European Dominance
This slides talks about the reasons, responses and impact of European colonisation in Southeast Asia
Content
European colonisation
of Southeast Asia
•
How were systems and societies transformed by colonialism?
• Reasons for European interest and expansion in
SEA
• Responses of SEA states to European expansion
• Impact of colonial rule on SEA 1874 – c 1900
• Case studies of Malaya (SBQ)
• Case studies of Vietnam
Let’s get some term right
• Difference between colonisation and imperialism
Colonialism
• The policy or practice of
acquiring full or partial
political control over
another
country,
occupying
it
with
settlers and exploiting it
economically
• One nation conquers
and rules over other
region
• A practice common in
1500s- 1900s
Imperialism
• The policy of extending a
country's
power
and
influence
through
colonisation, use of military
force or other means
• Creating
an
empire,
expanding
into
other
countries
and
exercising
power through sovereignty or
indirect mechanism of control
• The idea that drives the
practice from 1900s onwards
Southeast Asia
Mainland
Maritime
•
Cambodia
•Burnei
•
Lao
•East Malaysia
•
Burma (Myanmar)
•Timor- Leste
•
Thailand
•Indonesia
•
Vietnam
•Philippines
•
Peninsular Malaysia
•Singapore
Think
• What are the major reasons f
or one country to colonize the
other?
• What might be some benefits
that colonists bring to a colon
ized nation?
Pen down the answers for the
questions posed:
I expect the answers in your file:
1. Who were the dominant European powers betwee
n 15th to 19th century and why were they so?
2. What was Southeast Asia like at the time they arri
ved?
3. What attracted the Europeans to SEA?
4. What were the push and pull factors for colonialis
m?
European Players
15th – 18th century
19th century
•
Portugal
•France
•
Spain
•Britain
•
Dutch
•Russia
•
Britain
•
France
(better ships, navigation skills, wea
pons – ability to secure direct trad
e routes to Africa, India Asia and A
ustralasia)
•Austria- Hungary
•Prussia
(industrial revolution – new mar
ket for goods needed – Africa, p
arts of Asia and Pacific Islands)
The changes in European dom
inance
• Prior to the 19th century, Europeans had dealt wit
h Asia based on commercial grounds
• After 19th century, they found the need to have gr
eater control of local affairs so that their business
would not be affected. Thus, the only way forwar
d for economic security was to have political cont
rol
Portuguese influence
• 1511 Portuguese discovered the trade route via C
ape of good Hope
• First to establish foothold in SEA – Melaka
Spain influence
• Introduced Roman Catholic religion (missionary)
• 1565 – Spain colonised the Philippines
Dutch influence
• Dutch East Indies Company (VOC)
• Attracted by spice trade
• Fought
• Portuguese for Melaka
• British for Java
• Need for raw materials (oil, rubber, tin)
• Established presence in
• Bali
• Sumatra
• Part of Borneo
• Sulawesi
• Moluccas
British influence
• British East Indies Company (EIC)
• Competed for spice trade; tin and rubber plantations
• Focused on India primarily (based overseas HQ)
• Focused on SEA for the trading bases for India-China sea r
oute
• Colonised
• Penang 1786
• Singapore 1819
• Melaka in exchange for Bencoolen 1824
• Burma 1826
• Malaya, Borneo territories 1913
French influence
• Mainly for trade
• Protect French missionaries in Indochina
• Interest in
• Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos for rice, tin and coal
Think
• Why are spices so important in those days?
•
•
•
•
Preserve food in winter
Flavouring
Medical usage
Profitable due to the high cost
• The Europeans could use the spice for
• Secure share of the profits
• Spices could be used as curency; trade for other goo
ds
Motivations
• National security
• Strong industrial economy with steady supply of resources
• Strategic advantage
• To be ahead of the other European nations – profit and power
• Nationalism
• Pride over a large empire
• Social Darwinism
• European superiority over others
• Missionary / White Man’s burden
Categorise into
political, social
and economic
reasons
• Bringing religion/ culture into other parts of the world (non-white)
• Bringing technology for improvement of lives
Why SEA?
