Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation, And Entrepreneurship
Content
Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship
Elias G. Carayannis
Editor
Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship
With 376 Figures and 97 Tables
Editor Elias G. Carayannis Department of Information Systems & Technology Management, School of Business George Washington University Washington, DC, USA
ISBN 978-1-4614-3857-1 ISBN 978-1-4614-3858-8 (eBook) ISBN 978-1-4614-4579-1 (Print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/ 978-1-4614-3858-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
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Preface
I am pleased to share with you perhaps the first in its nature, scale and scope, publishing project trying to bring together theories, practices and policies related to the nature and dynamics of creativity, invention, innovation and entrepreneurship. In collaboration with Springer Publishers, the four Associate Editors of the Springer Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship and I have brought to completion this precedent-setting and intellectual footprintdefining Work of Reference. The aim has been to help define the intellectual scaffolds for the four related emerging thematic areas of research and practice. Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Elias G. Carayannis, Department of Information Systems & Technology Management, School of Business, George Washington University, USA Creativity Associate Editor Dr. Igor N. Dubina, Altai State University, Russia Invention Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Norbert Seel, University of Freiburg, Germany Innovation Associate Editor Dr. David F. J. Campbell, University of Klagenfurt, Austria Entrepreneurship Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Dimitri Uzunidis, Universite du Littoral, France The CI2E Encyclopedia has a total of 274 entries including definitions / entries of approximately 2,000-4,000 words apiece plus longer (up to 6000 words) essays. The presentation style of the entries is informational / educational; the entries describe, define, synthesize, and review a topic, whereas there are several entries that showcase original theoretical or empirical research findings (see for instance the piece on the Epidemiology of Innovation). We have included qualified input from Government, University, Industry and Civil Society researchers, policy makers and practitioners. All contributions were reviewed on the basis of peer review as well as editorial review.
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The CI2E Encyclopedia will consist of both print and on-line versions and will remain a living conceptual platform that will incorporate new entries on an ongoing basis in its online version and will have follow up print editions on a periodic basis. May 2013 Elias G. Carayannis PhD, MBA, BScEE, CPMMA Washington, DC, USA
About the Editor
Elias G. Carayannis Title: Professor of Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Department: Information Systems & Technology Management, School of Business Address: Funger Hall, Suite 515C Phone: (202) 994-4062 Email: [email protected] Degrees: Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1994 M.B.A., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1990 B.Sc.E.E., National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 1985 Area of Expertise Dr. Elias G. Carayannis is full professor of Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, as well as co-founder and co-director of the Global and Entrepreneurial Finance Research Institute (GEFRI) and director of Research on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, European Union Research Center, (EURC) at the School of Business of the George Washington University in Washington, DC. Dr. Carayannis’ teaching and research activities focus on the areas of strategic Government-University-Industry R&D
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About the Editor
partnerships, technology road-mapping, technology transfer and commercialization, international science and technology policy, technological entrepreneurship, and regional economic development. Publications Dr. Carayannis has several publications in both academic and practitioner journals, including the following: • IEEE Transactions in Engineering Management • Research Policy • Journal of R&D Management • Journal of Engineering and Technology Management • International Journal of Technology Management • International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management • International Journal of Technovation • Journal of Technology Transfer • Engineering Management Journal • Journal of Growth and Change • Review of Regional Studies • International Journal of Global Energy Issues • International Journal of Environment and Pollution • Le Progres Technique • Focus on Change Management He has also published 16 books to date on science, technology, innovation and entrepreneurship with Springer Publishers, CRC Press, Praeger/ Greenwood, Palgrave/MacMillan, and Edward Elgar, and has several more projects under contract. He has also published working papers with the World Bank and given invited lectures on a number of occasions at the World Bank, the IADB, the European Union, and several universities. Professional Activities Dr. Carayannis has the following professional roles and affiliations: • Editor in chief of the Springer Journal of the Knowledge Economy • Editor in chief of the Springer Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship: A Systems View Across Time and Space • Editor in chief of the IGI International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development • Editor in chief of the Edward Elgar Book Series on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship • Editor in chief of the Springer Book Series on Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management • Associate editor of the International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development ¨ nko ¨ ping School of Entrepreneurship, Sweden • Visiting professor at the Jo • Visiting professor at Grenoble Ecole de Management, France • Visiting senior research fellow at Southeastern European Research Center, Greece • Visiting senior research fellow at NIFU-STEP, Norway
About the Editor
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He has consulted for a wide variety of technology-driven organizations in both government and the private sector, including the World Bank, the European Commission, the Inter-American Development Bank, the US Agency for International Development, IKED, the National Science Foundation Small Business Innovation Research Program, the National Institute of Standards and Technology Advanced Technology Program, the National Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing (NACFAM), the USN CNO Office, Sandia National Laboratories’ New Technological Ventures Initiative, the General Electric Corporate Training & Development Center, Cowen & Co, First Albany International, and others. Current Research Dr. Carayannis is engaged with doctoral students and colleagues from around the world in the following areas of research: • Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship • New Technology Ventures Formation and Financing • Technology Innovation Metrics and Measurement • International Science & Technology Policies and Practices • International Development and Technology Entrepreneurship • Technology Transfer and Commercialization • Strategic Government – University-Industry R&D Partnerships • Regional Economic Development • Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters • ICT-Enabled Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Other Dr. Carayannis is the co-founder and co-director of the Global and Entrepreneurial Finance Research Institute (GEFRI) and director of Research on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship of the European Union Research Center (EURC) at the GW School of Business. He is fluent in English, French, German, Greek, and has a working knowledge of Spanish.
Associate Editors
Igor N. Dubina, Ph.D. in Social Philosophy, Dr.Sc.h. in Mathematical Economics, Vice-Rector for Strategic Programs and International Cooperation, Altai State University. Igor N. Dubina has a Ph.D. in social sciences and a Dr.Sc. in mathematical economics. Recently, he is a vice-rector for Strategic Programs and International Cooperation and professor of Mathematical Economics at Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia. His educational background is in the fields of economics and statistical analysis, his Ph.D. dissertation (1999) was on the topic “Creativity as a Phenomenon of Social Communications,” and his habilitation Dr.Sc. dissertation (2012) was on the topic “Game Theory Models for the Organization of Creative and Innovative Activities in Firms.” His research interests are concentrated in interdisciplinary approaches to creativity and innovation studies, mathematical and computer simulation of innovation, survey design and statistical methods for empirical social and economic research. Dr. Dubina has published 11 monographs and textbooks on creativity and innovation management, and mathematical methods and models for social and economic research, including Creativity Management in the Innovation Economy (Moscow, 2009); Statistical Methods for Social and Economic Research (Moscow, 2010); Game Theory Fundamentals (Moscow, 2010); Managing Creative and Innovative People: The Art,
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Science and Craft of Fostering Creativity, Triggering Invention and Catalyzing Innovation (London/Westport, 2007); Creative Approaches in Business and Management (Barnaul, 2007); and over 80 papers in Russian and English. During 2010–2011 academic year, Dr. Dubina was a Fulbright visiting scholar at the George Washington University (GWU) School of Business (Washington, DC). From August 2004 to July 2005, he worked in the Department of Management Science at GWU and in the International Center for Studies in Creativity (Buffalo, NY) as a visiting research scholar. During the 2009 fall semester, he was in a position of a visiting research fellow at the Central European University (Budapest, Hungary). He presented conference papers in over 20 countries and gave guest lectures in George Washington University, Texas A&M University, Drake University, Buffalo State College, Waubonsee College (USA), Central European University (Hungary), Japan Institute of Applied Technologies, Kindai University (Japan), and other universities over the world.
Associate Editors
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Norbert M. Seel, Dr. phil. Dr. habil, Professor emeritus of Education, University of Freiburg, Germany. Dr. Norbert M. Seel was chair and distinguished professor for research on learning and instruction as well as the head of the Department of Educational Science at the Albert-Ludwigs-University at Freiburg, Germany, until September 2012. From 1992 to 1998, he was a professor at the Technical University of Dresden where he also was the dean of the School of Education. He graduated from Saarland University in 1979. His research interests include model-based learning and thinking, inductive reasoning and complex problem solving, the investigation of exploratory learning within technology-enhanced environments, creativity and processes of decision making in instructional settings. Dr. Seel has published or edited more than 20 books, among them the textbook Psychology of Learning (2nd ed.), as well as more than 200 refereed journal articles and book chapters in the area of cognitive psychology, learning research and instruction. He is the editor in chief of the Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning.
