()(1. 2^U. Kickapoo Association. Amicable, 242.

Machinists. International Association of. 384. Matla. The. 422.

Grand United Order of, 236. New Kngland Order of Protection, 114, 117, llM, 169.

King David, Royal Knights
of, 187.

Magi, Order of the. 101. Maitre Jact^ues. Sons of, 18. Malta, Ancient and Illustrious Order. Kniu'lits of, 115,
120, 121. 218, 207. 273. 274. 276. 277. 2SI, 290. *I7.

Molly Maguircs, 212, 279, 423. Moose, Loval Order of, of the Woria, 274. Musci>vites, Imperial Order
of.
2->-3,

New New

Jersey

Loyal

Ladies'

2i;i.

Leai:ue, 374. Life, Brotherhood the. 18.

of

Kirjaith Sepher.

:Vii>.

Mules. Order of. 421. Mutual Aid, Illinois Order
141.

of.

Noah, Sons of, 10.3. North .\mericnn Union.
170.
.

114,

Know
2i)0,
2i)'.),

Nothing Party,
21)1,
2'.)2.

»K), ;^01, 315, 317. 31'.), 32(i, 327. :«1.

283, 29H, 304, 310, 311,
2!)3. 2!)4, .320,

.321,

3^,

41',).

Kolan Hui.

(18, Oi).

Ku

Klux Klan, 283, 310, 367,

416, 120,421.

Malta. Ancient and Illustrious Order. Knights of: Dames of Malta, 221. Malta, .\ncient an<l IllustriKnights of: ous Order, Daughters of Malta. 221. Malta, Brethren Hospitalers

Mutual .Md. Independent Order. 114.

Nu Sigma
2.^)0, 2.5:}

Nu,

:i37,

366.

Mutual Aid, Order
174.

of,

144,

Odd Fellows, Albion Order,

Mutual
216.

Benefit Association, Catholic, 113, 120, 121,

Odd

Fellows, Ancient and Honorable Order of, 248,

353.

.

:

432
Odd
Fellows, Ancient Independent Order, Kent Unity, 24S, 249. iW. Odd Fellows, Ancient Independent Order of, 248, 253,

INDEX TO TITLES OF ORGANIZATIONS
Odd
Odd Odd
284.

Fellows, Patriotic Order

Protection. American Knights
of, 292, 316.

of, 248,

2m.
Staffordshire
2,5;^.

der of, Salford Unity, 402, 405, 406, 410.
Reciprocity, Knights of, 292,
303, 316.

Fellows.
of. 2.50.

Order

Fellows. United Order
249, 251,
2,53,

of. 248,

281,

Odd Odd
Odd

Ancient Noble Order. Bolton Unity, 250.
Fellow:!.

Protection. Knights and Ladies of. 199. Protection, Order of, Knights and Ladies of Honor, 147. Protestant Association,

Red

Cross. Legion

of

the,

114, 117. 118, 150,156, 164.

Odd

Fellows.

WestBromwich
2,5.3.

Order
Fellows, Ancient True
of, 2.50, 25;i.

of, 250.

American. 290, 291, 294. 296, 298, 299, 300, 302, 306, 327.
Protestant
306.

Cross, Order of Knights of the. 181. Red Flags. 68.
15,
11:3,

Red

and

Odd
Odd Odd

Order
Order

Fellows,
of, 250, 253.

Auxiliary

Fellows. Wolverhampton Order of. 2.50,252. Ladies, 174.
Sisters, 112.

Association,
299, 302,

Red Men, Improved Order of,
134, 198, 311, 326, 116, 120, 141, 169. 177. 212, 238, 262, 314, 317, 323, 121, 122, 179, 181, 285, 302,
.324,

American Junior,
Protestant

Association,
291. 299.

Fellows, British United Order. 250. Fellows. Derby Midland United Order, 250, 253. Odd Fellows, Economical

Odd

Old Men, Independent Order
of, 422.

American (Negro%
ciation of
174.

;325,

Protestant Benevolent Asso-

:327. :346, :382.

Odd

Oniah

Language.

Order

of

the, 101.

York. 299. Protestant Knights, Order of,
Provident League of America, 185.

New

Red Men. Improved Orderof
Daughters of Pocahontas.
244. 246.

Order

of, 250, 253.

Odd

Fellows, Enrolled Order

of, 250, 253.

Odd Odd

Fellows, Free and Indeof, 248, 249.

Orange Association of British North America, Lady, 309. Orange Association. Women's Loyal, 308, 327. Orange Institution, Loyal,
32,41.90,91,92,93,211,218,
219, 220. 221, 248, 273, 274, 275, 276. 281, 296, 297, 298, 299, 306, 322, 327.

Red Men. Independent Order
of. 115, 245. 262.

pendent t)rder
Order

Prudent Patricians of Pompeii of the United States of America, 120, 121. 185.
Psi Upsilon, 15. 179. 238, 330,
334, .335. 336. 340, 343. 344, 346, 347, im. 352. 360.

Red Men, Metamora Tribe of,
2()2.

Red Men,

Fellows, Grand I'nited

of, 90, 91,92, 93.116, 120. 121. 235, 249, 250, 253, 281. 287. 289, 307.

Societv of, 2.39, 242, 243, 245, 290, 291, 292. 298, 311, 319, 323, 324, ;325, .326. of the Little, 290, 291, 294, 315,
318, :325.

Red School House. Order

Orange

Institution

;

Loyal
of Can-

Odd

Follows.

Order Ruth.

of: 237, 250, 253.
of, 250, 2.53. of, 2.53.

Grand United Household of
Handsworth

Protestant ada, 309.

Women
;

Odd
Odd
Odd
2.53.

Fellows,

Royal Orange Institution Black Knights of the Camp
of Israel, 296.
296.
.308.

Grand United Order, Independent Sons and Daughters of. 135. Pyramids, Ancient Order of
Purity,

Red. White and Blue, Order
of the. 292, 322. Relief and Beneficiary Association, Catholic, 113. Republic. Daughters of the,
301,-321.

Order
Order

322.

Pythian Sisterhood,
279

the, 113, 117. 128, 164. 265, 266.
265, 266, 280,

Fellows, Ukstone Unity
Fellows. Improved Inof.

Orange Knights, American,

Pvthian Sisters,
"281.

Orangewomen. Loyal.

dependent Order

250,

Odd

Fellows,

Independent

112. Orient, Order of the. 202. Orientals. The, 229. 284. Osiris, Ancient Order of, 8.

Pythias. Chevaliers of. 230. Pvthias. Improved Order.
of. 10, 113, 114. 11.5, 116. 120. 121. 12:1 124, 129, 1:^3. l:}4. 149, 157. 159, 161, 168, 1()9, 177, 184, 19.5. 198, 199, 200, 201. 203, 204, 229, 2:32, 2:33, 238, 263, 266, 274, 279, 280, 281, 284, 293. 302. :304. 316. 400. Pythias, Knights of: Khoras-

Reubens. Order of, 421. Revolution, Daughters of
.371

the,

Order

of, 10. 11. 15, 90. 91, 92, 112, 113, 115,. 117, 120, 121. 122, 123, 124. 129, 1.32, 135, 139, 140, 141, 142. 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 157, 168, 169. 172, 173, 174, 177, 179, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, 193, 195, 198, 200, 201,

Owls. Independent Order
97.

of,

Knights of. 238. Pythias. Knights

Revolution, Daughters of the

American,

:371.

Revolution. Patriotic League of the. 290. 291, 294, :306,
315, 318, :324.

Palladium, Order of the, 101. Patriarchal Circle of America. 131, 184.

Revolution,

Sons
371.

of

the

American,

204, 221, 2:M, 244, 281, 314, 382,

206, 222, 235, 245, 282, 316, 383.

208, 224, 236, 247, 283, 327, 410,

211, 226, 237, 263, 285, 328, 412.

212, 219, 232, 233, 238, 242, 2(i5, 278. 288. .304, 332, 366,

League. National Assembly. 298, 310, 316. Patriotic Orders. The. 290. Patriots of America. 292. 301,
Patriotic
316. .321. 323.

Revolution. Sons of the, 371.

Ribbonmen. The, 423, 424. Ridgeby Protective Association. 114.

Patrons of Husbandry, Order
of, 115. 116. 310, 378, 386. ;i87. 388. 395, 399.

385,

Dramatic Order of Knights of. 232, 266. 284. Pythias, Knights of. of North and South America.Europe,
san.

Rochester Brotherhood, The,
111.

Roman

Colleges of Artificers,
of,

Asia and Africa
224, 266.

(Negro),

18, 20.

Odd Odd

Fellows,

Independent

Peudo. Order of. 201. Pente, Order of. 201.
P. E. O.. 338. 356. People's Favorite Order. 203. People's Five-year Benefit Order, 203. People's Mutual Life Insurance Order. 203.

Romans. Ancient Order
175, 250.
:i37.

Order

of: Daughters Militant. 232, 2.53. 2!il.

Q. T. v..

362.

Queen

of the South, 97, 102.

Fellows. Independent Order of: Daughters of Rebekah. 129. 142. 151, 191.

Railway Carmen, Brotherhood of, of America, 379,
3 -SO. 383.

Table, Knights and Ladies of the, 145. Royal Adelphia. 202, 204. Royal Aid Society, 185.

Round

Royal Arcanum,

232, 234. 244, 250. 253. 259, 260. 281, 410.

Odd

Fellows, Independent Order of: Imperial Order of Muscovites, 233. 238. Odd Fellows, Independent

Phi Alpha Sigma, .337, 356. Phi Beta Kappa, 16, 238. 331.
333. 334. .33ti. 344. 346, 347. 354. 356, 360. 361, 363. Phi Delta Phi. ,337. 358. Phi Delta Theta. i;34, .330, 334, 335. 336, 3.>1. 358. Phi Delta, 330, 3;B4, 335, 336, 361. Phi Kappa Psi, 330, 334, .335, 336. 353, 359. Phi Kappa Sigma, 330, a34. 33). 360. Phi Theta. 341. 360. Phi Sigma Kappa. 337. 360. Phi Theta P.<i. 343, 360. Phi Zeta Mu. :W2. 360. Pi Beta Phi. 337. 360. Pi Kappa Alpha. 3:%, 335, 360.
3:32.

Railway Conductors, Ladies' Auxiliary of the Order of,
:M4.

Railway Conductors, Order
of, of America, 120. 121, 379. 380. :382, 383, 394, 400.

114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 123, i;32, 148, 1.56, 157, 161, 164, 169, 176, 181, 185, 186, 189, 19.3, 194, 199, 201. 204, 213, 214, 296, :350. 202.

116,

135, 168,
188, 203,

Royal Argosy, Order of the,

Order

of: Patriarchs Militant. 253. 256, 265.

Railway

Telegraphers,

Odd

Independent Orderof.Manchester Unity,
Fellows,
128. 237. 252, 261.

Gamma

dies' Auxiliary of the of, .395.
of,

LaOrder

32. 236. 251. 258, 408.

222. 239, 253, 286,

223, 225, 235, 248, 249, 250, 2.54, 256, 257, 346, 403, 407,

Railway Telegraphers, Order
379.
:380.

382, 383,

.388,

394.

Royal Ark, Order of the, 204. Royal Benefit Society, 202. Royal Circle. 114. Royal Conclave of Knights and Ladies, 187. Royal Fraternal Guardians,
187.

Nu

Railway Trainmen, Brotherhood of, 3i9. :380, 382, 383,
:395, .399.

Odd Odd
Odd

Fellows, Kingston Unity

Roval Fraternity, 187. Royal League, 114, 117,
164, 187.

.

118,

of. 2.50. 2.53.

Railway
379, 400.
:382,

Union,

American,

Fellows. Leeds United
of, 250. 2.53.
of. 2.53.

383, 384, 394, 395,

Royal Neighbors of America,
114, 159.

Order

Fellows. Leicester Unity

Rainbow
280.

Societv, or

W. W.

Royal Standard of America,
188.
S. S. S.,

Order

Odd
Odd Odd

Fellows, Loyal

Union

Pilgrim Fathers, United Order of. 114, 117,123,165.169,
192. 193.

W., 179, m4, .335, Rathbone Sisters.

3.54,

364. 265, 266,

Order

of. 248. 249. 253. 287.

Fellows. National Indeof, 249. 250,

Preceptors, Order of. Fraternal, 174.

pendent Order
253.

Rechab. Encamped Knights of. of North America, 402,
407.

Order of the, and Brotherhood of the Z. Z. R.
R. Z.
Z.. 102.

Progress. Order of Sons of,
201.

Fellows, Norfolk and Norwich Unity. 250, 253. Odd Fellows. Nottingham. Ancient Imperial Indepen-

Progressive Guild of America. 120. 121,
203.

Endowment
293. 321.

Rechab. Sons of. 406. Rechab. United Daughters
409, 412.

of,

St. St. St.

Andrew's Societv,

Anthony Clubs,
Crispin,

241. 353.
of,

Daughters

dent Order
2.53.

of. 248, 249, 250.

Pro Patria Club,
117, 164, 184.

Rechabites, Independent Order of. ill North America,
90, 91, 92, 112, 113, :382. 402.

281.

Odd Fellows:
of, 250.

" other Orders "

Protected Fireside Circle. 184. Protected Home Circle, 114,

403. 406, 409, 410.

Rechabites, Independent Or-

384, .385. St. Crispin. Knights of, 384, 385. St. David's Society, 241. St. George, Daughters of, 232. 279.

,

INDEX TO TITLES OF ORGANIZATIONS
St. George, Order of Sons of, IdO, 1^1, 2:«, a41, 279, 424. of Patrick's Alliance St. America, 217. St. Patrick. Friendly Sons of
:iir.

4a3
Veterans, Sons of, U. S. A.: Ladies' Aid Society, 389,
375.

Solomon, Sons of, 18. Solon, Order of, 201. Soubise, Sons of, 18.
Soverei-rn I'atriotic Knights,

Theta Delta
.•«6,

(

hi, :i30, a'M, .'WS,

317,

3.58,

363.

Theta Xi,

364.

Thirteen. Order of, 310.
Titus. Iv'oval

Veterans.
erate,
2'.M),

United
376.
:il)\.

Confed-

Samaria, Danjilitcrs

of, 402.

Order of, 426. Sovereigns of Indusiry, 399. Sparta. Order of, 12o, 121, 176,
204.

Arch

of, 248.

.371,

Tonti. Order of, 203.

Videttes, National Order of,
291, 21>4,

Tramp

Kraiernities. 426.

310.

Sanhedrim, Order of the, 182. Sanhedrims, Ancient Order
of, 229 2S4. Scottish Clans, Order of, 114,
121),

Travelers of .America. Order
of United Commercial. 183. Triad Society, 68, 69. Triangle, Order of the, 183. Triangle, The, .394. 4(Mi, 401. Triangle, The (2d). 414.

121. 278.

The, 265, 284. Star, Templars Order of the American, ;W1, 317, 327. Star of Bethlehem Degree of
S. P. K.,
:

W. W. W.,

or -The Rainbow," 179, ;ii4, .•i3.5. .^54, 364, Wanetas, The. 460. 401.

Scroll
'i4l>,

and Key,
362.

334,

.340, :J41,

I'roicction, 142.

War
371.

of 1812, Society of the,

Star of Bethlehem, Knights
of the, 154, 1K2, 1K3. Star of Bethlehem, t)ider of,
131, 1.54, 174, 175, 182, 2.52.

Secret Monitors, Grand Conclave of, 1(«. Security, Knights and Ladies of, 114. 117,118, 143, ll>4. Security Life Association, 104. S. E. K., Order of, 98. Select Guardians, Society of,
206.

Triple Link Mutual Indemnity Association, 191. True Brethren, 290, 291, 2»4,
317, 327.

Washington.

Knights

and

Star,

Order of the American,

Twelve. International Order
of, of Knijjhts

Ladies of. 146. Wa>liinglon. Order of. 371. West Gale. Brotherhood of
the. 17.

290, 291, 294, 317.

and Daugh198, 201,

Star Spangled Banner, Order of the, 2<K), 300, 3U4, 315.
319, :120, 324, 326. Sufis, Order ol the, 102.

ters
262.

of

Tabor,

Western Knights Protective
.V.H.sociation. 120. 121. 194.

Twelve, Order

of, 198, 201,

Western Star Order. Independent, in. Wheel, The Agricultural.
378,

Seven. Mystic Order
274.

of,

2(5.5,

Seven Stars of Consolidation,
189.

Sun, League of Friendship, Supreme Mechanical Order
of the, 12S, 156. Swedenborg, Bite of. 102.

Uncle Sam, Order
311.

of, 290, :J04,
'•

397.

White Caps."

Seven Wise Men of the World. Knights of the, 147. 'Tti, Supreme Order Sons of,
326.
'7(i,

Union
191.

Beneficial Association,

Whitecaps,

426. The. 422. 426.

Switchmen's Mutual Aid Association, 399, 400.

Union. Brotherhood of the,
290, 291, 2<.M, 300, 31.5, 319,
2!Ht,

:im,

Order of Sons of, 31,5. mo. .324, 326.

