Drafting

DRAFTING
Assembly drawing – a drawing that shows how different parts go together
Compass – an instrument used when drawing arcs and circles
Delivery receipt – a form that shows proof or receipt of goods or services
Detailed drawing – a drawing showing a single part of a machine
Dimensioning – the process of placing measurements in a drawing in the Metric or
English system
Divider – a drawing instrument used when transferring measurements, dividing lines,
arcs into the desired number of equal parts
Drawing – a picture, diagram made of lines, a graphic representation of real thing,
an idea or a design for production or construction
Drawing pencil – one of the most important tools of a draftsman, used for drawing
English system – a system of linear measurement where it is based on standard
foot
Erasing shield – used when clearing up smudges, unnecessary pencil lines
Geometrical construction – the process wherein geometric problems are solved
accurately in mechanical drawings
Mechanical drafting – a process for making accurate drawings using special
drawing tools and instruments
Metric system – a system of linear measurement which it is based on the standard
meter
Orthographic drawing – the object is presented into two or more views by
projecting the outline into the planes of projection
perpendicular to each other
Pictorial view – the presentation of an object where it is viewed showing the three
faces of an object are shown
Protractor – used for determining gradations of the degrees when measuring arcs
and circles
Requisition form – an official form, a printed document on which a request is made
Sketch – a quickly executed freehand drawing that is not intended as a finished work
Triangular scale – a tool generally used when reproducing a drawing in an enlarged
or reduced version to some regular proportion
T-Square – a drawing instrument used when drawing horizontal
Angle - geometrical figure composed of two straight lines intersecting at one of their
extremities
Calculation - act or process of or result of calculating
Circle - closed curve where all points are equally distant from the center
Concentric circles - consist of two or more circles with a common center.
Decimal - number expressed in a counting system that uses units of 10, especially a
decimal fraction
Dimension - measurable extent of length, thickness and width
Eccentric circles - circles having no common center.
English system – scaled in inches where one foot equals 12 inches.
Formula - special kind of equation. It is a mathematical rule expressing the
relationship of two or more quantities by means of numerals, variables and
operating symbols
Geometric shapes - characterized by straight lines, regular curves, and angles
Graduation - scale of a measuring tool
Mensuration – act of art of measuring
Metric system – system of measurement based on the meter
Perpendicular lines – lines which make a 900 angle with each other
Radius - length of a straight line connecting the center of a circle with a point on the
circumference of a circle.
Standard - measure of reference
Axonometric – method of projection in which an object is drawn with its horizontal and
vertical axes to scale but with its curved lines and diagonals distorted
Detailed drawing – drawing of a detail part usually in orthographic projection
Detail dimension – measurements of the detail part or parts of the object
Dimensioning – process of placing measurements in a drawing in the Metric or English
System
Isometric axes – light lines used as bases in constructing an isometric view of an object
Isometric drawing – pictorial drawing showing the three views of the object tilted 30
degrees in front of the observer
Multi-view drawing – drawing that shows more than one view of an object
Notation – all lettering and other dimension found in a drawing or working sketch
Oblique drawing – kind of pictorial drawing of an object one surface of which is shown
parallel to the frontal plane and the other is inclined to it
Orthographic projection – presentation of an object in two or more views by projecting the
outline of the object to the plane of projection perpendicular to each other
Overall dimension – the total width, height and depth of the object
Perspective drawing – a drawing which shows an object as it appears to our eyes
Pictorial view – the presentation of an object where it is viewed showing the three faces of
an object
Working plan – a freehand drawing showing all the information needed to construct an
Object
ALPHABET OF LINES
Visible line – a thick line that represents the visible edges or outline of the object; also
known as the object line
Hidden line – a medium thick line composed of short dashes about 2-3 millimeters long with
space between dashes about 1-2 millimeters wide; itt represents the surface or edges that
cannot be seen
Center line – a thin line consisting of two long dashes and short dash drawn alternately with
a gap of at least 2 millimeters in between; it represents the axis or center of symmetrical
shapes like a ball, washer, rectangular block, cube
Section line – a thin lines to show the surface that has been cut; they are spaced evenly at
45 degrees with the horizontal to make shaded effect
Extension line – a thin line that extends from the object in order to show dimension limits
Dimension line – a thin line with an arrowhead in one end used to indicate the
measurements of the object
Long-break line – a medium thick line consisting of broken and straight lines drawn
alternately. This is also known as the limiting line. This limits the length of an elongated
object without changing the size of its view.