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Associate Editors
David F. J. Campbell, The Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (iff), Institute of Science Communication and Higher Education Research (WIHO), Vienna, Austria. The University of Applied Arts Vienna, Unit for Quality Enhancement, Vienna, Austria. The University of Vienna, Lecturer in Political Science, Department of Political Science, Vienna, Austria. David F. J. Campbell is a research fellow (senior scientist) at the Institute of Science Communication and Higher Education Research (WIHO), Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (iff), Alpen-Adria-University of Klagenfurt (http://uni-klu.ac.at/wiho/inhalt/876.htm); lecturer in Political Science at the University of Vienna (http://politikwissenschaft.univie.ac.at/institut/ personen/lektorinnen/); and quality enhancement manager and quality researcher at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna (http://www. dieangewandte.at/jart/prj3/angewandte/main.jart?rel=de&content-id=12688 29109404&reserve-mode=active). He studied political science at the University of Vienna and finished with a doctoral degree in 1996. Campbell lead-authored Epistemic Governance in Higher Education: Quality Enhancement of Universities for Development (Springer, 2013) and Democracy Ranking (Edition 2012): The Quality of Democracy in the World (Books on Demand, 2012); coauthored Mode 3 Knowledge Production in Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems: 21st-Century Democracy, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship for Development (Springer, 2012); coedited Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Springer, 2013, forthcoming); Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Use in Innovation Networks and ¨sterreich: Knowledge Clusters (Praeger, 2006); and Demokratiequalita ¨t in O Zustand und Entwicklungsperspektiven (Leske+Budrich, 2002) (“Democracy Quality in Austria”). His articles on knowledge, innovation, knowledge economy and democracy, knowledge democracy, and quality of democracy have been published in several international journals. Campbell teaches (taught) at the University of Klagenfurt, University of Vienna, and George Washington University in Washington D.C. (Elliott School of International Affairs).
Associate Editors
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David Campbell is academic director of the global Democracy Ranking of the quality of democracy (http://www.democracyranking.org), and senior associate editor of two new journals, launched in 2010 and 2012: 1. Journal of the Knowledge Economy (JKEC) (SPRINGER), http:// www.springer.com/economics/policy/journal/13132 2. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (JIE) (SPRINGER Open Source), http://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/ entrepreneurship/journal/13731
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Associate Editors
Dimitri Uzunidis, Professor of Economics, University of Littoral and Westford Business School. After having worked in various international and Hellenic institutions (Ministry of Industry and the Economy), Dimitri Uzunidis was named as an ˆ te d’Opale associate professor in 1992 at the new University of Littoral Co (Dunkirk, France). He participated in the establishment of this university, where he founded and managed the Research Unit on Industry and Innovation (Lab.RII). A specialist in the international political economics and in the economics of innovation and entrepreneurship, he currently teaches in some French-speaking and Greek universities. Dimitri Uzunidis has published and edited many books on international economics and on economics of innovation. The research he has developed on the innovation, entrepreneur, and the dynamics of capitalism has given rise to some major publications at the international level: John Kenneth Galbraith and the Future of Economics (Palgrave MacMillan, London, 2005); Innovation, Evolution and Economic Change: New Ideas in the Tradition of Galbraith (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2006); Genesis of Innovation: Systemic Linkages Between Knowledge and Market (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008); Powerful Finance and Innovation Trends in a High-Risk Economy (Palgrave MacMillan, 2008); Innovation Networks and Clusters: The Knowledge Backbone (Peter Lang, Brussels, 2010); and Crisis, Innovation and Sustainable Development: The Ecological Opportunity (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2012). Dimitri Uzunidis has also significant responsibilities in the scientific edition sector, he is the editor of international journals: Innovations, Cahiers ´ conomie de l’innovation and Journal of Innovation Economics. The d’e former in French and the latter in English are published by De Boeck and ´ et organisations Cairn. He is also director of publication of the series Marche ´ and L’esprit economique at L’Harmattan, Paris. He is also editor of Business and Innovation series, Peter Lang, Brussels. Dimitri Uzunidis is currently president of the Research Network on Innovation (http://2ri.eu).
Contributors
Marian Adolf Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany ¨ mer Akin School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, O Pittsburgh, PA, USA Carol R. Aldous School of Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia Andrei G. Aleinikov International Academy of Genius, Monterey, CA, USA Laurice Alexandre-Leclair Research Network on Innovation, CEDAG Paris Descartes University, Paris, France Sharam Alijani Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, Reims Management School, Reims, France Darien Allan Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Carl Martin Allwood Department of Psychology, University of ¨ teborg, Sweden Gothenburg, Go Beth Altringer Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA Alessandro Antonietti Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy Markus Arnold Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF), Institute for Science Communication & Higher Education Research (WIHO), AlpenAdria University of Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria Arvind Ashta Burgundy School of Business (ESC Dijon-Bourgogne), CEREN, CERMi, Dijon, France ´ Paris 1 Panthe ´ on´ e ENSTA ParisTech, Universite Jonathan Baine Sorbonne – France, Paris, France Mohamed Bakhouya Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland
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Contributors
Chaffik Bakkali University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier Recherche Management, ISEM, Montpellier, France Pierre Barbaroux French Air Force Research Center, BA 701-EOAA/ CReA, Salon Air-France, France ´ de Montre ´ al, Montreal, Canada Gerald Bartels Universite Thorsten D. Barth Political Scientist & Academic Entrepreneur, Vienna Democracy Ranking Organization - Academic Ranking Team, Vienna, Austria ´ Ibn Redouane Barzi Ecole Nationale de Commerce et Gestion, Universite Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco Tim Basadur College of Business, Krauss Hall 215, Concordia University Chicago, River Forest, IL, USA Min Basadur Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Gerald Bast University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria Alain Philippe Batsale University of Paris 12, Paris, France Frank Beckenbach University of Kassel, FB Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Kassel, Germany Guy Ben-Ari Defense Industrial Initiatives Group, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, USA Nicolas Bencherki Center for the Sociology of Innovation, Mines ParisTech University, Paris, France ´ de Rennes 2, ´ raud TELECOM Bretagne & CIAPHS, Universite Philippe Be ´ vigne ´ , France Campus de Rennes, Cesson Se James Berry Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Tarek R. Besold Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabr€ uck, Osnabr€ uck, Germany Sonali Bhattacharya Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Development, Pune, Maharashtra, India Shubhasheesh Bhattacharya Symbiosis Institute of International Business, Pune, Maharashtra, India Peter S. Biegelbauer Department Foresight and Policy Development, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria Magdalena Bielenia-Grajewska University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy Andreas Binder Industrial Mathematics Competence Center, MathConsult GmbH, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria
Contributors
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´ Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Mauro Birattari IRIDIA, Universite Belgium Alan F. Blackwell Computer Laboratory, Crucible Network for Research in Interdisciplinary Design, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Gerhard W. E. Blasche Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Vincent Boly Equipe de recherche sur les processus innovatifs (ERPI), ´ de Lorraine, Nancy, France Universite Maria Bonnafous-Boucher Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France ´ rieur de Gestion, Paris-France, Paris, Najoua Boufaden ISG – Institut Supe France ´ le ` ne Perrin Boulonne France Angels, Paris, France He Pierre Bourgogne CAIRN-INNOVATION Consulting Agency, BLENODLES-PAM, France Sophie Boutillier Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE– CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network on Innovation, Dunkerque, France ˆ te Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral Co d’Opale, Dunkerque, France Jay L. Brand Ideation, Haworth, Inc., Holland, MI, USA ´ de Franche-Comte ´ , Besanc Pascale Brenet IAE, Universite ¸ on, France ´ e Politique Suisse, Institute of Political Science, €hlmann Anne Marc Bu University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ´ orique et Thierry Burger-Helmchen BETA- Bureau d’Economie The ´ e, EM Strasbourg, Universite ´ de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Applique Cyndi Burnett International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo, NY, USA Kevin Byron Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK John F. Cabra International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY, USA Anuja Cabraal Graduate School of Business and Law, College of Business, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Mauricio Camargo ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France David F. J. Campbell Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF), Institute of Science Communication and Higher Education Research, Alpen–Adria– University Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria University of Applied Arts, Vienna, Austria
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Contributors
George S. Campbell Vienna, Austria Elias G. Carayannis Department of Information Systems & Technology Management, School of Business, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA Hernan Casakin School of Architecture, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel ´ d’Avignon IUT TC, Avignon, France Didier Chabaud Universite Ming Ming Chiu University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA ´ liard, Belfort, Denis Choulier University of Technology of Belfort Montbe France Francois Christophe Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland ´ a Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto Eric Coatane University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland Cinzia Colapinto Department of Management, Ca’ Foscari University Venice, Venice, Italy Barbara Colombo Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy ´ of Bordeaux 3 & MICA, Bordeaux, France Franck Cormerais Universite ´ de Lome ´ , Lome, Togo Mawuli Couchoro CERFEG, FASEG, Universite Jerry Courvisanos The Business School, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia Helen De Cruz Somerville College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Centre for Logic and Analytical Philosophy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Alexander Damianisch Support Art and Research, University of Applied Arts, Vienna, Austria ´ partement de kine ´ siologie, Universite ´ de Montre ´ al, Marie-France Daniel De ´ al, Que ´ bec, Canada Montre Maria Daskalakis University of Kassel, FB Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Kassel, Germany Jim Davies Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada James Day Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Karl Dayson Department of Sociology and Criminolgy, University of Salford, Salford, UK