290,

Switchmen's Union of North America, ;CT, 380, 399.
Tabor, International Order of Twelve, of Knights and Daughters of, 198, 201. Tabor. Knights of, 198. Tamina Society, or Columbian Order, 241,

300, ;«4, 326.

.30.5,

White Flags, 68. While Lily. OH. White Lotus. 68. While Shrine of Jerusalem,
Order of
317, 327.

Union
206.

Endowment.

The,
120,

Sexennial League. 201. 204. Shepherds. Ancient Order of,
ir.-), 177, 19.5. 221, 225. 229, 2:«, 2.50, 2.51. 2K2, ;i07. 410.

Wide Awakes,
Wolf's

the. 102. 290, 291, 294,
3:i5,

Union Fraternal League,
121, 191.

Head.

:«0,

:«1,

Shepherds, Loyal Ancient Order of, 229. Shepherds, Loyal Order of,
251.

Union Labor Party. 387. Union League of America, 367,
418, 421.

:«3. .344. 364.

Woodchoppers Association,
289.

Union, Order of American,
290, 294, 296, 303, 310, 315, 317, 318, 324. .327.

Wood
ica,

Tamina
of,

Society, St., 239,240,

Woodmen, Modem,

Cutters. Order of, 99. of Amer-

Shepherds. Loyal Order

242.

Ashton Unity. 2.52. Shepherds of America,
1S3. 2,52.

Tamina, Sons of
175,

St., 241, 291, 292, 298, 311, 319, 323, 324, 326, 326, 327. 370.

Union Veterans' Legion,

mx

.365,

371. 376.

United African Brotherhood,
192.

Woodmen

Shepherds Order of,
252.

of

Bethlehem,

Tammany, American Sous of
King, 241, 325.

121, 174, 177, ia3,

Sheiiherds, Royal. 282. Shepherds. Society of
cient. 252.

An-

Tammany Hall, 241. Tammany Society, 239, 324. Tammany Society, St., 242. Tammany Society, or Columbian
370.

United Brotherhood, 421. United Endowment League,
205.

114, 11.5. 116. 117. 118, 131, l:». 136, 157, 159, 164, 177. 195. of the World, 114, 115, 117. lis, 134, 143, 14.8. 1.57, 1.59, 16.5, 194, 202.

World Mutual Benefit Association. 196. 279.

United Fellowship, Order
184.

of,

Worid, Order of the, 196. 279. Worid. Order of the. of Boston. 203.

Shield of Honor, 114, 165. 189,
292.

Order. 291, 325, 326,
St..

United hood
LTnited

Irishmen,
of, 413, 420.

Brother-

Silver Federation, Freemen's rroteetive. 301, 321, 32.3. Silver Knight^ f America,
<

Tammany,

292. 301. 316.

321, 322, 32:^.

Silver Ladies of America, 316, 8. '2. 323. Sigma Alpha Epsilon. .3;W,
334. :«5, 362. Sigma Chi. :«0, 336. :i5s. 362.
:i32,

Society, or 'Columbian Order, 242. Telegraphers, Order of Commercial, 388, 395. Telegraphers, Railway, Order
of, 379, 394.
;i80,

League of America,

Workingineii. Association
401.

International
of, 386, 393. 400,

174. 192.

United

United

;W2, 383,

:388,

States Benevolent Fraternity. 194. States Benevolent Fraternity (2d). 194. United States Daughters, .372.

Workmen. Ancient Order
113. 11.5, 118. 122, 123. 128, l:«, 134, l;i5, 141, 146, 148, 1.16, 1.57, 1(>4, 166, 167. 1(J9, 17.5, 181, 184, 186, 192, 193, 195, 196, 229, 31.5, 4(K).

of

United,

Temperance, Cadets
*«,
:3;i5,

of, 402,

403, 408, 410.

Temperance, Daughters
402, 410.

of,

Unity, Order of, 184. Universal Brotherhood. Supreme Coinmanderv of the,
189.

116, 131, 143, VA). V.O.

117. 132, 144, 161, 174, 1,S8, 191, 201, 204.

Sigma Chi (2d), 363. Sigma Delta Chi. .342. 363. Sigma Kappa. ;i'is. 363. Sigma .\u. :«o. .335. 363. Sigma Phi, 15. 179. 2.3S, :i30,
331, *i5, .3.36. ;«(;. 347, 355, 3';0. 361, 363. Sigma Xi, :«ti. 337. Silver Head, Soliir Spiritual Progressive Order of the, and Golden Star, '.«;.
.3.53,

Temperance, Sons

of. 10, 90, 115. 314. 3S2, 402, 91, 92. 403, 40S, 409, 410, 412.

Universal
401.

Republic for the United States of the Earth,

Workmen, Ancient Order
129.

of

United: Degree of Honor.

Templars of Honor and Temjierance, 403, 40S, 409, 410,
411.

Workmen. Ancient Order
United

of

*«,

•v. A. S.."194.
Vegetarians. The. 68. Venmgerichte, The,
8, 22,
4,

Mo<,'ulliaiis. of. 129. 174.
:

Order

Templars of Honor and Tem-

Workmen
6, 7,

of America, Inde-

Templars

perance. Junior, 412. of Temperance, Uoyal, 114, 117, 145, 161,
165, 403, 408.

pendent. 141.
^\

;W6.

orkmen's Benefit Association. 114, 122. 196.

Skull and Bones, 179,*W,a38,
ilO, 341, 343, 344, 346. 363.

Veiled I'rophets of the Enchanted Realm. Mystic Order. 97.

Temple, Order of
27-2. 2; 3,
3-1.

the,

270,

Sobriety, Fidelity
rity,

and IntegKnights of. 114, 147. Sons of the, 326. Soldiers and Sailors' League,
Soil,

275. 346.
19, 29, 37.

Temple, Ordre du.
Teutonic Knights,

270.
120,

Vesta, Order of, 202. 203. Veterans' Legion. Ladies Auxiliary Union. 369, .376. Veterans, Order of Sons of.
371.

Yellow Caps, 68. Yellow Flags, 68.
Zetu Psi.
.'»0, 3;«, 316, 3«4.

366, 374.

The

(iraiid

Fraternity,

.3:i5,

3:J«,

Solid Hock, Order of the, 197,
198, 201, 202, 203, 205.

121,189.

Veterans, Sous
104.

Theosophical Society,

365,369,

.371,

of. 374.

U. S. A..

.340, .313.

Zodiac, The, 327.

28

-J3-

INDEX TO PROPEE
Abales, Carl, 208. Abbett, Leon, 96. Abel, Joseph P., 62. Abel], C. Lee, ISO. Acker, John J.. 162. Ackley, H. F., I(i4.
Babbitt, George H., 61. Bahcock, Brenton D., fiO. Backus, Rev. J. E., viii. Backus, J. E. N., 402, 403,
404.

:N"AMES
Bonsall, N. F., 65. Booker, Richard. 356.

Bective, Earl of, 85. Bedarride, 78. Beliarrell, C. H., 172. Beharrell, T. G., 172.
Bell, Bell, Bell, Bell,

Henry
John,

K.,:i.53.
9.5,

Adam,
348.

L. Isle, 270.

Bacon, Lord, 4. Baden, J. A., 164.

ISS.

Adams, Charles

Francis, Jr.,
6.'j.

Badgerow,

,

160.

John N.,64. Thomas C, 362.
Jr.,

Boone, PMwin, r>4. Boone, William K.. 65. Booth, Edwin. 96. 218. Borden, Jerome B., 63. Boughton, J. 8., viii.

Adams, Adams, Adams, Adams, Adams,

Henry C, James F.,
John,
812.

821.

John O. B., 369. John (^nincy, 15,

16,

Bailey, Elisha L, .59. Bailey, Michael B.,215. Bailey, Wesley, 404. Bailey, W.S., 162. Bain, George, 278. Baird, William Raimond, 178,
329, 331, 332, 334, 857.
33(i,

Bellamy, Marsden, viii. Bellinger, Frederick P.,
351.

Bowen, Seranus, 61, Bowen, W. R., 56.
Bowers, H. F., 295. Bowie, T. F., Z6S.

85.

.•«1, :«(;, :i%7. 8.')8.

355,

Adams, Samiu-l E., 56. Adams, William B.. 169. Adee, George A., 341.
Adelnbeha<ren, Paul.
viii.

Baker, E.. .56. Baker, Jacob G., 314. Balding, Ihonias E., 60.

Affleck, Stephen D.. 62. Agricola. 2,S6. Aikin, William G., 364. Aitkin, D. D.. 164.

Baldwin n.,269. Baldwin, Aaron,
419.

57.

Belmont, O. H. P., 96. Belmoni, Perry. 3.52. Benedict, XIV., Poi)e, 10. Benjamin, S. (J. W.. 355. Bennett, Clement W., 57. Benson, Charles H., 67. Benson. Frederic A.. 62. Bentlev. (ieorge W..60. Benton. Thomas H., 96, .351. Benzenberg. George H., 66.
Bernstein, Paul, viii. Berry, George A., 197. Berry, Henry ('., 265. Berry, Hiram B.,62. Berry, O. F., 160. Berry, Stephen, 56. 60,

Bowker,

J.

C,

198.

Bowles, G. F., viii, 189. Bowles, Samuel (l8t), 96.

Boyd, John C., 3.55. Boyd, W. T., viii.
Boyle, T. N.,165. Boylen. A. F., 169. Boylen, Emma F., 169. Boylen. Sarah F., 169. Boylen. T. F., 169. Boynton, N. S., v, 153, 156,
ItiO,

Baldwin, C. F., 64. Baldwin, Henry, 304,312, 323,

101. 102.

Akers, W. J.. 64. Akin, Henry C, 59. Alcon, Albert, 171. Alden, William L., 352. Aldrich, Louis, 218. Alee, Kallf, 4.

Baldwin. Nathan A.,
Ball. Robert,
.57.

62.

Alexander IL,

39, 272. Alfred, King, 171. Alger, Russell A., 95, 369. Alger, William R., 61.

Balloch, George W., .57. Balmain, George P.. fi3. Bangs, Algernon S., viii. Bangs, Francis M., 361. Banks, Mrs. N. P.. 309. Bannister, James, 66.

90.
viii,

Bracken, Henry S.,66. Bradburn. O. N., 142. Bradford, ( hester, 172, 189. Bradford. L. W. T, 360.
Bradlev, W.. is»;. Bradwcll, Jiiines B.. 66. Brag]^, Edward S.,355. Brant, Josei)h, 95.

Berthoud, Alexander Besaut. Mrs. Annie,

P., 3.51.
vi,

Barber,

James

S., 63.

104, 109, 110,111. Betts, George C, 58. Bever, George W., 57. Bibb, George M., 96.

Allan, F. W., viii. Allen, George H., 61. Allen, G. T., 3ti6. Allen, John H.. 197. Allen, Marcus C, 62. Allison, William B., 348. Allyn, A. W., 198.

Altheimer, Benjamin, Alvin. Harry. 2.S9. Aramel, C. S.. 183.

58.

Barbour, A. L., 163. BarkL-r, George T., 63. Barker. J. G., 67. Barker, Wharton, 300. Barkcy. Peter. 64. Barlow. John H., .5(). Barnard. Gilbert W., 60, Barnard, M. R., 402. Barnard. Robert. .360.
Barnes, J. D.. 1.50. Barnes. Milton. 1;«. Barnes, W. H.. 160. 161. Barns, William Eddy.
2;i2.

Bideand. Aiitoine,46,47,48, 50
Bien, Julius, viii. 207. Bierce, C. A., viii.

Bigelow, John, 363. Bigelow, Joseph Hill,
Biggs,
85.
L).

viii.

S.. viii, 165.

Ammen,

S. Z.,

.3.55.

Billing, Fay McC.,56. Billings, Charles E., 62. Billings, Jacob, Jr., 122. Bingham, Charles D., 63. Bingham, J. W., 66.

Anders, E. B., 168. Anderson, James, 14. Ander-on, John, fi3. Ander-on, John R., 02. Andeison, Leverett M., .59. Andrae, John Valentine, 87.

Birch,
2.31,

Barre, Isaac. 240, .323. Barruel. Abbe, 14.

John M., 60. Bishop, Alfred S., 64. Bishop, Joseph, 378. Bishop, M. J., 310.
Bissell,

Bravton. James B., 61. Brazier. William H., 66. Breckenridge, C. R., :J49. Breckeuridge. John C., 95. Breen, James D.. 213. Brewer, Arthur H.. 62. Brewer, C. E. P., 198. Brewer, Hamilton, 178. Brice, Albert G., .58. Brice, Calvin S.. 352. Briggs. Ethan, 313, 314. Briggs, J. Albion, 165. Briggs, Samuel, 64. Bright, Jesse D.. 420. Brine. Dathe. 414. Bristol, D. W..402, 401.
Britten,

Wilson Shannon,

340.

Andrews, Allen,
Andrus, Leroy,

64.

Barthelmes. John Bartlett, Clara J.,
Bartlett, Bartlett, Bartlett,

160, 161. Angell, James B.. 361. Anspacher. Henry, 207.

Edward John S.,

192. 169. G., 351.
62. 169.

C,

Black, Chauncy F., 360. Black, Hugh, 222. Black, J. C.,3.59. Black, William H., 188.

Emma H., KM. Brodie. William A., 62. Bromlev, Isaac. ;^1.
Bromwl'll, J. H., 56,65.

William M.,

Anlhon, John Hone, 3.53. Anthony. Jesse B.. (>2. Applegute. William J., 60.
Archer, Mrs. Sielln, 309.

Bartram, B.

F

,

.56.

Blackburn, J. 8., 180. Blackburn. Luke, .3.59.
Blackshear, James E., 57. Blades, Francis A.. 85.
Blaine, Walker, 340. Blakely. Frederick L.,
.57.

Bascom, Frank H.,

2.

Bronson, Iloratio G., Bronson, IraT., 188. Bronson, Samuel M., Brooke, Thomas, (k3. Brooks. Lee H.. 200.
Brothers,

62. 62.

Archimedes.

2()5.

Arkell, Bartlett. 341. Armatage, Charles H., ftl Armstrong, C. E., 64.

Armstrong, H.
Arnold, Arnold, Arnold, Arthur, Arthur, Arthur,

('.. .55.

(Jeorge M., 355.

John B.,(>4. Mewton D.,00.
Chester A., .361. King. 124, 125. P. M., viii. .382.

Baskctt, S. R.. viii. Bass, Lyman K.. 801. Bass, John H., 66. Batchelor, James ("., 48, Bates. J. W. P., 164. Bates, John L., viii. Bates, Stockton. 64. Bates. William L., 65. Baumgarteii. Emil.S.

90.

Bland. R. P., 96. Blatt, William, 59.
Blatz.

John,

282.

Blavarskv, Helena Petrovna,
vi, 104, "107. 108, 109, 110, 111.

Blavatskv, Nicephore,
Bli-.'h, (J.

107.

Baumgarten. William,

198.

\V., 186.

Ashby, Joseph K., 59. Ashmole. Elias. 19,20,87. Ashton. Georiri' W., .57.
Astor, William.
;^51.

Bailer, William II., 65. Baylev, J., viii. Bavne, W. M., 164. Beach, Abel. 3C4. Heach, Alexander J,, 3.50.
Beall, S.

Kliakim R, 66. George. 361. Blocki, William F., 66.
Bliss, Bliss,

Bloss, J. M., viii. Bloss, N. W., 187.

W., .3(hi. Beamer. A^'atha. 319.
.368,

BIQcher, 95. Blum, Robert,

20(i.

John L., 63. Brougham, John, IHi, 284, 364. Brown, Austin H., 05. Brown, B. Gratz. 3.50. Brown, C. H..&5. Brown, E. H., 60. Brown. F. L., viii, 164. Brown, George L., 63. Brown, IL, 64. Brown, James W., 64. Brown. John M.. liJ. Brown. Joseph T.. 57. Brown, .M. R IW. Brown, Robert Smith. .S6. Brown. Theodore B.,.364. Brown, W. M.,.3«l. Brown. W. W.. 197.
,

Atherton. Henry B., 60. Atkinson. (}. W., 56. Atwatcr, W. O.. ;i41. Atwater, William W., 351. Atwood, H.C.,27.49. Auer, A., 282. Auger, James, 288.

Bcarce, Samuel F., 60. Beath. Robert B., 366,
869. 377.

BIyth, John, 65. Boadicea, (^ueen, 286.

Bruce, .lohn, 278. Bruce, Robert, 87,

88, 278.

Hoehme.
278.

102.

Beattie,

John,

Beatty.Claudiur' F., 63. Beiuijeu, Count. Ii8. 40. Bechtel. CharU-. 1)3.

Bolton, Hewitt C, viiL Bolton. Henry, 65. Bonaparte, Jerome, 7.

Brunson, Amos, .350. Brush. John T.,&5. Brush, John, Jr., 151. Bryan, William Jennings,
1.5S. :iu). :i88.

130,

Aumont,

Peter, 38, 40.

Austin, K. R.. .188. Avery, William R., 64.

Beck, Charles K.. viii. Becker, Albert J., 62. Beck ley, John, 357.

Bonaparte, Joseph, 271. Bonaparte, Napoleon, 271. Bonner, Herman, 210.
Bonneville, Chevalier, 38.