Short-break line – thick line drawn in freehand to show details that a part has been cut off
or broken out.
Leader line – a short inclined thin line with an arrowhead at the end and short horizontal line
on the other end.
Phantom line – a thin line that shows position(s) of part of an object that moves drawn by
two short dashes and one long dash.
Cutting-plane line –thick lines used to indicate an imaginary cut through an object along the
line. Made up of two long dashes broken in one end with an arrowhead and two short
dashes drawn in between the long dashes.
THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Multi-view drawing – a drawing that shows more than one view of an object.
Orthographic Projection – A system for graphical representation of an object by a
line drawing on a flat surface.
Orthographic View – a drawing that shows a side of an object viewed directly from
90 degrees.
Isometric drawing – a pictorial drawing showing the three surfaces of the object tilted
30 degrees in front of the observer.
Isometric lines – are lines drawn parallel to the isometric axes.
BAKING
Baking – the process of cooking food by indirect heat or dry heat in a confined space
as in heated oven using gas, electricity, charcoal, wood, or oil at a temperature from
250 oF- 450 oF
Batter – a flour mixture that can be stirred or poured
Convection oven – stove in which a fan circulates heated air through the oven for
fast, even cooking.
Discard – to get rid of as of being no further use
Dough – a flour mixture that can be rolled or kneaded
Dutch oven – a brick oven
Igniter – the carborundum rod used to initiate the discharge in an ignitron tube
Microwave oven – an oven that utilizes electromagnetic energy below the magnetic
spectrum
Mixing – to bring together into uniform mass
Pre-heat – to heat (an oven, for example) before hand
Sift – separating course particles in the ingredient by passing through a sieve or
sifter
HOUSEHOLD SERVICES
Corrective or reactive activity - unscheduled, unplanned task, usually associated with
greater hazards and higher risk levels like repairing something to get it working again.
Floor buffer - an electrical appliance that is used to clean and maintain non-carpeted floors,
such as hardwood, marble, tile or linoleum. It is also known as a floor polisher or floor
burnisher. If it is a high speed floor buffer with a pad it rotates at over 1000 RPM (rotation per
minute).
Housekeeping - the act of cleaning the rooms and furnishings of a home.
Maintenance - an act or process of preserving a tool or equipment. It is working on something
to keep it in a functioning and safe state and preserving it from failure.
Management - the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals,
working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims.
Preventive or proactive activity - usually a planned and scheduled process that is usually
carried out to keep something functional.
Tools - devices that can be used to achieve a task, but not consumed in the process.
Vacuum cleaner - a device that uses an air pump to create a partial vacuum to suck up
dust and dirt, usually from floors, and optionally from other surfaces as well.
CARPENTRY
Materials:
Lumber - sawn Timber
Nails - made of metal used for fastening woods
Cement - a powdered substance which when mixed with water acts as
binder of aggregate
Sand - fine gritty, substance found in the shore and desert
Plywood - thin cross laminated sheet of wood
Gravel - coarse aggregate
Tools:
Pull-push-rule - used for measuring long distances
Claw hammer - used for driving and pulling out nails
Cross-cut-saw - tool used for cutting across the grain
Ripsaw - used for cutting along the grain
Plumb-bob - used for vertical alignment
Try square - used to test the squareness of a stock
Hack saw - fine toothed saw used to cut metals and pipes
Level bar - tool used in checking vertical and horizontal position
Finishing materials – chemical or substance applied in finishing carpentry
Hardware – metal supplies used in furniture
Inventory – the accounting of tools and materials
Label – refers to the indicated name of tools and equipment
Lubricants – oils or grease which is use to help the machine to run smoothly
Mensuration – the act or art of measuring
Perimeter – the bounding line or curve of a plain area
Power tools – handy machines operated by current/electricity
Scaler – marked for use in measurement
Segregate – set aside things from the others
Standard – serves as a measure of reference
Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain carpentry job
Store – to put tools and materials in their proper places
Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine
CLASSIFICATION OF HANDTOOLS
A. Measuring tools
1. Pull-Push Rule - flexible tape that slides into a material case and it is used to
measure irregular and regular shapes.
2. Ruler - 12-inch or one foot rule and it is used to take/make simple
measurements.
3. Meter Stick - used to measure a work piece.
4. Try Square - squaring, measuring and testing tool used to check adjacent
surfaces for squareness.