Contributors
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Robert L. DeHaan Division of Educational Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Marc-Hubert Depret University of Poitiers, IRIAF, CRIEF, Niort, France Robert H. Desmarteau Department of Strategy, Social and Environmental Responsabilities, School of Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada ´ -CNRS, University Lille 1 and RRI, Villeneuve Faridah Djellal Clerse d’Ascq, France Marija Dobrovolska-Stoian Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia Igor N. Dubina Economic Information Systems, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia Susanne Durst University of Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Liechtenstein Geert Duysters Brabant Center of Entrepreneurship, Eindhoven University of Technology and Tilburg University, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Robert P. Eckert New & Improved, LLC, Paul Smiths, NY, USA Ingi Runar Edvardsson University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Michihiko Esaki Wisdom Management Research, DTCN International Incorporation, Gifu City, Japan Dawn Eubanks Behavioural Science and Strategy, Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Nikolaos G. Evangelatos Intensive Care Unit, Klinikum N€ urnberg, Bayern, Germany Joshua Fairchild The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA Alain Fayolle EM Lyon Business School, Grenoble, France Gregory J. Feist Department of Psychology, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA Roger Firestien Innovation Resources Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA Joe ¨ lle Forest EVS-ITUS UMR5600, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Lyon, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France ´ seau de Recherche sur I’Innovation (RRI), Laboratoire Claude Fournier Re de recherche sur I’industrie et I’innovation (Lab.RII), Dunkerque, France Janice Francisco BridgePoint Effect, Ottawa, Canada Liane Gabora Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Contributors
Andrea Gaggioli Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy ´ de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que ´ bec, Canada Mathieu Gagnon Universite ´ Mixte de Recherche Delphine Gallaud INRA CESAER (UMR 1041), Unite INRA-Agrosup, Dijon Cedex, France ´ -CNRS, University Lille 1 and RRI, Villeneuve d’Ascq, Faı ¨z Gallouj Clerse France Christian Garaus Institute of Human Resource and Change Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria Raghu Garud Department of Management and Organization, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA Brigitte Gay University of Toulouse, Toulouse Business School, Toulouse, France Robert M. Gemmell Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA Horst Geschka Geschka & Partner Unternehmensberatung, Darmstadt, Germany Michael Gibbons SPRU (Science Policy Research Unit), University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Georg Glaeser Institute of Arts and Technology, Department of Geometry, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria Aytac Gogus BAGEM, Center for Individual and Academic Development, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey Richard Tabor Greene De Tao Master’s Academy, Beijing, China System Design & Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Samapti Guha Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Priya Dhamija Gupta Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Management, Pune, Maharashtra, India €ttel Institute of Human Resource and Change ManageWolfgang H. Gu ment, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria Samia Haddad Institute of High Commercial Studies of Tunis (IHEC), Tunis, Tunisia Mavis Haigh Faculty of Education, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Abdelillah Hamdouch Planning Department, Polytechnic School, University of Tours, Tours, Cedex 3, France
Contributors
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Ulrike Hanke Department of Educational Science, Albert-LudwigsUniversity of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Cynthia Hardy Department of Management & Marketing, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Phillip Sinclair Harvard EIGSI – University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France Parina Hassanaly IEP (Institute of Political Studies), Aix en Provence, France John Haworth Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK Thomas Heinze Lehrstuhl f€ ur Universit€ at Wuppertal, Germany Organisationssoziologie, Bergische
Andreas Heller University of Klagenfurt | Vienna Graz, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF Vienna) Department of Palliative Care and Organisational Ethics, Vienna, Austria Ludger Helms University of Innsbruck, Institute of Political Science, Innsbruck, Austria Sven Hemlin Gothenburg Research Institute (GRI), School of Business, Economics and Law & Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, ¨ teborg, Sweden Go Beth A. Hennessey Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA Takeo Higuchi Idea-Marathon Institute (IMS Institute)/University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan Rae Ann Hirsh Early Childhood, Carlow University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Josef Hochgerner Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Vienna, Austria Bjørn M. Hofmann University College of Gjøvik, Gjøvik, Norway University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway W. David Holford Department of Management and Technology, School of Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada Werner Ho ¨ lzl Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna, Austria ´ tico de Economı ´a Polı ´tica, Universidad Rey Jesus Huerta de Soto Catedra Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain Samuel T. Hunter The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Contributors
Dirk Ifenthaler Department of Educational Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA Jonathan Impett School of Media and Performing Arts, Middlesex University, London, UK Jean-Pierre Issa International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo State College, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA Anna Katharina Jacob Zentrum fuer Hochschul- und Qualitaetsentwicklung (ZfH), Universitaet Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany Garrett Jaeger University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Sabina Jaeger Auckland University of Technology-New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand Jonatan Jelen Parsons The New School for Design, New York, NY, USA Bjo ¨ rn Johnson Department of Business and Management, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Renata Jonina Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia Nowshade Kabir Knolee Group, Toronto, ON, Canada Robert Kaiser Seminar of Social Sciences, University of Siegen, Siegen, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany Thomas Kaiserfeld Departmant of Arts and Cultural Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Bahman Kalantari Department of Computer Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, NJ, USA Dafna Kariv The School of Business Administration, The College of Management Academic Studies, Rishon Lezion, Hamerkaz, Israel James C. Kaufman Department of Psychology, Learning Research Institute, California State University at San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA Uwe H. Kaufmann Centre for Organisational Effectiveness/COE, Singapore, Singapore Ralph Kerle The Creative Leadership Forum, Willoughby, Australia Stefan Kesting Auckland University of Technology-New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand Daehyun Kim University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Kyung Hee Kim The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA Laurens Klerkx Knowledge, Technology and Innovation Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Group,
Contributors
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David A. Kolb Department of Organization Behavior, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Stefan Konlechner Institute of Human Resource and Change Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria Gerhard Krauss Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France €cken International Centre for Higher Education Research Georg Kru (INCHER), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany Ulf Krumnack Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabr€ uck, € Osnabruck, Germany Stefan Kuhlmann Science, Technology, and Policy Studies (STePS), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands €hnberger Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Kai-Uwe Ku Osnabr€ uck, Osnabr€ uck, Germany Hubert Lackner Institute of Human Resource and Change Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria Thomas Lans Education and Competence Studies Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Blandine Laperche Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE– CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network on Innovation, Dunkerque, France ˆ te Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral Co d’Opale, Dunkerque, France Edgar Lasevich Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia Kung Wong Lau Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Eric Michael Laviolette Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France Divya Leducq School of Geography and Planning, University of Lille 1, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Johannes Leitner University for Applied Sciences bfi Vienna, Vienna, Austria Nadine Levratto EconomiX, UMR 7235 CNRS, University Paris Ouest ´ fense and Euromed Management, Nanterre, France Nanterre La De Loet Leydesdorff Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Gordana Licina Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Brampton, ON, Canada
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Contributors
Peter Liljedahl Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Malin Lindberg Department of Business Administration, Technology and ˚ University of Technology, Lulea ˚ , Sweden Social Sciences, Lulea ˚ ke Lundvall Department of Business and Management, Aalborg Bengt-A University, Aalborg, Denmark Stuart Mackenzie The Business School, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia Steve Maguire Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, Montreal, Canada ´ de Montpellier, Montpelier, France Michel Marchesnay ERFI, Universite Ben R. Martin SPRU – Science and Technology Policy Research, The Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Jason L. Mast Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany Ruth Mateus-Berr Institute of Art Sciences and Art Education, Institute of Art & Society, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria Camargo Mauricio ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France Kurt Mayer REFLACT – Sustainable Consulting, Vienna, Austria Galina Medyna Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland ´ line Merlin-Brogniart CLERSE, Lille, France Ce University of Lille–France, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Karim Messeghem University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier Recherche Management, AES, Montpellier, France Michael Meyer Nonprofit Management Group, WU – Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria Winter Meyer Learning Research Institute, California State University at San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA Dimis Michaelides Performa Consulting, Nicosia, Cyprus Blair Miller Blair Miller Innovation, Evanston, IL, USA Alfonso Montuori Department of Transformative Inquiry, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA Seana Moran Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA Laure Morel ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
Contributors