Buchanan, James, Buchanan, Janu->
60.

('5. .306.

I^aac, viii,

-f-r^*

^,\

436
Bucliwalter,

INDEX TO PROPER NAMES
M.
L., 65.

Buck, ClmrU'S F.,58. Buck, Jerome, 2"27. Buck, J. D., 108, 109. Buck, Silas M., 57. George Buckingham,
61.

Carpenter, Carpenter, Carpenter, Carpenter,
Carr,
B..

George

O.. 61.

George S., 61. John C, .57.
W'. E., mi.
T., 56.

Erasmus
John

Clarke. Edward F., 275. Clarke, George H., 62. Clarke, Haswell C, 66. Clarke, John H., 61. Clarkson, Thaddens S.,
31)9.

ix,

Carrington, G. W^., 56. Carroir, DeM'itt C, 63.
Carroll,
90.

Buckley, Phillip. 252.

D., 213.
ix, 18, 60, 72,

Budd, Cha^le^^ Arms. .353. Buechncr. William L., 64.
BuL'bee. A. V., 103. Buist, John S., 59. Buist, Samuel S., 59.
Bullit, John C, mo. Bundy, William E., viii. Bunn, James N., 229. Bui bage, John E., 149. Burbank, A. P.. 352.

Carson, E. T.,

Classon, James H., 374. Clay, Henry, 14, 95. Cleaves, George P., 56, 60. Cleburne, William, 59.

Crawford, Charles, 63. Crawford, Dougal, 278. Crawford, E. M., 186. Cregier, Dewitt C, 66. Crocker, Charles F., 57. Crockett, Charles N., 314. Crofts, Daniel W., 362. Cromwell, Charles T., 363.
Cronin, Crosby, Crosby, Crosby,
P. H.. 413, 414.

Francis

J., 66.
35.3.

Carter, Benjamin, 288. Carter, Charles W., 60. Carter, James C, 348. Carter, John M.. ix. Carter, Samuel R., 2. Carter, Thomas H. 297. Carter. William H., 364. Cary, Charles, 64, 85.

Clement V., Pope, 37, 182. Clement XII.. Pope, 9, 12. Clendenen, G. W., ix, 159.
Cleveland, (irover, 297.
Clift, J.

Howard,

Lemuel. 314.

Augustus,

ix.

Cline, Henry A.. 57. Clinton, DeWitt, 47, 96. dowry, John K.. 215.
Cluff,

Cross, J. L.,49. Cruett, John W., ix., 137. Cruft, John 65. Cruickshank. John D., 278.

W

,

Burdetti', S. S.,

3(59.

Burdick, Leander, 64. Burdick. W.E., 197. Burge, Carrie M., 374. Burke, Andrew H., 59.

Burlingame, Anson, 96. Burmester, Charles E., viii. Burnett. D. L., 263. Burnett, D. Z.. viii.
Burnett,

Catharine II., 271. Cato, 3^6. Case. Henry, 351. Casey. I,. E., 200. Cash. Eliza, 169. Cash, Granville, 169. Cass, Lewis, 95. Cassard, Andrew. 101.
Cassin, Thomas. 213. Caswell, Thomas H., 48, 49,
56.

Milon

().,

169.

Coates, Charles, 288. Coates, Rennel, 318.

Culbertson, William, ix. Cumback, William, 172. Cumberland, Diikc of, 307. Cummings, Charles H., 64. Cummiiigs, Daniel E., 59.

Cobb, Howell. 95. Cobb, John Stover, 104. Cochrane. J. B., 197.
Cockerill, John M.. 96. Cockrell, Nathan E.. 362. Codding, James H.. 60.
'

Cummings, John

A., 135, 186.
61, 85.

Cumming.s, Silas W..

W.

H.. 263.
85.

Codman, John
Coffin,

T., 135.

Burnham, Edward P.-, 60, Burnham, W'illiam J., 60. Burnham, George H., 62.
Burns, Frances E., 164. Burns, Henry T., 197. Burns. Robert, 95. Burnside, A. E., 369. Burr, Aaron, 95. Burr, Charles H., 122, 169.
Burr, Thomas W^. 60. Burras, Thomas, 250.
Burrill,

Caswell, Richard W., Caufy, L. L., 66.

96. 57.

Selden J., ix. Cohen, Moses, 44, 50. Colby, A. W., ix.
Cole, Cyrill B., 65. Cole, George W., 168. Cole, Jeremiah S., 58. Cole, Otis, 62. Cole, Sidney H., 66. Colfax, Schuyler, 260.

Cummings, Thomas H., ix. Cummings, William, 314. 315. Cunningham. Harper S., 58. Cunningham, James, 1.57. Cunningham. W. J.. 189. Cunningham, William M., 64. Cunningham. William R.,
353.

Cavanaugh. John H., Caven, John, 60. Cavin, John, 172.
Cavour, 4. Cerneau, Joseph,
47, 4H, 50, 51. 54. Chaflfee, Albert H., 61.

41, 44, 46,

Henry

F.,

1(59.

Burroughs, Benjamin,
Burt,

353.
99,

Eugene D., 62. Burton, Alonzo J.,
101.

viii,

Chance, George H., .59. Chandler. Zachariah, 95. Chamberlain. Austin B., 56. Chamberlain, C. W., 64. Chamberlain, Daniel H.. 340,
361.

Coleman. John, 6. Coleman, Katie, 216.
Collins, Collins, Collins. Collins. Collins, Collins, Collyer,

Collamore. John H., 61. Charles A., 64.
C. P., 197.

Currier, George W., 60. Currier, Mary P., 193. Curry, John A., 314,315. Curtis, Charles F., 57. Curtis, David A., 108. Curtis, Dexter D., 63. Curtis, George Ticknor, 352. Curtis, George W., 66. Gushing, Caleb. 96.

Burton, John R., viii. Burton, Laura L., 101. Bury, R. A., 65. Bush, J. Foster, 162. Bush, John S. F.,61. Bushnell, Asa S., 6.5.
Butler, Butler, Butler, Butler, Butler, Butler, Butler, Butler,

Chamberlain, J. W., 64. Chamberlain, M. H., 65. Chamberlain, T. C, 359. Champan, R. H.. 363. Chambers, N. B.,383. Champion, Robert H., 263.
Chapell,

Jolin F., 2. J. A.. 64. Martin, 56.

Cushman, Charles W., 63. Cushman. Lewis N., 122. Custis, Joseph S., 6. Cutler, Eben J., 64.
Cutting, Walter, 61.

William

J., 58.

Robert, 96. Columbus. Christopher, 325. Colwell, Daniel, 216.

Da Costa, Isaac, 44. Dalby, John N., 188. Dalcho. Frederick, 44, 45,
49, 50.

48,

Commenus, Emperor,
Condon, O'Meagher, Coiigdon. J. W.. ix.
Conlin,

81.

Benjamin F.,
C. R., 65.

96.

James

S., 2.

414.

d'Alembert,

9.

J. Haskell, 161. J. L.,65.

Chapin, Luther, 313, 314. Chapman. Alfred F., 87.

M.

R.,

.399.

Dallas, Cieorge M., 95. Dalton, W. B.,214.

Chapman,

M. C, .352. MahlonD.,66,
Marion,
96. 59.

Silas, Jr.. 62. Chappell. Philip E., 188.

Charlemagne,

6.

Charles V.. Emperor of Ger-

Connor, Washington E., 96. Conover, J. H., 65. Conover, J. S., 56. Constantine the Great, 81, 376.

Daly, Charles P., 77.

W^illiam Allen, 361.

many,

270.

Conyngham, John
Cook, Cook, Cook, Cook, Coon,

B., 352.

Biittlar,

Charles J. R.,

Buttenheim, S.,208.
Buttner, C. H., 172. Buzzell, Daniel T., 122. Bynum, William D., 350. Byron, Lord, 95.
Cabel, William, 357. Cable, Ben T.,364. Cadsvallader, George. 373. Cady, Daniel, 402, 403, 408. Cagliostro, 30, 46, 54.

Chase.'AlbroE., 60. Chase, Herbert A., 169. Chase, Ira J., ix, 190. Chase, Kate D.. 169. Chase, 8. B., 404.
Chastelan, Chevalier, 272.

Abel G.,

James W..
Robert

62. 59.

Dame, Charles C, 60. Dame, Percy A., 169. Damon. Henry, 135. Dana, Edward S., 341. Danforth, Charles C, 61. Danforth, Mrs. M. M., 164.
Daniell, William H., 57. Daniels, N. C, 66. Daniels, Newell, 184. Daniels. William P., Ix. Darling, C. K., 186.
Darrair,

J.. 340. William, 390. L. E., 404.

Chasten ier,

30.

Cheatham, John, 256. Check. G. W., 142. Cheesman, George G.,
220.

219,

Cooper, Daniel W., 362. Cooper, James Fenimore, Cope, Alfred, 375. Coppinger, J. J., 297. Corey. Giles. 183.
Corliss.

351.

Thomas

M.,
,

60.

John

B..

6.5.

Chessman. John,
Cherry.

250.

Calderwood, Charles R., Caldwell, A. B.. 139, 227.
Caldwell. J. D.. (14. Caldwell, James P.. 362.

61.

James

J., 350.

Cornwall is. Lord. 333. Cortland. J. Wakefield, 56.
Corwin, Thomas.
Cotter,
Cotterall. J.
Cottrill,

Calhoun, John C. 420. Calladon, Lord, 307.
Callen,

Thomas,

216.

Camp, Walter,
Campbell, Campbell, Campbell, Campbell,

;i40.

Chessman, William H., 61. Chester, George F., 352. Childs, Georare W., 96. Choate, Josepii A., 348. Choate, Rufns, 96. Christian, J. H.. 164. Christiancy, H. C.,363.
Church, James E.. 66. Churchill. C. Robert, ix.
Churchill, J., 288. Cisco, Charles T., 58.

FninkG..
W^,
Charles

96. ix, 218. Jr., 65. M., 60.

Darrow. Edward McF., 59. Dase, William H ix. D'Aubigne, Oswald Merle, Daugherty, Charles M., 57. Davenport. E. L.. 284. D.ivie, William R., 95. David I. of Scotland, 87. Davidson, J. F., 165, 190. Davies, William A., 57.
Davis, A. P., 374. Davis, C. K., 353. Davis, Evan, 57. Davis, G. W., 65. Davis, Jacob Z., 57, Davis, James E.,66. Davis, Jefferson, 376. Davis, M. C. 172. Davis, S. S., 265. Davison. W. B.. 144.

2.

D. W.. 399.

James E., 130. Mary J., 169. Sherwood C, 2.
viii.

Cotton, AylettR..57. Conlson, Nicholas. 65,85. Coulter, Henry W., 58. Coulter, James P.. 66. Court, Robert T., 194. Covert, Isaac, 402.

Campfleld. Georse A.,
Canfield, H. A.. 107.

Cannon, Henry W^., 96. Cannon, J. G.. 130. Capeheart, Thomns, 350.
Cardinal of Lorrain, 273. Carence, 78.
Carleton, Will, .3,54. Carlos, James J., viii. Carmichael. Hartley, 59. 103.

Clancy. J. J., ix. Clapp. JohnM., 64. Clare. Ralph B.,ix. Clark, Charles P., 62.
Clark. Clark, Clark, Clark, Clark, Clark, Clark,
E. E.,ix, 382.

Emmons.
F. M., ix.

363.

Cowdery, Oliver, 71. CowdreV, Robert H., 387. Cowen. T. B., ix. Cowes, Robert. 77. 79. Cowper, Archibald. 218. Cox, William R.. 95. Coxe, Daniel, 26. 27.
Craig, A. L.. 134. Craig, Emmett De W., 58. Craig, J. T.. 164. Craighill, Edward A., 59.

Carnahan, James R.,

viii.

H. G., 188. J. D., 164. Louis G., 59. S. W., 74.

Day, David F.. 63. Day. Fesseiiden I., ix, 60. Dayton, William H., 364. Dean, Amos, 3,54. de Bouillon, Godfrey, 183, 269. Debs, Eugene V., 379, 383.

deBulow; A.

H., 76,

77.

Crapo, William W., 340, 348.

De

Clairmont, Ralph,

57.

INDEX TO PROPER NAMES
De
Cortnenin,
9.

437
Fowle, George W., ix, 65. Fowler, William C, 68. Fox, Christopher G., 56. Fox. James A., 01. Fox, J. P.. aso. Fox, i*. v., 05. Fox Sisters, The, 16. France, George B.. 59.
Francis, Charles K., 64, 67,
K3,
.j<!9.

Duke, Elbert

T., 59.

DeenuT, E. H.,

314.

Defebauffh, James E., 232. Defoe, Daniel, 247.
Deiier, .T.,214. De^^lirasse Tilly, A. F. A., 44,
43, 40, 47, 4S,
,50.

Dulberger. Osias, 210. Dumary, T. Henry, 03.

Euston, Earl of, 103. Everett, D., ix. Everett, Edward, 10, :«1, 340,
357, 3.58.

De Griiw, CliurleB S., SM. De Hompesch, Louisa, 271.
De Jon Erie, 197. De Kalii, Baron, 95.
J,',

Duncan, John. 05, 250. Duncan, John Holt, 349. Duncan, William J.. 63. Duncanson. Charles 57. Dunckerley, Thomas. 34, 3H.

C

Everett, Percival L.. Everhart, R. E., 144.
Failey.

01.

39, S2.

James F.. ix. Faircliild, Charles S., a52.
Fairchild. Leroy. 97.
Faircliild. Liieiiis. 90. .374, Falkenburg, F. A.. 1:14,
194.

Dunham, William.
.'50.

65.

8.5.

80.

Delaho'iiie, J. B., 47,

de

la

De Leon,

Motta, Emanuel, 47, Daniel, ix, 401.
,

51.

Dunlop. Robert. ;i55. Dunmorc. J. W.. 6. Dunn, Joseph II., 04. Dunn. William A.. 123.
Dunnell, CliiirlesT.. 63. Dunnrll. llenrv N.. 64. Dunnell. MarkH., 3.53.

IW,

Francis. D. M..3.50. Francis and Mary. 273.

Francken. Henry A.,
45.
00.
.50.

37, 44,

Deleviin, Erastus L.

G3.
14<i.

Fanner, C. C. 194. Fariiham, Augustus B.,
Farrel,

Demaree,
Deininj;.
lf<3.

J. .\.. 142,

Deniarest, William E., RB.

Jacob A.. Farreli, J. II., ix.

;i51.

Frank. Henry L.. 58. Franklin, Benjamin,
27,
9.5.

17,

26,

300, 414.

Lucius P., 164. de Molay, Jacques, 19, 37,

Du
3S,

Plessis. P.

Le

B., 44. 47,

50.

Demiisev, D. W., C. DeuipsiiT, William, 3S0. Dennis. 8aniuel M., 3tJ2. Dennis, T. E., 142. DenZer, V., 2:14. Depew. Chauncey M.. W). 340.
.3«1.

Du Du

Pont, A. v.. 360.
Potet, A. Mathieu, 44, 46,

Farrington, George E., Fasold, Eli, 04. Faulkner, A. O.. 104. Faulkner, C. J., iMi.

05.

Franklin. Thomas I., 852. Frasier, Daniel E., 169. Frasier, Mrs. D. E., 109.
Fraiu/.en, C. J., ix.

47, 50.

Derl)y. Lord, 109.

Dermott, Laurence. 23, 34, .M. De Kohan, Prince Camille.
273.

Du Puy. Raymond, 270. Durand, E. E., IKH. Durand, James II., 03. Dutton, Alpheus D., 02. Duval I. Henry, 189. Dwight. Sarah E., 264. Dwight, Timothy. 340, 348. Dwyer, Dennis, 210.
Eaby. Joel S., lU. Eakins, Joseph B.. 3. 02. Earle, Alexander C, 353. Earle, Joseph O.. 02.
Earley, Charles R., 03.

Faulkner, George, 220. Fawcett. Edgar A., SbH. Feeney. Edward. 214.
Fellows. JohnQ. A., 56. Fellows, Joseph W., 60. Felt, G. H.,104.

Frazee.

Andrew

B.. 00.
45.

Frederick the Great, 4, 32, Freeland. James U., 61. Freeling, Peter J., .57.

Fenimore. John C.. ^Ki. Fennimore, William, :?J0. Fenwick, Bishop. 312.
Feriiinaiid IV., 271.

Freeman, Ambrose W., Freeman, Merrill P., 56. Fremont, John C, 300.
French, A. J., 193. Fresson. (J. 8., xii.
312.

58.

Desdoity. J. B.. 47. .""jO. Desjardins, F. X., 192. De Soto, Ferdinand, 239. de St. Martin, Louis Claude,
98.

Ferdinand V., Emperor, Ferguson, James F., 02.
Ferry, John C. .58. Ferry. O. S.. 301.

Fesskr. Ignaz

A...32.

Deuel. Harry P.,

,58.

Devens,

("liarles. Jr., 309.

De Vertot, 41, 270. De Villanova, Ilelion, 270. De Villiiret. Fulk. 271.
DeVotie, Noble
L., 302. Devov, John, 414. De Wees, F. P., 423. Deyo, John H., ix. 67, 75. Dickerman. John S., 2. Dick.-y. John, 183. Dickinson, D(m M., 351. Dickinson. Edward, 00. Dickinson, Ella M.. 100. Dickson. Moses. 19S.

