Emergency Nursing

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

C. Emergency Care Environment 1. Prehospital care by emergency medical services (EMS), emergency medical technicians, and paramedics provides initial stabilizations and transport of patients; personnel communicate with the emergency department during patient transport The national emergency telephone number 911 is the result of an effort to improve access to EMS The concept of the emergency room has expanded to that of the emergency department, which provides various levels of care Specialized electronic technology and techniques are used to monitor patient status continuously; these may pose safety hazards to patients, such as possible exposure to electric shock

MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING Emergency Nursing Lecturer: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

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A. General information 1. Emergency nursing deals with human responses to any trauma or sudden illness that requires immediate intervention to prevent imminent severe damage or death Care is provided in any setting to persons of all ages with actual or perceived alterations in physical or emotional health. Initially, patients may not have a medical diagnosis. Care is episodic when patients return frequently, primary when it is the initial option for health or preventive care, or acute when patients need immediate and additional interventions. Emergency nursing is a specialty area of the nursing profession like no other. Emergency nurses must be ready to treat a wide variety of illnesses or injury situations, ranging from a sore throat to a heart attack.

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D. Triage 1. 2. Triage classifies emergency patients for assessment and treatment priorities Triage decisions require gathering objective and subjective data rapidly and effectively to determine the type of priority situation present Emergent situations are potentially lifethreatening; they include such conditions as respiratory distress or arrest, cardiac arrest, severe chest pain, seizures, hemorrhage, severe trauma resulting in open chest or abdominal wounds, shock, poisonings, drug overdoses, temperatures over 105°F (40.5°C), emergency childbirth, or delivery complications Urgent situations are serious but not lifethreatening if treatment is delayed briefly; they include such conditions as chest pain without respiratory distress, major fractures, burns, decreased level of consciousness, back injuries, nausea or vomiting, severe abdominal pain, temperature between 102 and 105°F (38.9 and 40.5° C), bleeding from any orifice, acute panic, or anxiety Nonemergency situations are not acute and are considered minor to moderately severe; they include such conditions as chronic backache or other symptoms, moderate headache, minor burns, fractures, sprains, upper respiratory or urinary infections, or instances in which a patient is dead on arrival

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B. Historical Development of Emergency Nursing 1. Florence Nightingale was the first emergency nurse, providing care to the wounded in the Crimean War in 1854 The Emergency Department Nurses Association (EDNA) was organized in 1970 A competency-based examination, first administered in 1980, provides Certification in Emergency Nursing; certification is valid for 4 years EDNA developed Standards of Emergency Nursing Practice, published in 1983, to be used as a guideline for excellence and outcome criteria against which performance is measured and evaluated. In 1985, the Association name was changed to Emergency Nurses Association (ENA), recognizing the practice of emergency nursing as role-specific rather than sitespecific. Originally ENA aimed at teaching and networking, the organization has evolved into an authority, advocate, lobbyist, and voice for emergency nursing. It has 30,000+ members and continues to grow, with members representing over 32 countries around the world.

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E. Roles of the Emergency Nurse 1. 2. Care provider: provides comprehensive direct care to the patient and family. Educator: provides patient and family with education based on their learning needs and the severity of the situation and allows the patient to assume more responsibility for meeting health care needs

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Emergency Nursing

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Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

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Manager: coordinates activities of others in the multidisciplinary team to achieve the specific goal of providing emergency care Advocate: ensures protection of the patient’s rights

EMERGENCY DRUGS

1) AMINOPHYLLINE Brand Names: Phil Pharmawealth/Atlantic Aminophylline amp Theofil amp Classification: Antiasthmatic & COPD Preparations Dosage: Initial: 225-450 mg twice daily, increased if needed. IV Acute severe bronchospasm. Loading dose: 5 mg/kg (ideal body wt). Maintenance: 0.5 mg/kg/hr. Rate should not exceed 25 mg/min. Indication: PO Chronic bronchospasm as hydrate Action: Increases the level of cAMP resulting in bronchodilation Adverse Reactions: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, insomnia, dizziness, anxiety, restlessness; tremor, palpitations. Potentially Fatal: Convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension and sudden death after too rapid IV injection. Nursing Measures: Administer to pregnant patients only when clearly needed—neonatal tachycardia, jitteriness, and withdrawal apnea observed when mothers received xanthines up until delivery. Caution patient not to chew or crush entericcoated timed-release forms. Give immediate-release, liquid dosage forms with food if GI effects occur. Do not give timed-release forms with food; these should be given on an empty stomach 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals. Maintain adequate hydration. Monitor results of serum theophylline levels carefully, and arrange for reduced dosage if serum levels exceed therapeutic range of 10–20 mcg/mL. Take serum samples to determine peak theophylline concentration drawn 15–30 min after an IV loading dose. Monitor for clinical signs of adverse effects, particularly if serum theophylline levels are not available. Ensure that diazepam is readily available to treat seizures. Take this drug exactly as prescribed; if a timed-release product is prescribed, take this drug on an empty stomach, 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals. Do not to chew or crush timed-release preparations. Administer rectal solution or suppositories after emptying the rectum. It may be necessary to take this drug around the clock for adequate control of asthma attacks.
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F. Functions of the Emergency Nurse 1. Uses triage to determine priorities based on assessment and anticipation of the patient’s needs 2. Provides direct measures to resuscitate, if necessary 3. Provides preliminary care before the patient is transferred to the primary care area 4. Provides health education to the patient and family 5. Supervises patient care and ancillary personnel 6. Provides support and protection for the patient and family G. Legal issues affecting the provision of emergency nursing 1. 2. 3. Negligence Malpractice Good Samaritan Laws (these statutes may protect private citizens but usually do not apply to emergency personnel on duty or in normal emergency situations) Informed consent Implied consent Duty to report suspected crimes to the police Duty to gather evidence in criminal investigations; be aware of hospital policy and state laws for evidence collection Advanced directives, including durable power of attorney and living wills

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H. Qualifications of an Emergency Nurse 1. An emergency nurse is a registered nurse with specialized education and experience in caring for emergency patients. Emergency nurses continually update their education to stay informed of the latest trends, issues, and procedures in medicine today. Many take a special examination that proves their level of knowledge. After successful completion of this exam they are certified in emergency nursing. Some emergency nurses also acquire additional certifications in the areas of trauma nursing, pediatric nursing, nurse practitioner, and various areas of injury prevention Many emergency nurses acquire additional certifications in the areas of trauma nursing, pediatric nursing, nurse practitioner, and various areas of injury prevention

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Emergency Nursing

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Avoid excessive intake of coffee, tea, cocoa, cola beverages, chocolate. Smoking cigarettes or other tobacco products impacts the drug's effectiveness. Try not to smoke. Notify the care provider if smoking habits change while taking this drug. Frequent blood tests may be necessary to monitor the effect of this drug and to ensure safe and effective dosage; keep all appointments for blood tests and other monitoring. These side effects may occur: Nausea, loss of appetite (taking this drug with food may help if taking the immediate-release or liquid dosage forms); difficulty sleeping, depression, emotional lability (reversible). Report nausea, vomiting, severe GI pain, restlessness, seizures, irregular heartbeat

2) AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand Names: Anoion tab Cordarone Cordarone inj Sandoz Amiodarone HCl tab Classification: Cardiac Drugs Dosage: PO Initial: 200 mg 3 times/day for 1 wk, reduce to 200 mg twice daily for a further wk. Maintenance: 200 mg/day or lowest effective dose. IV Initial: 5 mg/kg infusion via central venous catheter. Max: 1.2 g/24 hr. Indication: Ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Action: Blocks potassium chloride leading to prolongation of action potential duration. Adverse Reactions: Blue-grey discoloration of skin, photosensitivity, peripheral neuropathy, paraesthesia, myopathy, ataxia, tremor, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, alopecia, sleep disturbances, corneal microdeposits, hot flushes, sweating. Heart block, bradycardia, sinus arrest, hepatotoxicity, heart failure. Potentially Fatal: Pulmonary toxicity including pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial pneumonitis, hepatotoxicity, thyrotoxicity. Ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary alveolitis, exacerbation of arrhythmias and rare serious liver injury. Generally in patients with high doses and having preexisting abnormalities of diffusion capacity. Nursing Measures: Monitor cardiac rhythm continuously. Monitor for an extended period when dosage adjustments are made. Monitor for safe and effective serum levels (0.5–2.5 mcg/mL). Doses of digoxin, quinidine, procainamide, phenytoin, and warfarin may need to be
Emergency Nursing