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Piera Morlacchi Department of Business and Management, School of Business Management and Economics (BMEc), University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, UK €ller Institute of Human Resource and Change Management, Barbara Mu Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria €ller Wiener Institut fu €r Sozialwissenschaftliche Dokumentation Karl H. Mu und Methodik (WISDOM), Vienna, Austria Marc Muller International University Institute, Munsbach, Luxembourg ´ de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Francis Munier BETA, Universite Abu Saleh Mohammad Musa Credit and Development Forum (CDF), Dhaka, Bangladesh Bence Nanay Centre for Philosophical Psychology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Peterhouse University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Ferreira Nathalie Research Network of Innovation, Paris, France ´e Patrice Noailles RRI – Marne-la-Valle Investissement, MemoPage.com, Paris, France University, Seillans
Kamisah Osman Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia Andreas Panagopoulos University of Crete, Rethymnon, Greece Elke Park Institute for Science Communication and Higher Education Research (WIHO), University of Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria Florin Paun ONERA – The French Aerospace Lab, Palaiseau Cedex, France Ingrid Vaileanu Paun Institut de l’Evaluation Participative de la Valeur Territoriale, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France Michael Pawlikowski University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA Michael Peneder Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna, Austria ´ nin University of Strasbourg – BETA (UMR 7522 CNRS-UdS), Julien Pe Strasbourg Cedex, France Yvon Pesqueux Conservatoire National des Arts ´ veloppement des Syste ` mes d’Organisation, Paris, France De et ´ tiers, Me
´ , Aix-enFrancesca Petrella Lest CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universite provence, France
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Contributors
Thomas Pfeffer Department for Migration and Globalization, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria Institute for Science Communication and Higher Education Research, Klagenfurt University, Vienna, Austria Fabienne Picard University of Technology of Belfort-Montbeliard, Belfort, France Robert A. Pierce Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA ´ Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Carlotta Piscopo IRIDIA, Universite Belgium Christian Poncet ART-Dev, University of Montpellier, Montpelier CEDEX 01, France Colin Porlezza Institute of Media and Journalism, University of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland Barbara Prainsack Department of Sociology and Communications, Brunel University School of Social Sciences, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK Heiko Prange-Gsto ¨ hl DG Research & Innovation, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium Hector Ramos Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education & Human Development, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA Suzanna J. Ramos Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education & Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Kathleen Randerson University of Grenoble IUT2-CERAG, Grenoble, France Clint Randles Center for Music Education Research, School of Music, MUS 317 College of the Art, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Jacques-Laurent Ravix University of Nice Sophia Antipolis and CNRS, Valbonne, France ´ seau de Recherche sur l’Innovation, Dunkerque, France Julie Ray Re Olga M. Razumnikova Cognitive Physiology Laboratory, State Research Institute of Physiology SB RAMS, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia Sophie Reboud UWA Western Australia Groupe ESC Dijon Bourgogne, Burgundy School of Business, Dijon, France Renaud Redien-Collot Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France ´ , Aix-enNadine Richez-Battesti Lest CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universite provence, France
Contributors
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Alan G. Robinson Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA Serge Le Roux Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral, Dunkerque, France Research Network on Innovation, Paris, France Mark A. Runco University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Anne-Laure Saives Department of Management and Technology, School of Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada Sylvie Sammut University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier Recherche Management, ISEM, Montpellier, France ˚ bo Akademi University, Aljona Sandgren School of Business, A ˚ Turku/Abo, Finland Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Sweden Helene Schiffbaenker JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Vienna, Austria Willi Schlegelmilch Manager, ¨ naich, Germany Scho Accounting System Standardisation,
Adele L. Schmidt School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Russell Schneck WorkingLessons, Red Hook, NY, USA Wilfred Schoenmakers Management Studies Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Klaus Schuch Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Austria Angela Schwering Institute for Geoinformatics, University of M€ unster, M€ unster, Germany Norbert M. Seel Department of Education, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Franz Seifert Austrian Science Fund FWF (Funding Organization), Vienna, Austria ` s, Tunisia Imen Selmi National Engineering School of Gabes (ENIG), Gabe Pieter Seuneke Rural Sociology Wageningen, The Netherlands Group, Wageningen University,
Robina Shaheen The Open University, Milton, Keynes, UK Dean Keith Simonton Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Contributors
Ph Nina Slanevskaya St. Petersburg Centre for Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia David A. Smarsh International Academy of Genius, Monterey, CA, USA Johan De Smedt Department of Philosophy & Ethics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Alexander Sokol Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia Hefa SONG Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Markku Sotarauta School of Management, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Philippe Spieser Groupe Escpeurope, Paris, France John E. Spillan School of Business, University of North Carolina At Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA Nico Stehr Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany Anne Stenros KONE Corporation, Espoo, Finland Sam Stern College of Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Billy Strean Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada K. S. Subramanian Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Gregory Tassey National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA Leı ¨la Temri Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France Stephen Thaler Imagination Engines, Inc., St. Charles, MO, USA Mazzarol Tim UWA Business School, Crawley, WA, Australia ´ Torre AgroParistech, UMR SAD-APT, Paris, France Andre ` s University of Montpellier South of France, Montpellier, Olivier Torre France Faruk Ulgen UFR ESE-University of Grenoble II, Grenoble Cedex 9, France Eskil Ullberg Interdisciplinary Center for Experimental Science, George Mason University, Fairfax County, VA, USA ˜ ez, Las Condes, Santiago, Diego Uribe-Larach Universidad Adolfo Iban Chile
Contributors
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´ Therapeutic Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Vuk Uskokovic Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Dimitri Uzunidis Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE– CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network on Innovation, Dunkerque, France Political Economy, Research Unit on Industry and Innovation University, ˆ te d’Opale, Dunkerque, France University of Littoral Co Jonathan Vehar Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC, USA ´ Competence Centre New Technologies, FraunhoEtienne Vignola-Gagne fer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Karlsruhe, Germany Life–Science–Governance Research Platform, Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Daniela Villani Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy Yingxu Wang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Institute of Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing (ICIC), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Peter R. Webster Department of Music Studies, Henry and Leigh Bienen School of Music, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Gerhard Weiss Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Vienna, Austria European Forest Institute Central–East European Regional Office (EFICEEC), European Forest Institute, Vienna, Austria Claudia Wenzel University of Klagenfurt | Vienna Graz, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF Vienna), Department of Palliative Care and Organisational Ethics, Vienna, Austria ´ du Littoral (RRI Dunkerque), ConsultingMarian Wielezynski Universite European Union, Beauvais, France Lee Wilson Division of Social Anthropology, Department of Archeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK David M. Wineroither Department of Political Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Jeffrey G. Woods School of Business, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA Fangqi Xu The Institute for Creative Management and Innovation, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan Shinya Yamamoto Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
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Contributors
Titus Yong Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore Sureyya Yoruk University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Christopher Ziemnowicz Department of Management, Marketing, and International Business, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA Andrea Zirm Hochschule f€ ur Angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW), Wentorf, Hamburg, Germany Boris Zlotin Ideation International Inc., Farmington Hills, MI, USA Alla Zusman Ideation International Inc., Farmington Hills, MI, USA
Elias G. Carayannis
Editor
Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship
With 376 Figures and 97 Tables
Editor Elias G. Carayannis Department of Information Systems & Technology Management, School of Business George Washington University Washington, DC, USA
ISBN 978-1-4614-3857-1 ISBN 978-1-4614-3858-8 (eBook) ISBN 978-1-4614-4579-1 (Print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/ 978-1-4614-3858-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013931184 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media LLC 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of his publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or mplied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
I am pleased to share with you perhaps the first in its nature, scale and scope, publishing project trying to bring together theories, practices and policies related to the nature and dynamics of creativity, invention, innovation and entrepreneurship. In collaboration with Springer Publishers, the four Associate Editors of the Springer Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship and I have brought to completion this precedent-setting and intellectual footprintdefining Work of Reference. The aim has been to help define the intellectual scaffolds for the four related emerging thematic areas of research and practice. Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Elias G. Carayannis, Department of Information Systems & Technology Management, School of Business, George Washington University, USA Creativity Associate Editor Dr. Igor N. Dubina, Altai State University, Russia Invention Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Norbert Seel, University of Freiburg, Germany Innovation Associate Editor Dr. David F. J. Campbell, University of Klagenfurt, Austria Entrepreneurship Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Dimitri Uzunidis, Universite du Littoral, France The CI2E Encyclopedia has a total of 274 entries including definitions / entries of approximately 2,000-4,000 words apiece plus longer (up to 6000 words) essays. The presentation style of the entries is informational / educational; the entries describe, define, synthesize, and review a topic, whereas there are several entries that showcase original theoretical or empirical research findings (see for instance the piece on the Epidemiology of Innovation). We have included qualified input from Government, University, Industry and Civil Society researchers, policy makers and practitioners. All contributions were reviewed on the basis of peer review as well as editorial review.
