Done
Content
The Fourteenth Century in Europe is marked by
widespread destruction and death, caused by a series of calamities that transitioned society into the early modern period.
The Coming of the Little Ice Age in the Fourteenth Century
The famine was widespread and in areas where poor
harvests occurred with greater frequency such as Southern France, conditions were particularly egregious. The English chronicler states that food was so hard to find, that “according to many reports, men and women in many places secretly ate their own children…” Scholars studying the origins of fairy tales conclude that stories of peasant cannibalism may find roots in this period.
Writing on the plague in Florence, Giovanni Boccaccio
comments that “Many died daily or nightly in the public streets…and what with their corpses and the corpses of others who died on every hand the whole place was a sepulcher.”The plague arrived in Europe from the Middle East, carried on board merchant ships bound for Italian ports. By 1400, the plague had reduced European populations by a third to a half.The “Dance of Death,” depicted today in many European churches and town halls, was the most vivid reminder that plague was no respecter of social status. There was no cure and the causes were unknown.
Tied to Edward III’s claim to the French
throne and continued confrontation between England and France, the Hundred Years’ War would ravage Europe from 1337 to 1453. A military “revolution” that took medieval Europe from chivalry and mounted knights to gunpowder and the first artillery, the war caused widespread destruction and interrupted agricultural production, creating wider famine.
The new order coming out of 14th century calamities would point
toward the defining of early modern nation states and the consolidation of central state power. England no longer controlled continental provinces, the French kings would begin a long process of power consolidation, and Spain embarked on its Reconquista, ending in 1492 with the defeat of the last Muslim stronghold in Spain.The once powerful medieval Church was particularly devastated by the plague years, losing many spiritual caregivers. Conflict with the growing power of kings weakened papal authority over secular issues. By 1400, the church would face multiple popes, several heretic movements, and a drive to supplant papal power with the authority of Church councils.The calamitous 14th century transitioned a medieval Europe to a century that would usher in exploration, early industrial endeavors, and a profound change in secular and religious relationships.
In European history, the 15th Century is seen as the bridge
between the Midle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the Early modern period. In this section we will have focus of different historical figures of 15th Century Europe. Charles the Bold (or Charles the Rash) (French: Charles le Téméraire) (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), baptised Charles Martin, was Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477. Known as Charles the Terrible to his enemies,he was the last Valois Duke of Burgundy and his early death was a pivotal, if under-recognised, moment in European history.After his death, his domains began an inevitable slide towards division between France and the Habsburgs (who through marriage to his heiress Mary of Burgundy became his heirs). Neither side was satisfied with the results and the disintegration of the Burgundian state was a factor in most major wars in Western Europe for over two centuries.
In 1440, at the age of seven, Charles was married to
Catherine, daughter of Charles VII, the King of France, and sister of theDauphin (afterwards Louis XI). She was only five years older than her husband, and she died in 1446 at the age of 18. They had no children.In 1454, at the age of 21, having been a widower for eight years, Charles married a second time. He wanted to marry a daughter of his distant cousin, the Duke of York (sister of Kings Edward IV and Richard III of England), but under the Treaty of Arras (1435), he was required to marry only a royal princess of France. His father chose Isabella of Bourbon for him: she was the daughter of Philip the Good's sister, and a very distant cousin of Charles VII of France. Their daughter, Mary, was Charles' only surviving child, and became heiress to all of the Burgundian domains. Isabella died in 1465.
Charles was on familiar terms with his brother-in-
law, the Dauphin, when the latter was a refugee at the Court of Burgundyfrom 1456 until Louis succeeded his father as King of France in 1461. But Louis began to pursue some of the same policies as his father; Charles viewed with chagrin Louis's later repurchase of the towns on the Somme, which Louis's father had ceded in 1435 to Charles's father in the Treaty of Arras. When his own father's failing health enabled him to take into his hands the reins of government (which Philip relinquished to him completely by an act of 12 April 1465), he entered upon his lifelong struggle against Louis XI, and became one of the principal leaders of the League of the Public Weal.
For his third wife, Charles was offered the hand of Louis
XI's daughter, Anne; however, the wife he ultimately chose was Margaret of York (who was his second cousin, they both being descended from John of Gaunt). With his father gone, and being no longer bound by the Treaty of Arras, Charles decided to ally himself with Burgundy's old ally England. Louis did his best to prevent or delay the marriage (even sending French ships to waylay Margaret as she sailed to Sluys), but in the summer of 1468 it was celebrated sumptuously at Bruges, and Charles was made a Knight of the Garter. The couple had no children, but Margaret devoted herself to her stepdaughter Mary; and after Mary's death many years later, she kept Mary's two infant children as long as she was allowed. Margaret survived her husband, and was the only one of his wives to be Duchess of Burgundy, the first two wives having died while Philip, Duke of Burgundy, was still alive, and thus being known as Countesses of Charolais.
On 12 April 1465, Philip relinquished government to Charles,
who spent the next summer prosecuting the War of the Public Weal against Louis XI. Charles was left master of the field at the Battle of Montlhéry (13 July 1465), where he was wounded, but this neither prevented the King from reentering Paris nor assured Charles a decisive victory. He succeeded, however, in forcing upon Louis the Treaty of Conflans (4 October 1465), by which the King restored to him the towns on the Somme, the counties of Boulogne and Guînes, and various other small territories. During the negotiations for the Treaty, his wife Isabella died suddenly at Les Quesnoy on 25 September, making a political marriage suddenly possible. As part of the treaty Louis promised him the hand of his infant daughter Anne, with Champagne and Ponthieu as dowry, but no marriage took place.
In the meanwhile, Charles obtained the surrender
of Ponthieu. The revolt of Liège against his father and his brother in law,Louis of Bourbon, the Prince-Bishop of Liège, and a desire to punish the town of Dinant, intervened to divert his attention from the affairs of France. During the previous summer's wars, Dinant had celebrated a false rumour that Charles had been defeated at Montlhéry by burning him in effigy, and chanting that he was the bastard of Duchess Isabel and John of Heinsburg, the previous Bishop of Liege (d.1455). On 25 August 1466, Charles marched into Dinant, determined to avenge this slur on the honour of his mother, and sacked the city, killing every man, woman and child within; perhaps not surprisingly, he also successfully negotiated at the same time with the Bishopric of Liège. After the death of his father, Philip the Good (15 June 1467), the Bishopric of Liège renewed hostilities, but Charles defeated them at Sint-Truiden, and made a victorious entry into Liège, whose walls he dismantled and deprived the city of some of its privileges.