reduced one-third to one-half when amiodarone is started. Give drug with meals to decrease GI problems. Arrange for ophthalmologic exams; reevaluate at any sign of optic neuropathy. Arrange for periodic chest x-ray to evaluate pulmonary status (every 3–6 mo). Arrange for regular periodic blood tests for liver enzymes, thyroid hormone levels. Drug dosage will be changed in relation to response of arrhythmias; you will need to be hospitalized during initiation of drug therapy; you will be closely monitored when dosage is changed. Have regular medical follow-up, monitoring of cardiac rhythm, chest x-ray, eye exam, blood tests. These side effects may occur: Changes in vision (halos, dry eyes, sensitivity to light; wear sunglasses, monitor light exposure); nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite (take with meals; eat small, frequent meals); sensitivity to the sun (use a sunscreen or protective clothing when outdoors); constipation (a laxative may be ordered); tremors, twitching, dizziness, loss of coordination (do not drive, operate dangerous machinery, or undertake tasks that require coordination until drug effects stabilize and your body adjusts to it). Report unusual bleeding or bruising; fever, chills; intolerance to heat or cold; shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, cough; swelling of ankles or fingers; palpitations; difficulty with vision. 3) ATROPINE SULFATE Brand Names: Anespin amp Atropol amp EuroMed Atropine Sulfate amp Isopto Atropine eye drops Phil Pharmawealth/Atlantic Atropine amp Classification: Other Cardiovascular Drugs, Muscle Relaxants, Mydriatic Drugs, Antidotes, Detoxifying Agents & Drugs Used in Substance Dependence Indication/Dosage: IV Bradycardia 500 mcg every 3-5 mins. Total: 3 mg. IV/IM Organophosphorus poisoning 2 mg every 10-30 mins until muscarinic effects disappear or atropine toxicity appears. IM/SC Premed in anesth 300-600 mcg 30-60 mins before anesth. IV/IM/SC Overdosage w/ other compd having muscarinic actions 0.6-1 mg, repeat 2 hrly. Ophth Inflammatory eye disorders As 0.5-1% soln: 1-2 drops 4 times/day. Eye refraction As 1% soln: 1 drop twice daily for 1-2 days before procedure. Action: An anti-cholinergic that inhibits acetylcholine at the parasympathetic neuroeffector
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Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

junction, enhances the conduction of AV node and increases heart rate Adverse Reactions: Dry mouth, dysphagia, constipation, flushing and dryness of skin, tachycardia, palpitations, arrhythmias, mydriasis, photophobia, cycloplegia, raised intraocular pressure. Toxic doses cause tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, restlessness, confusion, excitement, hallucinations, delirium and may progress to circulatory failure and respiratory depression. Eye drops: Systemic toxicity especially in children, on prolonged use may lead to irritation, hyperemia, edema and conjunctivitis. Increased intraocular pressure. Inhalation: Dryness of mouth, throat. Potentially Fatal: Atrial arrhythmias, AV dissociation, multiple ventricular ectopics. Nursing Measures: Ensure adequate hydration; provide environmental control (temperature) to prevent hyperpyrexia. Have patient void before taking medication if urinary retention is a problem. When used preoperatively or in other acute situations, incorporate teaching about the drug with teaching about the procedure; the ophthalmic solution is used mainly acutely and will not be self-administered by the patient; the following apply to oral medication for outpatients: Take as prescribed, 30 min before meals; avoid excessive dosage. Avoid hot environments; you will be heat intolerant, and dangerous reactions may occur. These side effects may occur: Dizziness, confusion (use caution driving or performing hazardous tasks); constipation (ensure adequate fluid intake, proper diet); dry mouth (suck sugarless lozenges; perform frequent mouth care; may be transient); blurred vision, sensitivity to light (reversible; avoid tasks that require acute vision; wear sunglasses in bright light); impotence (reversible); difficulty in urination (empty the bladder prior to taking drug). Report rash; flushing; eye pain; difficulty breathing; tremors, loss of coordination; irregular heartbeat, palpitations; headache; abdominal distention; hallucinations; severe or persistent dry mouth; difficulty swallowing; difficulty in urination; constipation; sensitivity to light.

4) BUMETANIDE Brand Names: Burinex amp Burinex tab Classification: Sulfonamide Diuretics Indication/Dosage: PO edema 1 mg once daily, 2nd dose 6-8 hr later if needed. Refractory edema Initial: 5 mg/day, may increase dose depending on response. Max: 10 mg/day. HTN 0.5-1 mg/day. Max: 5 mg/day. IV Pulmonary edema 1-2 mg, repeat 20 mins. later if needed. IV/IM Emergency edema 0.5-1 mg, then adjust according to response. Action: inhibits Sodium and Chloride reabsorption at the ascending loop of Henle Adverse Reactions: Muscle cramps, dizziness, hypotension, headache, nausea, impaired hearing, pruritus, ECG changes, musculoskeletal pain, rash, chest discomfort, renal failure, premature ejaculation, thrombocytopenia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesaemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcaemia. Nursing Measures: Give with food or milk to prevent GI upset. Mark calendars or use reminders if intermittent therapy is best for treating edema. Give single dose early in day so increased urination will not disturb sleep. Avoid IV use if oral use is possible. Arrange to monitor serum electrolytes, hydration, liver function during long-term therapy. Provide diet rich in potassium or supplemental potassium. Record alternate day or intermittent therapy on a calendar or dated envelopes. Take the drug early in day so increased urination will not disturb sleep; take with food or meals to prevent GI upset. Weigh yourself on a regular basis, at the same time, and in the same clothing; record the weight on your calendar. These side effects may occur: Increased volume and frequency of urination; dizziness, feeling faint on arising, drowsiness (avoid rapid position changes; hazardous activities, such as driving; and alcohol consumption); sensitivity to sunlight (use sunglasses, sunscreen, wear protective clothing); increased thirst (suck sugarless lozenges; use frequent mouth care); loss of body potassium (a potassium-rich diet, or supplement will be needed). Report weight change of more than 3 lb in 1 day; swelling in ankles or fingers; unusual bleeding or bruising; nausea, dizziness, trembling, numbness, fatigue; muscle weakness or cramps.
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Emergency Nursing

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

5) CALCIUM GLUCONATE Brand Names: Phil Pharmawealth/Harson Calcium Gluconate amp Classification: Electrolytes Indication/Dosage: PO Hypocalcaemia 10-50 mmol/day. IV Hypocalcaemic tetany 2.25 mmol via slow inj , then 58-77 mL of 10% soln diluted and administered as a continuous IV infusion. Antidote in severe hypermagnesaemia; Severe hyperkalaemia 10 mL of 10% soln, repeat every 10 mins if needed. Action: replaces Calcium and maintains Calcium level Adverse Reactions: GI irritation; soft-tissue calcification, skin sloughing or necrosis after IM/SC inj. Hypercalcaemia characterised by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, muscle weakness, mental disturbances, polydipsia, polyuria, nephrocalcinosis, renal calculi; chalky taste, hot flushes and peripheral vasodilation. Potentially Fatal: Cardiac arrhythmias and coma. Nursing Measures: Make sure prescriber specifies form of calcium to be given; crash carts may contain both calcium gluconate and calcium chloride. Tell patient to take oral calcium 1 to 11/2 hours after meals if GI upset occurs. Give I.M. injection in gluteal region in adults and in lateral thigh in infants. Use I.M. route only in emergencies when no I.V. route is available bec. of irritation of tissue by calcium salts. Tell patient to take oral calcium with a full glass of water. Monitor calcium levels frequently. Hypercalcemia may result after large doses in chronic renal failure. Report abnormalities. 6) CAPTOPRIL Brand Names: Ace-Bloc tab Capomed tab Capotec tab Capoten tab Captor tab Captril tab Cardiovaz tab Conamid tab Hartylox tab Normil tab Phil Pharmawealth/Panion & BF Captopril tab Prelat tab Primace tab Retensin tab Spec-Ace tab Tensoril tab Unihype tab Vasostad tab Classification: ACE Inhibitors Indication/Dosage: PO HTN Initial: 12.5 mg twice daily. Maintenance: 25-50 mg twice daily. Max: 50 mg 3 times/day. Heart failure Initial: 6.25-12.5 mg 23 times/day. Max: 50 mg 3 times/day. Post MI Start 3 days after MI. Initial: 6.25 mg/day, may increase after several wk to 150 mg/day in divided doses if

needed and tolerated. HTN in diabetic nephropathy 75-100 mg/day in divided doses. Action: inhibits ACE, reduces Sodium and water retention, lowers blood pressure Adverse Reactions: Hypotension, tachycardia, chest pain, palpitations, pruritus, hyperkalaemia. Proteinuria; angioedema, skin rashes; taste disturbance, nonproductive cough, headache. Potentially Fatal: Neutropenia, usually occurs within 3 mth of starting therapy especially in patients with renal dysfunction or collagen diseases. Hyperkalaemia. Anaphylactic reactions. Nursing Measures: Administer 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals. Alert surgeon and mark patient's chart with notice that captopril is being taken; the angiotensin II formation subsequent to compensatory renin release during surgery will be blocked; hypotension may be reversed with volume expansion. Monitor patient closely for fall in BP secondary to reduction in fluid volume (excessive perspiration and dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea); excessive hypotension may occur. Reduce dosage in patients with impaired renal function. Take drug 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals; do not take with food. Do not stop without consulting your health care provider. Be careful of drop in blood pressure (occurs most often with diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, dehydration); if light-headedness or dizziness occurs, consult your health care provider. Avoid over-the-counter medications, especially cough, cold, allergy medications that may contain ingredients that will interact with ACE inhibitors. Consult your health care provider. These side effects may occur: GI upset, loss of appetite, change in taste perception (limited effects, will pass); mouth sores (perform frequent mouth care); rash; fast heart rate; dizziness, light-headedness (usually passes after the first few days; change position slowly, and limit your activities to those that do not require alertness and precision). Report mouth sores; sore throat, fever, chills; swelling of the hands, feet; irregular heartbeat, chest pains; swelling of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, difficulty breathing.