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The CI2E Encyclopedia will consist of both print and on-line versions and will remain a living conceptual platform that will incorporate new entries on an ongoing basis in its online version and will have follow up print editions on a periodic basis. May 2013 Elias G. Carayannis PhD, MBA, BScEE, CPMMA Washington, DC, USA
About the Editor
Elias G. Carayannis Title: Professor of Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Department: Information Systems & Technology Management, School of Business Address: Funger Hall, Suite 515C Phone: (202) 994-4062 Email: [email protected] Degrees: Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1994 M.B.A., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1990 B.Sc.E.E., National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 1985 Area of Expertise Dr. Elias G. Carayannis is full professor of Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, as well as co-founder and co-director of the Global and Entrepreneurial Finance Research Institute (GEFRI) and director of Research on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, European Union Research Center, (EURC) at the School of Business of the George Washington University in Washington, DC. Dr. Carayannis’ teaching and research activities focus on the areas of strategic Government-University-Industry R&D
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About the Editor
partnerships, technology road-mapping, technology transfer and commercialization, international science and technology policy, technological entrepreneurship, and regional economic development. Publications Dr. Carayannis has several publications in both academic and practitioner journals, including the following: • IEEE Transactions in Engineering Management • Research Policy • Journal of R&D Management • Journal of Engineering and Technology Management • International Journal of Technology Management • International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management • International Journal of Technovation • Journal of Technology Transfer • Engineering Management Journal • Journal of Growth and Change • Review of Regional Studies • International Journal of Global Energy Issues • International Journal of Environment and Pollution • Le Progres Technique • Focus on Change Management He has also published 16 books to date on science, technology, innovation and entrepreneurship with Springer Publishers, CRC Press, Praeger/ Greenwood, Palgrave/MacMillan, and Edward Elgar, and has several more projects under contract. He has also published working papers with the World Bank and given invited lectures on a number of occasions at the World Bank, the IADB, the European Union, and several universities. Professional Activities Dr. Carayannis has the following professional roles and affiliations: • Editor in chief of the Springer Journal of the Knowledge Economy • Editor in chief of the Springer Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship: A Systems View Across Time and Space • Editor in chief of the IGI International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development • Editor in chief of the Edward Elgar Book Series on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship • Editor in chief of the Springer Book Series on Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management • Associate editor of the International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development ¨ nko ¨ ping School of Entrepreneurship, Sweden • Visiting professor at the Jo • Visiting professor at Grenoble Ecole de Management, France • Visiting senior research fellow at Southeastern European Research Center, Greece • Visiting senior research fellow at NIFU-STEP, Norway
About the Editor
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He has consulted for a wide variety of technology-driven organizations in both government and the private sector, including the World Bank, the European Commission, the Inter-American Development Bank, the US Agency for International Development, IKED, the National Science Foundation Small Business Innovation Research Program, the National Institute of Standards and Technology Advanced Technology Program, the National Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing (NACFAM), the USN CNO Office, Sandia National Laboratories’ New Technological Ventures Initiative, the General Electric Corporate Training & Development Center, Cowen & Co, First Albany International, and others. Current Research Dr. Carayannis is engaged with doctoral students and colleagues from around the world in the following areas of research: • Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship • New Technology Ventures Formation and Financing • Technology Innovation Metrics and Measurement • International Science & Technology Policies and Practices • International Development and Technology Entrepreneurship • Technology Transfer and Commercialization • Strategic Government – University-Industry R&D Partnerships • Regional Economic Development • Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters • ICT-Enabled Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Other Dr. Carayannis is the co-founder and co-director of the Global and Entrepreneurial Finance Research Institute (GEFRI) and director of Research on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship of the European Union Research Center (EURC) at the GW School of Business. He is fluent in English, French, German, Greek, and has a working knowledge of Spanish.
Associate Editors
Igor N. Dubina, Ph.D. in Social Philosophy, Dr.Sc.h. in Mathematical Economics, Vice-Rector for Strategic Programs and International Cooperation, Altai State University. Igor N. Dubina has a Ph.D. in social sciences and a Dr.Sc. in mathematical economics. Recently, he is a vice-rector for Strategic Programs and International Cooperation and professor of Mathematical Economics at Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia. His educational background is in the fields of economics and statistical analysis, his Ph.D. dissertation (1999) was on the topic “Creativity as a Phenomenon of Social Communications,” and his habilitation Dr.Sc. dissertation (2012) was on the topic “Game Theory Models for the Organization of Creative and Innovative Activities in Firms.” His research interests are concentrated in interdisciplinary approaches to creativity and innovation studies, mathematical and computer simulation of innovation, survey design and statistical methods for empirical social and economic research. Dr. Dubina has published 11 monographs and textbooks on creativity and innovation management, and mathematical methods and models for social and economic research, including Creativity Management in the Innovation Economy (Moscow, 2009); Statistical Methods for Social and Economic Research (Moscow, 2010); Game Theory Fundamentals (Moscow, 2010); Managing Creative and Innovative People: The Art,
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Science and Craft of Fostering Creativity, Triggering Invention and Catalyzing Innovation (London/Westport, 2007); Creative Approaches in Business and Management (Barnaul, 2007); and over 80 papers in Russian and English. During 2010–2011 academic year, Dr. Dubina was a Fulbright visiting scholar at the George Washington University (GWU) School of Business (Washington, DC). From August 2004 to July 2005, he worked in the Department of Management Science at GWU and in the International Center for Studies in Creativity (Buffalo, NY) as a visiting research scholar. During the 2009 fall semester, he was in a position of a visiting research fellow at the Central European University (Budapest, Hungary). He presented conference papers in over 20 countries and gave guest lectures in George Washington University, Texas A&M University, Drake University, Buffalo State College, Waubonsee College (USA), Central European University (Hungary), Japan Institute of Applied Technologies, Kindai University (Japan), and other universities over the world.
Associate Editors
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Norbert M. Seel, Dr. phil. Dr. habil, Professor emeritus of Education, University of Freiburg, Germany. Dr. Norbert M. Seel was chair and distinguished professor for research on learning and instruction as well as the head of the Department of Educational Science at the Albert-Ludwigs-University at Freiburg, Germany, until September 2012. From 1992 to 1998, he was a professor at the Technical University of Dresden where he also was the dean of the School of Education. He graduated from Saarland University in 1979. His research interests include model-based learning and thinking, inductive reasoning and complex problem solving, the investigation of exploratory learning within technology-enhanced environments, creativity and processes of decision making in instructional settings. Dr. Seel has published or edited more than 20 books, among them the textbook Psychology of Learning (2nd ed.), as well as more than 200 refereed journal articles and book chapters in the area of cognitive psychology, learning research and instruction. He is the editor in chief of the Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning.