The sixteenth century in Europe was a time of unprecedented change. It was
the beginning of the modern era, and it saw a revolution in almost every aspect of life. The century opened with the discovery of a new continent. The renaissance in Italy was peaking and spreading north, even arriving in backwaters like England. Life was largely prosperous for the average person, the economy was growing. The mechanisms of commerce, systems of international finance, ocean-going trading fleets, an entrepreneurial bourgeoisie, were all building a recognizably capitalist, money-based economy. Geniuses were stepping all over each other on the street corners producing scientific innovation after innovation. Technological innovations like gunpowder were changing the nature of warfare and the military caste nature of society -- the cannon probably had a great deal to do with the rise of the centralized nation state as we know it. The printing press created a media revolution. It brought ideas, partisan rhetoric, and how-to manuals to the people. Most of all, it brought the Bible, in its original tongues and in the vernacular, to the masses. A spirit of inquiry, a desire to return to first principles, was blowing through the Church, which had been the unifying cultural foundation of Europe for a millenium.
The first half of the century saw what
contemporaries viewed as the most earthshattering change in the century: the Reformation. The cultural consensus of Europe based on universal participation in the Body of Christ was broken, never to be restored. Along with the Reformation came challenges to secular society. The nature and organization of power and government came under reevaluation as well. No one could imagine religious change without it going hand-in-hand with social and political change, as indeed it did.
There were other things fueling the furnaces of change. The
economy was a prosperous one at the beginning of the century, with even the average peasant able to afford a bit of meat in the stew pot. People were optimistic about the future, they were having larger families and the population was growing. The combination of population pressure and inflation exacerbated by the flow of gold and silver from the New World saw a price rise that cut effective wages in half by about midcentury. Changing economic conditions saw many peasants lose their land as the terms of their tenancy become much less favorable, while land was becoming concentrated in the hands of the elites, especially the rising bourgeousie. Homelessness and vagrancy were on the rise, and towns experienced a sense of crisis trying to deal with the poor. By the end of the century, a peasant almost never saw meat, and many of them had reached such a state of despair about the future that they engaged in widespread revolts. Tensions between the social orders were high on many levels.
Athough the peasants and more marginal classes of people
were struggling, the middle class was growing and generally becoming more powerful. In a port city likeCalais, located on the north Atlantic with an active maritime trade with the English, Dutch, and other French ports, the quality of material life saw an overall improvement. People in towns had leisure time to spend in taverns, gaming, and drinking -- hard liquor as an escape from a hard life began to be a social problem during this time. In France, the first half of the century saw the reign of François Ier, who brought the art and culture of the Italian Renaissance to France and encouraged the new humanistic learning. His contemporaries were Henry VIII of England and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, whose Hapsburg territories stretched from Hungary to Spain. All were destined to leave their mark on the times and all were rivals. The Hapsburgs in particular represented a constant threat to France, as their territories, Flanders in the north, the Imperial duchies and bishoprics in the east, and Spain in the south, almost completely surrounded its land borders.
Athough the peasants and more marginal classes of people
were struggling, the middle class was growing and generally becoming more powerful. In a port city likeCalais, located on the north Atlantic with an active maritime trade with the English, Dutch, and other French ports, the quality of material life saw an overall improvement. People in towns had leisure time to spend in taverns, gaming, and drinking -- hard liquor as an escape from a hard life began to be a social problem during this time. In France, the first half of the century saw the reign of François Ier, who brought the art and culture of the Italian Renaissance to France and encouraged the new humanistic learning. His contemporaries were Henry VIII of England and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, whose Hapsburg territories stretched from Hungary to Spain. All were destined to leave their mark on the times and all were rivals. The Hapsburgs in particular represented a constant threat to France, as their territories, Flanders in the north, the Imperial duchies and bishoprics in the east, and Spain in the south, almost completely surrounded its land borders.
The untimely death of François Ier 's son, Henri II, in
1559, saw the social and political consensus in France dissolve under the forces of the Reformation, dynastic rivalry, and economic pressure. The second half of the century was consumed with the Wars of Religion, which were as much a political and civil conflict as a religious one. The young sons of Catherine de' Medici came successively to the throne, and the last of them, Henri III, was assassinated in 1589. The first of the Bourbon dynasty, Henri IV, acceded to the throne, but as a Protestant his claim was hotly contested. Throughout the '90's he has been fighting the forces of the Catholic League, backed by Spain, to win control of the country. He converted to Catholicism in 1593, finally entered Paris in 1594. Internal League opposition began to wind down in the mid-90s, but as of 1596 Spain is actively at war with France and in the spring captured Calais, where we live.
The 1590s have been difficult years for the common
people everywhere in Europe. The weather has been cold and wet for three years and there have been at least three bad harvests in a row. The League warfare has destroyed transportation and food supplies. Bread is scarce and prices of food, fuel, and housing are high, while wages are low. The costs of war and the huge national debt have meant that taxes are also high. There have been peasant uprisings in some provinces, sometimes with Huguenots and Catholics alike uniting against the nobility. The effects of war have been so severe in Northern France that two-thirds of the population of Picardy are widows and orphans. The Spanish are still pressing hard agains the northern border and these are bleak times, but Henri's leadership offers France some hope for the future.
Making the food more palatable to the most
discriminating medieval tastes triggered the search for spices of all sorts : pepper, cinnamon, cloves , nutmeg and ginger which are indigenous to the East. Spices accented the bland tastes of meat and fish, while preserving them, in the absence of refrigerator. So expensive were spices like black pepper that it could even buy land, pay taxes, liberate a city, even pay a dowries. As Ferdinand Braudel commented “Everything depended on it, even the dreams of 15th century explorer.” In the eleventh century, pepper was even meticulously counted out by pepper corns and when dried, cinnamon and ginger were weighed with windows shut lest blew away their smallest priceless particles.
beside spices , gold, slaves, silver and silk spurred men to trade in these highly-regarded commodities which brought them great wealth. Merchants suddenly became richer but also powerful in the more famous trading cities of Italy. Gold and silver not only funded but also expanded the jewelry trade of rare pearls and rubies from far-away India. The inclusion of Asian trade to that Europe led not only to the flow of economic products and the wealth of Asia to European societies but also to the dynamic interaction of cultures. The tremendous profits European trade brought to nation states, particularly Portugal and Spain, intensified European rivalries for the fabled source of oriental products. This required the intervention of the only known power of European relations – the Pope.
Portugal was the first country to use innovation in
seamanship and boatbuilding with the establishment by Henry “The Navigator ” of the first navigational school in the globe at Sagres Point in 1419. Between 1451 and 1470, the Portuguese discovered and colonized all the islands of the Azores in Atlantic which they used to stage the discovery of the Americas and the circumnavigation of the west coast of Africa.
Ferdinand Magellan a Portuguese serving the Spanish
Royalty , saw action for his country in the East, first in India with Alfonso de Almeida in 1505, and with distinction, in the fall of Malacca in 1511. His original suggestion of reaching the Malaku(Spice Islands) by sailing the west wards was rejected by his King. After 7 years of active service in the East, he returned to his home country and then fought in the North African campaign against the Moors. It was Ruy Faleiro, a brilliant cosmographer , who egged him to serve Spain as he was then not in good graces of Lisbon court, in 1518 he convinced Charles V that he could find a shorter way to the Malaku by sailing Westward via the Americas. As part of a reconnaissance voyage in 151112, Magellan had visited the Spice Islands,
Magellan received royal instruction to sail directly to the Maluku and to bring back a cargo of priceless spices. Thus began ”the greatest of all epics of human discovery” when he sailed from San Lucar, Spain, in 1519, on board 5 very antiquated ships with a crew of 235 men. He finally reached the Philippines on March 17, 1521. In Mactan he was defeated and killed in battle in April 1521 as a consequence of his intervention in a dispute between LapuLapu and Zula , chieftains of Mactan. Only one ship, in fact the smallest of them , the Victoria, completed the voyage back to Spain in 1522, arriving in Seville , led by Juan Sebastian al Cano. A mere 18 Europeans and 4 Malays survived, thus leaving 170 of original expedition lost on the way.
