Epidemiological Approach

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Epidemiological Approach, Health Surveillance and Health Informatics

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Epidemiological
Approach,
Surveillance and
Health Informatics
By: Rabiu Hassan
Musa

EPIDEMIOLOGY
Definition
Epidemiology is the study of the
distribution and determinants of
health related states or events in a
specified populations and the
application of this study to control
the health problems

AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
 To describe the distribution and
magnitude of health and disease
problems in human population
 To identify the etiological factors in
the pathogenesis of the disease
 To provide the data essential for
planning, implementation, evaluation
of services for the prevention,
control and to the setting up of
priorities among those services

OBJECTIVES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
 To identify the etiology of the disease
To determine the extent of the disease
To study the natural history and
prognosis of the disease
To evaluate therapeutic measures
To provide the foundation for
developing public policy relating to
environmental problems

COMPONENTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Disease frequency
 Distribution of disease
 Determinants of disease

CHARACTERISTIC OF
EPIDEMIOLOGY
 It is concerned with the frequency and
type of illnesses and injuries in groups
of peoples and factors that influence
their distribution
 It implies that the disease is not
randomly distributed throughout a
population, but rather that sub groups
differ with the frequency of different
diseases

 Knowledge of this uneven distribution
can be used to investigate causal
factors and thus to lay the grand work
for programs of prevention and
control
 It can similarly be used to study
consequences of different treatments
 The best epidemiology will be one
that captures the causal effect of
interest with minimal error

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH
 Counting cases or health events
 Dividing the number of cases to
calculate rates
 Comparing the rates

USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

 Assessing the community health
 Making individual decision
 Completing the clinical picture
 Searching for causes
 Public health surveillance
 Field investigation
 Analytic studies
 Evaluation
 Linkages
 Policy development

LEVELS OF PREVENTION





Primordial Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention

ROLE OF A NURSE IN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Preventive role
 Promotive role
 Curative role
 Rehabilitative role

HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
Definition
The centre for disease control and
prevention (CDC) defined epidemiologic
surveillance as “the ongoing systematic
collection, analysis and interpretation of
health data essential for planning,
implementation and evaluation of public
Health Practice closely integrated with
the timely dissemination of these data to
those who need to know”

PURPOSE OF SURVEILLANCE

o To follow trends in the health status
of a population over time
o To detect and responds to epidemics
o To establish health care and public
health priorities
o To evaluate the effectiveness of
health programs and services
o To facilitate the prevention and
control of disease

o To identify persons with disease, in order
to provide treatment and quarantine
o To exclude person not having disease
o To assist in planning and implementation
of health programs
o To monitor the quality of health care
o To stimulate research

LEVELS OF SURVEILLANCE
 Individual/family surveillance
 Community/Local population
surveillance
 National surveillance
 International surveillance

OBJECTIVES OF SURVEILLANCE
 Continuous data collection and
evaluation
 Identifying the target population
 A standard definition of the out come of
the interest
 Emphasis on the timeliness of
collection and dissemination of
information
 Use of data for purpose of investigation
and control

GOALS OF SURVEILLANCE
 Identification of pattern of disease
occurrence
 Detection of disease outbreaks
 Development of clues about
possible risk factors
 Finding a case for further
investigation
 Anticipation of health service needs

TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
 Passive surveillance
 Active surveillance
 Sentinel surveillance

PROCESS OF HEALTH
SURVEILLANCE

1. Collection of relevant information about
the disease under surveillance
a)Routine reporting of cases and death
recorded at health centers, dispensaries
and hospitals
b)Active surveillance
c)Epidemiologic investigations
d)Sentinel centers
e) Special sample survey

2. Compilation and analysis of data
3. Reporting of data and providing
feedback

USES OF HEALTH SURVEILLANCE







Detect epidemics
Facilitate planning
Evaluate programs
Monitor changes in infectious agents
Estimate magnitude of problems
Determine geographic distribution of
illness
• Portray a natural history of disease

HEALTH INFORMATICS

Definition

Health informatics can be defined as
a mechanism for the collection,
processing, analysis and
transmission of information required
for organizing and operating health
services and also for research and
training

OBJECTIVES
• To provide relevant, reliable, up-todate, adequate, timely and
reasonably complete information
for health managers at all levels
• To share technical and scientific
information by all health personnel
participating in the health services
of the country

• To provide at periodic intervals the
data that will show the general
performance of the health services
• To assist planners in studying their
current functioning and trends in
demand and workloads

REQUIREMENTS TO BE SATISFIED
BY HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
• System should be population based
• System should avoid the unnecessary
agglomeration of data
• System should be problem oriented
• System should employ functional and
operational terms
• System should express information briefly and
imaginatively
• System should make provision for feed back of
data

COMPONENTS OF HEALTH
INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Demography and vital events
• Environmental health statistics
• Health status, mortality, morbidity,
disability and quality of life
• Health resources
• Utilization and non utilization of health
services
• Indices of outcome of medical care
• Financial statistics

USES OF HEALTH INFORMATICS
• To measure the health status of the
peoples and to qualify their health
problems and medical and health care
needs
• For local, national and international
comparisons of health status
• For planning, administration and
effective management of health services
and programmes

• For asserting the attitudes and
degree of satisfaction of the
beneficiaries with the health
system
• For research in to particular
problems of health and disease

SOURCES OF HEALTH
INFORMATION
 Census
 Registration of vital events
 Sample registration system
 Notification of disease
 Hospital records
 Disease registers
 Record linkage
 Epidemiological surveillance

 Other health service records
 Environmental health data
 Health and man power statistics
 Population surveys
 Other routine statistics
 Non quantifiable information

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