Emergency Nursing

Abejo

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

7) CLONIDINE Brand Names: Catapin amp Catapres amp Catapres tab Classification: Other Antihypertensives Indication/Dosage: PO HTN Initial: 50-100 mcg 3 times/day. Max: 2,400 mcg/day. Menopausal flushing; Migraine prophylaxis 50 mcg twice daily, up to 75 mg twice daily. IV Hypertensive crisis 150300 mcg via slow inj. Max: 750 mcg over 24 hr. Epidural Severe cancer pain Initial: 30 mcg/hr as continuous infusion in combination w/ an opioid. Transdermal HTN As patch releasing 100-300 mcg clonidine base/day at constant rate: Apply once wkly. Action: stimulates alpha 2 receptors and inhibits central vasomotor centers, lowers peripheral vascular resistance, blood pressure, and heart rate Adverse Reactions: Dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, constipation, impotence, vivid dreams, urinary retention; dry, itching, burning sensation in the eye; fluid or electrolyte imbalance, GI upset, paralytic ileus, orthostatic hypotension, weakness, sedation, pruritus, myalgia, urticaria, nausea, insomnia, arrhythmias, agitation. Reduced GI motility at times may cause paralytic ileus. Potentially Fatal: Transient hypertension or profound hypotension, respiratory depression, convulsion. Clonidine withdrawal syndrome could be life threatening. Bradycardia, coma and disturbances in conduction (in individuals with preexisting diseases of SA/AV nodes, overdose or on digitalis). Nursing Measures: Take drug 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals; do not take with food. Do not stop without consulting your health care provider. Be careful of drop in blood pressure (occurs most often with diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, dehydration); if light-headedness or dizziness occurs, consult your health care provider. Avoid over-the-counter medications, especially cough, cold, allergy medications that may contain ingredients that will interact with ACE inhibitors. Consult your health care provider. These side effects may occur: GI upset, loss of appetite, change in taste perception (limited effects, will pass); mouth sores (perform frequent mouth care); rash; fast heart rate; dizziness, light-headedness (usually passes after the first few days; change position slowly, and limit your activities to those that do not require alertness and precision). Report mouth sores; sore throat, fever, chills; swelling of the hands, feet; irregular

heartbeat, chest pains; swelling of the face, eyes, lips, tongue, difficulty breathing. Take this drug exactly as prescribed. Do not miss doses. Do not discontinue the drug unless so instructed. Do not discontinue abruptly; life-threatening adverse effects may occur. If you travel, take an adequate supply of drug. Use the transdermal system as prescribed; refer to directions in package insert, or contact your health care provider with questions. Be sure to remove old systems before applying new ones. Attempt lifestyle changes that will reduce your BP: stop smoking and using alcohol; lose weight; restrict intake of sodium (salt); exercise regularly. Use caution with alcohol. Your sensitivity may increase while using this drug. These side effects may occur: Drowsiness, dizziness, light-headedness, headache, weakness (often transient; observe caution driving or performing other tasks that require alertness or physical dexterity); dry mouth (suck on sugarless lozenges or ice chips); GI upset (eat small, frequent meals); dreams, nightmares (reversible); dizziness, light-headedness when you change position (get up slowly; use caution climbing stairs); impotence, other sexual dysfunction, decreased libido (discuss with care providers); breast enlargement, sore breasts; palpitations. Report urinary retention, changes in vision, blanching of fingers, rash. 8) DIAZEPAM Brand name: Valium Classification: Anxiolytics Dosage: 10mg/2ml Indication: relief of anxiety, agitation & tension due to psychoneurotic states & transient situational disturbances Action: a benzodiazepine that probably potentiates the effects of GABA, depresses the CNS & suppresses the spread of seizure activity Adverse Reaction: drowsiness,dysarthria, slurred speech, tremor, transient amnesia, fatigue, ataxia, headache, insomnia, paradoxical anxiety, hallucination Nursing Measures: Do not administer intra-arterially; may produce arteriospasm, gangrene. Change from IV therapy to oral therapy as soon as possible.
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Emergency Nursing

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Do not use small veins (dorsum of hand or wrist) for IV injection. Reduce dose of narcotic analgesics with IV diazepam; dose should be reduced by at least one-third or eliminated. Carefully monitor P, BP, respiration during IV administration. Maintain patients receiving parenteral benzodiazepines in bed for 3 hr; do not permit ambulatory patients to operate a vehicle following an injection. Monitor EEG in patients treated for status epilepticus; seizures may recur after initial control, presumably because of short duration of drug effect. Monitor liver and kidney function, CBC during long-term therapy. Taper dosage gradually after long-term therapy, especially in epileptic patients. Arrange for epileptic patients to wear medical alert ID indicating that they are epileptics taking this medication. Discuss risk of fetal abnormalities with patients desiring to become pregnant. 9) DIGOXIN Brand name: Digitek, Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin, NovoDigoxin (CAN) Classification: Inotropics Dosage: 5mg/2ml Indication: Cardiac failure accompanied by atrial fibrillation; management of chronic cardiac failure where systolic dysfunction or ventricular dilatation is dominant; management of certain supraventricular arrhythmias, particularly chronic atrial flutter & fibrillation. Action: inhibits sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphate, promoting movement of calcium from extracellular to intra-cytoplasm and strengthening myocardial contraction, also acts on CNS to enhance vagal tone Adverse Reaction: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, headache, facial pain, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, drowsiness, disorientation, mental confusion, bad dreams, convulsions Nursing Measures: Monitor apical pulse for 1 min before administering; hold dose if pulse < 60 in adult or < 90 in infant; retake pulse in 1 hr. If adult pulse remains < 60 or infant < 90, hold drug and notify prescriber. Note any change from baseline rhythm or rate. Check dosage and preparation carefully. Avoid IM injections, which may be very painful.
Emergency Nursing

Follow diluting instructions carefully, and use diluted solution promptly. Avoid giving with meals; this will delay absorption. Have emergency equipment ready; have K+ salts, lidocaine, phenytoin, atropine, cardiac monitor on standby in case toxicity develops. Monitor for therapeutic drug levels: 0.5–2 ng/mL. 10) DIPENHYDRAMINE Brand name: Benadryl Classification: antihistamine Dosage: 50mg/ml Indication: Hay fever, urticaria, vasomotor rhinitis, angioneurotic edema, drug sensitization, serum & penicillin reaction, contact dermatitis, atopic eczema, other allergic dermatoses, pruritus, food sensitivity, parkinsonism, motion sickness. Action: prevents histamine mediated responses, drug provides local anesthesia and suppresses cough reflex Adverse Reaction: CV and CNS effects, blood disorders, GI disturbances, anti-muscarinic effects and allergic reactions. Nursing Measures: Monitor carefully, assess for confusion, delirium, other anticholinergic side effects and fall risk. Institute measures to prevent falls. Assess movement disorder before and after administration. Caution patient not to use oral OTC diphenhydramine products with any other product containing diphenhydramine, including products used topically. It can cause excitation in children. Caution parents or caregivers about proper dose calculation; overdosage, especially in infants and children, can cause hallucinations, seizures or death Inform patient that this drug may cause dry mouth. Frequent oral rinses, good oral hygiene, and sugarless gum or candy may minimize this effect. Notify dentist if dry mouth persists for more than 2 weeks. 11) EPINEPHRINE Brand name: Epinephrine Bitartrate Aerosols: Primatene Mist Epinephrine Borate Ophthalmic solution: Epinal Epinephrine Hydrochloride Injection, OTC nasal solution: Adrenalin Chloride
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Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Ophthalmic solution: Epifrin, Glaucon Insect sting emergencies: EpiPen Auto-Injector (delivers 0.3 mg IM adult dose), EpiPen Jr. AutoInjector (delivers 0.15 mg IM for children) OTC solutions for nebulization: AsthmaNefrin, microNefrin, Nephron, S2 Classification: Sympathomimetic, Alpha-adrenergic agonist, Beta1and beta2-adrenergic agonist, Cardiac stimulant, Vasopressor, Bronchodilator, Antasthmatic drug, Nasal decongestant, Mydriatic, Antiglaucoma drug Dosage: 1mg/ml Indication: Acute asthmatic attacks, Advanced cardiac life support Action: Naturally occurring neurotransmitter, the effects of which are mediated by alpha or beta receptors in target organs. Effects on alpha receptors include vasoconstriction, contraction of dilator muscles of iris. Effects on beta receptors include positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the heart (beta1 receptors); bronchodilation, vasodilation, and uterine relaxation (beta2 receptors); decreased production of aqueous humor. Adverse Reaction: drowsiness, headache, nervousness, tremors, cerebral hemorrhage, dizziness, weakness, vertigo, pain Nursing Measures: Monitor heart rate. Use extreme caution when calculating and preparing doses; epinephrine is a very potent drug; small errors in dosage can cause serious adverse effects. Double-check pediatric dosage. Use minimal doses for minimal periods of time; "epinephrine-fastness" (a form of drug tolerance) can occur with prolonged use. Protect drug solutions from light, extreme heat, and freezing; do not use pink or brown solutions. Drug solutions should be clear and colorless (does not apply to suspension for injection). Shake the suspension for injection well before withdrawing the dose. Rotate SC injection sites to prevent necrosis; monitor injection sites frequently. Keep a rapidly acting alpha-adrenergic blocker (phentolamine) or a vasodilator (a nitrate) readily available in case of excessive hypertensive reaction. Have an alpha-adrenergic blocker or facilities for intermittent positive pressure breathing readily available in case pulmonary edema occurs. Keep a beta-adrenergic blocker (propranolol; a cardioselective beta-blocker, such as atenolol, should be used in patients
Emergency Nursing