3 Spanish expeditions followed Magellan, this time
sailing from Mexico, which had become a Spanish Colony --- the Saavedra (1527-29), the Villalobos (154146), and the the most successful of all, the Legazpi Expedition (1564). As a sequel to the Magellan voyage, a large fleet of 7 ships, with a crew of 450 under the joint command of Garcia Jofre de Loaisa and Juan Sebastian del Cano, left la Corunia, Spain, in July 1525, to claim Maluku for the Spanish crown. The October 1526 the expedition which Mindano where they bartered rice, fruits, chicken and the coconut wine with the Filipinos.
stated the meridian 297.5 marine leagues (about
1,487 kilometers / 892 miles) east of the Maluku as the border between the two domain zones. The treaty had also a safeguard stating that, if at any time the emperor wished to restore the deal, the sale would be undone, with the Portuguese receiving the money the had to pay and each "will have the right and the action as that is now." However, this never happened, because the emperor desperately needed the Portuguese money to finance the war of the League of Cognac against his arch-rival Francis I of France.
Villalobos was commissioned in 1541 by the Viceroy of
New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, who was the first colonial administrator in the New World, to send an expedition to the Islas del Poniente, meaning Island of the West, now known as the Philippines. His fleet of six galleon ships, the Santiago, Jorge, San Antonio, San Cristóbal, San Martín, and San Juan, left Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico with 370 to 400 men on November 1, 1542. On December 25, the fleet headed towards Revilla Gigedo Islands off the west coast of Mexico. They sighted Álvaro de Saavedra's Los Reyes galleon ship. The following day they discovered a group of islands at 9° or 10°N which they named Corrales, and anchored at one of these islands. On January 6, 1543, several small islands on the same latitude were seen, and named them Los Jardines (The Gardens). This was the island of Eniwetok, and Ulithi.
Whether it was good sailing weather, or the
combined forces of the Spanish King's trusted, tactful Legazpi, the conscientious Fray Andres de Urdaneta, ship's chief navigator, the experienced Marshall Martin de Goiti and the courageous, adventurous Captain Juan de Salcedo - this expedition landed in the Philippines, if not with complete security then at least with more than even changes of survival.
It was very easy indeed for Legazpi who was
granted by king Philip II the peerless and single title of “Adelantado de Filipina” to accomplish an almost “bloodless” conquest of the Philippines considering its physical and human geography . There existed on the eveo ft he coming of the Spaniards fragmented unis of islands and islets of various sizes separated by numberless bodies of water, as well as multiple ethnolinguistic groups, mostly animistic and in the South, Islamized.
Institutional Impacts of Spanish Colonization
A. Taxation Without Representation Income-
generating mechanisms were introduced by the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines consisting of direct and indirect taxes, monopolies of special crops and items as spirituous liquors, betel nut, tobacco, explosives and opium. Buwis(tribute) – may be paid in cash or kind, partly or wholly, as palay or tobacco, chickens, textiles or even wax and special regional produce, depending on the area of the country.
Bandala – the annual enforced sale or
requisitioning of goods, particularly of rice or coconut oil, in the case of Tayabas. Cedula Personal – Personal identity paper, equivalent to the present residence tax. B. Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestancion Personal – Polo actually is a corruption of the “Pulong”. Drafted laborers(polistas) were either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos ranging 16 to 60 years old, who were obligated to give personal service to community projects.
C. Encomiedias: Royal and Private – the encomienda from the word encomendar meaning “to entrust” was another revenuegetting Hispanic institution introduced to the Philippines via Mexico. D. The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) – Running the only regular fleet service int heh uge stretch of the Pacific Ocean for two hundred fifty years was the Acapulco galleon with two vessels making the journey yearly - one outgoing, the other incoming – between Manila and Acapulco de Juarez reaching as far as Callao Peru
E. Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780ca. 1895) – A mere frigate captain before he assumed governorship, Jose de Basco y Vargas represented the true example of Spain’s despotismo ilustrado, who for nine years revamped then existing antiquated economic system which stagnated progress in the Philippines. F. Royal Philippine Company – on March 10, 1785 Charles III created the Royal Philippine Company for the main purpose of uniting American and Asian commerce.
G. Infrastructure, Telecommunication and Public Utilities – Modern ways of telecommunications developed in the 19th century. The Ferrocarril de Manila extended 120 miles long up to Dagupan(Pangasinan) and it was the only railway line in the Archipelago, constructed using mainly Filipino labor and operated regularly four years before the outbreak of the Philippines.
The colonial masters required the native
Filipinos to swear allegiance to the Spanish monarch, where before they only had village chieftains called "datus;" to worship a new God, where before they worshipped a whole pantheon of supernatural deities and divinities; to speak a new language, where before they had (and still have) a Babel of tongues; and to alter their work habits, where before they worked within the framework of a subsistence economy.
The Spanish landholding system
based on private ownership of land replaced the Filipino system of communal landownership. There was a union of Church and State. The Roman Catholic Church was equal to and coterminous with the State. The Spanish friars wanted the Philippines to become the "arsenal of the Faith" in Asia.
Tirahan-dahil mahalaga ang
pagpapalaganap ng relihiyon sa mga Espanyol sila ay nagtayo ng mga pueblo o bayan,na pinamumunuan ng isang gobernadorcillo, at sa gitna nito ay isang plaza kung saan nagdaraos ng mga patimpalak tuwing linggo na nakaakit sa mga katutubong Pilipino na manirahan dito. Ang mga tirahan dito ay yari sa bato at kahoy at umaabot sa ikalawang palapag
Pananamit-natuto ang mga Pilipino na magsuot
ng Americana para sa lalaki, at Saya sa babae. Natutunan din nila ang paggamit ng baston, sinturon at panyo. Nagsuot din sila ng tsinelas at sapatos. Pagdiriwang-naging parte ng buhay ng mga Pilipino ang ilang espesyal na pagdirirwang tulad ng binyagan, kasal, kaarawan at pista ng bayan. Libangan*panunuod ng mga palabas o play tulad ng senakulo at carillo. *pagsususgal tulad ng sabong at karera ng kabayo.
