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Electric Drives Library Overview
The Electric Drives library is designed for engineers from many disciplines who want to incorporate easily and accurately electric drives in the simulation of their systems. A specialized interface presents the parameters of the selected drive in a system-look topology, thereby simplifying the adjustments users may want to bring to the default values. Then they can seamlessly use any other toolboxes or blocksets to analyze the time or frequency behavior of the electric drive interacting with its system. The library is most helpful when a powerful drive has to be carefully maneuvered without ignoring the operating limits of the load on one side and of the power source on the other side. A good example is the electric drive system of a hybrid car that can switch in milliseconds from driving the wheels to recharging the batteries when the brakes are engaged. Engineers and scientists can work readily with the library. The library has seven typical direct current (DC) drives used in industries and transportation systems, eight alternating current (AC) drives providing more efficient and versatile motors from traction to positioning devices, and shaft and speed reducer models useful for connecting to the motor a model of load made of Simulink blocks. An added value of the library is parameters that assure the validity of the motor, the power converters, and the control system. When designing the library, particular attention was devoted to the motor models by comparing the models' behavior to the published data of the major manufacturers. Numerous examples or case studies of typical drives are supplied with the library. Hopefully, typical user systems are similar to these analyzed systems, thereby saving time in building the practical system and supplying a known reference point in the analysis. To access the Electric Drives library, open the SimPowerSystems main library, powerlib, then double-click the Applications Libraries icon. A new window opens containing the icons for the Electric Drives library, FACTS library, and Renewable Energy library. You can also access the Electric Drives library through the Library Browser, under Simscape > SimPowerSystems > Applications Libraries.

What Is an Electric Drive?
An electric drive is a system that performs the conversion of electric energy into mechanical energy at adjustable speeds. This is the reason why an electric drive is also called adjustable speed drive (ASD). Moreover, the electric drive, as we will see later, always contains a current (or torque) regulation in order to provide safe current control for the motor. Therefore, the electric drive torque/speed is able to match in steady state the torque/speed characteristics of any mechanical load. This motor to mechanical load match means better energy efficiency and leads to lower energy costs. In addition, during the transient period of acceleration and deceleration, the electric drive provides fast dynamics and allows soft starts and stops, for instance. A growing number of applications require that the torque and speed must vary to match the mechanical load. Electric transportation means, elevators, computer disk drives, machine tools, and robots are examples of high-performance applications where the desired motion versus time profile must be tracked very precisely. Pumps, fans, conveyers, and HVAC (heat, ventilation, air

conditioners) are examples of moderate performance applications where variable-speed operation means energy savings.

Three Main Components of an Electric Drive
An electric drive has three main components:
  

The electric motor The power electronic converter The drive controller

The following figure shows the basic topology of an electric drive. Beside the three main components, the figure shows an electric power source, a mechanical load, electric and motion sensors, and a user interface. Electric Drive Basic Topology

The motor used in an electric drive is either a direct current (DC) motor or an alternating current (AC) motor. The type of motor used defines the electric drive's classification into DC motor drives and AC motor drives. The ease of producing a variable DC voltage source for a wide range of speed control made the DC motor drive the favorite electric drive up to the 1960s. Then the advances of power electronics combined with the remarkable evolution of microprocessor-

based controls paved the way to the AC motor drive's expansion. In the 1990s, the AC motor drives took over the high-performance variable-speed applications. The power electronic converter produces variable AC voltage and frequency from the electric power source. There are many types of converters depending on the type of electric drive. The DC motor drives are based on phase-controlled rectifiers (AC-DC converters) or on choppers (DC-DC converters), while the AC motor drives use inverters (DC-AC converters) or cyclo converters (AC-AC converters). The basic component of all the power electronic converters is the electronic switch, which is either semicontrolled (controllable on-state), as in the case of the thyristor, or fully controllable (controllable on-state and off-state), as in the cases of the IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) and the GTO (gate turn off thyristor) blocks. The controllable feature of the electronic switch is what allows the converter to produce the variable AC voltage and frequency. The purpose of the drive controller is essentially to convert the desired drive torque/speed profile into triggering pulses for the electronic power converter, taking into account various drive variables (currents, speed, etc.) fed back by the sensors. To accomplish this, the controller is based first on a current (or torque) regulator. The current regulator is mandatory because, as mentioned previously, it protects the motor by precisely controlling the motor currents. The set point (SP) of this regulator can be supplied externally if the drive is in torque regulation mode, or internally by a speed regulator if the drive is in speed regulation mode. In the Electric Drives library, the speed regulator is in series with the current regulator and is based on a PI controller that has three important features. First, the SP rate of change is limited so that the desired speed ramps gradually to the SP, in order to avoid sudden step changes. Second, the speed regulator output that is the SP for the current regulator is limited by maximum and minimum ceilings. Finally, the integral term is also limited in order to avoid wind-up. The following figure shows a block diagram of a PI controller-based speed controller. Block Diagram of the PI Controller-Based Speed Regulator

Multiquadrant Operation

For each electric drive application, the mechanical load to be driven has a specific set of requirements. The torque/speed possibilities of the electric drive can be represented as a speed versus torque graph consisting of four quadrants. In the first quadrant, the electric torque and the speed signs are both positive, indicating forward motoring since the electric torque is in the direction of motion. In the second quadrant, the electric torque sign is negative and the speed sign is positive, indicating forward braking since the electric torque is opposite to the direction of motion. In the third quadrant, the electric torque and speed signs are both negative, indicating reverse motoring. In the fourth quadrant, the electric torque sign is positive and the speed is negative, indicating reverse braking. The drive braking is handled either by a braking chopper (dynamic braking) or by bidirectional power flow (regenerative braking). The following figure illustrates the four-quadrants operating region of an electric drive. Each quadrant has a constant torque region from 0 to +/- nominal speed ωb and a region where the torque decreases inversely with the speed from ωb to the maximum speed ωmax . This second region is a constant power region and is obtained by decreasing the motor magnetic flux. Four-Quadrant Operation of an Electric Drive

Average-Value Models
The AC and DC library allows two levels of simulation, detailed simulations or average-value simulations. The detailed simulations use the Universal Bridge block to represent the detailed behavior of rectifier and inverter controlled drives. This simulation level requires small simulation time steps to achieve correct representation of the high frequency electrical signal components of the drives. The average-value simulations use average-value models of the power converters. When simulating in average-value mode, the electrical input and output currents and voltages of the power converters driving the electrical motors represent the average values of the real-life currents and voltages. By doing so, the high frequency components are not represented and the simulations can use much bigger time steps. Each power converter average-value model is described in the detailed documentation associated with each DC or AC model type. The time step used in a drive at average-value level can usually be increased up to the smallest controller

sampling time used in a model. For example, if a drive uses a 20 μs time step for the current loop and a 100 μs time step for the speed loop, then the simulation time step in average-value mode can be increased up to 20 μs. Simulation time step guidelines are given in the detailed documentation of each model. Switching between the detailed simulation level and the average-value simulation level can easily be done via the GUI associated with each model, as explained in Selecting the Detailed or the Average-Value Model Detail Level.

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