Earnshaw, William, 369. Eastman, Charles II., .59. Eaton, Calvin W.. (i3.
Eaton, W. C. 97. Eavenson, Marvin M..
Eckels.
ix.

James

H..

1.58.

Eddv. Andrew B.. 02. Eddy. Ed\vard. 2. Eddy Brothers, The, 107. Edelstein. John. ix.

FiiUtii, John F., 59. Fidlar. Wilbur F., 57. Field. Eii-ene, 359. FicUl, Henry C, 62. Fields. James, 2:50. Fields, Kate, 72. Fields, M. F.,ix, 49, 67.
Fifield, Eugene, 65. Fifield, S. S.,00.

Fricke. W. B., 100. Friedlein. Emanuel M., 207. Frisbie, Byron S., 02. Frost, D. M., ix, 303. Frye, Daniel AI., 169. Frye, William P., 361. Fuller, George L., ltj«. Fuller, Gcorg(! W., 62. Fuller, H. N.. 135. Fuller, Melville W., 351. Fullcrton. A lexaiider, 105, 111. Fulleys, James A., .58.

Fulton, Justin D.. 353. Furnas, Robert W., 58.

Edgecomb, E.
.

F.. 137.

Edger. Lilian, 105.

Fillmore, Millard, 95, 306, 326. Filmer, William, (io. Finch. John B.. 404.
Findlater. James, 05. Fish. G. H.. 0.5. Fish. Hamilton, Jr.. 3.53. Fish. Nicholas, 3.5:i. Fish. Stiiyvesant. 3.53. Fisher. Frederic S., 01. Fisk. Charles II.. 58. Fitch. William E., 02.
Fitts,

Diderot. 9. Diehl. Christopher. 56, 70.
Dill. J. 11. C, 56, 70. Dillic, F. M..200. Dingley. Nelson, Jr., .364. Ditienhoefer, Isaac, 207.

Edmunds. G ix, 70. Edmunds, George F., 90. Edward IIL. 35. E<lwards, AmosS., 63.
Edw:irds, George B., 03. Edwards. Isaac ('.. 00. Edwards. Jonathan. 264. Eels. Samuel, 347. Etleudee, Rizk Allah Hasson.
1.

Gage, r.lbridge F.. 57. Gage. Frank N., 102. Gafami. M.. ix. Gale. William H.. m.
Gallandet.

Thomas,

338.

Galloway. C. B.. 453. Gans, William A., ix. Gardiner, Silas Wright, 57. Gardner, George J.. 02. Gardner, William Sewall, 49.
(iarfield.

James
4, 95.

A., 95, 260.

Edward

A., 01.

Garibaldi,
Garrett,
(Jarrett,

Doane. William Croswell, 353. Dobbin, Joseph L.. 5s. Dodge, GrenvilleM., 342, 365. Doheny, Michael, 415. Dolph. Joseph N., 59, 96. Donelson, A. J.. 306, 326.
Donnelly. T. M.. ix. Doolitlle. ErastusII.. 01. Dore. John P., ix. Doremus, R. Ogden. 3."3. Dorf, Samuel, ix. Doris, T. C. ix.

Egan, Wiley M..
Eggers. T.

60.

J.. 137.

Egfe. William H., 03. Ehle, John N., 105. Ehlcrs, Edward M. L.,
02.

2, .50.

Eichbaum, Joseph.

Vhi.

Eidson. W. R.. ix, 197. Elizabeth, (iueen, 270.
Ellerinan. L., 200. Ellinger. Moritz. ix. 208. Elliott, Bvron K., 05. Elliott, J'lm.s. 302. Elliott, Nathan Kelley. 00. Elliott. William E., 109. Ellis, Georsre II., 389. Ellis, A.. 57. Ellis. Waring II., 05.

Dorward.

W.

N., 194.
ix.

Dorwell, R. R..

Fitzgerald, Adolphus L.. 50. Fitz-Gerald. Francis W.. 215. FitzhiiL'h, Daniel. 3.56. Fitzhugli. Tlieodoric. 350. Flach. C. II.. 04. Flagg. Charles B.. 183. Flagler. Benjamin. t;2. Flammer, J. A., 327. Flanders. Dana J. .01. Flci-chmaiin. AuL'Ust T., 188. FhniiiiLT, Riifns E., 50. Fleming, Walter M., 1, 02. Fletcher, Leroy D., 57. Fletcher, Naamen, 3 .2.

Garland. M. M.,378.

John

B.,56.
:5«4.

Robert,

Garrett,

Thomas
Henry,

E., 58.

Garrigues, Franklin, 63.

Garwood.
(Jassett,

S. S., ix.
15.

Doublednv. .Xbner. 108. Douu'liertv. John, ix. 399. DoiiL'las. 'Sl<-|)hen A.. 95. Douglas. Sylvester M.. 322. Douglas.s, S. W., 65. Di)nglas8, W. W., 172. Downs, George, 251. Drake, Chester T., 06.
Drake,
3.59.

Lvman

Ellison, .Saram R.,(;3.

Ellmaker, Amos.
Ellsworth,
29.5.

14.

Ephraim
05.

Elmer.

Robert

Thompson,
56.
H.

Ely, Foster. 02.

Drewry, John C.
Drexler, William.
Drill kle. 11.

Emery, Temple.
Emmi-t. Hubert.

Thomas M.. til. Fleiiry. Cardinal, 35. Flood. Martin, 3tM;. Florence. William J.. 1, 90. Flower, Roswell P.. 90. Floyd, W. P.. 0. Fln'd.l. Robert. 87. FIvnn. Dennis T.. V 5. FlVthe. Augustus W.. :«0. Folger. Charles J.. 3)3. Folger. R. B.. 49.
Fhleher,
Follet. John A.. 109. Follett, John F.. 133. Fondey, Townsend, 2.

Gaston. Frederick, is. Gates. Albert F.. 01. Gaudcriip. Thomas. 144. Geary. William M.. 210. Gelbbiigh. Frederick M., .59. Gellanis. Emmanuel, 80. George, Milton, 3a5. Gerard, D. W., ix, 165, 190. Gerard. Peter. 209.
(Jerhardl.

W.

F.

C.
05.

1:J7.

Gernnnm.

F.. 'SH. 235.
2:J4.
.\.,

(terinann. J.,

Gerow. John
(ietty.

Gerry. Eldridge T.. 351.

Henry

II.. 66.

Cthefardi. Bancroft, 374.

Gibbon, John,
Gibson,
(iilbert,

:r:4.

(iibbons. Cardinal. 10.

414.

W.

H..28,><,

C,

i:«.
II., IS, 49,

Driscoll, Cornelius T.. 216.

Emmons. Alonzo C. .54. Emmons, Theodore II., 01.
Endicott. Henry, 01. Engelbardt. An<rust. ix. English. William H.,95.

Gilbert, F.O..a5.

George W..

62.

Drummond, Josiah

52, 60, K5. 90. 103. Duane, James C., 351. DuBois. F. T., 90. Dudley. Ed-iar S.. 59.

Eno. Jolni C,

310.

Dudley. Tlminas U.,

.5S.

Entwisle, John P.. 254. Erhardt. Joel B.. 30.3.

Foiutey. William H., 358. P'oole. Frank M., 56. Foiaker, JosfMib B.,360. Forrest, Edwin, IHi, 21H. Fort, G. F.. 18. Foster, John R.. .59.
Fi>ster.

Gilbert,

Mahlon

N.. 304.

Gilderslecvc, Charles E.. ix,
317. Charles E., 57. Gillelt. Simeon P., 6C. Gillette, Ita.
(iillett.

EmmaM..

Duu'aiine. A. J.. 101. Dugro, Pliilip H., 360.

Erwin. C. K.. 194. Eusebius. Bishop,

Wade.

81.

Foulhouze. John.

302. 48.

Gilinan. Daniel C. .'MO, 348. Gilroy. John J.. 64.

438
Gilroy,

INDEX TO PROPER NAMES
Thomas,
297.
!)6.

Girartl, Steiihen,

Giustiniani, Abbe, 81. Gladstone, G., JOS.

Guthrie, George W., 60. Guthrie, Henry H., 58. Guthrie. James, 95.

Gwynn,

R., 64.

Gladstone, W.E., 252. Glahn, A..2;M. Glake. William. (15. GUizebrook. Otis A., 340. Gleasoii, James M.. (il. Gleaves. Hichard, 73. Glenn, O. W.. x. Gobin, John P. S., 369. Goble, Frank 15.. 6:^.

Hacker, J. H., 314. Hacquet, Germain,

Hawkins, R. O., 65. Hawley, James H., 60. Hawley, Joseph R., 361. Hawthorne, Julian, 352. Haxton, B. F., 65. Hay, John, 364.
Ilayden, Francis A., 58.

Hobe, George J., 57. Hodge, J. B., 300. Hoffman, John T., 303. Hoke, William B., 139. Holden. S. F., x.
Holliday, J. H.,66. Hollingsworth, George W., 355
Hollister, A. H., 158. Hollister, Lillian M.,155, 104.
394.
260,

45, 50.

Haddock, C. B., 341. Hadley, Arthur T., 340.
Hadley. O. S., 172. Hadley. Sterling G., 360. Hadley. W. A., 141.

Hayden, James R.,
Hayes, Hayes, Hayes, Hayes, Hayes, Hayes,
Charles C, Charles E.,
J. J., 228.

50. 61.

63.

Hahne.

I.

A., x.

John W., x, 389, Moses M., 44.
Rutherford B.,

Holman, O. D., x. Holraan. William S., 96. Holmes, Americus V., 04.
Hi.lmes,

Goddard, I.eroy A.,

66.
4.

Goethe, Johann W. von, Goff, Nathan, ',)5.
Golieen, J. \V.. 164. (Joldberg, Edward, 58.

Haisler, Michael J., 66. Hale, Edward Everett. 348.

Edwin

B., 61.

338, 374.

Holmes, M. B.
B., 49, 51, 52,

x.
61. 60.

Hale, George, 64. Hall, Alfred A.. 01.
Hall, Amos H., 64. Hall, A. Oakey, 363. Hall, Caroline A.. 395, 396.

Hays,
.54.

Edmund

Holt, Fred., 174.

Holton, Eugene A.,

Goldsmith, H. J., 20i). Goldsmith. Louis, 57.
Golley, F. B., 66.

Hays, M. M., .50. Hays, O. L., 04. Hays, Samuel T..

Homan, Wnliam, Home, John, 218.
314, .315.

Gompers, Samuel M.,
Goodale, Goodale, Goodale, Goodale, Goodale.

96.

A. G.,

87.

H. G..

x, 79, 80. L. C, 64. Samuel, 360. William C. 302.
.57.

Goodman. Theodore H., Goodspeed, J. McK., 64.
Goodwin, William W., Gordon, James B., i;6.
(lOrdon,

Hall, David H., .59. Hall. Edwin C, 63. Hall, Edwin G., 58. Hall, Frank M., 59. Hall, John K.. 61. Hall, Pnnce. 72, 73. Hall, Robert H., 59. Halladay. Calvin. 64.

Haywood,
Hazen, A.

Charles. 288.
D..3()4. W.. 201. 288.

Hazen.M.

Hazleton, William N., Hazzard, C. W., 162. Head, Albert, 57. Head, John F., .59.
187.

Hallenbeck, William E.,

63.

John

B., 376.

Hambly, W. J. D., 310. Hamburger, Isaac, 209. Hamburger, S., 208.
Hamilton,
370.

Gordon, Lord George, 248. Gordon, Theodore P., 64. Gordon, Thomas B., 349. Gorgas, Ferdinand J. S., 55. Gorman, Arthur P., s, 90.
Gottlese, Alter, 200. Gould, Benjamin A., 01.

Alexander,

312,

Heald, Charles M., 65. Heartt, R. D., 402. Heath, EibridgeG., 60. Heath, John, 356. Heaton, Charles H., 61. Hecht, Jonas, 207.

Homermiller, W. C, 194. Honour, John Henry, 48. Hooley, G. T., 00. Hooper. John, 95. Hopkins, A. W., X. Hopkins, Frank, 363. Hopkins, James H., 63. Hopson, J. W.,3e3. Horner, Levi, 164. Horton, W. Walter, 352. Horwood, William, 192. Hotchkiss, Charles A., 59. Hotchkiss, Edward A., 58.

Hamilton, Hamilton, Hamilton, Hamilton.

Benjamin
Gail, 351.

O., 59.

Heckethorn, 344. Hedges, Cornelius, Heilman, S., 104.

56, 68.

James, 366. William R.,

x, 70.

Hammer,

Gould, James L., 62. Gould, R. F.. XV, 10, 18,

19, 21, 28, 35, 30, 40, 78. Gould, S. 79, 98, 101, 102,

H. H., x. Hampson, R. V., 64. Hamsher, L. E., 197.

Heinenifin, Hirsch, 207. Ileiner, George, 282. Helena, mother of Constantine, 81. Heller, S.

Houck, M. J., 04. Howard, George H., 169. Howard, George W., 379. Howard, Robertson, 360. Howe, Henry E., 366.
Howell, Richard G., 313, 314. Hoy, A.B.,375. Hovt, Henry L., 59. Hoyt, Henry M., 355. Hubbard, Charles L., 62.

M., x.

C,

221.

Gourgas, G. G. Z., 50. Gourgas, J. J. J., 47, 48, 49. Gove, Aaron, 57. Gowen, Franklin B., 425.

Hancock, John, 95. Hancock, Winfield Scott, Hand, Walter M., 63. Hanmer, John, 34. Hansbrough. H. C, 96. Hansen, Emil C, 202.

Heller, William, 206, 210.
374.

Helm, Meradith, 71. Hempstead, F. H., .55. Henderson, F., 65. Henderson, Matthias H., Hennessy, J. C, x.

Hubbard, Samuel F., Hubbard. Warren C,
64.

61. 02.

Hubbell, J. A., 348. Hubbell, Levi. 3.54. Hucless, Robert H., x,

6.

Gowey, John F., 00. Grady, Henry W., 90, 351. Graham, G. S.. x. Graham. Kobert McC, 90. Graham, W. G., 168. Granger, Salmon A., 169.
Grant, H. B., 50. Grant, Robert, 352. Grant, U.S., 260. Grass, Daniel, 366. Gratz, L. A., 104. Gray, Henry W., 58. Greeley, A. W., 96. Greeley, Samuel F., 66. Green, Andrew H., 364. Greene, Frank, v. Greene, Nathanael, 95. Greenleaf, Lawrence N., 57. Greenwood, Frederick, 59. Greenwood, Joseph, 172.

Harburger, Julins. x, 208, 209. Hardin, Henry, 349. Hardy, Samuel. 357. Hare, Edward R.. 60. Harlan, James M., 350. Harlan, John M., 96. Harmon, Fletcher H., 59. Harper Brothers, 312. Harper, G. S., x. Harper, James, 313, 317, 324. Harper, John W., 353. Harper, Joseph A., 353. Harper, Samuel, 2, 375. Harper, Samuel H., 2. Harris, Herbert, 60.
Harris, John T., 64. Harris, L. D., 0.5. Harris, Martin, 71. Harris, Thomas Lake, 10. Harrison, Benjamin, 102,260,
3.50.

Henry I., 212. Henry VIII., 270, Henry, James A.,
Heraclius, 272.

271, 274.
56.

Henry, Patrick, .3.50. Henry, William, x.

Hudson, William B., 404. Hudson, William G., 65. Hugg, Mrs. S. D.. 374. Hughan, W. J.. 18, 39, 82.
103.

85,

Herman, L.. x. Hermann. Philip, 282. Hero. Andrew, Jr., 58. Herrick, Charles W., 60.
Herriford, J. E., x.

Hughes, J. L., x. Hughes, John C., 314, 315. Hughes, Mary J., 216. Hughes, Rupert, 338. Hugo, Trevanion W., 58.
Hulsart, C. B., 402.

Hersey, Freeman C, 61. Hess, James W., 05. Hewitt, Abram S., 241.

Heyneman, Charles,

208.

Hunde, Baron, 82. Hiinn, Thomas, ,3.54. Hunn, Townsend S., 63. Hunt, John L. N., 353.
Hunt, J. S., 56. Hunt, Nathan P., 61. Hunter, Craig, 59. Hunter, John H., .354. Hunter, M. L., 6. Huntington, Charles S., 59. Huntington, Eugene, 59. Hurlburt, Stephen A., 369. Hurlburt, Vincent L., 2, 90. Hurlburt, William H., 353. Husband. William E., 62. Huston, Alexander B., 64. Hutchins, E. R., 104. Hutchins, Waldo, ,361. Hutchinson, Charles C, 60. Hutchinson, Charles H.. 360. Hutchinson, Charles L.. 05. Hyde, Orson, 71, 103. Hyslop, William, ,364.
Ide, Charles E., 60.
Iliff,

Heyzer, Charles H., 3, 62. Hibben, E. H.. x. Hibbs, Philip F. D., 55.

Hickman,

J. J., 404.

Greenwood. Marvin

I.,

63.