5. Caliper - used to transfer measurements from the rule to the work.
B. MARKING LINING TOOLS
1. Pencil - used to layout or mark cutting lines.
2. Marking Gauge - wood or metal tool consisting of a beam, head and a point
used to mark a line parallel to the grain of the wood.
3. Chalk Line - used to establish a straight line on a surface.
4. Divider - tool with two metal legs used to lay-out an arc circle or step
off division on a line.
5. Compass - used to scribe arcs and circle in a metal wood.
C. TESTING TOOLS
1. Try Square - tool used in squaring, measuring and testing the squareness
of a wood.
2. Steel Square - framing square used to mark out the work for squaring and
checking of angles and is used in the construction of roof
framing and large furniture.
3. Spirit Level - tool used for testing vertical and horizontal surfaces.
4. Plumb bob - tool used to test the vertical and horizontal surfaces.
D. EDGE CUTTING TOOLS
1. Chisel - tool used to trim and shape wood.
2. Plane - used to obtain a smooth and flat surface.
3. Spoke shave - small plane like tool from irregularly shaped objects.
4. Cabinet scraper - rectangular piece of steel with two cutting edges used for
working flat and curved shapes.
E. TOOTH-CUTTING TOOLS
1. Cross Cut Saw - handsaw used to cut the wood across the grain.
2. Rip-saw - hand saw used to cut the wood along the grain.
3. Back Saw - handsaw with a metal back and plywood and joinery.
4. Compass Saw - used to cut irregular shape either in large or small board.
5. Turning Saw - used to rip, cross and cut curves in lumber.
6. Coping Saw - u-shaped saw used for cutting irregular shape in small board.
7. Dovetail Saw - small back saw with a straight chisel type handle used to cut
very fine joints.
F. BORING TOOLS
1. Auger bit - tool used to make hole in woods.
2. Expansive bit - tool used to drill holes of various sizes in woods.
3. Drill Bit - tool used for boring holes either in metals, woods or plastics.
G. HOLDING TOOLS
1. C-Clamp - used for holding together pieces of lumber while working.
2. Bench Vise - used to hold any materials or tools in place.
3. Bar Clamp - used to hold large boards or frames together while
assembling or gluing.
H. MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS
1. Oil Stone - used for sharpening edge cutting tools such as chisel.
2. Files - used to smoothen metal and wood surfaces.
3. Paint Brush - used to apply paint or varnish on wood surfaces
4. Nail Set - used to drive the head of nails lower than surface of wood.
5. Saw Set - used to bend the upper half of each tooth to one side or the
other to form a set.
I. PORTABLE POWERTOOLS
1. Sander - portable power tool used for sanding furniture pieces.
2. Router - used for shaping surfaces and edges of furniture parts.
3. Jigsaw - power tool used primarily for cutting curved or irregular
shapes of wood surfaces.
4. Circular saw - power saw used for many types of cutting, particularly on
large panel stock.
5. Electric Drill - power drill which is used to drill holes in various materials to
perform a multitude of tasks.
K. DRIVING TOOLS
1. Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull out nails on wooden surfaces.
2. Mallet - made out of wood or rubber used to drive other tools like
chisel.
3. Nail Set - used in setting the head of a finishing nail below the surface
of the wood.
4. Screw Driver - used to drive and loose screws.

ELECTRICITY/ELECTRONICS

Ampere - a unit of measure of electric current
Circuit - the path of electric current from the source to the components and goes
back to the source
Kilowatt - a unit of power which is equivalent to 1000w
Conductor - a wire or a cord which provides path for current flow
Resistance - the quality of electric current measured in ohms that resist the flow of
current
Hot wire - a wire through which current flows
Insulator – material used to cover electric wires which may be made from plastic,
rubber, or asbestos.
Tools - are implements used to modify raw materials for human use
Corrugated plastic conduit (CPC) - commonly known as flexible non-metallic
conduit or the “moldflex”
Metallic Conduits- metal raceways that was classified into four; rigid steel conduit
(RSC), intermediate metallic conduit or tubing (IMC or IMT), electrical metallic
conduit or tubing (EMC or EMT) and the flexible metallic conduit (FMC)
Non-metallic conduits- plastic conduits or raceways designed to be a channel of
wire that are classified as; rigid non-metallic conduit or the PVC, the flexible nonmetallic
or CPC, and the surface plastic molding
Connectors and Adapters - accessories that are used to connect from boxes to
conduits or raceways to the other boxes in the electrical system