Pag-uugali
*siesta- pagtulog tuwing hapon *palabra de Honor-pagkakaroon ng isang salita *Delicadeza-pagsasaalang-alang sa wastong pag-uugali at pagkilos *Katamaran- ayaw magtrabaho *Pagmamataas- labis na pagmamalaki
Edukasyon-nagtayo ng mga
unibersidad at mga paaralan na magkahiwalay ang babae at lalaki. *Unibersidad de Snato Tomaspinakamatandang unibersidad *Colegio de San Juan de Letranpinakamatandang unibersidad para sa lalaki *Colegio de Santa Isabelpinakamatandang unibersidad para sa babae
Epekto ng Edukasyon
Mabuting epekto ng edukasyon
-lumawak ang kaalaman -nagkaroon ng dakilang Pilipino o Ilustrado dahil sa edukasyon -naunawaan ang Kristiyanismo Di-mabuting epekto ng edukasyon -nakalimutan ang kulturang Pilipino -bumaba ang pagtingin sa ating kultura -kaisipang kolonyal
Upang mapadali ang pagpapalawig nila ng
relihiyon Kristiyanismo, nagtayo sila ng mga pueblo at lahat ng naninirahan doon ay ginawang Kristiyano. Sa panahong ito naging makapangyarihan ang mga prayle at lubos silang nirerespeto at iginagalang. *Simbahang Pagdiriwang- tinuruan ang mga Pilipino na dumalo o maki-isa sa mga pagdiriwang ng simbahan tulad ng Mahal na Araw, Pasko, araw ng Patay at Bagong Taon.
Threats to Spanish Colonization
Natives
Three principal reasons of Filipino Uprisings One was that the Filipinos loved freedom and had been used to freedom and therefore did not want a foreign power to rule over them. The conspiracy of 1587 and Ladia’s uprising of 1660-1661, for example, were caused by the Filipino’s love for freedom. Another cause of some uprisings was the brutality, injustice, and rapacity of many Spanish officials in the country.
Another cause of some uprisings
was the brutality, injustice, and rapacity of many Spanish officials in the country. Another cause of some uprisings was the brutality, injustice, and rapacity of many Spanish officials in the country.
Chinese
The thriving trade quickly attracted growing
numbers of Chinese to Manila. The Chinese, in addition to managing trade transactions, were the source of some necessary provisions and services for the capital. The Spanish regarded them with mixed distrust and acknowledgment of their indispensable role. During the first decades of Spanish rule, the Chinese in Manila became more numerous than the Spanish, who tried to control them with residence restrictions, periodic deportations, and actual or threatened violence that sometimes degenerated into riots and massacres of Chinese during the period between 1603 and 1762.
Muslims
The Muslim separatist sentiment is caused by the following
main factors: first, Muslim fear that their religious, cultural, and political traditions may be weakened or destroyed by forced assimilation into a Catholic-dominated Philippine Republic. Second, Muslims resent the influx of migrants from Luzon and Visayas, which dispossessed them of their ancestral and communal lands and turned them into a minority in their own land. Third, Muslims reject the economic underdevelopment and poverty of Mindanao. Rabasa and Chalk notes that 15 of the Philippine’s poorest provinces are located in the region, which also has the country’s lowest literacy rate (75 percent) and life expectancy (57 years). Moreover, most provinces have limited or no access to basic social services, such as electricity and water supply, education, and health. Fourth, is the Mindanao tradition of warlordism, banditry, and blood feuds among ethnic groups.
Portuguese
Spain and Portugal the 2 countries located
in Iberian peninsula in Europe had been outsmarting each other in the quest for new territories to serve as their colonies and source of raw materials and precious metals and gems—a product of the mercantilist economic order prevailing in Europe during those times.
English
The British Occupation of Manila between
1762 and 1764 was an episode inPhilippine colonial history when the Kingdom of Great Britain occupied the Spanish colonial capital of Manila and the nearby principal port of Cavite. The resistance from the provisional Spanish colonial government established by members of the Royal Audience of Manila and their Filipino allies prevented British forces from taking control of territory beyond the neighbouring towns of Manila and Cavite. The British occupation was ended as part of the peace settlement of the Seven Years' War.
Dutch
Although it was not known whether the
Dutch would attack in 1647, given their defeats the previous year, nevertheless Governor Fajardo ordered that all possible defensive preparations be made, fortifying the city and ordering new warships to be built.On June 6, 1647, Dutch vessels were sighted near Mariveles Island. On June 12 the armada attacked the Spanish port of Cavite
Chinese
Although the Spanish, Chinese and native
economies impinged upon one another, they remained identifiably separate to the same extent that the three races lived as distinct cultural communities. This fact was recognized by the colonial administration which classified residents as Spanish, indio or Chinese. When, by the eighteenth century, racial inter-marriage had produced a sizeable group of Chinese-mestizos, they, too, were classified separately as mestizos
The Rise of Filipino Nationalism
The Propaganda Movement was a literary and cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino émigrés who had settled in Europe. Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship between the colony and Spain.
1.Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament; 2.Secularization of the clergy; 3.Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; 4.Creation of a public school system independent of the friars; 5.Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local products to the government);
6.Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association; 7.Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service; 8.Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain; 9.Secularization of Philippine parishes; 10.Recognition of human rights
Katipunan : The organization,
advocating independence through armed revolt against Spain, was influenced by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization; Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, and other leading members were also Freemasons.
Cry of Pugad Lawin Monument, Quezon
City The existence of the Katipunan eventually became known to the authorities through a member, Teodoro Patiño, who revealed it to a Spanish priest, Mariano Gil. Patiño was engaged in a bitter personal dispute with fellow Katipunero Apolonio de la Cruz and exposed the Katipunan in revenge. Father Gil was led to the printing press of the newspaper Diario de Manila, where a lithographic stone used to print the secret society's receipts was uncovered. A locker was seized containing a dagger and secret documents.
Revolution in Cavite
The Spanish authorities in Manila
recognized three major centers of rebellion: Cavite (under Emilio Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan (under Mariano Llanera) and Morong (now part of Rizal, under Bonifacio). Bonifacio served as tactician for the rebel guerillas though his prestige suffered when he lost battles he personally led.
Imus Assembly and Tejeros
Convention On December 31, an assembly was convened in Imus to settle the leadership status. The Magdalo insisted on the establishment of revolutionary government to replace the Katipunan and continue the struggle. On the other hand, the Magdiwang favored retention of the Katipunan, arguing that it was already a government in itself. The assembly dispersed without a consensus
In Naic, Bonifacio and his officers created the Naic
Military Agreement, establishing a rival government to the newly constituted government of Aguinaldo. It rejected the election at Tejeros and asserted Bonifacio as the leader of the revolution. It ordered the forced enlistment of Filipino men to Bonifacio's army. The agreement eventually called for a coup 'd etat against the established government. When a town in Cavite refused to supply provisions, Bonifacio ordered it burned. When Aguinaldo learned of the document and reports of abuse, he ordered the arrest of Bonifacio and his soldiers (without Bonifacio's knowledge). Colonel Agapito Benzon met with Bonifacio in Limbon and attacked him the next day. Bonifacio, and his brother Procopio were wounded, while their brother Ciriaco were killed. They were taken to Naic to stand trial.