Gregg, Ellis B., 362. Gregory XVI., Pope, Gretzinger, W. C, x.
Gridley, Jeremy, 95. Griest, W. C, x.

10.

Harrison, H. L., x. Harrison, Wallace K., 169. Harte, H. M., x. Hartmaii, Franz, 111. Hartranft, John F., 369. Harvey, Charles M., 14, 305,
312, 419.

Hicks, Elias, 48. Hicks, Millard F., 60, 85. Higbee, Albert E., ,58. Higby, William R., 00.

Higginbotham, Marcus, 63. Higgins, Anthony, 340, 361.
Highly, Francis M., Hill, A. N., 133.
Hill, Hill, Hill, Hill, Hill,
00.

Griffin, Lemuel G., 77. Griffin, M. I. J., x. Griffith, Charles 'T., 63. Griggs, J<.hn W., 297. Grimes. J. D., 133. Grhinell. J. M., x.

Frank

B., 57.
280.

Harvey, William, .58. Harvev, William II., Haskell, John, 102. Haskins, Seth F., (i6. Hass, James H.. 58.

321, 322.

Howard F., 01. James A., 200, R. C, 100, 101.
Robert W.,
57.

Hills, C. T., 05.

Griswokl. A. Miner. 3.52. Groesbeck, W. S., 348. Grosch, A. B., 395. Gross, Albert, 182. Gross, F. W., X. Grosvenor. J. W., 165.

Grow, Galusha

A., 361.

Hassewell, J. N., x. Hastings, D. H.,90. Hastings, Moses M., 60. Hastings, S. D., 404. Hatch,':Edward W., 03. Hatch, H. W.. 187. Hatch, John, 01.

Hilsee,

James M.,

390.
8.

Himmelsbach, Jacob, Himrod, William, 04.

Grummond, Frederick W., 63.
Guild, William H., 01. Guiwitts. W. Murray, 194.

Hatch, Oscar C,

01.

Gunner, Rudolph, 59. Gunther. Charles F., 66.
Guptil, Albert B., 59.

Hathaway, Nicholas, 61. Haven, E. O., 338. 341. Hawes. Charles W., 158, Hawkes, B. F., 360. Hawkes, George, 162.

Hinckley, Eben S., 109. Hinckley, G. C, x. Hinckley. Sarah C, 109. Hine, Omar A., (')3. Hinkley, Rufus H., 00. Hitchcock, C. F., 66.

W.

S., 229.
66.

Inessmilch, F. L. Von,

Ingalls, John J., 96, 363. Ingle, Christopher, 57.

Inglesby, C, 50. Ingram, B. H., 188.
Ireland, William M., 90,
Irvin, H. A., 65. Irving, E. B., x, 67, 74. Irving, J. D., 101.
.395.

Hitman, Cyrus W.,
104.

58.

Hitt, G.

C,

X.

Hoadley, George, 64. Hobart, G. A., 95.

IXDEX TO PROPER XAMKS
Irwin. J. D.. 107. Isaacson, Alfred 11., 58. Iverson, Joliu, 144.
Ives, Brayton, 3G1.
'

439
Lister. Richard. 222. Lister, T. B., 2h2. Litchfield. Earl of. 226.
192. L., 353.

Kei"htley. Bertram, 105.
Keil, Osciir, 57.

Lallin, J.

Lakin,

W.. 56. 60. .lolin II., lil.

Jacobs, Abraham,
5()
.54.

44, 48, 40,

Jacobs, Albert. I .. 131. 3(il. Jacobs, William Boyd, ;i5'.J. Jackson, Andrew, 14, 9.5, JMl. Jackson, E. (iilbert, Wi.

Keiley. John D„ 213. Keliher. Sylvester, x, 379, 383. Keiley, O. II., 395. 390. Keiley. William D.. 90. Kellogg. A. J.. 05. K.llogu'. Andrew H.. 4.
Kell(>Mi;li.

Lamb, Artemus, .57. Lamb, E. F., x, 174, Lambcrson, Samuel

Lambert, .1. Leavitt. tW. Lambert, Richard, .50, 58. Lamprey. A. A.. 1K4.
Lancaster. Henry
II.. 00.

Litchman. Charles H., 239. Litter. Count. 271. Little. David II.. 8.5.3. Little. Robert Wenlworth. 86.
Littlejohn, Liltlejolm.

Abram

N., ;W1.

Kells. Charles

Thomas. 01. Edmund.

58.
.39.

Land. Robert E. A.. 220.
207. 275.

200.

N M., 0(i. Livermore. Mary A., .'lOO,
Livezej'.

Jackson, Jackson, Jackson, Jackson, Jackson. Jackson,
ti", rti.

II. II.,2i)(i.

Kelsev. Albert H.. 01. KcnicVs-Tvnte, Colonel,
Keiidall.

Thomas

Isaac W.,
J.

3.54.

Henry,

Gl.
3T(i.

Keiidrick,
04.

Hugh II.. 0:i. Edmund P..
(Jeorge

M., t»5. Stonewall,

Kcndrick.
A., s, 49,

W..

01. Jr..

Lander. W\ F.. x. Lane, .lames, 313. 314. Lane, W. O.. 40.5.

Livingston. .lames IL. Livingston. Philip. 95.
Liviuirston,

E.. 58. 105. 95.

Robert U..

Langdon. Burton E.. 58. Langdon, Frederick S., 57.
Langfelt, .\ugust. 57. Langlitt. .1. A.. 164.

Thornton

Jackson. W.H.,37C.

James James
404.

II.,

3()t>.

IV., -27^.273.
L.,
97,

James, Tliomas

403,

Kennedy, Charles, 327. Kennedy, Emi. 17i!, 202. Kennedy. II. A.. 65. Kennedy. Joseph S., 390. Kennedy. Sainm-I B., 64. Kenney. M. B.. 193. Kenny. W. P., 66.
Kent. Duke of. 23. Kent. Henry O., 01.
Keiiyon, George H.. 60. Ken"y(m, William J. C, f9. Kerr, James. Jr., 64. Kerr, John W., 362. Kerr, Mark G., 277.278. Kerrigan, John T., 216. Kev.s. A. E.. 108. KeVser. P. D.. 372. Kiezer. C. P.. 161.
KilviuiTton.

Lansburgh, James.
Larabee. Henry

C.

57. 58.

Jamison, Henry, l(i4. Jarreti, John, 378. Jay, John. :148.
Jeffers, Allen,
(14.

Larmenius. 37. 3S. 40. Lashorn. Millard IL, 58. Lask, Harry J., 57. Latham. Lorenzo. 347. Lathe, Lenora F.. 109. Laughton. Charles E.. .59.
Laurent. A.. 4,S. Lawler, Thomas G.. x. 369. Lawless. William .1.. 02.

Livingston, William E.. 61. Livingstone. William, Jr.. 05. Lloyd. Charles, 193. Llovd. Daniel D.. 362. Lloyd, James H.. <Si. Lloyd. Reuben IL, .57. Lobel. Lazarus. 208.

Lockard. L. B.. xi. Locke. Joseph A.. f>0.

Lockwood, Daniel N.. 304. Loekwood. W. C. 20(i. Lockwood. William L.. 302. Loder, George F.. 2.
Lodet, Sir Jean, 183. Lodge. Henry (;abot. 353.

Jefferson, Joseph, 218. Jefferson. Thomas, :M0, 312,
327, 410. Jeffris. M. G., 102, 103.

Jenkins, Henjamin W., .58. Jennings. Joseph J., 02.
Jewell. Jewell, Jewett, Jewett,
B.

Wood,

194.

Marshall, 90.

Samuel

S.. 58.

William E., ()5. William P., .58. Johnson, Andrew, 95. 307, 390. Johnson, B. Arthnr, 231, 2;J2. Johnson, David M.. ti3. Johnson, Frances E.. tOl. Johnson, Frank II.. 58. Johnson, (J., ,55. Johnson, George H., 122. Johnson, John C, 353. Johnson, John (i., 103. Johnson, John Taylor,301,380. Johnson, Miron W.. 01 Johnson, Richard M.. 95. Johnson. Kobert M.. 0(). Johnson, William K., 57. Johnston. J. G.. .x. Johnston. J. H., 05. Johnston. Ovid F.. 300. Johnstone. George C. 04.
Joly, 78. Jonas, A.. 71. Jones, Austin.

Kimball. E. S., 203. Kimball, IIeberC..71.

Lawrence. Lawrence. Lawrence. Lawrence. Lawrence. Lawrence. Lawrence. Lawrison.

B. B.. 169.

Daniel W., 01. P'rank R.. 62. G. E.. x. R. D.. x.

Samuel C. GO. 90. William B.. 01.

Loewenstein. E.. xi. Logan. J. E.. 169. Logan, John A.. 96. 367. Wi. Logan, Samuel B.. 169. Logan, Thomas W.. 6. Loker. William N.. .58.

Lombard, Thomas

R.. 62.

Samuel C,
.

;J53.

Kimpton,
King. King,
Kint:.
Kiiiu'.
1).

C. W^., x. King. C. M.. X.
L.. 04.

Edmund
Henry.

B., 65. 207.
56. 85.

Lawson. W. II. 2HS. Leach. Joshua A.. Jis;}. Lead beater. C. W.. 109, Leahy, David T., 213.
Leahy, J. P., xi. Leahy, Thomas, Le Caron. 413. Lechangeur, 78.
xi, 07,

111.

IlonitioC.,360.

8:j.

King. Kcnd:ill W. L., King. AIar(iiiisF.,60, King, Preston, 3.54. Kingsland, W.. 111. Kingston. C. W., x.

Kinsley. Edward V., :»2. Kinsley. George II., 61. Kinsman. David N., 60. Kirk, P.. 192. Kirker. G. A., 174, 175. Kirker, G. F., 192. Kirker, James. 62.
KirUp.ilrick. W. B.. 164. Kile. ThoMKis. 05. Kittrell. L. A., x.

Jones. C. X. Jones, C. R.. x. Jones, f'h.irles M., .58. Jones, Edwin F., 02. Jones, Florin L., .57. Jones. Henry. 207. Jones, John! 35ti. Jones, John (J., li, 07. Jones, Peter, 145. Jones, Wallace. 2><8. Jones, William T.. 243. Jordan. Isaac M.. 302. Jordan. Lord of Briset, 272. Judd. Orange. 301. Judge. W. Ci., 104. lOS. 109.
111).

C

2(i0.

Henry, 207. Knapp. Christian F.,
Kliiig,

Lee, James G. C, 57, 59. Lee, J. I'., xi. Lee. Richard Henry, 95. Lee, William IL, IfU. Leighty, .Jacob D.. 05. Leisersohn. Leonard, xi. 209. Lemmon. R. C. (»4. Lenbert. J. G.. xi. Lenhart. Philip F.. 2. Lenzarder. B. T.. tKi. Leo XII.. Pope. 10. Leo XIII.. Pope. 10, 35. Leonard. D. II.. 214. Lerch, G. L.. xi.

Long. John D.. :i52. Long, Hvnian I., 44, 50. Long. Odel S.. 56. Long. Samuel A.. 299. Long. Thomas B.. 05. Loockcrman. Thomas G.. Loomis. Albert C. 169. Loomis, A. L.. .361. Loomis. Edward J.. 62. Loomis. Henry C. .58.
Lorillaril. Pierre. 62.
(Ki. Lorimer. (ieorge Loring. (ieorge B.. 361. Losey, M. D.. 172. Louis Philippe. 271.

57.

C

Loverin;.'.

Joseph F.. Lowe. Jaci>b S.. ;j5;i.
Lowell.

377.

Lowry. Luce. Frank M.,

R., :il8. David. 375.
66.

James

Kneisley. Charles Knii^'ht. Jesse. 60.

C,

03. 59.
66.

Leroy. Lewis

(i.. .59.

Knight, William M., Knitore, Earl of. 80.

Lester. J. C.. 419. 421. Letterman. W. H.. 359. Leverin:;. Anthony Z.. 58. Levi, A. L.. 100.

Lucian. 3.5ii. Lunstedt. II.. xi. Lu.scomb. Charles II.. 63. Luthin. O. L. F.. xi. Lutz. Isaac D.. 1)3.

Lvman. Amasa.

Lvon. D. Murrav,

71. xi. 18. 103.

Knowles, Edwiu. 62. Knowles, Thomas C.

275. 276,

Knowlton, Julius W.. 62. Knowltoii. Uoswell W., 59. Knox. Henry. 370. 373.

Levin. Nathaniel. 50. Levy. Aaron. 206. Levy, Ferdinand, xi. 210. Levy. ^lagnus. xi. 200. Levy. S.'imuel W.. 57.
Lew'enstein. Carl L., 206.

Lyte. Eliphalet O.. 04. Lyte. Joshua L.,04. Lyitle. La Fayette, 64.

Knox. J. J.. 303. Knox. John, 273. 274. Knox. John R.. 349.
Kohler. W.. 2f«.

Jiidson. E. Z.

C.

318.

Kolm. Friedman. Koon. Valentine,

Kalakaua. King, 95. Kales, Marten W.. .56. Kanouse. Theodore D.. 404. Kane. Klisha K.. 90. Kani. Immimiiel. 4. Kastor. H. W.. 283.
Katzensleiii. (ieorge B., 404.

208. 207. Kopuieier. (Jeorge. 58.

Lewis. C. T.. 65. Lewis. .lames H.. 0. Lewis. W. T.. 2S.S Leyman. N. N.. HW. Libbey. Oliver. (Hi.

Mac.Vrthur, Arthur, 02. Macaulev. Robert C., ifiK). Macbeth". F. I).. 142. MacGreirory. J. F.. 97. Mac(irottv. Edwin B., .57.

Mack. Max J.. tU. MacKenzie, William Lyon,
421.
58.

Liepman. .Joseph H..

M.ickey. A. G..
47. 7S, 8M.

1.5.

Korty. Lewis H.. .59. Kranier. Frederick. 50. Kniiiier. Leopold. 200.
Kra|)e,

Lightfoot. E. A.. 266. Li^'htfoot. John A.. 300. Lilienthal. Rev. Dr.. 207.

IKI, 9!!.

IS. 104.
'.Mi.

:i7.

43

Mackey. John W., Mackev. L.. xi.

Lincoln.
372.

Abraham.

129, 209.

MacLellan. Daniel M.. 62

W. W.,
11..

x.

Ma(omb.
101.

Jotin N.,

ti2.

Kniu>e. F.

Kaiiffman. Andrew J.. K5. Kautrowitz. .Joshua. 208. Kayser, Abraham. 210. Keanev. Patrick F..213. Keen, A. A.. 50. Keene, Louis MeL.. .59.

Kuhn, Kuhn, Henry II.. 04. Kuhn. J. R.. X. Kuutz, John S., 369.

399. (leortrc R.. 213,214.

Lincoln. Robert T.. a52. Linden. Robert .L. 61. Lindlcy. John Wolfe. 3.59. Lindsav. George W.. 265.
Lines,
ll.

Macov. Robert.
Macv. John
P..

75.
.57.

9S.

10(1

Wales.

()2.

Lacey. Samuel P.. 104. Lacey. Thomas B.. 57.

Keene, Robert W.,
Keifer. Charles
('..

390. 04.
109.

Keightley.
110.

Archibald,

LaChelle. Iluet, 44. Ladd. W. E.. 142. Lafayette. Marquis de. 242, *«.

95.

Linn. T. B.. 171. Linthicum. C. C. KM. Linton. David. ;i49. Linton. .Idhn P.. 2(K5. Linton. W. S.. 1,S5. Li|>pard. George. ."jOO.
Lippitt. Costello, 62.

Madden. W. W.. 0. Madison. James. 312. Magee. Charles D.. 102. Magee. Christopher, 3.5:1.
Ma-iill. J. R.. xi.

Mahomet. Thomas P., Mahonev. J. R.. xi. Major. John C. .58.
Major. Patrick U., 351.

6.

440
Malcolm
IV., 272.

INDEX TO PROPER NAMES
McDonald, D.. 243. McDonald, Joseph E., 350. McDowell. F. M., 395, 396. McDowell, Simon Y., 62. McEnery, S. D., 360. McFadden, Robert H., 351.
McFatrick, James B.,
66.

Malcolm, Philip S., 50. Malcolm, S. L., xi. Maliiis, Joseph, 405.
Mallard, R. Q., xi.
Mullet.

EdmuiKl

B., Jr., 60.

Mallory, (ieorge, 3*!.

Maloney. Louis, 102, 164. MaloneV, Kichard M., 59. MaiicheVtpr. Mrs. I. C, 309. Maudersoii. Charles T.,96. Mann, D. II., xi. 405.

McGechin, Thomas H., 194. McGee, James, 62. McGee, M. B., 6.5. McGill, Alexander T., 297. McGivny, Michael J,, 216.

Mitchell, Mitchell, Mitchell, Mitchell, Mitchell, Mitchell, Mitchell, Mitchell,

343. 44, 45. 49, 50. 79. John G., 137, 164. Samuel L.. 240. S. B. W.. 360. 372. William Starr, 231. Mitchner, Garrett, 314. Moffitt, J. B., 175.

C. W.. xi. Donald G.,

Myhan. Robert,

213.
xii.