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Associate Editors
David F. J. Campbell, The Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (iff), Institute of Science Communication and Higher Education Research (WIHO), Vienna, Austria. The University of Applied Arts Vienna, Unit for Quality Enhancement, Vienna, Austria. The University of Vienna, Lecturer in Political Science, Department of Political Science, Vienna, Austria. David F. J. Campbell is a research fellow (senior scientist) at the Institute of Science Communication and Higher Education Research (WIHO), Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (iff), Alpen-Adria-University of Klagenfurt (http://uni-klu.ac.at/wiho/inhalt/876.htm); lecturer in Political Science at the University of Vienna (http://politikwissenschaft.univie.ac.at/institut/ personen/lektorinnen/); and quality enhancement manager and quality researcher at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna (http://www. dieangewandte.at/jart/prj3/angewandte/main.jart?rel=de&content-id=12688 29109404&reserve-mode=active). He studied political science at the University of Vienna and finished with a doctoral degree in 1996. Campbell lead-authored Epistemic Governance in Higher Education: Quality Enhancement of Universities for Development (Springer, 2013) and Democracy Ranking (Edition 2012): The Quality of Democracy in the World (Books on Demand, 2012); coauthored Mode 3 Knowledge Production in Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems: 21st-Century Democracy, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship for Development (Springer, 2012); coedited Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Springer, 2013, forthcoming); Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Use in Innovation Networks and ¨sterreich: Knowledge Clusters (Praeger, 2006); and Demokratiequalita ¨t in O Zustand und Entwicklungsperspektiven (Leske+Budrich, 2002) (“Democracy Quality in Austria”). His articles on knowledge, innovation, knowledge economy and democracy, knowledge democracy, and quality of democracy have been published in several international journals. Campbell teaches (taught) at the University of Klagenfurt, University of Vienna, and George Washington University in Washington D.C. (Elliott School of International Affairs).
Associate Editors
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David Campbell is academic director of the global Democracy Ranking of the quality of democracy (http://www.democracyranking.org), and senior associate editor of two new journals, launched in 2010 and 2012: 1. Journal of the Knowledge Economy (JKEC) (SPRINGER), http:// www.springer.com/economics/policy/journal/13132 2. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (JIE) (SPRINGER Open Source), http://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/ entrepreneurship/journal/13731
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Associate Editors
Dimitri Uzunidis, Professor of Economics, University of Littoral and Westford Business School. After having worked in various international and Hellenic institutions (Ministry of Industry and the Economy), Dimitri Uzunidis was named as an ˆ te d’Opale associate professor in 1992 at the new University of Littoral Co (Dunkirk, France). He participated in the establishment of this university, where he founded and managed the Research Unit on Industry and Innovation (Lab.RII). A specialist in the international political economics and in the economics of innovation and entrepreneurship, he currently teaches in some French-speaking and Greek universities. Dimitri Uzunidis has published and edited many books on international economics and on economics of innovation. The research he has developed on the innovation, entrepreneur, and the dynamics of capitalism has given rise to some major publications at the international level: John Kenneth Galbraith and the Future of Economics (Palgrave MacMillan, London, 2005); Innovation, Evolution and Economic Change: New Ideas in the Tradition of Galbraith (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2006); Genesis of Innovation: Systemic Linkages Between Knowledge and Market (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008); Powerful Finance and Innovation Trends in a High-Risk Economy (Palgrave MacMillan, 2008); Innovation Networks and Clusters: The Knowledge Backbone (Peter Lang, Brussels, 2010); and Crisis, Innovation and Sustainable Development: The Ecological Opportunity (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2012). Dimitri Uzunidis has also significant responsibilities in the scientific edition sector, he is the editor of international journals: Innovations, Cahiers ´ conomie de l’innovation and Journal of Innovation Economics. The d’e former in French and the latter in English are published by De Boeck and ´ et organisations Cairn. He is also director of publication of the series Marche ´ and L’esprit economique at L’Harmattan, Paris. He is also editor of Business and Innovation series, Peter Lang, Brussels. Dimitri Uzunidis is currently president of the Research Network on Innovation (http://2ri.eu).
Contributors
Marian Adolf Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany ¨ mer Akin School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University, O Pittsburgh, PA, USA Carol R. Aldous School of Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia Andrei G. Aleinikov International Academy of Genius, Monterey, CA, USA Laurice Alexandre-Leclair Research Network on Innovation, CEDAG Paris Descartes University, Paris, France Sharam Alijani Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, Reims Management School, Reims, France Darien Allan Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Carl Martin Allwood Department of Psychology, University of ¨ teborg, Sweden Gothenburg, Go Beth Altringer Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA Alessandro Antonietti Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy Markus Arnold Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF), Institute for Science Communication & Higher Education Research (WIHO), AlpenAdria University of Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria Arvind Ashta Burgundy School of Business (ESC Dijon-Bourgogne), CEREN, CERMi, Dijon, France ´ Paris 1 Panthe ´ on´ e ENSTA ParisTech, Universite Jonathan Baine Sorbonne – France, Paris, France Mohamed Bakhouya Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland
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Contributors
Chaffik Bakkali University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier Recherche Management, ISEM, Montpellier, France Pierre Barbaroux French Air Force Research Center, BA 701-EOAA/ CReA, Salon Air-France, France ´ de Montre ´ al, Montreal, Canada Gerald Bartels Universite Thorsten D. Barth Political Scientist & Academic Entrepreneur, Vienna Democracy Ranking Organization - Academic Ranking Team, Vienna, Austria ´ Ibn Redouane Barzi Ecole Nationale de Commerce et Gestion, Universite Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco Tim Basadur College of Business, Krauss Hall 215, Concordia University Chicago, River Forest, IL, USA Min Basadur Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Gerald Bast University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria Alain Philippe Batsale University of Paris 12, Paris, France Frank Beckenbach University of Kassel, FB Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Kassel, Germany Guy Ben-Ari Defense Industrial Initiatives Group, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, USA Nicolas Bencherki Center for the Sociology of Innovation, Mines ParisTech University, Paris, France ´ de Rennes 2, ´ raud TELECOM Bretagne & CIAPHS, Universite Philippe Be ´ vigne ´ , France Campus de Rennes, Cesson Se James Berry Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Tarek R. Besold Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabr€ uck, Osnabr€ uck, Germany Sonali Bhattacharya Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Development, Pune, Maharashtra, India Shubhasheesh Bhattacharya Symbiosis Institute of International Business, Pune, Maharashtra, India Peter S. Biegelbauer Department Foresight and Policy Development, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria Magdalena Bielenia-Grajewska University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy Andreas Binder Industrial Mathematics Competence Center, MathConsult GmbH, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria
Contributors
xix
´ Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Mauro Birattari IRIDIA, Universite Belgium Alan F. Blackwell Computer Laboratory, Crucible Network for Research in Interdisciplinary Design, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Gerhard W. E. Blasche Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Vincent Boly Equipe de recherche sur les processus innovatifs (ERPI), ´ de Lorraine, Nancy, France Universite Maria Bonnafous-Boucher Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France ´ rieur de Gestion, Paris-France, Paris, Najoua Boufaden ISG – Institut Supe France ´ le ` ne Perrin Boulonne France Angels, Paris, France He Pierre Bourgogne CAIRN-INNOVATION Consulting Agency, BLENODLES-PAM, France Sophie Boutillier Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE– CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network on Innovation, Dunkerque, France ˆ te Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral Co d’Opale, Dunkerque, France Jay L. Brand Ideation, Haworth, Inc., Holland, MI, USA ´ de Franche-Comte ´ , Besanc Pascale Brenet IAE, Universite ¸ on, France ´ e Politique Suisse, Institute of Political Science, €hlmann Anne Marc Bu University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ´ orique et Thierry Burger-Helmchen BETA- Bureau d’Economie The ´ e, EM Strasbourg, Universite ´ de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Applique Cyndi Burnett International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo, NY, USA Kevin Byron Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK John F. Cabra International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY, USA Anuja Cabraal Graduate School of Business and Law, College of Business, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Mauricio Camargo ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France David F. J. Campbell Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF), Institute of Science Communication and Higher Education Research, Alpen–Adria– University Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria University of Applied Arts, Vienna, Austria
xx
Contributors