Mainland
Maritime
• Agriculturally/ resource rich
• Surplus crops
• Coal, iron, tin, zinc and phos
phate
• Rich fertile land
• Profitable produce
• Mainly spice: pepper, nutme
g, cinnamon, rubber, cloves,
cocoa etc
Key Idea:
•Strategic
locationGains
for trading
Economic
Reasons – for which European po
wers would this catergorising work?
• Root Factors
• Economic factors
• Protect trade interests and trade routes
• Need for raw materials and new markets
• Trigger Factors
• Social factor
• White Man’s burden
• Local condition – took matters into their own hands
• Amplification Factors
• Political factor
• Rivalry amongst the European nations
Responses of SEA to E
uropean expansionism
How did SEA respond to European colonisation
Textbook Source 1.4
21
How did Katrini perceive the arrival of colon
isers in Indonesia?
What effects did she believe the Dutch coloni
al government could have on the local people?
What does this source add to your understandi
ng of local responses towards the colonisers
and colonisation?
How reliable is Katrini? (CAP)
pg
Possible response
The arrival of the Dutch colonisers could benefit Indonesia (in terms of we
stern civilization/ etiquette and knowledge)
The Dutch colonial government could have a positive effect on the local peo
ple as the Western ideals were better than the traditional Javanese ideals
They felt that the colonialism could modern the society and help in its pro
gress. This challenges the tendency to believe that all felt that coloniser
s were a threat
Person: reliable as she is a native who is expressing her opinion about the
positive effects of colonialism. Even as a feminist, she is also looking at
the benefits that the Dutch could bring to the Javanese (not looking out fo
r her own benefit)
Context: reliable as she would have felt the urgent need for Javanese to pr
ogress and the fastest way is through colonialism
Southeast Asian responses to European powers
differed from place to place because they had different
experiences of Europeans colonisation and also
because they had different views on the colonial
processes
Through the presentation
, you will need to chart
the positive and negativ
e views of the SEA natio
ns towards colonialism
In general…
In some places and to certain groups of pe
ople, the colonial powers seemed to bring
benefits such as protection from their en
emies, modernisation and education. To the
se people, it seemed beneficial to collabo
rate with and learn from the European co
lonial masters. The ruling classes, for in
stance, were often given positions in the
new colonial system of government, had a s
ecure income and access to education. Some
merchants also saw colonial rule as a stab
In general…
To others, the colonial powers brought di
sruption to their traditional ways of
life and value systems. These people the
refore resisted the European powers. Fier
cely independent locals resisted the colo
nists, seeing them as outsiders who would
destroy their tradition, religion, cultur
e and way of life.
Responses
Preoccupation with local issues
The SEAsian leaders were not able to
fully comprehend the opportunities an
d threats that the European expansion
presented
Local conflicts gave Europeans the ch
ance to offer help to stabilize the s
ituation and in return, the Europeans
obtained some political power. conces
sions
Response
Resistance
With monarchy being the symbol of tradit
ional and religious authority, colonisat
ion was considered as a assault
However, this often failed as the locals
couldn’t match with the West militarily
Perak War (1875-1976)
Aceh War (1873-1904)
Responses
Collaboration
Strengthen position/ European protec
tion from rivals
Retention of ceremonial powers by th
e locals but Europeans obtained poli
tical authority
Officials appointed as representativ
es of the colonial government to imp
lement European policies and strengt
Responses
Modernisation
Adoption and implementation of E
uropean ideas of government and
development
For locals to be civilised, educ
ated and efficient
+What was the impact of Euro
pean colonial rule on SEA?
Chapter 1.3
+
Political Impact
+
Political Impact
New boundaries drawn
Past: Decided based on the loyalty to the rulers and not territorial owne
rship
With colonisation: defined by colonial powers through deals and they pr
event disputes through military means
Transfer of power
Past: local rulers
With colonisation: European rulers (direct or indirect attainment of pow
er)
Direct rule – removal of the kings/ sultans and replacement with a Eur
opean colonial official/ governor e.g Burma
Indirect rule – retain position of the king/ sultans; appointment of a R
esident with a administrative civil service
+
Political Impact
Centralised administration
Past: traditional system of government allowed for many centers of p
ower and was depend on ones’ popularity and influence
With colonisation
All decisions affecting the functioning of the country will be made b
y a central authority
Gave the colonial government full control and bureaucratic
Creation of new local elites
With colonisation
Trained and local traditional official now became the new elites
To use Western ideas or technology to improve the lives of their ow
n people
+
Political Impact
Loss
ulers
of power among traditional local r
Different
under different circumstances
Low ranking positions and lost power
Boos of prestige of the local rulers to mai
ntain political stability
+
Create this chart
Political Aspect
Nature of control
Structure of
political system
Administrative
method
Before the
Europeans colonize
SEA
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
+
Where do the content fit?