My rick,

Herbert W.,

John, John,

Nash, Charles W., 58. Nash. Francis B.. 59. Nason, Edwin IL. xii.
Naylor. Allison.

Needham, James
164.

Jr., ,57. P., xii.
58, 162,

Nelson. Benjamin F.,
Nelson, Halvor, 161. Nelson, Samuel. 162. Nelson, Thomas, Jr.,

Mohammed,

4.

Monacliesi. H. D., 104.

Manning, Joseph A., 65. Marble, Manton, 34S. Marconis, Jacques Etienne,
TH, 79.

McGown,

George, 62.

McGuire, John C, 213. Mcintosh. H. P., 6.5.

Monahan. James, xi. Monell. John J.. Jr., 58. Montague, Dtike of. 22.
Montesquieu,
9. 95.

Nembach, Andrew.
Nemberger. B.. Nero, Emperor,
206. 2^6.

95. 64.

Marion, Francis, 95. Marius, 3.56. Markey, D. P.. xi. Marois, A., Iil2. MMrqiiette. Father, 297. Marsh, Ephrjiim, 305.

McKean, Thomas C, 267. McKee, J. Frank, 63. McKee, William J., 66.
McKeever. William P., 192. McKillip, Harvey A., 64, 85. McKinley, Thomas S., 65. McKinley, William, 95, 296,
329.

Montgomery, Isaac S., Montgomery. T.. 56.

66.

Marsh, Henry C,

61.

Marshall, Alfred, 349.
Marsliall, John, 95, 96. Marshall, Samuel T., 349. Marshall, Thomas R., 66.

McKinstry, J.M.,
McLauglilin, J.

164.

McLane, Allan, 3.54. McLaren, John, 66.
J., si.

Marshall,

Wyzeman,

61.

Marston, Arlington B., 60. Martin (" successor to Morin "), 46.

Martin, A. T., 197. Martin, Adam W., 169. Martin, Charles R., 393. Martin, Leonora M., 169. Martin, Sidney, .59. Martin. William H., 169. Martindale, Edward, 360. Marx, Karl, 390. Mason, E. C, xi, 188.

McLainey, Thcmias C, 353. McLean, Alexander, xi, 66. McLean, James W., 341. McLean, John, Jr., 350. McLean, William A., 56.
McLellan, Archibald, 66. McLellan, David, 79. McMaster, John Bach. 353. McMurtry, E. M.,228.

Montross, R. W., 65. Moonev, William, 326. Moore,"Barbara B.. 366. Moore, CliarlesP. T., 359. Moore, E. 'I'., xi. Moore. F. M.. 6.5. Moore, George F.. .56. Moore, James M.. 404. Moore. John A.. 2. Moore. Joseph C. 63. Moore, Robert B.. xi. Moore, Sidney, 64. Moore. Thomas, 63. Moore, W. J. B. McL., 85, Moorman, George, xi. Mordecai, Thomas M., .59. Mordhurst. Henry W., 56.

Nesbit, Michael, xii, 189. NesbitI, C. A., 59, 67, 103. Nest, William M., 97.

New, Harry

S.. 363.

Newhall. Charles C, 62. Newell, George A., 63. Newell, Henry. .59. Newell, John T., 63. Newton, H. J., 104, 189. Niblack, Mason J., 66. Nichols. AlbroF..61.
Nichols. Alonzo S.. 66. Nichols. Edward W. L., 61. Nichols, John, xii. Nichols, Sayles, 61. Nicholson, "Daniel N.. 61, 85. Nicholson, James B., xii.

86.

66.

McNamee, James

T., 192.

McNeir, Laura, 374. McParlin, James, 425.

Morgan, Albert. 104. Morgan, Charles B., 288. Morgan, John T. 96. Morgan, J. H., 412.
Moriran, William, 8, 13. 15, 32, 179,331, 346,420. Morgan, William. Mrs., 72. Moriartv, Albert P., 2. Morin, Stephen, 28,43, 44, 45,
50.

Nicholson. John P., xii, 374. Nickerson, J. B., 172. Nickerson, Sereno D., 56, 61.
Nielsen, Rennus.
Niles,
xii.

William Woodruff,
Jr., 364.

361.

Nimmo, Joseph,

Mason, J. J., xi. Mason, J. W.,xi. Mason, John, 353. Mason, Joseph, xi. Mason, William Castein, Masten, Joseph J., 353.
Matier, Charles F., 85.

McVengh, Franklin, 340. McVeagh, Wayne, 352. Meacham, G. A., 97.
Mead, G. R.
111.
60. S., 10.5, 109, 110,

Noah, Mordecai M., 208. Noble, Horace A.. 03.
Noeckel, A. G., xii. North, A. A.. 360.
Northcott,

W.

A., xii, 158, 164.

Medairy. J. H.,

56.

Meech, J. H., 161. Meeks, Jolm W., 189.
Meigs, A If red E., 65. Melish, T. J., 64. Melish, William B., 64. Melvin, T. J., 197.
'

Matthew, John O., 124. Matthews, E. W., 64. Matthews, Stanley M., 350. Matthews. William J., 63. Maulsby, D. L., xi. May, John A., 66. May, W. H.. xi. Mayburv, W. C, 6.5. Mayer, Gustavus W., 350.
Mayer, Jacob. ,59. Maver, John P., 56. Maynard, G. V., 108. Maynard. Horace, 348. Mayo, William II., 56, May worm, Joseph, 65. Mazzini, 4.

Morris, E.. 64. Morris, John W., 60. Morris, Robert. 79.
101.

99,

100,

Northrop, Aaron L., 2, 62. Norton, John E.. 00. Norton, Jonathan D., 58, Norwood, Abel J,, 58. Noteware, C. N., 56.
Nott, John

Mendelssohn. Moses,
Mendeiiliall,
350.

208.
71,

Morrison. P. H., .383. Morrison, Robert, 359. Morrison, William, 278.

C

.

184.

B.,

xi, 70,

Morrow. Tliomas
,

R., 58.

Mercer, John J., .59. Meredith, Gilmor, 56. Meredith, William B., 64. Merkel, Philip, 234, 23.5, 282.
Merrill, George S., 369. Merrill, Giles W., .58. Merrill, Jonathan A., 60. Merritt, James B., 57.

Morse. F. A 64. Morse, H. H., xi, 162. 189. Morse, Oliver A., 347. Morst. Charles S.. 59. Morton, James, 57. Morton, Oliver P., 96, 260,
3.50,

Noyes, Charles J., 364. Noyes, Edward F., 348. Noyes, Edward L., 169. Noyes, Isaac P., 57. Noyes, Mary C, 169. Nun, Richaid J., 56. Nybrogatan, A. Zettersten,
106.

Nye, Mortimer,

65.

419.
210.

58.

Mertz, William,

8.

McAmbley,

C. F., 197.
161.

McBath, M. C,

Merz, S., 234. Merzbacher, Leo, 207.
Metcalf, A. T., 00, 85. Metcalf, George R., 58. Metcalf, Oscar M., .58. Metternich, Prince, 312. Metzel, George V., 1.37. Meyer, Charles E., 87. Meyers, John G. H., 164.

Moscowitz. Mayer, Moses, J. B., 192. Moss. L. J.. 194. Moss, R. E., 164.

Oakes, Henry W.. xii. Oakley. Isabel Cooper, 109. Oakley, Roland H., 58. O'Brien, Fitz James, 364.
O'Brien, Russell G., 59. Ochs, Jacques, 80. O'Connell. .James, xii. O'Connell. Matthew C, 81C. O'Conner. Annie, 216.

McBride, E. J., 142. McCahon, James, 00.
McCarroll, F., xi.

Mott, J. L., xi. Mott, J. Varnura, 196. Mott, v.. xi. Moulton, George M., 66.

McCarthy, Ch;irles, 193. McCarty, John T., 362. McCash, James, 2;s. McCleary. Alexander J., 175. McClees, Levi B., 64. McClellan, George B., 95. McClenachan. Charles T., xi,
2, 18, 28, 43. 85. H7. 90.

Meyers,

J.

W.,

104, 168.

Moyer, Henry A., 65. Muekle, Mark R., 63. Muhlenburg. F. A., 95. Mulford, J. M., xi. Mull, George F., xi.
Mullen. James T., 216. Mulligan. John. xi. 164. Mulligan. R. R.. xi. ^Mulliken, Henry, 61. Mulliner, E. S.,66. Mumford, Charles C, 62.

O'Connor.

P. J., xii, 211.

Oddi. J. S.. xii. Odiorne. James C. 15. O'Ferrall. Charles T., 204.

Michie, William, 04. Mildruin. John, 314. Miles, C. S.. 402.
Millar, George W., 2, 62. Millard, Alden C, 66. Millard, Orson, 164. Miller, Charles R., 364. Miller, DeLaskie, 66, Miller, D. McL., 66. Miller, Matthew M., 57. Miller, Robert T., 58. Miller, Warner, 90. Milligan, W. L. R., 66.

Ogden, Peter.
Olcott,

230.

Henry

Steele,

104,

McClinlock, Charles, McCiintock, E. S.,
267.

219, 220. xi, 164,

107, 108, 110, 111. Old. Walter R.. 111.

Oliphant. Lawrence. 17.
Oliver. Edward, xii. Oliver, George. Rev., 99. Oliver, Isaac J, 409. Oliver, John W., 409. 'Olney, Hervey A., 59.

McClure, Charles H., 321. McClurg, John, Jr., xi.

Mundie, P. J., xi. Munger, Frank E.,

sii, 164.

McCollum, C. A., 164. McConihe, Samuel, .59.
McConnell, James,
175. McCoy, Hiimillon, 172. McCrae, Pliilip A., 164. McCreary. J.B ,96. McCune, John P., 05. McCnrdy, Hugh, 40, 60, 85. McDaniel, Jc^hn R., 90. McDermott, I). J., 424. McDermott, Fenton L., .58. McDonald, Alexander, 48.

Munn. Loyal L.. 66, 148. Munroe, Thomas, 65.
Munroe. Timothy, 13. Murphy, John, 411. Murray, J. M., 314. Murray, Mary A., 216. Murrow, J. S.. ,56. Myens, A. B.. 184. Myer. Albert J., 3.55. Myer, Allen O.. xii, 229.
Myers. Eugene Myers, Joseph,
B., 66. 44.

Milhnan, Thomas,
Mills, A. G., xi. Mills, Edward, 03.

164.

O'Malioney, John, 415. O'Neil, John, 00. Openheimer. Louis M., 59. Orahood, Harper M., 57.

Ome,

J. H.. 404.

Oronliyatekha,

M.

D.,

xii,

Milner, John, 251.

Miner, S. L., xi, 200. Mirabean, 4. Missimer, W. S., 383.

140. 164. 405. O'Rourke. J. J.. 214.

O'Rourke. William, Osborn, J. W.. 65.

xii.

INDEX TO PROPER NAMES
Otis,

441
RIckon. Frederick J. H..
56.

James.

95.

Perpener, Anthony
Perry, Perry, Perry. Perry, Peter.

Oviedio, Sir Herman, ISS.'

Osnard, Thomas, 3(5. Ozias, A. N.. l:«.
Pace, E.

S., 235. J. A., xii. o. II. P., 293. Robert J.. 57. William Stevens, 96.

Price. Justin F., 1(54. Price, Sterling. 420.

C.

W5.
;J94.
5ii.

George

A., 243.

Prichard. Samuel. 14. Prince. Edward. 3')6. Pritchard. Truman S., Pruetr. John W., .58.
I'ungs.

(53.

Packard, James*.
Pa-jo, Charles.

Page. Edwanl D.. ()4. 1:15. Page. Thomas Nelson. :ibZ. Page, Walter 11.. 17-J. ;i4'.l.
Paige, C'liiUoii F., (10. Paine, Milton K., (Jl.

Peter the Hermit. 2(W. Peterkin, Peter C, 278. Peters. A. C, xii.
Peters. Augustus W.. 3, Peters. Charles R.. 193. Peters. S. R.. 30;i. Petrie, William M.. 57.
I'etter.
(52.

A.. 131. Punly, Warren T.,6(5. Putnam, Israel, 95.

William

Putnam. James
Pvlbagoras.
35(5.

O.,

:J48.

21. 22,

107, 285,

Paine. Thomas. 241. 311.
Pait,

411!.

Frank

S.. xii. 164.

Quackcnbush,

Mar\-in,

1.58.

James

L,.

32-,'.

Pallon. Charles L.. 57.

Pettibone, Amos, (X). Pettigrew. G. A., 56.
Pfafflin. II.
(,'.,

Quantrell. Jacob. 9«>. Quarles. Greenfleld. 363.

Ridings, c. C, xii. Ridings, G. C, 184. Riesenherger. A., xii. liigden. Sidney. 71. Riggs. Jo.seph E., 164. Righter, Chester N., 352. Riley. J. M.. mi. Ripka. A. A..:i60. Ritchey. J. E.. 188. Ritner, Joseph. 14. Roberts. Andrew, .58. Roberts. Ellis H., ;J40, .348. Robie. W. J.. 65. Robinson. C. H.. xii.

Palmer, Palmer. Palmer. Palmer. Palmer. Palmer.

Alunson.

xii, 107.

George \V.. xii. :J2T. Henry L.. 49, (jO. 90. John. .3t>9.

Phelon.

W.

65. P.. 1(M.

John M..

90. 3(i7.

Thomas M.. 3.51. I'almer, Thomas \\'., 65. Palmer, W. J., 185.

Phelps. A. Alanson. 200. Phelps, John S.. Sm. Phelps. Sheffield. 340. Phelps. William Walter, 340.
361.

Quay. M. S.. <Mi. 130. Quayle. Mark. 58. Quick. John. 405.
(^uiniby.

Henry

B.. 60.

Quincy. Josiah". 96. Quintard. Eli S., 62.
Rader. Frank. .57. Kal|)li. D. Clark. 180. Kanisay, Chevalier. 9. 35. Ramsey. Frederick M.. (5(5. Ram.sev. W. M., xii.
Randall. John II.. ,58. Randall. Samuel J.. 96. Randall. Theop. W.. .56. Randolph. Alfred M.. ;i64.

Palmer, W. S., VA. Palmer. William T., 62. Pancoast. E. H.. xii. Pancoast, S., 1C4. Pankin. Charles F.. 59.
Papineaii, Josej)!! Louis. 421. Park. William A., 57. Parker. B. F., xii.

Philip. Duke of Orleans, 37. Phillips. E. S.. xii. Phillips. William H., 390. Philo. :&;.
Piatt. J. J..
.3(53.

Robinson. Robinson, Robinson, Robinson, Robinson, Robinson, Robinson. Robinson. Robinson.
55.

Eugene
J.

James
John,

C

A.,

.58.

369. F.,
14.

.56.

John C.

(52.

W. W.

A., xii. D.. .380. William E.,

.'jei.

Simon W.,
0..
1(54.

49. 52,

Robson.
Rodgers.

W.

186.
5!t.

Rockefeller. Charles M., Rodacher, Iteuben, 207.

Pickering. Timothy, 312.
Pickrell. F. II., 197. Pierce, Charles L. J. W.. 57. Pierce, William F.. .56. Pierson. Charles W.. :i97, .398. Pike, Albert, 18,45.48, 49. 73.
74, 90, 96, 100.

W. O., I'.U. Rodmann. Th.. 2.«.
Rodrigues. F. de P.. xii. Rogers, Andrew Watt. .359. Rogers, Ardivan W., ."159. Rogers, B. F.. 172. Rogers. Charles D., 66. Rogers. Edward L.. 355. Rogers. Henry W.. 193.
Roirers. L.

Parker. George W.. 57. Parker. Henry L.. 62. Parker. Hichard H.. 62. Parkman, Francis. 348.
Pariualee. Edward C, Parmele. Elisha, 357. Parsons, J. B.,64.
5(i,

Pike, George W., 310.
57.

Pinckard, George J., 58. Pinckney. Charles C, 312.
Piper, C". L.. 142. Pirkev. Stephen, 188.

Randolph, Edmund. 9(5. 312. Randolph, Pevton. 95. Rankin. Charles S.. (56. Ranney. Henry C. (;(>. Ranshaw, Henry. 58. Rathbone. Justus H., 2(53.
264, 265, 274.

W.,

:j79.
1(55.

Rogers,

W. C,

Parsons. John E.. .363. Parsons, John K.. 5S. Parsons, John W.. 64. Partlow, William II., 172. Parvin, Newton It.. 57. Parvin, T. S., 18. 40, 5(5, 73.
Pascal. Dr.. 110. Paschalis. Martinez, 98.

Raviler. George. 202.

Pius VII

,

Pope.

10.

Pixley. George W.. 65. Plant, David A., 378. Piatt. (). H.. 96.
Piatt, Thomas C, 96. Plot, Robert. 14.

Rawalt. Benjamin F.. 59. Rawlins. John A.. 3(55. Riiwson, A. L., 2.

Rollins, Daniel G.. 361. Ronemus, F. L.. xii, :iiSi. Ronemus. W. H., :iXi.

Roonie. Charles.

Ray. Frank G., 57. Ray, Peter W.. xii.