with respiratory distress) readily available in case cardiac arrhythmias occur. Do not exceed recommended dosage of inhalation products; administer pressurized inhalation drug forms during second half of inspiration, because the airways are open wider and the aerosol distribution is more extensive. If a second inhalation is needed, administer at peak effect of previous dose, 3–5 min. Use topical nasal solutions only for acute states; do not use for longer than 3–5 days, and do not exceed recommended dosage. Rebound nasal congestion can occur after vasoconstriction subsides. Do not exceed recommended dosage; adverse effects or loss of effectiveness may result. Read the instructions that come with respiratory inhalant products, and consult your health care provider or pharmacist if you have any questions. To give eye drops: Lie down or tilt head backward, and look up. Hold dropper above eye; drop medicine inside lower lid while looking up. Do not touch dropper to eye, fingers, or any surface. Release lower lid; keep eye open, and do not blink for at least 30 sec. Apply gentle pressure with fingers to inside corner of the eye for about 1 min; wait at least 5 min before using other eye drops. These side effects may occur: Dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, apprehension (use caution if driving or performing tasks that require alertness); anxiety, emotional changes; nausea, vomiting, change in taste (eat frequent small meals); fast heart rate. Nasal solution may cause burning or stinging when first used (transient). Ophthalmic solution may cause slight stinging when first used (transient); headache or brow ache (only during the first few days). Report chest pain, dizziness, insomnia, weakness, tremor or irregular heart beat (respiratory inhalant, nasal solution), difficulty breathing, productive cough, failure to respond to usual dosage (respiratory inhalant), decrease in visual acuity (ophthalmic). 12) FUROSEMIDE Brand name: Apo-Furosemide (CAN), Furoside (CAN), Lasix, Myrosemide (CAN) Classification: loop diuretics Dosage: 20mg/2ml Indication: edema, hypertension
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Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Action: inhibits Sodium and Chloride reabsorption at the proximal and distal tubules and the ascending loop of Henle Adverse Reaction: vertigo, headache, dizziness, paresthesia, weakness, restlessness, fever, nocturia, oliguria, polyguria Nursing Measures: Monitor BP after administration Administer with food or milk to prevent GI upset. Reduce dosage if given with other antihypertensives; readjust dosage gradually as BP responds. Give early in the day so that increased urination will not disturb sleep. Avoid IV use if oral use is at all possible. Do not mix parenteral solution with highly acidic solutions with pH below 3.5. Do not expose to light, may discolor tablets or solution; do not use discolored drug or solutions. Discard diluted solution after 24 hr. Refrigerate oral solution. Measure and record weight to monitor fluid changes. Arrange to monitor serum electrolytes, hydration, liver function. Arrange for potassium-rich diet or supplemental potassium as needed. 13) HYDRALAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Supres Classification: antihypertension Dosage: 20mg/ml Indication: For hypertensive patient Action: a direct acting peripheral vasodilator that relaxes arteriolar smooth muscles Adverse Reaction: tachycardia, palpitation, angina pectoris, severe headache, dizziness, weight gain, GI disturbances, pruritus, rashes, nausea and vomiting Nursing Measures: Give oral drug with food to increase bioavailability(drug should be given in a consistent relationship ti ingestion of food for consistent response to therapy). Drug may cause a syndrome resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Arrange for CBC, LE cell preparations, and ANA titers before and periodically during prolonged therapy, even in the asymptomatic patient. Discontinue if blood dyscrasias occur. Reevaluate therapy if ANA or LE tests are positive. Arrange for pyridoxine if patient develops symptoms of peripheral neuritis.
Emergency Nursing

Monitor patient for orthostatic hypotension which is most marked in the morning and in hot weather, and with alcohol or exercise.

14) HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM SUCCINATE Brand name: A-hydroCort, Solu-Cortef Classification: corticosteroid hormones Stock Dose:100 mg/ 2 mL, 250 mg/ 2 mL Indication: endocrine, hematologic, rheumatic & collagen disorders, dermatologic, ophth, GI, resp & neoplastic diseases, edematous states, control of severe incapacitating allergic conditions, TB meningitis w/ subarachnoid block or impending block when used concurrently with appropriate antiTB chemotherapy, shock secondary to adrenocortical insufficiency or shock unresponsive to conventional therapy when adrenocortical insufficiency may be present Action: Decreases inflammation, mainly by stabilizing leukocyte lysosomal membranes, suppresses immune response, stimulates bone marrow and influences protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism Adverse Reactions: fluid and electrolyte disturbances, decreased carbohydrate tolerance, impaired wound healing, thin fragile skin, muscle weakness, steroid myopathy, osteoporosis, aseptic necrosis, peptic ulceration w/ possible perforation, cataracts, increased intraocular and intracranial pressure, growth retardation, Cushingoid state, protein catabolism, psychic derangements, exophthalmos, masking of infections, gasping syndrome, seizures, menstrual irregularities. Nursing Measures: Give daily before 9 AM to mimic normal peak diurnal corticosteroid levels and minimize HPA suppression. Space multiple doses evenly throughout the day. Do not give IM injections if patient has thrombocytopenic purpura. Rotate sites of IM repository injections to avoid local atrophy. Use minimal doses for minimal duration to minimize adverse effects. Taper doses when discontinuing high-dose or long-term therapy. Arrange for increased dosage when patient is subject to unusual stress. Use alternate-day maintenance therapy with short-acting corticosteroids whenever possible.

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Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Do not give live virus vaccines with immunosuppressive doses of hydrocortisone. Provide antacids between meals to help avoid peptic ulcer.

17) MAGNESIUM SULFATE Brand name: Elin Magnesium Sulfate Classification: anticonvulsant Dosage: 250 mg/10 mL Indication: treatment of hypomagnesemia accompanied by signs of tetany, control of HTN, encephalophathy & convulsions, prevention & control of convulsions in patients w/ preeclampsia or eclampsia, prevention of hypomagnesemia in patients receiving TPN Action: may decrease acetylcholine released by nerve impulses, but its anticonvulsant mechanism is unknown Adverse Reactions: flushing, sweating, hypotension, muscular weakness, sedation & confusion; decreased deep tendon reflexes; resp. paralysis Nursing Measures: Monitor the following: I.V.: Rapid administration: ECG monitoring, vital signs, deep tendon reflexes; magnesium, calcium, and potassium levels; renal function during administration. Obstetrics: Patient status including vital signs, oxygen saturation, deep tendon reflexes, level of consciousness, fetal heart rate, maternal uterine activity. Oral: Renal function; magnesium levels; bowel movements.

15) ISOSORBIDE-5- MONONITRATE Brand name: Imdur Classification: anti- anginal drug Stock Dose: SL: 5 mg/mL ; Oral: 30 mg, 60 mg Indication: prophylactic treatment of angina pectoris Action: Thought to reduce cardiac oxygen demand by decreasing preload and afterload. Drug also may increase blood flow through the collateral coronary vessels Adverse Reactions: headache, hypotension w/ dizziness and nausea, tachycardia Nursing Measures: Monitor BP and heart rate. Assess location, duration, intensity, and precipitating factors of anginal pain. 16) ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Brand name: Isoket IV Classification: anti – anginal drug Stock: IV amp 10 mg/ 10 mL Dose: 10 mg/10mL Indication: unresponsive left ventricular failure secondary to acute MI, severe or unstable angina pectoris Action: Isosorbide dinitrate is a smooth muscle relaxant. It is particularly effective on vascular and bronchial smooth muscle. Its systemic cardiovascular effects are mainly due to a decrease in venous return (pooling of blood in the peripheral venous system). Consequently, ventricular end-diastolic pressure and volume are diminished, thus reducing cardiac work and implicitly myocardial oxygen requirements. The arterial vessels are dilated as well, though to a lesser degree. This results in a slight drop in aortic and systemic blood pressure relieving the myocardium from a part of its afterload. These nitrate-induced changes account for both the antianginal effects of isosorbide dinitrate and for its beneficial effects in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Side effects/ adverse reactions: severe cerebral flow deficiency and decreased coronary perfusion may develop, nitrate headache and nausea. Nursing Measures: Monitor BP and heart rate. Assess location, duration, intensity, and precipitating factors of anginal pain.

18) MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Demerol Classification: antivertigo drug Dosage: 100 mg/ 2mL Indication: relief of moderate to severe pain, pre-op medication, support of anesth & obstet analgesia Action: binds with opiate receptors in the CNS, altering perception of and emotional response to pain Adverse Reactions: resp. depression, circulatory depression, resp arrest, shock, cardiac arrest, GI disturbance, light headedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, sweating, euphoria, dysphoria, weakness, headache, tremor, agitation, uncoordinated muscle movements, severe convulsions, transient hallucinations & disorientation, visual disturbance, flushing, tachycardia, bradycardia, palpitation, hypotension, syncope, phlebitis, urinary retention, allergic reactions, pain at injection site and local tissue irritation. Nursing Measures: Make position changes slowly and in stages particularly from recumbent to upright posture. Lie down immediately if lightheadedness or dizziness occurs. Lie down when feeling nauseated and to notify physician if this symptom persists. Nausea appears to worsen with ambulation.
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Emergency Nursing

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Avoid driving and other potentially hazardous activities until reaction to drug is known. Codeine may impair ability to perform tasks requiring mental alertness and therefore to. Do not take alcohol or other CNS depressants unless approved by physician. Hyperactive cough may be lessened by avoiding irritants such as smoking, dust, fumes and other air pollutants. Humidification of ambient air may provide some relief. Do not breast feed while taking this drug. 19) METOCLOPRAMIDE Brand name: Apo-Metoclop (CAN), Maxeran (CAN), Maxolon, Nu-Metoclopramide (CAN), Octamide PFS, Reglan Classification: antiemetic & anti-spasmodic Dosage: 10 mg/ 2mL Indication: disturbances of GI motility, nausea & vomiting of central & peripheral origin associated w/ surgery, metabolic diseases, infectious & drug induced diseases, facilitate small bowel intubation & radiological procedures of GIT Action: stimulates motility of upper GI tract, increases lower esophageal sphincter tone, and blocks dopamine receptors at the chemoreceptor trigger zone Adverse Reactions: extrapyramidal reactions, drowsiness, fatigue & lassitude, anxiety, less frequently, insomnia, headache, dizziness, nausea, galactorrhea, gynecomastia, bowel disturbances. Nursing Measures: Monitor BP carefully during IV administration. Monitor for extrapyramidal reactions, and consult physician if they occur. Monitor diabetic patients, arrange for alteration in insulin dose or timing if diabetic control is compromised by alterations in timing of food absorption. Keep diphenhydramine injection readily available in case extrapyramidal reactions occur (50 mg IM). Have phentolamine readily available in case of hypertensive crisis (most likely to occur with undiagnosed pheochromocytoma). 20) MIDAZOLAM HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Dormicum Classification: hypnotics & sedatives Dosage: 5mg/5mL Indication: tab: disturbances of sleep rhythm, insomnia esp difficulty in falling asleep either initially or after premature awakening, tab/inj:
Emergency Nursing

sedation in premed before surgical or diagnostic procedures, induction & maintenance of anesth. Action: may potentiate the effects of GABA, depress the CNS, and suppress the spread of seizure activity Adverse Reactions: rarely cardioresp adverse events, nausea, vomiting, headache, hiccoughs, laryngospasm, dyspnoea, hallucination, oversedation, drowsiness, ataxia, rash, paradoxical reactions, amnesic episodes. Nursing Measures: Do not administer intra-arterially, which may produce arteriospasm or gangrene. Do not use small veins (dorsum of hand or wrist) for IV injection. Administer IM injections deep into muscle. Monitor IV injection site for extravasation. Arrange to reduce dose of midazolam if patient is also being given opioid analgesics; reduce dosage by at least 50% and monitor patient closely. Monitor level of consciousness prior to, during, and for at least 2–6 hr after administration of midazolam. Carefully monitor P, BP, and respirations carefully during administration. Keep resuscitative facilities readily available; have flumazenil available as antidote if overdose should occur. Keep patients in bed for 3 hr; do not permit ambulatory patients to operate a vehicle following an injection. Arrange to monitor liver and kidney function and CBC at intervals during longterm therapy. Establish safety precautions if CNS changes occur (use side rails, accompany ambulating patient). Provide comfort measures and reassurance for patients receiving diazepam for tetanus. Arrange to taper dosage gradually after long-term therapy. Provide patient with written information regarding recovery and follow-up care. Midazolam is a potent amnesiac and memory may be altered. 21) MORPHINE SULFATE Brand name: Morin Classification: Analgesics (Opioid) Dosage: Adult 5-20 mg IM/SC 4 hrly. Severe or chronic pain Childn 10 mg IM/SC 4 hrly, range: 5-20 mg; 6-12 yr 5-10 mg, 1-5 yr 2.5-5 mg, 1-12 mth 200 mcg/kg, <1 mth 150 mcg/kg 4 hrly. Max: 15 mg. Analgesic effect Ped 100-200 mcg/kg SC 4 hrly, max: 15 mg/dose; or 50-100 mcg/kg slow IV. Pre-op 50-100 mcg/kg IM, max: 10 mg/dose.
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Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Indication: Relief of moderate to severe pain not responsive to non-narcotic analgesics. Premed. Analgesic adjunct in general anesth esp in pain associated w/ cancer, MI & surgery. Alleviates anxiety associated w/ severe pain. Hypnotic for painrelated sleeplessness. Action: alters perception and emotional response to pain Adverse Reactions: Lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation & sweating. Nursing Measures: Caution patient not to chew or crush controlled-release preparations. Dilute and administer slowly IV to minimize likelihood of adverse effects. Tell patient to lie down during IV administration. Keep opioid antagonist and facilities for assisted or controlled respiration readily available during IV administration. Use caution when injecting SC or IM into chilled areas or in patients with hypotension or in shock; impaired perfusion may delay absorption; with repeated doses, an excessive amount may be absorbed when circulation is restored. Reassure patients that they are unlikely to become addicted; most patients who receive opioids for medical reasons do not develop dependence syndromes. 22) NICARDIPINE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Cardepine Classification: Calcium Antagonists Dosage: IV infusion Dilute to 10-20 mg/100 mL (conc of 1.01-0.02%). Initial infusion rate: 5 mg/hr; titrate dose up to 15 mg/hr until desired therapeutic response is achieved (DBP <95 mmHg, SBP <140 mmHg). Maintenance rate: Can be tapered down to ≤10 mg/hr. IV bolus inj 2-7 mg w/out dilution given over 1-2 min. Indication: Hypertensive emergencies or urgencies, peri-op & post-op HTN, hypertensive states of NPO patients. Action: a Calcium channel blocker that inhibits Calcium ion influx across cardiac and smooth muscle cells, also dilates coronary arteries and arterioles Adverse Reactions: Peripheral edema, headache, tachycardia, palpitations, localized thrombophlebitis & hypotension. Nursing Measures: Patients with hepatic impairment should receive lower dose.

Monitor blood pressure.Allow atleast 3 days between dosage adjustment to achieve steady plasma levels. Advise patient to report immediately if experiencing chest pain 23) NTG PATCH Brand name: Deponit, Minitran, Nitrek, Nitro-Dur, Nitrodisc, Transderm-Nitro Classification: Anti-Anginal Drugs Dosage: Starting dose: 0.2-0.4 mg/hr. Dosing schedule: Daily patch-on period of 12-14 hr & daily patch-off period of 10-12 hr. Indication: Prevention of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease Action: a nitrate that reduces cardiac oxygen demand by decreasing left ventricular end diastolic pressure and to a lesser extent, systemic vascular resistance, also increases blood flow through collateral coronary vessels Adverse Reactions: Headache. Transient episodes of lightheadedness. Infrequently, hypotension. Syncope, crescendo angina, rebound HTN, allergic & anaphylactoid reactions. Rarely severe, application site irritation. Nursing Measures: Administer transdermal systems to skin site free of hair and not subject to much movement. Shave areas that have a lot of hair. Do not apply to distal extremities. Change sites slightly to decrease the chance of local irritation and sensitization. Remove transdermal system before attempting defibrillation or cardioversion. To use transdermal systems, you may need to shave an area for application. Apply to a slightly different area each day. Use care if changing brands; each system has a different concentration. 24) PARACETAMOL Brand name: Aeknil Classification: Analgesics (Non-Opioid) & Antipyretics Dosage: Adult & childn ≥10 yr 2-3 mL, ≤10 yr 1-2 mL. Depending on severity of case, dose may be repeated 4 hrly. In severe cases, dose may be administered by IV very slowly Indication: Pyrexia of unknown origin. Fever & pain associated w/ common childhood disorders, tonsillitis, upper resp tract infections postimmunization reactions, after tonsillectomy & other conditions. Prevention of febrile convulsion. Headache, cold, sinusitis, muscle pain, arthritis & toothache
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Emergency Nursing