That’s the end of our report !!
widespread destruction and death, caused by a series of calamities that transitioned society into the early modern period.
The Coming of the Little Ice Age in the Fourteenth Century
The famine was widespread and in areas where poor
harvests occurred with greater frequency such as Southern France, conditions were particularly egregious. The English chronicler states that food was so hard to find, that “according to many reports, men and women in many places secretly ate their own children…” Scholars studying the origins of fairy tales conclude that stories of peasant cannibalism may find roots in this period.
Writing on the plague in Florence, Giovanni Boccaccio
comments that “Many died daily or nightly in the public streets…and what with their corpses and the corpses of others who died on every hand the whole place was a sepulcher.”The plague arrived in Europe from the Middle East, carried on board merchant ships bound for Italian ports. By 1400, the plague had reduced European populations by a third to a half.The “Dance of Death,” depicted today in many European churches and town halls, was the most vivid reminder that plague was no respecter of social status. There was no cure and the causes were unknown.
Tied to Edward III’s claim to the French
throne and continued confrontation between England and France, the Hundred Years’ War would ravage Europe from 1337 to 1453. A military “revolution” that took medieval Europe from chivalry and mounted knights to gunpowder and the first artillery, the war caused widespread destruction and interrupted agricultural production, creating wider famine.
The new order coming out of 14th century calamities would point
toward the defining of early modern nation states and the consolidation of central state power. England no longer controlled continental provinces, the French kings would begin a long process of power consolidation, and Spain embarked on its Reconquista, ending in 1492 with the defeat of the last Muslim stronghold in Spain.The once powerful medieval Church was particularly devastated by the plague years, losing many spiritual caregivers. Conflict with the growing power of kings weakened papal authority over secular issues. By 1400, the church would face multiple popes, several heretic movements, and a drive to supplant papal power with the authority of Church councils.The calamitous 14th century transitioned a medieval Europe to a century that would usher in exploration, early industrial endeavors, and a profound change in secular and religious relationships.
In European history, the 15th Century is seen as the bridge
between the Midle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the Early modern period. In this section we will have focus of different historical figures of 15th Century Europe. Charles the Bold (or Charles the Rash) (French: Charles le Téméraire) (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), baptised Charles Martin, was Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477. Known as Charles the Terrible to his enemies,he was the last Valois Duke of Burgundy and his early death was a pivotal, if under-recognised, moment in European history.After his death, his domains began an inevitable slide towards division between France and the Habsburgs (who through marriage to his heiress Mary of Burgundy became his heirs). Neither side was satisfied with the results and the disintegration of the Burgundian state was a factor in most major wars in Western Europe for over two centuries.
In 1440, at the age of seven, Charles was married to
Catherine, daughter of Charles VII, the King of France, and sister of theDauphin (afterwards Louis XI). She was only five years older than her husband, and she died in 1446 at the age of 18. They had no children.In 1454, at the age of 21, having been a widower for eight years, Charles married a second time. He wanted to marry a daughter of his distant cousin, the Duke of York (sister of Kings Edward IV and Richard III of England), but under the Treaty of Arras (1435), he was required to marry only a royal princess of France. His father chose Isabella of Bourbon for him: she was the daughter of Philip the Good's sister, and a very distant cousin of Charles VII of France. Their daughter, Mary, was Charles' only surviving child, and became heiress to all of the Burgundian domains. Isabella died in 1465.
Charles was on familiar terms with his brother-in-
law, the Dauphin, when the latter was a refugee at the Court of Burgundyfrom 1456 until Louis succeeded his father as King of France in 1461. But Louis began to pursue some of the same policies as his father; Charles viewed with chagrin Louis's later repurchase of the towns on the Somme, which Louis's father had ceded in 1435 to Charles's father in the Treaty of Arras. When his own father's failing health enabled him to take into his hands the reins of government (which Philip relinquished to him completely by an act of 12 April 1465), he entered upon his lifelong struggle against Louis XI, and became one of the principal leaders of the League of the Public Weal.
For his third wife, Charles was offered the hand of Louis
XI's daughter, Anne; however, the wife he ultimately chose was Margaret of York (who was his second cousin, they both being descended from John of Gaunt). With his father gone, and being no longer bound by the Treaty of Arras, Charles decided to ally himself with Burgundy's old ally England. Louis did his best to prevent or delay the marriage (even sending French ships to waylay Margaret as she sailed to Sluys), but in the summer of 1468 it was celebrated sumptuously at Bruges, and Charles was made a Knight of the Garter. The couple had no children, but Margaret devoted herself to her stepdaughter Mary; and after Mary's death many years later, she kept Mary's two infant children as long as she was allowed. Margaret survived her husband, and was the only one of his wives to be Duchess of Burgundy, the first two wives having died while Philip, Duke of Burgundy, was still alive, and thus being known as Countesses of Charolais.
On 12 April 1465, Philip relinquished government to Charles,
who spent the next summer prosecuting the War of the Public Weal against Louis XI. Charles was left master of the field at the Battle of Montlhéry (13 July 1465), where he was wounded, but this neither prevented the King from reentering Paris nor assured Charles a decisive victory. He succeeded, however, in forcing upon Louis the Treaty of Conflans (4 October 1465), by which the King restored to him the towns on the Somme, the counties of Boulogne and Guînes, and various other small territories. During the negotiations for the Treaty, his wife Isabella died suddenly at Les Quesnoy on 25 September, making a political marriage suddenly possible. As part of the treaty Louis promised him the hand of his infant daughter Anne, with Champagne and Ponthieu as dowry, but no marriage took place.
In the meanwhile, Charles obtained the surrender
of Ponthieu. The revolt of Liège against his father and his brother in law,Louis of Bourbon, the Prince-Bishop of Liège, and a desire to punish the town of Dinant, intervened to divert his attention from the affairs of France. During the previous summer's wars, Dinant had celebrated a false rumour that Charles had been defeated at Montlhéry by burning him in effigy, and chanting that he was the bastard of Duchess Isabel and John of Heinsburg, the previous Bishop of Liege (d.1455). On 25 August 1466, Charles marched into Dinant, determined to avenge this slur on the honour of his mother, and sacked the city, killing every man, woman and child within; perhaps not surprisingly, he also successfully negotiated at the same time with the Bishopric of Liège. After the death of his father, Philip the Good (15 June 1467), the Bishopric of Liège renewed hostilities, but Charles defeated them at Sint-Truiden, and made a victorious entry into Liège, whose walls he dismantled and deprived the city of some of its privileges.
The sixteenth century in Europe was a time of unprecedented change. It was
the beginning of the modern era, and it saw a revolution in almost every aspect of life. The century opened with the discovery of a new continent. The renaissance in Italy was peaking and spreading north, even arriving in backwaters like England. Life was largely prosperous for the average person, the economy was growing. The mechanisms of commerce, systems of international finance, ocean-going trading fleets, an entrepreneurial bourgeoisie, were all building a recognizably capitalist, money-based economy. Geniuses were stepping all over each other on the street corners producing scientific innovation after innovation. Technological innovations like gunpowder were changing the nature of warfare and the military caste nature of society -- the cannon probably had a great deal to do with the rise of the centralized nation state as we know it. The printing press created a media revolution. It brought ideas, partisan rhetoric, and how-to manuals to the people. Most of all, it brought the Bible, in its original tongues and in the vernacular, to the masses. A spirit of inquiry, a desire to return to first principles, was blowing through the Church, which had been the unifying cultural foundation of Europe for a millenium.