Pa-sou. David. .58. Paton. A. II.. xii.
Patrick. Benjamin F., 66. Patten. James. 277. Patterson. George. 57. Patterson. Robert E., 60. Paterson, William S.. 2,3,
(52.

Plumacher. Eugene H., 59. Plumb. Hiram W.. (52. Plumley. Horatio O.. 59

Raymond, Raymond, Raymond,

Plummer. Moses C.

61.

Polk. James K.. 95. Polk. L. L.. 3S(i. Pollard. Arthur G., 61.
4,

Raymr)nd. Rea. John Read. J. Meredith. 348. Read. Samuel. 265. Reason, Patrick IL, 76,
2:37.

76. E. A., 49. 51. 52. George E., 60. George H., 97. John M., 61. P.. :i69.

Roome, Henry 6.3. Roome, William Oscar, 57.

C

90.
67.

Rooney. John. 213. .Roose, F. F, xiii. 134, 194. Roosc, William S.. .57. Roosevelt. Thendore, 452. Root, Elihu. *i.3. Root. J. Cullen, xiii. 157. 165,
I'.M.

2.36,

Patton, A. G.. 64. Patton, Abuer E., 362. Patton. Thomas R.. 63. 85. Patton. William. 327.

Pomeioy. ('. II.. (55. Pomeroy. Riciiard A., Pond. Henrv H.. (i6.
Pool. Frederick L..

57.

Reaugh, R.

S.

C,

188.

1(59.

ReckTey. R. R.. 64. Red Jacket (Indian chief),
181.

Root. John G., (52. Root. Oren, 97. Root. Russell C. 317. Roper. (Jeorge W., 75. Rosecrans. W. S.. .3(>5.

Paul I..2ri. Paul III.. 210. Paxton. Thomas C. 59. Pearce. Gforge 11.. 219. Pearce. Willard A., (52. Pearson, A. L.. xii. :J75. Pearson, Charles D.. 172. Pearson, John Mills. 66. Pearson, William. 12:}.
Peary. R. E.. iiti. Pease. LeviC. ls.3. Peaslee. John B.. 200.

Pope. Seth L.. .59. Popper. II.. xii. Porcher, William L.. 420. Porter, Albert G., 35(J.
Porter. Cyrus K., 161, 408. Porter, E. H.. xii. Porter, George L., 62. Porter. George N.. 3(53. Porter, John Addison, 329,
3:30.341.

Redstone, A. E..

.310.

Redway, T.

II.

R., 56.

Reece, J. N., 1.5.8, 164. Reed, Charles E., 16'.>. Reed, T. M.. 56. 5'.l. Reed, Thomas B., 351. Reeve, S. Lansing, xii,

Roseiibaum. Chat les E.. .56. Rosenbourgh. Isaac. 207. RosenstocK. Samuel W.. 57. Rosenthal B xiii.
.

Rosenlhal. H., Rosenthal, M.,
293.

xiii.

xiii.

Posner. Abraham. 20t. Post. August, xii. ;i85. Potter, (larkson X.,361. Potter, Eliphalet N.,a55.
Potter.

Peck, Cuihbert E.. 86. Peck. Edwards.. 1(14. Peck, Geor-re W.. 9(5. Peckham. Rufus W.. 354.

Henry C.

t>3, 9(5.
(5(5.

Poulson. William E.. Pound. Jnhn E.. 1C4, Powell. Andrew, 317.

Regensberirh. I., 208. Reid, Whitelaw. 352. Reinicke. William. 58. Heinhard. John G., i:i3. Kenan, William, 207. Revere, Paul. 95, 211. .32.3. Reynolds. David C.,204. Reynolds. George A., 185.

Roskruge, George J., 5.5, .56. Ross. Apollos M.. lA. Ross, J.imes C. xiii, 2(56.
Ro.s,-». T. A., xiii. Ross, William. 405. Ross. William G.. 213,

O'Donovan, Rothblum. S.. 11(2.
Rcissa.

415.

Rothschild. Baruch. 207.

Roundy. Frank C.
61.

(5ti.

181.

Peckham, William
Peckinpaugh. T.

II., 55. E.. xii.

Peel, Sir Robert. 2;2. Peffer, William .\.. 96.

Powell. J. B. R.. xii. Powell. Milton E.. 58. Powell. M. v.. xii.

Reynolds, John F.. 1!»2. Reynolds, W. D., xii. Kevnolds. Warren G.. 5().
Hhixl.s. Georce H., 61. Rho.lis. Henry L., 66. Rhodcieanakis, Prince.
103.

Rousseau. J. J ,9. 241. .311. R(>uss,.||. Kdward. xiii. How. T. Subba. 111. Rowan, John, '.16. Rowell, Itenjamin W.. 61.67,
85.

Peixotto. Benjamin F.. 207. Peixotto. IVI. L. M., 50.
Pellin, J. F.. xii.

Power, J. L.. !j(i. Power. Maurice J.. 241. Powderlv. T. v.. 392. 394.
Prall. Prall.

86,

Rowley. Charles N..

368.

William.

Pelton. F. W.. 64. Penley, Albert M.. 60. Penn, Williiim. 239.

William

Prasad.

Rama,

131. A.. 101. 111.

Pepper, William P.. SfA. Percey. George Henry, 183. Percival. Frederick A., 57.
Perkins. E. C. xii. Perkins, Henrv. 65. Perkins. Henrv P., 61. Perkins. Marsh C, 60, 85. Pernetty, :J0.

Pratt. Irving W., 5(i. Pratt, Orson, 71, Ti. Pratt, Orson. Mrs.. 72, Pratt. Parley P.. 71, 103. Pratts. Jose Alaban y. 58. Prentice. Geori;<! 96.

Rice. A. H...361. Rice, M. H., 65. Rici-. Walter A., 180. Richard, James A. B.. 322. Richards, EuL'eiie H., 61. Richards, William. 71. Hichardson. Albert L., 61. Richardson. James D.. .56,9(5.

Rovse. W. T.. liiO. Ruckle. Nicholas R., 60. Ruilulph. John B.. 362.

Rugh,

\V. J., xiii.

Ruiidle.

Nathan

B..60.

D

.

Prescott. Joel 11.. Jr.. rci. Prevost, August. 44, .50. Price, Ilcnry, 26.

Richardson. John W.. (52. Kichard.son, Llovd D.. («>. Richardson, William, 97. Richardson, William A., 61. Richardson, William E., 58.

Runkle. Benjamin P., ;j'i2. Runvon, Theodore. :t41. Rushworth, Richard, 256. Rusk. J. M.'.Hi. Russ. Herman H.. 62.
Russ,

Jam

s

H

,

169.

Russell, Alfred. (16. Russell, John, 401.

442
Russell. John S., tiO. Russell, W. T.. xiii. Russell. William H., 338.

INDEX TO PROPER NAMES
Sendersen, W. C, K. II.. 142.
xiii.

Sens.'.

Rutledge,
3(i7.

William

J..

36C,

Senter. O. A. B.. 64. Server, John. xiii.
Seville.

D. F..

6.

RviiiK Archbishop. 11,21.5. Rvaii. MichiK'l C. ;«!).

Sevin. Nathan D.. 62. Sewall, Arthur W.. 95.

Ryan. William.

.5S.

.W. 103.

Sabine. Oliver C. 322. Sackelt. M. W.. 1(>3. Sadd. E. A.. 3!I4.
Safford.

Seward. Clarence A., 348. Seward. Josiali L.. 61. Seward, William H., 1.3.
.3.5;}.

15.

Smith, Armistead. 356. Smith, Barton, 60. Smith, Benjamin D.. 1.58. 164. Smith. B. F.. 366. Smith, Charles Emory. 348. Smith, D. P.. xiii. Smith. Edi:ar F.. 64. Smith. Edwin. 145. Smith, G. D.. 65. Smith. George Kimball, xiii.
231.

Stearns. J. B.. xiii. Stebbins. John W., xiii. Steber, Louis A.. 164.

Stedman. Edmund C, Steed, George W.. 63.

361.

James

Sage. George Sage. John I,.. (i2. Sage. William L.. .59.
St.

B.. 6.5. R.. (>4.

Thomas. 59. Sexton. James A.. ;i(i9.
Sewell,

Seymour.
;}61.

George Franklin,
II. J.. 49, 51, 54, 79,

Seymour.
HO.

George. A.,

xiii.

Sander.*,

Frank

L.. 61.
xiii.

Sanders, J.

1'., xiii.

Sevmour. Sir Henry, im. Seymour. T. W., 142.
Shafcr,
Shaffer,

Sanderson. Percy,

Sandilaiids. Right Ilonorable

John F., 62. Vosburg N..

Smith. Henry B.. 61. Smith. Hiram. 71. Smith. Hoke. 95. Smith. J. D.. I(i2. Smith, J. Hungerford, 63. Smith. Jacob W.. 65. Smith. James George. 349. Smith. Jeremiah G.. 58. Smith. John Corson, xiii, 60,
85.

Steele, Chades. ;i80. Steele, Richard. 95. Steele, Samuel C. 62. Steen, David, 299. Steeie, Joseph H.. 65. Stees, F. E.. xiii. Steffe, Christian G., 64. Stein. C. H.. 161.

Stephens, Uriah
:}90. ;}91.3'.!2.

S., 38.5. 389,

Stephenson.
366,
;}66.

Benjamin

P.,
xiii.

;367.

369.

Stephenson. Mary H..
Stephenson.
S. M.. 65.

Robert. 273. Sandilands, Sir James. 273,
274.

Sands. Daniel. 400. Sands, S. P.. 64. Sanger, Frank W.. 218. Samel. Luciau. 401. Sanno. Jjimes M. J., .56. Sans<mi. J. S.. 314. Sargent, Frank P.. xiii, 382,
38;^.

Shakespeare. Shannon. William. 2'J9. Shapleigh. ElishaB., .352. Shapherd. J. E.. 162. Siiarkev. John, 425. Sharp, E. M., 65. Shattuck, Joseph, 00.

64. William. 171.

Sarsfield. Patrick. 211. Sartain. John, 03. 85. Sater. John E.. 65.

Shaw, George R.. 60. Shaw, Levi W.. 169. Shaw. Margarette, 169. Shaw. Samuel, 122. Shaw. William, 251. Shedd. O. M., 161, 162,
184.

163,

Sannders, Alexander L.. 178. Saunders, Caleb, 85. Sannders, T. W., xiii. Saunders, William, 39.5, 396. Savage, A. R., 162. 16;}. Savage. Minot J.. 61. Savary. P. M.. 101. Scanlan. John F., 215. Scarborough. John, 361.
Schaale, C. F., xiii. Schafer, Samuel, 207. Schaus, L. P.. 65.
Schell, Augustus, 355. Schivendel, R.. 282. Schlener, John A., 58.

James R., 341. Shepard. James E.. 16.3, 193.
Sheffield.

Shepard. William. 64. Shepherd, Mrs. Margaret
300.

L..

Shepley. George L., 62. Sherer. William, 63. 96. Sheridan, Philip H., 365.

Smith, John S.. 192. Smith, Joseph. 70. 71, 96. Smith, Joseph L.. 65. Smith, Joseph W.. 60. Smith, Kilbourn W., 58. Smith. Lee S.. 64. Smith. M. A., Mrs.. 231. Smith. R. A.. 66. Smith. S. Merwin. 404. Smith, Stephen, 63. Smith. Sydney D.. 67. Smith. Thomas. 356. Smith. T. J., xiii. Smith. W. B.. 402. Smith. William. 71. Smith. William A.. 61. Smith, William H., 175. Smith. W. J., xiii. Smithson, John, 222. Smulling. John, 313. 314, 315.

Stern, H.. 208. Stetson, Alfred E.. ;3o2. Stetson. Francis Lynde. 348.
Stettinius,

John

L.. 2, 60.

Steuben. Baron. 9.5. ;370, 373. Stevens. A. E.. xiii, 164. Stevens, Albert C, 63. Stevens. E. B., 66. Stevens, D. E.. xiii, 133, 161,
162.
16:3.

164.

Stevens. George B.. 122. Stevens, Mark W.. 164. Stevens. Thaddens, 16. Stevens, T. Jeffer.son, 63. Stevens, Walter A., 60. Stevens, William, 314. Stevens. William J., 61. Stevenson. David A.. 64.

Steward, C. C.

xiii.

Smvthe, William H..
;}74.

56. 65.

Sherman. Adrian Sherman. Buren R., Sherman, Edwin A.,

C

57. 56, 194. 57.

Snider. S. H.. 144. Snike. Elisha. 243.

'Sherman, "John, 260. Sherman, Roger, 317.

Schlumpf. William. 8. Schmid, John E. C, 57. Schmidt. W. H.. 66.
Schnatz. Peter. 234, 2.35. Schneiden, Paul M.. 58. Schoder, Anthony, 63.
Scholfleld, Thomas, 251. Schord, L. G., xiii.

Sherman. W. T., 3a5. Sherwood, Benson, 2. Sherwood, Thomas D..
Shields, D.
164.

Snodgrass. Furman E., 60. Snow. B. M., 169. Snyder, F. L.. 190. Snyder, John M.. 366. Souierby. Freeman D., 172,
199, ^m. Somers. A. N..

Stewart. Aljjhonse C. .58. Stewart. J;imes F., xiv. 302. Stewart. John. 63. Stewart. Merwin H., 360. Stewart. Neil. 278. Stewart. Robert, 219, 220. Stewart. W. M.. 322. Sticknev. Horace W., 61. Stiles, Albert. 65.
Stiles, Stiles. Stiles.

Benjamin

F.. 62.

352. H.. 161, 162, 163.
6.5.

425.
57.

George. 314. 315. Robert B.. 63.

Sommers,
364.
xiii, 370.
xiii, 60.

Somerville, Thomas, John B.

Yates.

Shipman. O. W..
Shipp, J. F..

Shiras. (leorge. .341. Shirrefs. Robert A.,

Sotheran, Charles. 104. Soule. George. .58. Sovereign. James R.. 394. 401.
416.

Stipp, Joseph A.. 64. Stockdell. Henry C, 57. Stocker. Anthony E., 85. Stoker. Eugene LeC, 66.
Stolts,

W.

A., xiii.

Schultz. Edward T.. 85. Schuyler, Eugene, ;}40, 361.

Schwab, Michael, 207. Schwartz. George W., Schwarz, W.. 234.
Schwellenbach. Ernest
Sclatter.

Shook, B. M., 6. Shoup, G. L.. 96. Shreve, Joseph H.. 6. Shryock, Thomas J..
87.

58, 67,
.59.

Spalding. R. L.. 214. Spaulding, Enoch R.. 67. Spaulding. John Franklin.
;}61.

2.31.

Stone, Charles E., 57. Stone, Horace A., 63. Stone, J. T.. 360. Stone, Sevmour H., 62. Stone. William L., 15. Storke. E. F.. 66.
Storrs, Henry L.. 347. Storrs, R. S." 348.

J., 59.

Shurtliff, Ferdinand N.. Sickels, Charles E., 63.

Spaulding, Nathan W., 57. Speed, Frederic, 58.

James B., 360. Scobey, Frank H., 362.
Scott-Elliott, W., 111. Scott, G. A., xiii. Scott, George, xiii. 2. 63. Scott, J.. 10.5. Scott, J. D., 6. Scott. J. F., 6. Scott, Robert R., 278. Scott, S. S., 6. Scott, William A., 59. Scott, W. N.. 355. Scottron, S. R., xiii, 49, 67, 73,
76.

Sickels, Sheldon. 64. Sickles, Daniel. 2, 60. Silberstein, Adolph, 210. Simmons, C. E., 104.

Speelman, H. V..

xiii.

Story. Joseph.
:i58.

16.

331,

357,

Simmons, J. Edward. 62. 96. Simmons. William. 314, 315. Simons, .John W.. 2. Simons, Seward A., 364.
Simons. W. N.. xiii. Simpson, Jeremiah E., 96. Sinexon, Henry L., ;}90.
Singleton. WilHam R., 56, 57. Sinn, William A., 56. Sinnett. A. P.. 108, 109, 111. Sisson, John W.. 03. Sisson, William W., 63. Skiff, Charles W.. 62. Skillman. John M., 364. Skinkle, Jacob W.. 66.

Speer, Emory. .351. Spellman. Charles C. 61. Spencer. Edward B., 85. Spencer, Frederic A., 62. Spencer, J. M., 64. Spencer, Philip. 351. Speth, G. W., xiii. Spies. Josepli, 66. Spinoza, 4. Spitzev. B. M.. 44. 50.

Story. William. 62. Stoskoff, Michael, 66.

Stow, Orson W.. 352. Stowe. James G., 58.
Stowell, C. L.,xiii. Stowell, Henry, 63. Strang, James J., 102.
Strauss, A., 2;31. Strauss. Henry, 208. Stray er, S. H.. 183. Streator. Andrew J., 387. Striker, D., 65. Stringer, T. W.. 266. Stringham. L. M., xiii. Strong. Orlo W.. 404. Stuart. John. 3.56. Stuai t. William. :357. Stubbs, T. J., xiv. Studley. J. Edwards, 62.
Stull,

Scribner, Charles. 3.53. Sears, F. W., 164. 168. Sears, John M.. xiii. 67. Sears, John McK., 59. Seaton, David, 273. Seaver, R. N., 161, 162. Seaver, W. L., 193. Seeley, William E., 62. Seelye, (President of
herst), 330. Seigel, George J., 164. Seitz. John G. O., 58. Seixas, M. L., 209. Sells, F. A., 183. Semple, R. E., 363.