George S. Campbell Vienna, Austria Elias G. Carayannis Department of Information Systems & Technology Management, School of Business, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA Hernan Casakin School of Architecture, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel ´ d’Avignon IUT TC, Avignon, France Didier Chabaud Universite Ming Ming Chiu University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA ´ liard, Belfort, Denis Choulier University of Technology of Belfort Montbe France Francois Christophe Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland ´ a Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto Eric Coatane University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland Cinzia Colapinto Department of Management, Ca’ Foscari University Venice, Venice, Italy Barbara Colombo Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy ´ of Bordeaux 3 & MICA, Bordeaux, France Franck Cormerais Universite ´ de Lome ´ , Lome, Togo Mawuli Couchoro CERFEG, FASEG, Universite Jerry Courvisanos The Business School, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia Helen De Cruz Somerville College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Centre for Logic and Analytical Philosophy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Alexander Damianisch Support Art and Research, University of Applied Arts, Vienna, Austria ´ partement de kine ´ siologie, Universite ´ de Montre ´ al, Marie-France Daniel De ´ al, Que ´ bec, Canada Montre Maria Daskalakis University of Kassel, FB Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Kassel, Germany Jim Davies Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada James Day Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Karl Dayson Department of Sociology and Criminolgy, University of Salford, Salford, UK
Contributors
xxi
Robert L. DeHaan Division of Educational Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Marc-Hubert Depret University of Poitiers, IRIAF, CRIEF, Niort, France Robert H. Desmarteau Department of Strategy, Social and Environmental Responsabilities, School of Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada ´ -CNRS, University Lille 1 and RRI, Villeneuve Faridah Djellal Clerse d’Ascq, France Marija Dobrovolska-Stoian Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia Igor N. Dubina Economic Information Systems, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia Susanne Durst University of Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Liechtenstein Geert Duysters Brabant Center of Entrepreneurship, Eindhoven University of Technology and Tilburg University, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Robert P. Eckert New & Improved, LLC, Paul Smiths, NY, USA Ingi Runar Edvardsson University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland Michihiko Esaki Wisdom Management Research, DTCN International Incorporation, Gifu City, Japan Dawn Eubanks Behavioural Science and Strategy, Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Nikolaos G. Evangelatos Intensive Care Unit, Klinikum N€ urnberg, Bayern, Germany Joshua Fairchild The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA Alain Fayolle EM Lyon Business School, Grenoble, France Gregory J. Feist Department of Psychology, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA Roger Firestien Innovation Resources Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA Joe ¨ lle Forest EVS-ITUS UMR5600, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Lyon, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France ´ seau de Recherche sur I’Innovation (RRI), Laboratoire Claude Fournier Re de recherche sur I’industrie et I’innovation (Lab.RII), Dunkerque, France Janice Francisco BridgePoint Effect, Ottawa, Canada Liane Gabora Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
xxii
Contributors
Andrea Gaggioli Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy ´ de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que ´ bec, Canada Mathieu Gagnon Universite ´ Mixte de Recherche Delphine Gallaud INRA CESAER (UMR 1041), Unite INRA-Agrosup, Dijon Cedex, France ´ -CNRS, University Lille 1 and RRI, Villeneuve d’Ascq, Faı ¨z Gallouj Clerse France Christian Garaus Institute of Human Resource and Change Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria Raghu Garud Department of Management and Organization, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA Brigitte Gay University of Toulouse, Toulouse Business School, Toulouse, France Robert M. Gemmell Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA Horst Geschka Geschka & Partner Unternehmensberatung, Darmstadt, Germany Michael Gibbons SPRU (Science Policy Research Unit), University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Georg Glaeser Institute of Arts and Technology, Department of Geometry, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria Aytac Gogus BAGEM, Center for Individual and Academic Development, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey Richard Tabor Greene De Tao Master’s Academy, Beijing, China System Design & Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan Samapti Guha Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Priya Dhamija Gupta Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Management, Pune, Maharashtra, India €ttel Institute of Human Resource and Change ManageWolfgang H. Gu ment, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria Samia Haddad Institute of High Commercial Studies of Tunis (IHEC), Tunis, Tunisia Mavis Haigh Faculty of Education, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Abdelillah Hamdouch Planning Department, Polytechnic School, University of Tours, Tours, Cedex 3, France
Contributors
xxiii
Ulrike Hanke Department of Educational Science, Albert-LudwigsUniversity of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Cynthia Hardy Department of Management & Marketing, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Phillip Sinclair Harvard EIGSI – University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France Parina Hassanaly IEP (Institute of Political Studies), Aix en Provence, France John Haworth Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK Thomas Heinze Lehrstuhl f€ ur Universit€ at Wuppertal, Germany Organisationssoziologie, Bergische
Andreas Heller University of Klagenfurt | Vienna Graz, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF Vienna) Department of Palliative Care and Organisational Ethics, Vienna, Austria Ludger Helms University of Innsbruck, Institute of Political Science, Innsbruck, Austria Sven Hemlin Gothenburg Research Institute (GRI), School of Business, Economics and Law & Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, ¨ teborg, Sweden Go Beth A. Hennessey Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA Takeo Higuchi Idea-Marathon Institute (IMS Institute)/University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan Rae Ann Hirsh Early Childhood, Carlow University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Josef Hochgerner Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Vienna, Austria Bjørn M. Hofmann University College of Gjøvik, Gjøvik, Norway University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway W. David Holford Department of Management and Technology, School of Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada Werner Ho ¨ lzl Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna, Austria ´ tico de Economı ´a Polı ´tica, Universidad Rey Jesus Huerta de Soto Catedra Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain Samuel T. Hunter The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
xxiv
Contributors
Dirk Ifenthaler Department of Educational Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA Jonathan Impett School of Media and Performing Arts, Middlesex University, London, UK Jean-Pierre Issa International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo State College, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA Anna Katharina Jacob Zentrum fuer Hochschul- und Qualitaetsentwicklung (ZfH), Universitaet Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany Garrett Jaeger University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Sabina Jaeger Auckland University of Technology-New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand Jonatan Jelen Parsons The New School for Design, New York, NY, USA Bjo ¨ rn Johnson Department of Business and Management, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Renata Jonina Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia Nowshade Kabir Knolee Group, Toronto, ON, Canada Robert Kaiser Seminar of Social Sciences, University of Siegen, Siegen, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany Thomas Kaiserfeld Departmant of Arts and Cultural Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Bahman Kalantari Department of Computer Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, NJ, USA Dafna Kariv The School of Business Administration, The College of Management Academic Studies, Rishon Lezion, Hamerkaz, Israel James C. Kaufman Department of Psychology, Learning Research Institute, California State University at San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA Uwe H. Kaufmann Centre for Organisational Effectiveness/COE, Singapore, Singapore Ralph Kerle The Creative Leadership Forum, Willoughby, Australia Stefan Kesting Auckland University of Technology-New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand Daehyun Kim University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Kyung Hee Kim The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA Laurens Klerkx Knowledge, Technology and Innovation Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Group,
Contributors
xxv
David A. Kolb Department of Organization Behavior, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Stefan Konlechner Institute of Human Resource and Change Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria Gerhard Krauss Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France €cken International Centre for Higher Education Research Georg Kru (INCHER), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany Ulf Krumnack Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabr€ uck, € Osnabruck, Germany Stefan Kuhlmann Science, Technology, and Policy Studies (STePS), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands €hnberger Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Kai-Uwe Ku Osnabr€ uck, Osnabr€ uck, Germany Hubert Lackner Institute of Human Resource and Change Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria Thomas Lans Education and Competence Studies Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Blandine Laperche Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE– CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network on Innovation, Dunkerque, France ˆ te Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral Co d’Opale, Dunkerque, France Edgar Lasevich Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia Kung Wong Lau Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Eric Michael Laviolette Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France Divya Leducq School of Geography and Planning, University of Lille 1, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Johannes Leitner University for Applied Sciences bfi Vienna, Vienna, Austria Nadine Levratto EconomiX, UMR 7235 CNRS, University Paris Ouest ´ fense and Euromed Management, Nanterre, France Nanterre La De Loet Leydesdorff Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Gordana Licina Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Brampton, ON, Canada
xxvi
Contributors