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Action: produce analgesia by blocking pain impulses by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin in CNS, relieves fever Adverse Reactions: Hematological, skin & other allergic reactions Nursing Measures: Use liquid form for children and patients who have difficulty swallowing. In children, don’t exceed five doses in 24 hours. Advise patient that drug is only for short term use and to consult the physician if giving to children for longer than 5 days or adults for longer than 10 days. Advise patient or caregiver that many over the counter products contain acetaminophen; be aware of this when calculating total dailydose. Warn patient that high doses or unsupervised long term use can cause liver damage. 25) PHENYTOIN Brand name: Dilantin Classification: Anticonvulsants Dosage: Adult Initially 100 mg tid. Maintenance: 300-400 mg daily. Childn ≥6 yr Initially 100 mg tid, subsequent dosage should be adjusted according to therapeutic response, <6 yr 30 mg bid, may be increased to 30 mg tid or qid. Pedia 5 mg/kg/day Initially in 2-3 equally divided doses. Max: 300 mg daily. Maintenance: 4-8 mg/kg/day Indication: Tonic-clonic & complex partial (psychomotor, temporal lobe), prevention & treatment of seizures occurring during or following neurosurgery Action: may stabilize neuronal membranes and limit seizure activity by either by increasing efflux or decreasing influx of Na ions across cell membrane in the motor cortex during generation of nerve impulses Adverse Reactions: GI disturbances; ataxia, slurred speech; diplopia, nystagmus & mental confusion w/ headache, dizziness, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, hyperglycemia, osteomalacia Nursing Measures: Assess location, duration, frequency, and characteristics of seizure activity. EEG may be monitored periodically throughout therapy, Assess oral hygiene. Vigorous oral cleaning beginning within 10 days of initiation of phenytoin therapy may help control gingival hyperplasia.

26) TERBUTALINE Brand name: Bricalin Classification: Antiasthmatic & COPD Preparations Dosage: Antiasthmatic & COPD Preparations Indication: For reversible airways obstruction, in asthma, COPD. Decreases uterine contractility & may be used to arrest premature labor Action: relaxes bronchial smooth muscles by stimulating beta-2 receptors Adverse Reaction: Fine tremor of skeletal muscle esp hands, palpitations, tachycardia, nervous tension, headache, peripheral vasodilation. Nursing Measures: Use minimal periods of time; drug tolerance can occur with prolonged use. Keep beta-adrenergic blocker readily available in case cardiac arrhythmias occur. Do not recommended dosage. 27) VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Calan, Calan SR, Covera-HS, Isoptin, Isoptin SR, Verelan, Verelan PM Classification: Calcium Antagonists Dosage: Isoptin tab Adult 40-80 mg tid-qid. Max: 480 mg daily. Childn >6 yr 40-120 mg bid-tid, up to 360 mg daily, childn ≤6 yr 40 mg bid-tid. Isoptin SR 180 Coronary insufficiency 1 tab bid. Usual daily dose: 240-480 mg. Hypertension 1 tab in the morning. Isoptin SR 240 1 tab in the morning. If required after 2 wk, increase dose to 2 tab daily. Isoptin amp 5 mg slow IV, if required, 5 mg after 510 min. Then, if required, continuous drip infusion of 5-10 mg/hr up to 100 mg/day. Angina pectoris & rapid elimination of tachyarrhythmias 1-2 amp IV, if required bid-tid Indication: Isoptin/Isoptin SR 180 Essential hypertension, chronic coronary insufficiency, angina pectoris, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, tachyarrhythmias, long-term treatment after MI. Isoptin SR 240 Essential hypertension Action: decreases myocardial contractility and oxygen demand, it also dilates coronary arteries and arterioles Adverse Reactions: Constipation, dizziness, nausea. Rarely, vertigo, headache, hypotension, ankle edema, flushing, fatigue, nervousness, erythromelalgia, paraesthesia, neuropathy; bradycardiac arrhythmias, CHF. Dyspnea Nursing Measures: Monitor patient carefully (BP, cardiac rhythm, and output) while drug is being titrated to therapeutic dose. Dosage may be increased more rapidly in hospitalized patients under close supervision.
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Emergency Nursing

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Ensure that patient swallows SR tablets whole: do not cut, crush, or chew them. Monitor BP very carefully with concurrent doses of antihypertensives. Monitor cardiac rhythm regularly during stabilization of dosage and periodically during long-term therapy. Administer sustained-release form in the morning with food to decrease GI upset. Protect IV solution from light. Monitor patients with renal or hepatic impairment carefully for possible drug accumulation and adverse reactions. 28) IPRATROPIUM INHALATION Brand name: Atrovent Classification: Antiasthmatic & COPD Preparations, anticholinergics or antimuscarinics Stock: 0.5 mg/2 mL Dosage: Adult (including elderly) & adolescent >12 yr Acute attacks 1 vial, may repeat doses until patient is stable. Maintenance: 1 vial tid-qid. Indication: Bronchodilator for treatment of bronchospasm associated w/ COPD, including chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma Action: it works by binding to specific receptors (called muscarinic receptors) in the airway, helping to relax the smooth muscle of the airway. When used to treat a runny nose, it works by decreasing the production of fluid in the glands that line the nasal passages Adverse Reaction: Headache, nausea, dry mouth, increased heart rate & palpitations, ocular accommodation disturbances, GI motility disturbances, urinary retention, ocular side effects, cough, local irritation, bronchoconstriction, skin rash, angioedema, urticaria, laryngospasm, anaphylactic reactions. Nursing Measures: Protect solution for inhalation from light. Store unused vials in foil pouch. Use nebulizer mouthpiece instead of face mask to avoid blurred vision or aggravation of narrow-angle glaucoma. Can mix albuterol in nebulizer for up to 1 hr. Ensure adequate hydration, control environmental temperature to prevent hyperpyrexia. Have patient void before taking medication to avoid urinary retention. Teach patient proper use of inhalator.

29) FENOTEROL/IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE Brand name: Berodual Classification: Antiasthmatic & COPD Preparations Dosage: Berodual inhalation soln Adult (including elderly) & adolescent >12 yr Treatment of 1 mL for immediate symptom relief. Intermittent & long-term treatment 1-2 mL for each administration, up to qid. Moderate bronchospasm or w/ assisted ventilation 0.5 mL. Childn 6-12 yr Treatment of attacks 0.5-1 mL. Intermittent & long-term treatment 0.5-1 mL for each administration, up to qid. Moderate bronchospasm or w/ assisted ventilation 0.5 mL. Childn <6 yr (<22 kg body wt) Up to 0.5 mL up to tid. Berodual F UDV Adult & childn >12 yr Acute asthma episodes 1 vial, in very severe cases, 2 vials are needed. Intermittent & longterm treatment 1 vial up to qid. Indication: prevention and treatment of symptoms in chronic obstructive airway disorders with reversible bronchospasm Action: for the prevention and treatment of reversible bronchospasm associated with bronchial asthma and especially chronic bronchitis with or without emphysema Adverse Reactions: Fine tremor of skeletal muscles, nervousness, restlessness, palpitations; less frequently tachycardia, dizziness or headache. Dry mouth, throat irritation or allergic reactions, cough, paradoxical bronchoconstriction (rare). Urinary retention may occur in particular, in patients w/ preexisting outflow tract obstruction. Nursing Measures: Protect solution for inhalation from light. Store unused vials in foil pouch. Use nebulizer mouthpiece instead of face mask to avoid blurred vision or aggravation of narrow-angle glaucoma. Can mix albuterol in nebulizer for up to 1 hr. Ensure adequate hydration, control environmental temperature to prevent hyperpyrexia. Have patient void before taking medication to avoid urinary retention. Teach patient proper use of inhalator. 30) BUDESONIDE Brand name: Symbicort Classification: Corticosteroids Dosage: 80/4.5 mcg x 60 doses; 160/4.5 mcg x 60 doses; 320/9 mcg x 60 doses Indication: regular treatment of asthma where use of a combination (inhaled corticosteroid and long acting beta 2 agonist) is appropriate Action: work by reducing inflammation, which helps with several conditions ranging
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Emergency Nursing