The first half of the century saw what
contemporaries viewed as the most earthshattering change in the century: the Reformation. The cultural consensus of Europe based on universal participation in the Body of Christ was broken, never to be restored. Along with the Reformation came challenges to secular society. The nature and organization of power and government came under reevaluation as well. No one could imagine religious change without it going hand-in-hand with social and political change, as indeed it did.
There were other things fueling the furnaces of change. The
economy was a prosperous one at the beginning of the century, with even the average peasant able to afford a bit of meat in the stew pot. People were optimistic about the future, they were having larger families and the population was growing. The combination of population pressure and inflation exacerbated by the flow of gold and silver from the New World saw a price rise that cut effective wages in half by about midcentury. Changing economic conditions saw many peasants lose their land as the terms of their tenancy become much less favorable, while land was becoming concentrated in the hands of the elites, especially the rising bourgeousie. Homelessness and vagrancy were on the rise, and towns experienced a sense of crisis trying to deal with the poor. By the end of the century, a peasant almost never saw meat, and many of them had reached such a state of despair about the future that they engaged in widespread revolts. Tensions between the social orders were high on many levels.
Athough the peasants and more marginal classes of people
were struggling, the middle class was growing and generally becoming more powerful. In a port city likeCalais, located on the north Atlantic with an active maritime trade with the English, Dutch, and other French ports, the quality of material life saw an overall improvement. People in towns had leisure time to spend in taverns, gaming, and drinking -- hard liquor as an escape from a hard life began to be a social problem during this time. In France, the first half of the century saw the reign of François Ier, who brought the art and culture of the Italian Renaissance to France and encouraged the new humanistic learning. His contemporaries were Henry VIII of England and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, whose Hapsburg territories stretched from Hungary to Spain. All were destined to leave their mark on the times and all were rivals. The Hapsburgs in particular represented a constant threat to France, as their territories, Flanders in the north, the Imperial duchies and bishoprics in the east, and Spain in the south, almost completely surrounded its land borders.
Athough the peasants and more marginal classes of people
were struggling, the middle class was growing and generally becoming more powerful. In a port city likeCalais, located on the north Atlantic with an active maritime trade with the English, Dutch, and other French ports, the quality of material life saw an overall improvement. People in towns had leisure time to spend in taverns, gaming, and drinking -- hard liquor as an escape from a hard life began to be a social problem during this time. In France, the first half of the century saw the reign of François Ier, who brought the art and culture of the Italian Renaissance to France and encouraged the new humanistic learning. His contemporaries were Henry VIII of England and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, whose Hapsburg territories stretched from Hungary to Spain. All were destined to leave their mark on the times and all were rivals. The Hapsburgs in particular represented a constant threat to France, as their territories, Flanders in the north, the Imperial duchies and bishoprics in the east, and Spain in the south, almost completely surrounded its land borders.
The untimely death of François Ier 's son, Henri II, in
1559, saw the social and political consensus in France dissolve under the forces of the Reformation, dynastic rivalry, and economic pressure. The second half of the century was consumed with the Wars of Religion, which were as much a political and civil conflict as a religious one. The young sons of Catherine de' Medici came successively to the throne, and the last of them, Henri III, was assassinated in 1589. The first of the Bourbon dynasty, Henri IV, acceded to the throne, but as a Protestant his claim was hotly contested. Throughout the '90's he has been fighting the forces of the Catholic League, backed by Spain, to win control of the country. He converted to Catholicism in 1593, finally entered Paris in 1594. Internal League opposition began to wind down in the mid-90s, but as of 1596 Spain is actively at war with France and in the spring captured Calais, where we live.
The 1590s have been difficult years for the common
people everywhere in Europe. The weather has been cold and wet for three years and there have been at least three bad harvests in a row. The League warfare has destroyed transportation and food supplies. Bread is scarce and prices of food, fuel, and housing are high, while wages are low. The costs of war and the huge national debt have meant that taxes are also high. There have been peasant uprisings in some provinces, sometimes with Huguenots and Catholics alike uniting against the nobility. The effects of war have been so severe in Northern France that two-thirds of the population of Picardy are widows and orphans. The Spanish are still pressing hard agains the northern border and these are bleak times, but Henri's leadership offers France some hope for the future.
Making the food more palatable to the most
discriminating medieval tastes triggered the search for spices of all sorts : pepper, cinnamon, cloves , nutmeg and ginger which are indigenous to the East. Spices accented the bland tastes of meat and fish, while preserving them, in the absence of refrigerator. So expensive were spices like black pepper that it could even buy land, pay taxes, liberate a city, even pay a dowries. As Ferdinand Braudel commented “Everything depended on it, even the dreams of 15th century explorer.” In the eleventh century, pepper was even meticulously counted out by pepper corns and when dried, cinnamon and ginger were weighed with windows shut lest blew away their smallest priceless particles.
beside spices , gold, slaves, silver and silk spurred men to trade in these highly-regarded commodities which brought them great wealth. Merchants suddenly became richer but also powerful in the more famous trading cities of Italy. Gold and silver not only funded but also expanded the jewelry trade of rare pearls and rubies from far-away India. The inclusion of Asian trade to that Europe led not only to the flow of economic products and the wealth of Asia to European societies but also to the dynamic interaction of cultures. The tremendous profits European trade brought to nation states, particularly Portugal and Spain, intensified European rivalries for the fabled source of oriental products. This required the intervention of the only known power of European relations – the Pope.
Portugal was the first country to use innovation in
seamanship and boatbuilding with the establishment by Henry “The Navigator ” of the first navigational school in the globe at Sagres Point in 1419. Between 1451 and 1470, the Portuguese discovered and colonized all the islands of the Azores in Atlantic which they used to stage the discovery of the Americas and the circumnavigation of the west coast of Africa.
Ferdinand Magellan a Portuguese serving the Spanish
Royalty , saw action for his country in the East, first in India with Alfonso de Almeida in 1505, and with distinction, in the fall of Malacca in 1511. His original suggestion of reaching the Malaku(Spice Islands) by sailing the west wards was rejected by his King. After 7 years of active service in the East, he returned to his home country and then fought in the North African campaign against the Moors. It was Ruy Faleiro, a brilliant cosmographer , who egged him to serve Spain as he was then not in good graces of Lisbon court, in 1518 he convinced Charles V that he could find a shorter way to the Malaku by sailing Westward via the Americas. As part of a reconnaissance voyage in 151112, Magellan had visited the Spice Islands,
Magellan received royal instruction to sail directly to the Maluku and to bring back a cargo of priceless spices. Thus began ”the greatest of all epics of human discovery” when he sailed from San Lucar, Spain, in 1519, on board 5 very antiquated ships with a crew of 235 men. He finally reached the Philippines on March 17, 1521. In Mactan he was defeated and killed in battle in April 1521 as a consequence of his intervention in a dispute between LapuLapu and Zula , chieftains of Mactan. Only one ship, in fact the smallest of them , the Victoria, completed the voyage back to Spain in 1522, arriving in Seville , led by Juan Sebastian al Cano. A mere 18 Europeans and 4 Malays survived, thus leaving 170 of original expedition lost on the way.