Chart items
Nature of control
Who held power
Structure of political system
What was the form of gov
ernance like
Administrative method
How did the authorities r
ule
Content items
New boundaries
Transfer of power from loca
l rulers to Europeans
Centralised administration
Creation of new local elites
Loss of power among traditi
onal local rulers
+
Beef up this chart
Politica Before the Europeans
l
colonize SEA
Aspect
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
Nature
of
control
•
•
•
Rulers derived their
authority often from
religious status,
personal charisma and
influence
Rule by an individual
with absolute power
•
Local rulers derived
their authority from the
colonial powers and
were usually protected
by the colonial powers
Local rulers had to
accept the ‘advice’ of
colonial official and had
no real power to rule
+
Beef up this chart
Political • Before the Europeans
Aspect
colonize SEA
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
Structur
e of
political
system
• Fixed territorial borders
were imposed
• Centralised administration
• Ordinary local people
trained in Western style
administration were
employed in the colonial
administration
• A group of indigenous
elites was created
• Rulers had overlapping
centres of authority in the
traditional system of
government; no fixed
political boundaries
• Rulers extended their rule
through traditional elites –
usually people with family
ties or religious status
• Traditional elites had some
autonomy from rulers
+
Beef up this chart
Political
Aspect
Before the
Europeans colonize
SEA
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
Administrative • The rulers’ word was • European systems of
method
law
government and
policies were
• The rulers relied on
a network of local
introduced
chiefs who would
• Centralised
collect taxes and
administration – tax
service as the link
collection, policies
between the
and laws were all
villagers and the
decided by a central
ruler
authority
+
Summary of political impact of c
olonial rule
Under
colonial rule, Western style administr
ation was introduced and a new group of eli
tes was created to serve in the colonial admi
nistration. The traditional rulers and elites r
etained some form of power but these were
now less personality- based and more burea
ucratic and were often subjected to the colo
nial powers
+
You are on
your own f
or the next
two charts
Find the link between th
e content and categories
+
Economic Impact
+
Create this chart
Economic
Aspect
Nature of
economy
Extent of trade
Ownership of land
Structure of
economic system
How trade was
carried out
Before the Europeans
colonize SEA
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
+
Economic Impact
Orientation of the economy
Past: subsistence based economy (own consumption) and maritime trade
With colonisation: export orientated economy (surplus for global market – cas
h crops/ raw materials) ; subjected to the fluctuation of the world market
Creation of industries, plantations and small holdings
Past: contained economy (self sufficient)
With colonisation
Extractive industries (industrialising the methods of extracting raw material
s – more efficient)
Plantation estates (large plant export crops – owned by Europeans)
Smallholdings (small farms export crops – owned by Asians)
+
Economic Impact
New
transport and communications infrastructure
To facilitate trade – build communications (road, rails, telegraph,
wharves)
Cash
economy
Past: barter trade
With colonisation: new currencies, establish taxation system, salar
y paying jobs
Change
to land ownership
Past: land to managed by entire village
With colonisation: land grants to companies and individuals
+
Summary of economic impact of
colonial rule
Colonial
rule disrupted the traditional way o
f trade and exposed the people to the fluctu
ations of the world economy. While the cou
ntries as a whole seemed to have benefitted
from the economic changes, not everyone di
d.