Peter Liljedahl Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Malin Lindberg Department of Business Administration, Technology and ˚ University of Technology, Lulea ˚ , Sweden Social Sciences, Lulea ˚ ke Lundvall Department of Business and Management, Aalborg Bengt-A University, Aalborg, Denmark Stuart Mackenzie The Business School, University of Ballarat, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia Steve Maguire Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, Montreal, Canada ´ de Montpellier, Montpelier, France Michel Marchesnay ERFI, Universite Ben R. Martin SPRU – Science and Technology Policy Research, The Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK Jason L. Mast Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany Ruth Mateus-Berr Institute of Art Sciences and Art Education, Institute of Art & Society, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria Camargo Mauricio ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France Kurt Mayer REFLACT – Sustainable Consulting, Vienna, Austria Galina Medyna Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland ´ line Merlin-Brogniart CLERSE, Lille, France Ce University of Lille–France, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France Karim Messeghem University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier Recherche Management, AES, Montpellier, France Michael Meyer Nonprofit Management Group, WU – Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria Winter Meyer Learning Research Institute, California State University at San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA Dimis Michaelides Performa Consulting, Nicosia, Cyprus Blair Miller Blair Miller Innovation, Evanston, IL, USA Alfonso Montuori Department of Transformative Inquiry, California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA Seana Moran Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA Laure Morel ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
Contributors
xxvii
Piera Morlacchi Department of Business and Management, School of Business Management and Economics (BMEc), University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex, UK €ller Institute of Human Resource and Change Management, Barbara Mu Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria €ller Wiener Institut fu €r Sozialwissenschaftliche Dokumentation Karl H. Mu und Methodik (WISDOM), Vienna, Austria Marc Muller International University Institute, Munsbach, Luxembourg ´ de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Francis Munier BETA, Universite Abu Saleh Mohammad Musa Credit and Development Forum (CDF), Dhaka, Bangladesh Bence Nanay Centre for Philosophical Psychology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Peterhouse University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Ferreira Nathalie Research Network of Innovation, Paris, France ´e Patrice Noailles RRI – Marne-la-Valle Investissement, MemoPage.com, Paris, France University, Seillans
Kamisah Osman Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, The National University of Malaysia, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia Andreas Panagopoulos University of Crete, Rethymnon, Greece Elke Park Institute for Science Communication and Higher Education Research (WIHO), University of Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria Florin Paun ONERA – The French Aerospace Lab, Palaiseau Cedex, France Ingrid Vaileanu Paun Institut de l’Evaluation Participative de la Valeur Territoriale, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France Michael Pawlikowski University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA Michael Peneder Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna, Austria ´ nin University of Strasbourg – BETA (UMR 7522 CNRS-UdS), Julien Pe Strasbourg Cedex, France Yvon Pesqueux Conservatoire National des Arts ´ veloppement des Syste ` mes d’Organisation, Paris, France De et ´ tiers, Me
´ , Aix-enFrancesca Petrella Lest CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universite provence, France
xxviii
Contributors
Thomas Pfeffer Department for Migration and Globalization, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria Institute for Science Communication and Higher Education Research, Klagenfurt University, Vienna, Austria Fabienne Picard University of Technology of Belfort-Montbeliard, Belfort, France Robert A. Pierce Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA ´ Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Carlotta Piscopo IRIDIA, Universite Belgium Christian Poncet ART-Dev, University of Montpellier, Montpelier CEDEX 01, France Colin Porlezza Institute of Media and Journalism, University of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland Barbara Prainsack Department of Sociology and Communications, Brunel University School of Social Sciences, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK Heiko Prange-Gsto ¨ hl DG Research & Innovation, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium Hector Ramos Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education & Human Development, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA Suzanna J. Ramos Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education & Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Kathleen Randerson University of Grenoble IUT2-CERAG, Grenoble, France Clint Randles Center for Music Education Research, School of Music, MUS 317 College of the Art, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Jacques-Laurent Ravix University of Nice Sophia Antipolis and CNRS, Valbonne, France ´ seau de Recherche sur l’Innovation, Dunkerque, France Julie Ray Re Olga M. Razumnikova Cognitive Physiology Laboratory, State Research Institute of Physiology SB RAMS, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia Sophie Reboud UWA Western Australia Groupe ESC Dijon Bourgogne, Burgundy School of Business, Dijon, France Renaud Redien-Collot Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France ´ , Aix-enNadine Richez-Battesti Lest CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universite provence, France
Contributors
xxix
Alan G. Robinson Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA Serge Le Roux Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral, Dunkerque, France Research Network on Innovation, Paris, France Mark A. Runco University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Anne-Laure Saives Department of Management and Technology, School of Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada Sylvie Sammut University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier Recherche Management, ISEM, Montpellier, France ˚ bo Akademi University, Aljona Sandgren School of Business, A ˚ Turku/Abo, Finland Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Sweden Helene Schiffbaenker JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Vienna, Austria Willi Schlegelmilch Manager, ¨ naich, Germany Scho Accounting System Standardisation,
Adele L. Schmidt School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Russell Schneck WorkingLessons, Red Hook, NY, USA Wilfred Schoenmakers Management Studies Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands Klaus Schuch Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Austria Angela Schwering Institute for Geoinformatics, University of M€ unster, M€ unster, Germany Norbert M. Seel Department of Education, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Franz Seifert Austrian Science Fund FWF (Funding Organization), Vienna, Austria ` s, Tunisia Imen Selmi National Engineering School of Gabes (ENIG), Gabe Pieter Seuneke Rural Sociology Wageningen, The Netherlands Group, Wageningen University,
Robina Shaheen The Open University, Milton, Keynes, UK Dean Keith Simonton Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
xxx
Contributors
Ph Nina Slanevskaya St. Petersburg Centre for Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia David A. Smarsh International Academy of Genius, Monterey, CA, USA Johan De Smedt Department of Philosophy & Ethics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Alexander Sokol Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia Hefa SONG Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Markku Sotarauta School of Management, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Philippe Spieser Groupe Escpeurope, Paris, France John E. Spillan School of Business, University of North Carolina At Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA Nico Stehr Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany Anne Stenros KONE Corporation, Espoo, Finland Sam Stern College of Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Billy Strean Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada K. S. Subramanian Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Gregory Tassey National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA Leı ¨la Temri Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France Stephen Thaler Imagination Engines, Inc., St. Charles, MO, USA Mazzarol Tim UWA Business School, Crawley, WA, Australia ´ Torre AgroParistech, UMR SAD-APT, Paris, France Andre ` s University of Montpellier South of France, Montpellier, Olivier Torre France Faruk Ulgen UFR ESE-University of Grenoble II, Grenoble Cedex 9, France Eskil Ullberg Interdisciplinary Center for Experimental Science, George Mason University, Fairfax County, VA, USA ˜ ez, Las Condes, Santiago, Diego Uribe-Larach Universidad Adolfo Iban Chile
Contributors
xxxi
´ Therapeutic Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Vuk Uskokovic Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Dimitri Uzunidis Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE– CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Network on Innovation, Dunkerque, France Political Economy, Research Unit on Industry and Innovation University, ˆ te d’Opale, Dunkerque, France University of Littoral Co Jonathan Vehar Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC, USA ´ Competence Centre New Technologies, FraunhoEtienne Vignola-Gagne fer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Karlsruhe, Germany Life–Science–Governance Research Platform, Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Daniela Villani Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy Yingxu Wang Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Institute of Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing (ICIC), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Peter R. Webster Department of Music Studies, Henry and Leigh Bienen School of Music, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Gerhard Weiss Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Vienna, Austria European Forest Institute Central–East European Regional Office (EFICEEC), European Forest Institute, Vienna, Austria Claudia Wenzel University of Klagenfurt | Vienna Graz, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF Vienna), Department of Palliative Care and Organisational Ethics, Vienna, Austria ´ du Littoral (RRI Dunkerque), ConsultingMarian Wielezynski Universite European Union, Beauvais, France Lee Wilson Division of Social Anthropology, Department of Archeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK David M. Wineroither Department of Political Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Jeffrey G. Woods School of Business, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA Fangqi Xu The Institute for Creative Management and Innovation, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan Shinya Yamamoto Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
xxxii
Contributors
Titus Yong Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore Sureyya Yoruk University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA Christopher Ziemnowicz Department of Management, Marketing, and International Business, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA Andrea Zirm Hochschule f€ ur Angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW), Wentorf, Hamburg, Germany Boris Zlotin Ideation International Inc., Farmington Hills, MI, USA Alla Zusman Ideation International Inc., Farmington Hills, MI, USA