Spooner, Samuel B.. 61. Spooner. W. R.. xiii. 163. Sprenkel, Peter K.. 64. Spring, Frederick H.. 61.
Spring, S. O., 66. Springer. William M.. .350. Spry. Daniel. 85. Squire, Andrew, 65. Stafford. Norman M., 169. Stagg. Alonzo A.. 340. Stahlnecker. William G., ;563. Stanford. Leland. 96. Stansberry. J. B., 6. Stanton. Edwin M.. 95. Stark. E. J.. 66. Stark. John, 356. Staton. James W.. 58. Stead, T. Ballan. xiii.

Skinner, Charles M., 240. Slack, William H.. 64.
Slattery,

M.

J., xiii.

John M.,

65.

Am-

Sloan, Augustus K., 63. Sloan, George White, 66. Sloan. James, 307. Sloss. Levi. 58. Smalley, Frank, xiii.

Smith, Adon, xiii. Smith, Albert C, 61.

Sturtevant. Stephen V., 63. Sudborough, Thomas K., 59. Suetonius. Paulinus, 286. Suleb. M.. xiv. Sullavou. E.. xiv. Sullivan. Alexander, 413, 414. Sullivan, B. F., xiv.

.

INDEX TO PROPER NAMES
Sullivan, T. F., xlv.

443
Welch, Albion F., 61. Welch, Charles A., 61. Welch. John. 256. Welch, Orrin. 2. Weld. John F., 70. Weld. Otis E., 61. Welde, John, 145.
Weller. John J.,.59. Wellington. Lord, 95. Wells. Daniel. 71. Wells. Samuel. 00.

Sulzberger. Solomon, 208.

Sumner,
340,
3(il

William

Graham,

Sussex. Duke of, 39, S-i. Sutherland. William A.,

&i. Swain, JuliiisM.,135, 1(54,180. Swallow. James H., 109.

Tompkins, D. D., 47, 48, 95. Tompkins, U. W., xiv. Tompson. John R.,395, 306. Tone. Wolfe. 414. Toombs, Robert, 90. Toomcy, D. P., xiv.
Torre, Giovanni. 59. Torry, George W., 02. Totten. James S.. 64. Totteu. Warren. 160, 161. Ton gee. Albion W.. 301. Towle. CliMrlesN.. 01. 'I'ownslund. Charles. 323. Tracy. Henjaniin F., 95. Tracy. David B.. 57.00. Tracy, D. Burnham, 85. Trainer. Mary A. M., 210. q>all. R. T..411. Trask. Wavland. 02.
I

Von Hund. .30. .38. Von Swaitworst, William H.,
&M8.

Voorhees, Daniel W.,
420.

96, 350,

Voris. S. E., 190.

Swart out. R. D., 0.5. Swayne. Wiiger, 341.

Wachtmeister, Countess, Wadleigh. Leroy B.. .57.

109.

Sweden borg.

ilH,

lOa.

Sweeny. D. D.,3ii9. Sweet, Samuel B.,OB.
Sweigard, Isaac A.,
64.

Taber, Samuel T., :i51. Tabor, August B., 0.5. Taft, Alfonso, 3as. Taft, Elihu B., 01.
Taft, J. S.. 105. Taft, William H., 340. Talbot, A. R., 158. Talleott. Edwin C, 03. Tiilmage, T. DcWitt. 180.

Wadsworth. II. A.. 103. Wadsworth, J. C. L.. 06. Wagenhals. F. S., i:«, 164. Wagner. A. H., 00. Wagner, Charles W. A., 57. Wagner. Louis. .'iOO.
S. Leonard, 194. Wait. Albert S..01. Waite, Almon C. 00. Waite. G. H.. xiv.

Welsh, Robert A..

175,

Wende.

Ernest, xiv, 180.

Wentworth. H. M., 109. Wentworth, Maggie, 169.
Wescott. David. 390. West, Bina M.. 1.55. West, (iideon. .57. Westbrook. R. B.. lOJ. Wetmore, George Pcabody,
;«o.

Waide,

Traynor.
290.

W.

J. H., 294, 295,

VV'akennin,

Edgar

L.. 30;^.
01.

Tamanend (Cniiel). 5J39, Tamina (Chiel), 825.
Tardy. J. G.,
40,
.50.

240.

Treby. Johnson. 00. Trefry, William D. T.. 01. Trimble. John, xiv, 395. Trimble. Robert. 90.
Trippe. A.
C.. Hil.

Walbridge, Frederick G.,

Walden, J. M.,64. Waldron, Frederic H.,

02.

Troulman. C.

E.. xiv.

Tarr, Eugene. 3.5;i. Taschereau, Cardinal, 12. Tate, J. G., 103, 164. Taylor, Frederick S., 300. Taylor, George, 209.

Taylor, Taylor, Taylor, Taylor, Taylor, Taylor, Taylor, Taylor, Taylor,

Harold, xiv. Jesse, 303.

John, 71. Joseph C,
J. B.,98.

57.
.57.

Leroy M.,
L. G., 137.

Marshall W., 288.

Trvon. Edward K.. 314. Tucker. C. H.. 04. Tucker. George. 313. 314. Tucker. John C. 3.50. Tucker. Philip C. 48. Turberville. George L., 357. Turnbull. William W., 404. Turner. Daniel J.. Jr., 59. Turner. James. 314. Turner. William H., 66. Tuthill. David S.. 59. Turtle. George W.. 360. Twank'v. James, 59.

Wales. Prince of. 220. 277, ;W. Walker, Charles P.. 100. Walker. Francis A., ;i52. Walker, Ivan N., 300. Walker. Kephart D., 60. Walker. Mary L.. 109. Walker. Philip. 185. Walker. Sidney F., 62. Walker. William T., 164.

Walkinshaw.

L.

C,

xiv.

Wallace, Lew. 100. Wallace, R. Bruce, xiv. Wallack. J. W.. Jr., 218. Waller, Thomas M., 90. Wallick. J. F.. 172. Walsh, William A. ,355.

Wheeler. Daniel IL. 59. Wheeler, Edward D.. 05. Wheeler. Everett P., .348. Wheeler. F. A, 66. Wheeler, Franci.«, .380. Whipple. Helen M.. 169. Whipple. John IL. 61. Whipple. John J.. 169. Whitaker. E. S.. 04. Whitaker. Jo.-eph. 314. Whitaker. Ozi William. 361. Whitcomb, Charles W., 61. White. Ahira R.. 6.5. White. Andrew D.. 340, 361,
3(i3.

W.

R., xiv.

Tweed.'WilliamM.,

241.

Tecumseh. 95. Telfair. Jacob

R., 62. Tell, William. 414. Teller, Henry M.. .56. 90. Temple, Thomas F.. 61.

Ten Eyck, James. 02. Tenney, Hannah J., 169.
Tenney, Samuel P., 169. Terhuiie. William F.,351.
Terrell, George, xiv.

Twitchell. Joseph H., 341. Tyler. C. W., xiv. Tyler, (Jeorge O., 00. 85. Tvler, Moses Coit. 340, 348. Tyler. Wat. 272. Tvng, Steplien H., 90. Tyng, Stephen H., Jr., 351.

Walshe, Robert Walters, J. W.,

J., 66. 110.

Ward. A. G., Mrs.. 154. Ward, Charles S., (i2. Ward, Francis G.. 63. Ward, J. H. Hobart. 00.
Warner, Charles Dudley, Warner, H. A.. 164. Warner. William. :i09.
301.

White, Hunter C, 62. White, John A., 380. White. John U., 261. White, J. W.. 158. White, R. L. C, xiv, 265. White. Stillman, 02. White. W. H.. 314. White. William H.. 63.
Wliitehouse. Benjamin G., 59.

Whiting. William IL,

2.

Whitman. Ozias.

58.

Tyson, N. W..

375.

Warnock, Adam,
Underbill. C. F.. xiv. 187.

113. 102, 103.

Whitney. John. 13. Whitney. LeRoyC, 00. Whitney. William Collins,
.'MO.

Thacher. John Boyd, 62. Thacher, Stephen D., 58. Thayer. H. G.. 05. Thiele. T. B., xiv. Thomas, Catharine A., 109. Thomas, Charles H., 109.

Underwood, John C, 347. Underwood. Levi, 01. Underwood. William J.. 02.
Unverzagt. C. U.. xiv.
129.

Upchurch, John Jordon, Upson.
I. S..

198. 128,

Warren, Edward F.. 50. Warren, Frederick R.. 103. Warren, Joseph. 05, 27. Warvelle, GeorL-eW., 00, Washburne. Edwin D.,

301.

Whitney.
3(«.
83. 03.

William Dwight,
B.. 86.

Whytehead. Thomas
Wiener. Oscar. 209. Wier. William. 304. Wiesenfeld, David.
Wies.<ert. A. G..

Washburne, W. 1)., :^02. Washington. George, 32,
129, 273, 3(10.

95,

58.

Thomas, George H., 305. Thomas, (ieort'e !>.. 355. Thomas, Theodore H.. 194. Thomas. Warren La Rue, 58. Thompson, Caleb C, 04. Thompson. F. J.. .50. Thompson, Frank J.. .59. Thompson, Hopkins, 49, 51,
.55.

xiv.
04.

Urban IL, 209. I'rner, Henry C,
Vail. Walter, 05.

:«o.

.3:«,

370,

.373.

305, 312, 320, 414.

:169.

Waterhouse. Columbus, .57. Waterman. Robert IL, 2.
L.,

Wiggin, J. IL, 104. Wigley, Arthur B., M.
Wilder. Marshall P., 96. Wildey. Thomas, 2.36,
257. 288. 256,

Vallandigham, Clement
420.

Waterman. Thomas. 01, Watkins, James S.. xiv, Watrous, Jerome A., 06.

1.35.

137.

Thompson. Jacob.
Tliom))son, Jesse

95. E., 01.

Thompson. John K., lt)9. Thompson. Joseph H., .58. Thompson, J. W., xiv. Thompson, Mrs. Margaret,
30K.

Vallerchamp, John, 63. Van Buren. James, 421. Van Buskirk. George W., 63. Vance. A. F., Jr..64. Vance. Zebulon B.. 90. 302. Van Der Voort. Paul. 309. Van Deventer, James T.. 57. Van Nuys. Franklin. 220.

Van

Rensselaer. Killian H.,
Shultz. Shultz. 421. Valkeiiburg, John, 204,

Thompson, Maurice, 862. Thompson. Walter J., tw. Thomson. Charles H., 2.
Thorndike. Samuel Thorp, D. D.. fMJ.
Thrall.
L., 61.

49, 51.

Van Van

Watson, John, .50. Watson. Thomas. 104. Watson. Thomas F.. 03. Watson. William P., 57. Wcaiherbee, J., xiv. Weatherbv. Charles J., 221. Weaver. L M., Mrs.. 280. Weaver. James B.. 300. Weaver, James E.. 388. Weaver. William IL, 63. Weaver. W. (J.. 105. Weaver. W. R.. 107.

Wile. Samuel F., 3(H. Wilkinson. Francis M., Wilkinson. S. E.. :is4. Willard. Frances, s33.

66.

William
Orange. Williams. Williams. Williams, Williams. Williams, Williams, Williams, Williams. Williams, Williams. Williams.

ML.
211.

Prince
.'^Oe.

of

309.

Duane. 360.
E. A..
0.

Henry.

44.

Henry H.. 57. James M., 58. John D., 2, 62.
J. IL.
(i4.

205.

Webb. H. Walter,
W'ebb.

:«3.

Vaiix. Richard. 90.

Edwin

A.. 02.

Thnrn, Herbert J., 137. Thurston. John M., 90.
Tice, Josiah, Tilden, Samuel J.. 241. Tilden, Thomas W.. 03.
03.

Tillou.

Edward

L..

(i3.

Veazey. Wheelock G., 369. Verner. Thomas. 30S. Vertican. F. W.. xiv. 399. Vick. Frank ll..t;3. Victor Emmanuel. 4. 95. Vilas. William F.. 3.59. Vincent, Walter B.. 02.
Vincil, J. D.. 50.

Thomas Smith, 34. Webb. W. Nehemlah. 214. Webb, W. Seward. 3.5:}.
Webber, Frederick, Webber. G. H.. 172.
56, 85.

Richard P., 59. Robert D., 63.
S. S.. 04.

Thomas

II. , 66.

Webster, Charles II.. CO. Webster, Daniel P., 61. Webster. Edward C.. 59.
Welister.
S.,

William.-oii. E. J.. 142. Williamson. I. D.. 280. Willis, Edward M., 57. WilU. S. A., l&i.

Wilmot, David.
Wils-.n.

96.

Tinder. J.T.,ltS. Tink, D. C. 159. Tipper. F. 8., xiv. Titcomb, Virginia
318.

John

F.. 00.

A

Vining. Harrison S.. 62. Vivian. Charles Algernon

C,

xiv,

23<t.

Vogt. Charles
Voltaire.
0. 05.

C.

58.

Robert C. 03. Todd, Samuel M.,56. Todd. Q.. xiv.
Titus.

241. 311.

Von
87.

Helraont.

John

Baptist,

Webster. W. P.. .56, Wechselberg. Julius. CO. Wechsler, Rev. Dr.. 20<.t. Weed, Thnrlow. 13. 15, MG. Weeks, Joseph D.. xiv. 'Mi. Weihe, William, xiv. 378. Weishuupt, Adam, 4, 344, 456.

Wilson. Wilson. Wilson. Wilson. Wilson. Wilson. Wilson.

D..411. Albert K. 56.

Charles L.. 292. D. L.. 410. 421. D. M.. 2;o. Daiius. 123, 186.

David H..
J. G..317.

68.

\

444
Wilson, Wilson. Wilson. Wilson. Wilson. Wilson. Wilson. Wilson, Wilson.
Wiltse,

INDEX TO PROPER XAMES
James W.. xiv. :}85. John McMillan. 359.
Sanuiei B.. 362.

Thomas.
William.

:nrr. :j53.
.

William B William B..

164.
3!)3.

W. H.. xiv. W. Warne. xiv,
Hiram
L.. 66.
:J41.

131.

Winchell, Rev. Dr..

Wood. Austin C. 62. Wood, C. B., xiv. Wood. David Ward, 385. Wood. Edwin O., xiv, 151. Wood, (ieorge. 63. Wood, James W.. 355. Wood, Julian E.. 360. Wood, Julius 66. Wood, Marshall W.. 59. Wood. M. D..Mrs.. 265. Woodburv. Charles Levi, 60.

Woodward. Clarence L., Woodward, Henry, 62.

63.

Yarker, John,

80.

C

Wincgarner. D. C.
M'iiifield.

64.

Albert B.. 63.
61.

Wing. George W..
Winii. A. M.. 169.

Winsor. Lou B.. 6.5. Winthroi). Theodore. Wirt. William. 14. Wishard, A. W.. IGl.
Wiiherill. L. D.. 143.

Woodford. A. F. A.. 18. Woodford, Stewart L., 35;3. Woodliara. Alfred. 62. Woodman. Francis J.. 57. Woodman. William Robert,
86.

.352.

Witherspoon. James L.. .3,51. Withinston. George E.. 59. Witt. Bernard G.. 58. Wolf. Simon, 208. Wolihin, Andrew M.. 56, 57.

Woodruff. Carle A., 59. Woodruff. C. S.. xiv. Woodruff. David B.. 265. Woodruff. Wilford. 70. Woods. Leonard. 354. Woods. William B.. 350.

Woolsey. G. F.. xiv. Woolsey, Theodore S., .340. Work. Joseph W.. 61. Works. Charles A. .66. Wray, Samuel W., 64. Wright, Alfred G., 63. Wright, Carrol! D.. 388, 390. Wright, C. F.. 109. Wright. Edwin. 61. Wright. George W., xiv, 178. Wright, J. H., 186. Wright, James L., 390. Wright, Pitkin C. 59. Wright. Robert J., 61. Wright. Walter Rodwell, 82. xiv, Wright, William B.,
1.57.

Yates, G. F.. 48, 49. Yates, John T., 194.

Yeames, James,
Yoder,
279, 280.

405.
265,

S. S.. 322.

Young, Alva A.. Mrs., Young, Brigham,
102, 103.
70,

71, 96,

Woodward, Benjamin S.. 57. Woodward, Charles A., 64.

Wright, William H. S.. 58. Wroth. W. J.. 108. Wyatt. T. J.. 142. WVckoff. Edward S., 63, 85. Wycoff, Ira A. M., 174. Wyman, David A., 71.

Young, Charles F., 61. Young, E Bentley, 61. Young, Edward L., 164. Young, Frank H. O., 59. Young, G. C, 273. Young, James, xiv. Young, James H., 61. Young, J. D.. 165. Youngs, Melvin L., 66. Youngs. William H., 288. Yusef Bey, 1.
Zeigler, Louis.
Zell,

.59.

T. Elwood, 373.

u

^

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