+
Social Impact
+
Create this chart
Social Aspect
Nature of society
Structure of social
system
Culture
Education and
literacy
Before the Europeans
colonize SEA
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
+
Social impact
Past:
Riches usually limited to the royal families ;
Traditional cultures/ systems of thoughts and religions
Rigid social structure with little mobility
Homogenous societies
With colonisation:
Influx of immigrants and migrants
Immigrants came from China, India for the growing labour market
Immigrants from from Europe for the growing industries, plantations and fin
ance sectors
Plural societies
Held on to the unique cultural values – no integration due to the divide and r
ule system
+
Social Impact
Urbanisation
Growth of Western education elites
Development of towns and cities where there is concentrated cent
ers of administration and finance
Small groups of local elites being educated in Western style educati
on
Emergence of new social classes
New social classes formed (local entrepreneurs, the landowners m
oney lenders and educated elites)
+
Summary of social impact of col
onial rule
The
traditional social structure was dis
rupted by colonial rule. New social gro
ups were created (eg. Western- educat
ed elites) which brought changes in so
cial hierarchy
+
Homework (SEQ)
‘The locals lives were negatively impa
cted by colonisation’. How fare do yo
u agree with this statement?
of Southeast Asia
•
How were systems and societies transformed by colonialism?
• Reasons for European interest and expansion in
SEA
• Responses of SEA states to European expansion
• Impact of colonial rule on SEA 1874 – c 1900
• Case studies of Malaya (SBQ)
• Case studies of Vietnam
Let’s get some term right
• Difference between colonisation and imperialism
Colonialism
• The policy or practice of
acquiring full or partial
political control over
another
country,
occupying
it
with
settlers and exploiting it
economically
• One nation conquers
and rules over other
region
• A practice common in
1500s- 1900s
Imperialism
• The policy of extending a
country's
power
and
influence
through
colonisation, use of military
force or other means
• Creating
an
empire,
expanding
into
other
countries
and
exercising
power through sovereignty or
indirect mechanism of control
• The idea that drives the
practice from 1900s onwards
Southeast Asia
Mainland
Maritime
•
Cambodia
•Burnei
•
Lao
•East Malaysia
•
Burma (Myanmar)
•Timor- Leste
•
Thailand
•Indonesia
•
Vietnam
•Philippines
•
Peninsular Malaysia
•Singapore
Think
• What are the major reasons f
or one country to colonize the
other?
• What might be some benefits
that colonists bring to a colon
ized nation?
Pen down the answers for the
questions posed:
I expect the answers in your file:
1. Who were the dominant European powers betwee
n 15th to 19th century and why were they so?
2. What was Southeast Asia like at the time they arri
ved?
3. What attracted the Europeans to SEA?
4. What were the push and pull factors for colonialis
m?
European Players
15th – 18th century
19th century
•
Portugal
•France
•
Spain
•Britain
•
Dutch
•Russia
•
Britain
•
France
(better ships, navigation skills, wea
pons – ability to secure direct trad
e routes to Africa, India Asia and A
ustralasia)
•Austria- Hungary
•Prussia
(industrial revolution – new mar
ket for goods needed – Africa, p
arts of Asia and Pacific Islands)
The changes in European dom
inance
• Prior to the 19th century, Europeans had dealt wit
h Asia based on commercial grounds
• After 19th century, they found the need to have gr
eater control of local affairs so that their business
would not be affected. Thus, the only way forwar
d for economic security was to have political cont
rol
Portuguese influence
• 1511 Portuguese discovered the trade route via C
ape of good Hope
• First to establish foothold in SEA – Melaka
Spain influence
• Introduced Roman Catholic religion (missionary)
• 1565 – Spain colonised the Philippines
Dutch influence
• Dutch East Indies Company (VOC)
• Attracted by spice trade
• Fought
• Portuguese for Melaka
• British for Java
• Need for raw materials (oil, rubber, tin)
• Established presence in
• Bali
• Sumatra
• Part of Borneo
• Sulawesi
• Moluccas
British influence
• British East Indies Company (EIC)
• Competed for spice trade; tin and rubber plantations
• Focused on India primarily (based overseas HQ)
• Focused on SEA for the trading bases for India-China sea r
oute
• Colonised
• Penang 1786
• Singapore 1819
• Melaka in exchange for Bencoolen 1824
• Burma 1826
• Malaya, Borneo territories 1913
French influence
• Mainly for trade
• Protect French missionaries in Indochina
• Interest in
• Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos for rice, tin and coal
Think
• Why are spices so important in those days?