3 Spanish expeditions followed Magellan, this time
sailing from Mexico, which had become a Spanish Colony --- the Saavedra (1527-29), the Villalobos (154146), and the the most successful of all, the Legazpi Expedition (1564). As a sequel to the Magellan voyage, a large fleet of 7 ships, with a crew of 450 under the joint command of Garcia Jofre de Loaisa and Juan Sebastian del Cano, left la Corunia, Spain, in July 1525, to claim Maluku for the Spanish crown. The October 1526 the expedition which Mindano where they bartered rice, fruits, chicken and the coconut wine with the Filipinos.
stated the meridian 297.5 marine leagues (about
1,487 kilometers / 892 miles) east of the Maluku as the border between the two domain zones. The treaty had also a safeguard stating that, if at any time the emperor wished to restore the deal, the sale would be undone, with the Portuguese receiving the money the had to pay and each "will have the right and the action as that is now." However, this never happened, because the emperor desperately needed the Portuguese money to finance the war of the League of Cognac against his arch-rival Francis I of France.
Villalobos was commissioned in 1541 by the Viceroy of
New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, who was the first colonial administrator in the New World, to send an expedition to the Islas del Poniente, meaning Island of the West, now known as the Philippines. His fleet of six galleon ships, the Santiago, Jorge, San Antonio, San Cristóbal, San Martín, and San Juan, left Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico with 370 to 400 men on November 1, 1542. On December 25, the fleet headed towards Revilla Gigedo Islands off the west coast of Mexico. They sighted Álvaro de Saavedra's Los Reyes galleon ship. The following day they discovered a group of islands at 9° or 10°N which they named Corrales, and anchored at one of these islands. On January 6, 1543, several small islands on the same latitude were seen, and named them Los Jardines (The Gardens). This was the island of Eniwetok, and Ulithi.
Whether it was good sailing weather, or the
combined forces of the Spanish King's trusted, tactful Legazpi, the conscientious Fray Andres de Urdaneta, ship's chief navigator, the experienced Marshall Martin de Goiti and the courageous, adventurous Captain Juan de Salcedo - this expedition landed in the Philippines, if not with complete security then at least with more than even changes of survival.
It was very easy indeed for Legazpi who was
granted by king Philip II the peerless and single title of “Adelantado de Filipina” to accomplish an almost “bloodless” conquest of the Philippines considering its physical and human geography . There existed on the eveo ft he coming of the Spaniards fragmented unis of islands and islets of various sizes separated by numberless bodies of water, as well as multiple ethnolinguistic groups, mostly animistic and in the South, Islamized.
Institutional Impacts of Spanish Colonization
A. Taxation Without Representation Income-
generating mechanisms were introduced by the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines consisting of direct and indirect taxes, monopolies of special crops and items as spirituous liquors, betel nut, tobacco, explosives and opium. Buwis(tribute) – may be paid in cash or kind, partly or wholly, as palay or tobacco, chickens, textiles or even wax and special regional produce, depending on the area of the country.
Bandala – the annual enforced sale or
requisitioning of goods, particularly of rice or coconut oil, in the case of Tayabas. Cedula Personal – Personal identity paper, equivalent to the present residence tax. B. Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestancion Personal – Polo actually is a corruption of the “Pulong”. Drafted laborers(polistas) were either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos ranging 16 to 60 years old, who were obligated to give personal service to community projects.
C. Encomiedias: Royal and Private – the encomienda from the word encomendar meaning “to entrust” was another revenuegetting Hispanic institution introduced to the Philippines via Mexico. D. The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) – Running the only regular fleet service int heh uge stretch of the Pacific Ocean for two hundred fifty years was the Acapulco galleon with two vessels making the journey yearly - one outgoing, the other incoming – between Manila and Acapulco de Juarez reaching as far as Callao Peru
E. Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780ca. 1895) – A mere frigate captain before he assumed governorship, Jose de Basco y Vargas represented the true example of Spain’s despotismo ilustrado, who for nine years revamped then existing antiquated economic system which stagnated progress in the Philippines. F. Royal Philippine Company – on March 10, 1785 Charles III created the Royal Philippine Company for the main purpose of uniting American and Asian commerce.
G. Infrastructure, Telecommunication and Public Utilities – Modern ways of telecommunications developed in the 19th century. The Ferrocarril de Manila extended 120 miles long up to Dagupan(Pangasinan) and it was the only railway line in the Archipelago, constructed using mainly Filipino labor and operated regularly four years before the outbreak of the Philippines.
The colonial masters required the native
Filipinos to swear allegiance to the Spanish monarch, where before they only had village chieftains called "datus;" to worship a new God, where before they worshipped a whole pantheon of supernatural deities and divinities; to speak a new language, where before they had (and still have) a Babel of tongues; and to alter their work habits, where before they worked within the framework of a subsistence economy.
The Spanish landholding system
based on private ownership of land replaced the Filipino system of communal landownership. There was a union of Church and State. The Roman Catholic Church was equal to and coterminous with the State. The Spanish friars wanted the Philippines to become the "arsenal of the Faith" in Asia.
Tirahan-dahil mahalaga ang
pagpapalaganap ng relihiyon sa mga Espanyol sila ay nagtayo ng mga pueblo o bayan,na pinamumunuan ng isang gobernadorcillo, at sa gitna nito ay isang plaza kung saan nagdaraos ng mga patimpalak tuwing linggo na nakaakit sa mga katutubong Pilipino na manirahan dito. Ang mga tirahan dito ay yari sa bato at kahoy at umaabot sa ikalawang palapag
Pananamit-natuto ang mga Pilipino na magsuot
ng Americana para sa lalaki, at Saya sa babae. Natutunan din nila ang paggamit ng baston, sinturon at panyo. Nagsuot din sila ng tsinelas at sapatos. Pagdiriwang-naging parte ng buhay ng mga Pilipino ang ilang espesyal na pagdirirwang tulad ng binyagan, kasal, kaarawan at pista ng bayan. Libangan*panunuod ng mga palabas o play tulad ng senakulo at carillo. *pagsususgal tulad ng sabong at karera ng kabayo.