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

from asthma to allergies toCrohn’s disease Adverse Reactions: Abdominal pain, conjunctivitis (pinkeye), cough, diarrhea, ear infection or inflammation, fever, fungal infection in mouth, headache, nasal or sinus inflammation, nosebleed, pain, rash, respiratory infection, stomach or intestinal inflammation, throat inflammation, viral infection, vomiting, wheezing Nursing Measures: Taper systemic steroids carefully during transfer to inhalational steroids; deaths from adrenal insufficiency have occurred. Arrange for use of decongestant nose drops to facilitate penetration if edema, excessive secretions are present. Prime unit before use for Pulmicort Turbuhaler; have patient rinse mouth after each use. Use aerosol within 6 mo of opening. Shake well before each use. Store Respules upright and protected from light; gently shake before use; open envelopes should be discarded after 2 wk. 31) ALBUTEROL INHALATION AND IPRATROPIUM

32) SALBUTAMOL Brand name: Aero-Vent Classification: bronchodilator Stock: 1 mg/1 mL Dose: Adult & childn 2.5-5 mg. May repeat qid by hlebitis. Delivery of aerosol may be by face mask of ―T‖ piece. Use undiluted. For prolonged delivery time, dilute w/ sterile water or normal saline for inj. Indication: treatment of acute, severe asthma and in routine management of chronic bronchospasm unresponsive to conventional therapy Action: used with anti-inflammatory medication to prevent asthma attacks, Some of these medicines are used to treat the symptoms of asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases, while others are used to prevent the symptoms Adverse Reactions: Dizziness, severe; feeling of choking, irritation, or swelling in throat; flushing or redness of skin; hives; increased shortness of breath; skin rash; swelling of face, lips, or eyelids; tightness in chest or wheezing, troubled breathing Nursing Measures: Assess lung sounds, pulse, and blood pressure before administration and during peak of medication. Note amount, color, and character of sputum produced. Monitor pulmonary function tests before initiating therapy and periodically throughout course to determine effectiveness of medication. Observe for paradoxical bronchospasm (wheezing). If condition occurs, withhold medication and notify physician or other health care professional immediately. Instruct mother to take missed dose as soon as remembered, spacing remaining doses at regular intervals. Do not double doses or increase the dose or frequency of doses. Inform the mother not to smoke near the child and to avoid respiratory irritants. Advise the mother to rinse the child’s mouth with water after each inhalation dose to minimize dry mouth. 33) TERBUTALINE SULFATE Brand name: Pulmonyl Classification: Antiasthmatic/ Brochodilator Stock: 2.5 mg/ml Dose: Adult 5-10 mg, Children 2-5mg Indication: relief of bronchospasm in obstructive airway diseases Action: It works by dilating (opening) the bronchioles of the lungs by relaxing the muscles around them. This allows for easier airflow into and out of the lungs
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Brand name: Combivent Classification: Bronchodilators Stock: 2.5 mL Dose: MDI Adult 2 puffs tid-qid. Max 12 puffs/day. Unit dose vial Adult & childn >12 yr 1 vial every 6-8 hr. Childn 2-12 yr 3 drops/kg/dose (max: 2500 mcg of salbutamol) every 6-8 hr. Indication: management of reversible bronchospasm associated with obstructive airway diseases in patients who require more than a single bronchodilator Action: muscles in the airways and increase air flow to the lungs Adverse Reactions: Fine tremor of skeletal muscle; palpitations; headache, dizziness, nervousness; dryness of mouth, throat irritation; urinary retention Nursing Measures: Use nebulizer mouthpiece instead of face mask to avoid blurred vision or aggravation of narrow-angle glaucoma. Can mix albuterol in nebulizer for up to 1 hr. Ensure adequate hydration, control environmental temperature to prevent hyperpyrexia. Have patient void before taking medication to avoid urinary retention. Teach patient proper use of inhalator.

Emergency Nursing

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

Adverse Reactions: Headache, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, tachycardia, sweating & drowsiness Nursing Measures: Use minimal periods of time; drug tolerance can occur with prolonged use. Keep beta-adrenergic blocker readily available in case cardiac arrhythmias occur. Do not recommended dosage. 34) HEPARIN SODIUM Brand name: Britton Heparin Na Classification: Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets & Fibrinolytics (Thrombolytics) Dosage: 5000 iu/1 mL; 25000 iu/1 mL Indication: treatment and prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders Action: Accelerates formation of antithrombin IIIthrombin complex and deactivates thrombin, preventing conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Adverse Reactions: Slight fever, headache, chills, nausea, vomiting, constipation, epistaxis, bruising, slight haematuria, skin necrosis (SC inj), osteoporosis, alopecia. Hypersensitivity reactions include urticaria, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma, angioedema and anaphylactic shock. Priapism. Potentially Fatal: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with or without thrombosis; bleeding Nursing Measures: Baseline blood coagulation tests, Hct, Hgb, RBC and platelet counts prior to initiation or therapy and at regular intervals throughout therapy Monitor APTT levels closely Draw blood for coagulation tests 30 min before each scheduled SC or intermittent IV dose and approximately q4h for pts receiving continuous IV heparin during dosage adjustments period. After dosage is established, tests may be done once daily Pts vary widely in their reaction to heparin; risk of hemorrhage appears greatest in women, all patients > 60 y, and patients with liver disease or renal insufficiency. Monitor vitals, report fever, drop in BP, rapid pulse and other S&S of hemorrhage Observe all needle sites daily for hematoma and signs of inflammation Have on hand protamine sulfate, specific heparin antagonist 35) ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Brevibloc Classification: Beta blockers Dosage: 100mg/10ml
Emergency Nursing

Indication: supraventricular tachycardia; postoperative tachycardia or hypertension; noncompensatory sinus tachycardias; intra-operative tachycardia or hypertension; unstable angina, non ST segment elevation MI Action: A Class II antiarrythmic and ultra-shortacting selective beta blocker that decreases heart rate, contractility and blood pressure Adverse Reactions: Hypotension, bradycardia, heart failure, local irritation, diaphoresis, peripheral ischaemia, dizziness, somnolence, confusion, fatigue, paraesthesia, peripheral neuropathy, headache, weakness, irritability, dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, urinary retention, fever, rigor, muscular pain. Potentially Fatal: Profound bradycardia, AV block, cardiogenic shock, asystole, bronchospasm. Nursing Measures: Monitor patient carefully (BP, cardiac rhythm, and output) while drug is being titrated to therapeutic dose. Dosage may be increased more rapidly in hospitalized patients under close supervision. Monitor cardiac rhythm regularly during stabilization of dosage and periodically during long-term therapy. 36) D 50-50 Brand name: Phil Pharmawealth/Atlantic 50% Dextrose Classification: Intravenous & Other Sterile Solutions Dosage: 50ml/vial Indication: for hypoglycemia Action: A simple water soluble sugar that minimizes glyconeogenesis and promotes anabolism in patients whose oral caloric intake is limited Adverse Reactions: Local pain, vein irritation, thrombophlebitis & tissue necrosis in the event of extravasation. Fluid & electrolyte imbalance eg hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia & hypophosphatemia; edema or water intoxication Nursing Measures: Monitor infusion rate frequently; if signs of fluid overload, turn off IV drip. Infusion may result in fluid overload. Check IV site frequently and if infiltration is noted, turn off IV drip. Watch out for signs of fluid overload (distended neck veins (JVD), rapid respirations, shallow tidal volume, fine auscultatory crackles, dyspnea, and peripheral edema) Watch out for signs of infiltration (swelling and pain around IV site).
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Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

37) POTASSIUM CHLORIDE Brand name: Phil Pharmawealth/Atlantic Potassium Chloride Classification: Electrolytes Dosage: 40 meqs/20 ml Indication: for hypokalemia, acute MI Action: Replaces potassium and maintains potassium level Adverse Reactions: GI ulceration (sometimes with haemorrhage and perforation or with late formation of strictures) following the use of enteric-coated K chloride preparation; hyperkalaemia. Oral: Nausea, vomiting, phlebiti and abdominal cramps. IV: Pain or phlebitis; cardiac toxicity. Nursing Measures: Monitor serum potassium levels, renal function, and serum bicarbonate. Explain to patient purpose of the medication and the need to take as directed,especially when concurrent digoxin or diuretics are taken. A missed dose should be taken as soon as remembered within 2 hr; if not, return to regular doseschedule. Do not double dose. Emphasize correct method of administration. GI irritation or ulceration may result from chewing enteric-coated tablets or insufficient dilution of liquid or powder forms. Some extended-release tablets are contained in a wax matrix that may be expelled in the stool. This occurrence is not significant. Instruct patient to avoid salt substitutes or low-salt milk or food unless approved by health care professional. Patient should be advised to read all labels to prevent excess potassium intake. Advise patient regarding sources of dietary potassium. Encourage compliance with recommended diet. Instruct patient to report dark, tarry, or bloody stools; weakness; unusual fatigue; or tingling of extremities. Notify health care professional if nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach discomfort persists. Dosage may require adjustment. Emphasize the importance of regular follow-up exams to monitor serum levels and progress. 38) LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Brand name: Abbott Lidocaine Classification: Anaesthetics - Local & General Dosage: 50 ml/vial
Emergency Nursing