Pag-uugali
*siesta- pagtulog tuwing hapon *palabra de Honor-pagkakaroon ng isang salita *Delicadeza-pagsasaalang-alang sa wastong pag-uugali at pagkilos *Katamaran- ayaw magtrabaho *Pagmamataas- labis na pagmamalaki
Edukasyon-nagtayo ng mga
unibersidad at mga paaralan na magkahiwalay ang babae at lalaki. *Unibersidad de Snato Tomaspinakamatandang unibersidad *Colegio de San Juan de Letranpinakamatandang unibersidad para sa lalaki *Colegio de Santa Isabelpinakamatandang unibersidad para sa babae
Epekto ng Edukasyon
Mabuting epekto ng edukasyon
-lumawak ang kaalaman -nagkaroon ng dakilang Pilipino o Ilustrado dahil sa edukasyon -naunawaan ang Kristiyanismo Di-mabuting epekto ng edukasyon -nakalimutan ang kulturang Pilipino -bumaba ang pagtingin sa ating kultura -kaisipang kolonyal
Upang mapadali ang pagpapalawig nila ng
relihiyon Kristiyanismo, nagtayo sila ng mga pueblo at lahat ng naninirahan doon ay ginawang Kristiyano. Sa panahong ito naging makapangyarihan ang mga prayle at lubos silang nirerespeto at iginagalang. *Simbahang Pagdiriwang- tinuruan ang mga Pilipino na dumalo o maki-isa sa mga pagdiriwang ng simbahan tulad ng Mahal na Araw, Pasko, araw ng Patay at Bagong Taon.
Threats to Spanish Colonization
Natives
Three principal reasons of Filipino Uprisings One was that the Filipinos loved freedom and had been used to freedom and therefore did not want a foreign power to rule over them. The conspiracy of 1587 and Ladia’s uprising of 1660-1661, for example, were caused by the Filipino’s love for freedom. Another cause of some uprisings was the brutality, injustice, and rapacity of many Spanish officials in the country.
Another cause of some uprisings
was the brutality, injustice, and rapacity of many Spanish officials in the country. Another cause of some uprisings was the brutality, injustice, and rapacity of many Spanish officials in the country.
Chinese
The thriving trade quickly attracted growing
numbers of Chinese to Manila. The Chinese, in addition to managing trade transactions, were the source of some necessary provisions and services for the capital. The Spanish regarded them with mixed distrust and acknowledgment of their indispensable role. During the first decades of Spanish rule, the Chinese in Manila became more numerous than the Spanish, who tried to control them with residence restrictions, periodic deportations, and actual or threatened violence that sometimes degenerated into riots and massacres of Chinese during the period between 1603 and 1762.
Muslims
The Muslim separatist sentiment is caused by the following
main factors: first, Muslim fear that their religious, cultural, and political traditions may be weakened or destroyed by forced assimilation into a Catholic-dominated Philippine Republic. Second, Muslims resent the influx of migrants from Luzon and Visayas, which dispossessed them of their ancestral and communal lands and turned them into a minority in their own land. Third, Muslims reject the economic underdevelopment and poverty of Mindanao. Rabasa and Chalk notes that 15 of the Philippine’s poorest provinces are located in the region, which also has the country’s lowest literacy rate (75 percent) and life expectancy (57 years). Moreover, most provinces have limited or no access to basic social services, such as electricity and water supply, education, and health. Fourth, is the Mindanao tradition of warlordism, banditry, and blood feuds among ethnic groups.
Portuguese
Spain and Portugal the 2 countries located
in Iberian peninsula in Europe had been outsmarting each other in the quest for new territories to serve as their colonies and source of raw materials and precious metals and gems—a product of the mercantilist economic order prevailing in Europe during those times.
English
The British Occupation of Manila between
1762 and 1764 was an episode inPhilippine colonial history when the Kingdom of Great Britain occupied the Spanish colonial capital of Manila and the nearby principal port of Cavite. The resistance from the provisional Spanish colonial government established by members of the Royal Audience of Manila and their Filipino allies prevented British forces from taking control of territory beyond the neighbouring towns of Manila and Cavite. The British occupation was ended as part of the peace settlement of the Seven Years' War.
Dutch
Although it was not known whether the
Dutch would attack in 1647, given their defeats the previous year, nevertheless Governor Fajardo ordered that all possible defensive preparations be made, fortifying the city and ordering new warships to be built.On June 6, 1647, Dutch vessels were sighted near Mariveles Island. On June 12 the armada attacked the Spanish port of Cavite
Chinese
Although the Spanish, Chinese and native
economies impinged upon one another, they remained identifiably separate to the same extent that the three races lived as distinct cultural communities. This fact was recognized by the colonial administration which classified residents as Spanish, indio or Chinese. When, by the eighteenth century, racial inter-marriage had produced a sizeable group of Chinese-mestizos, they, too, were classified separately as mestizos
The Rise of Filipino Nationalism
The Propaganda Movement was a literary and cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino émigrés who had settled in Europe. Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the Philippines, and to propagate a closer relationship between the colony and Spain.
1.Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament; 2.Secularization of the clergy; 3.Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality; 4.Creation of a public school system independent of the friars; 5.Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local products to the government);
6.Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association; 7.Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service; 8.Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain; 9.Secularization of Philippine parishes; 10.Recognition of human rights
Katipunan : The organization,
advocating independence through armed revolt against Spain, was influenced by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization; Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, and other leading members were also Freemasons.
Cry of Pugad Lawin Monument, Quezon
City The existence of the Katipunan eventually became known to the authorities through a member, Teodoro Patiño, who revealed it to a Spanish priest, Mariano Gil. Patiño was engaged in a bitter personal dispute with fellow Katipunero Apolonio de la Cruz and exposed the Katipunan in revenge. Father Gil was led to the printing press of the newspaper Diario de Manila, where a lithographic stone used to print the secret society's receipts was uncovered. A locker was seized containing a dagger and secret documents.
Revolution in Cavite
The Spanish authorities in Manila
recognized three major centers of rebellion: Cavite (under Emilio Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan (under Mariano Llanera) and Morong (now part of Rizal, under Bonifacio). Bonifacio served as tactician for the rebel guerillas though his prestige suffered when he lost battles he personally led.
Imus Assembly and Tejeros
Convention On December 31, an assembly was convened in Imus to settle the leadership status. The Magdalo insisted on the establishment of revolutionary government to replace the Katipunan and continue the struggle. On the other hand, the Magdiwang favored retention of the Katipunan, arguing that it was already a government in itself. The assembly dispersed without a consensus
In Naic, Bonifacio and his officers created the Naic
Military Agreement, establishing a rival government to the newly constituted government of Aguinaldo. It rejected the election at Tejeros and asserted Bonifacio as the leader of the revolution. It ordered the forced enlistment of Filipino men to Bonifacio's army. The agreement eventually called for a coup 'd etat against the established government. When a town in Cavite refused to supply provisions, Bonifacio ordered it burned. When Aguinaldo learned of the document and reports of abuse, he ordered the arrest of Bonifacio and his soldiers (without Bonifacio's knowledge). Colonel Agapito Benzon met with Bonifacio in Limbon and attacked him the next day. Bonifacio, and his brother Procopio were wounded, while their brother Ciriaco were killed. They were taken to Naic to stand trial.
That’s the end of our report !!