Indication: local or regional anesthesia Action: A class IB antiarrythmic that decreases the depolarization, automaticity, and excitability in the ventricles during the diastolic phase by direct action on the tissues especially the Purkinje network Adverse Reactions: Restlessness, nervousness, dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision; GI upsets; muscle twitching, convulsions; numbness of the tongue; hypotension, bradycardia; methemoglobinaemia; fetal intoxication. Nursing Measures: Check drug concentration carefully; many concentrations are available. Reduce dosage with hepatic or renal failure. Continuously monitor response when used as antiarrhythmic or injected as local anesthetic. Keep life-support equipment and vasopressors readily available in case severe adverse reaction (CNS, CV, or respiratory) occurs when lidocaine is injected. Establish safety precautions if CNS changes occur; have IV diazepam or short-acting barbiturate (thiopental, thiamylal) readily available in case of seizures. Monitor for malignant hyperthermia (jaw muscle spasm, rigidity); have life-support equipment and IV dantrolene on standby. Titrate dose to minimum needed for cardiac stability, when using lidocaine as antiarrhythmic. Reduce dosage when treating arrhythmias in CHF, digitalis toxicity with AV block, and geriatric patients. Monitor fluid load carefully; more concentrated solutions can be used to treat arrhythmias in patients on fluid restrictions. Have patients who have received lidocaine as a spinal anesthetic remain lying flat for 6– 12 hr afterward, and ensure that they are adequately hydrated to minimize risk of headache. Check lidocaine preparation carefully; epinephrine is added to solutions of lidocaine to retard the absorption of the local anesthetic from the injection site. Be sure that such solutions are used only to produce local anesthesia. These solutions should be injected cautiously in body areas supplied by end arteries and used cautiously in patients with peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, or diabetes. Use caution to prevent choking. Patient may have difficulty swallowing following use of
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Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

oral topical anesthetic. Do not give food or drink for 1 hr after use of oral anesthetic. Treat methemoglobinemia with 1% methylene blue, 0.1 mg/kg, IV over 10 min. Apply lidocaine ointments or creams to a gauze or bandage before applying to the skin. Monitor for safe and effective serum drug concentrations (antiarrhythmic use: 1–5 mcg/mL). Doses > 6–10 mcg/mL are usually toxic 39) SODIUM BICARBONATE Brand name: Hospira Sodium Bicarbonate Classification: Alkalinizers Dosage: 10mEq/10ml; 50mEq/50ml Indication: metabolic acidosis, systemic or urinary alkalinization, antacid, cardiac arrest Action: Restores buffering capacity of the body and neutralizes excess acid Adverse Reaction: Tetany, edema, gastric distention, belching, flatulence, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, chemical cellulitis because of alkalinity, pain, irritation, tissue necrosis, ulceration or sloughing at the site of infiltration Nursing Measures: do not take drug with milk to avoid hypercalcemia, abnormally high alkalinity in tissues and fluids, or kidney stones. do not give to patients with metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, and in those with hypocalcemia in which alkalosis may produce tetany, hypertension, seizures, or heart failure. monitor for alkalosis by obtaining blood pH, PaO2, PCO2, and electrolyte levels 40) DOPAMINE Brand name: Intropin Classification: Adrenergics (Sympathomimetics) Dosage: 40 mg/Ml; 80  mg/mL; 160 mg/mL Indication : shock and hemodynamic imbalances, hypotension Action: Stimulates dopaminergic and alpha beta receptors for the sympathetic nervous system resulting in a positive inotropic effect and increased cardiac output. Action is dose-related; large doses cause mainly alpha stimulation Adverse Reaction: ectopic beats, tachycardia, anginal pain, palpitation, hypotension, vasoconstriction, ventricular arrhythmias, hypertension, headache, anxiety, dilated pupils, nausea, vomiting, decreased urine output, dyspnea

Nursing Measures: Monitor vital signs and ECG closely throughout therapy. Monitor I&O regularly; note decreases in urine output. Monitor central venous pressure or pulmonary wedge pressure if possible during infusion. Note significant changes in vital signs, ECG changes, deterioration of peripheral pulses, and/or cold, mottled extremities 41) DOBUTAMINE Brand name: Dobatrey Classification: Adrenergics Dosage: 12.5 mg/mL Indication: increased cardiac output in short term treatment of cardiac decompensation caused by depressed contractility Action: Stimulates heart’s beta1 receptors to increase myocardial contractility and stroke volume. Increases cardiac output by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance, reducing ventricular filling pressure, and facilitating AV node conduction Adverse Reaction: increased systolic BP, increased heart rate, chest pain, increased number of premature ventricular beats, headache, tingling sensations, paresthesia. nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, phlebitis, local inflammation after infiltration, leg cramps Nursing Measures: Monitor vital signs, ECG, cardiac output, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, central venous pressure and urinary output carefully throughout infusion. Monitor patency and placement of IV catheter to reduce risk of extravasation and phlebitis. Watch out for symptoms of overdosage such as excessive hypertension, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, tremor, headache, chest pain 42) LIDOCAINE PREMIXED Brand name: Xylocaine Classification: Antiarrhythmic agent, Local anesthetic Dosage: 0.2% (2mg/ml); 0.4% (4g/ml); 0.8% (8g/ml) Indication: ventricular arrhythmias caused by MI, cardiac manipulation or cardiac glycosides Action: Acts as an anesthetic by stabilizing the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses, thereby effecting local anesthetic action. Also acts as an antiarrhythmic by decreasing the depolarization, automaticity, and excitability in the
Abejo

Emergency Nursing

Medical and Surgical Nursing Emergency Nursing Prepared by: Mark Fredderick R. Abejo R.N, M.A.N

ventricles during the diastolic phase by a direct action on the tissues, especially the Purkinje network, without involvement of the autonomic system. Neither contractility, systolic arterial blood pressure, atrioventricular (AV) conduction velocity, nor absolute refractory period is altered by usual therapeutic doses Adverse Reaction: bradycardia, cardiac arrest, CV collapse, hypotension, apprehension, confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, hallucinations, headache, light-headedness, mood changes, nervousness, tremors, conjunctival hyperemia, corneal epithelial changes, diplopia, tinnitus, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, erythema, petechiae, edema, injection-site reactions, including bruising, burning, contusion, hemorrhage, local reactions, including soreness at IM injection site, venous thrombosis or phlebitis, extravasation, burning, stinging, sloughing, respiratory depression or arrest, hypersensitivity reactions Nursing Measures: Explain that adverse reactions related to the CNS (eg, drowsiness, confusion, paresthesias, convulsions, respiratory arrest) can occur and are a result of CNS toxicity. Advise patient that drug may cause dizziness or drowsiness and to avoid getting out of bed or walking without assistance. Advise patients that skin reactions, including erythema, petechiae, and edema, may occur with intradermal injection. Systemic effects can occur following topical use; use lowest possible dose to avoid serious toxicity, shock, or heart block. Do not use in patients with congenital or idiopathic methemoglobinemia or in infants younger than 12  mo of age who are receiving methemoglobin-inducing drugs. Use with caution and in lower doses in patients with CHF, reduced cardiac output, digitalis toxicity, and in elderly patients 43) MANNITOL Brand name: Osmitrol Classification: osmotic diuretic Dosage: 5% , 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% in 500cc/1,000cc Indication: test dose for marked oliguria or suspected inadequate renal function, oliguria, to reduce intraocular or intracranial pressure, diuresis in drug intoxication Action: Increases osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate; drug elevates plasma osmolality Adverse Reaction: Increased urination, nausea, runny nose, vomiting, severe allergic reactions (rash, hives, itching, difficulty breathing, tightness in the chest, swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue),
Emergency Nursing

blurred vision, chest pain, chills or fever, confusion, decreased alertness, difficulty urinating, extreme dizziness, extreme thirst or dry mouth, fast or irregular heartbeat, headache, muscle cramps, pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, weakness

Nursing Measures: Monitor vital signs, including CVP, and fluid intake and output. Monitor weight, renal function, and serum sodium and potassium levels daily Watch out for symptoms of overdosage such as excessive hypertension, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, tremor, headache, chest pain To relieve thirst, give frequent mouth care and fluids 44) DEXTROSE SOLUTION 5% IN WATER (D5W)

Brand name: None Classification: Isotonic/Hypotonic Solution Dosage: 250ml bottles (5g dextrose/100ml water) Indication: fluid replacement and caloric supplementation in patients who can’t maintain adequate oral intake or are restricted from doing so Action: Provides some sugar for cellular metabolism and supplies body water Adverse Reaction: Increases free water and may cause intracellular edema, fluid overload, infiltration (swelling and pain at infusion site) Nursing Measures: Monitor infusion rate frequently; if signs of fluid overload, turn off IV drip. Infusion may result in fluid overload. Check IV site frequently and if infiltration is noted, turn off IV drip. Watch out for signs of fluid overload (distended neck veins (JVD), rapid respirations, shallow tidal volume, fine auscultatory crackles, dyspnea, and peripheral edema) Watch out for signs of infiltration (swelling and pain around IV site).

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