•
•
•
•
Preserve food in winter
Flavouring
Medical usage
Profitable due to the high cost
• The Europeans could use the spice for
• Secure share of the profits
• Spices could be used as curency; trade for other goo
ds
Motivations
• National security
• Strong industrial economy with steady supply of resources
• Strategic advantage
• To be ahead of the other European nations – profit and power
• Nationalism
• Pride over a large empire
• Social Darwinism
• European superiority over others
• Missionary / White Man’s burden
Categorise into
political, social
and economic
reasons
• Bringing religion/ culture into other parts of the world (non-white)
• Bringing technology for improvement of lives
Why SEA?
Mainland
Maritime
• Agriculturally/ resource rich
• Surplus crops
• Coal, iron, tin, zinc and phos
phate
• Rich fertile land
• Profitable produce
• Mainly spice: pepper, nutme
g, cinnamon, rubber, cloves,
cocoa etc
Key Idea:
•Strategic
locationGains
for trading
Economic
Reasons – for which European po
wers would this catergorising work?
• Root Factors
• Economic factors
• Protect trade interests and trade routes
• Need for raw materials and new markets
• Trigger Factors
• Social factor
• White Man’s burden
• Local condition – took matters into their own hands
• Amplification Factors
• Political factor
• Rivalry amongst the European nations
Responses of SEA to E
uropean expansionism
How did SEA respond to European colonisation
Textbook Source 1.4
21
How did Katrini perceive the arrival of colon
isers in Indonesia?
What effects did she believe the Dutch coloni
al government could have on the local people?
What does this source add to your understandi
ng of local responses towards the colonisers
and colonisation?
How reliable is Katrini? (CAP)
pg
Possible response
The arrival of the Dutch colonisers could benefit Indonesia (in terms of we
stern civilization/ etiquette and knowledge)
The Dutch colonial government could have a positive effect on the local peo
ple as the Western ideals were better than the traditional Javanese ideals
They felt that the colonialism could modern the society and help in its pro
gress. This challenges the tendency to believe that all felt that coloniser
s were a threat
Person: reliable as she is a native who is expressing her opinion about the
positive effects of colonialism. Even as a feminist, she is also looking at
the benefits that the Dutch could bring to the Javanese (not looking out fo
r her own benefit)
Context: reliable as she would have felt the urgent need for Javanese to pr
ogress and the fastest way is through colonialism
Southeast Asian responses to European powers
differed from place to place because they had different
experiences of Europeans colonisation and also
because they had different views on the colonial
processes
Through the presentation
, you will need to chart
the positive and negativ
e views of the SEA natio
ns towards colonialism
In general…
In some places and to certain groups of pe
ople, the colonial powers seemed to bring
benefits such as protection from their en
emies, modernisation and education. To the
se people, it seemed beneficial to collabo
rate with and learn from the European co
lonial masters. The ruling classes, for in
stance, were often given positions in the
new colonial system of government, had a s
ecure income and access to education. Some
merchants also saw colonial rule as a stab
In general…
To others, the colonial powers brought di
sruption to their traditional ways of
life and value systems. These people the
refore resisted the European powers. Fier
cely independent locals resisted the colo
nists, seeing them as outsiders who would
destroy their tradition, religion, cultur
e and way of life.
Responses
Preoccupation with local issues
The SEAsian leaders were not able to
fully comprehend the opportunities an
d threats that the European expansion
presented
Local conflicts gave Europeans the ch
ance to offer help to stabilize the s
ituation and in return, the Europeans
obtained some political power. conces
sions
Response
Resistance
With monarchy being the symbol of tradit
ional and religious authority, colonisat
ion was considered as a assault
However, this often failed as the locals
couldn’t match with the West militarily
Perak War (1875-1976)
Aceh War (1873-1904)
Responses
Collaboration
Strengthen position/ European protec
tion from rivals
Retention of ceremonial powers by th
e locals but Europeans obtained poli
tical authority
Officials appointed as representativ
es of the colonial government to imp
lement European policies and strengt
Responses
Modernisation
Adoption and implementation of E
uropean ideas of government and
development
For locals to be civilised, educ
ated and efficient
+What was the impact of Euro
pean colonial rule on SEA?
Chapter 1.3
+
Political Impact
+
Political Impact
New boundaries drawn
Past: Decided based on the loyalty to the rulers and not territorial owne
rship
With colonisation: defined by colonial powers through deals and they pr
event disputes through military means
Transfer of power
Past: local rulers
With colonisation: European rulers (direct or indirect attainment of pow
er)
Direct rule – removal of the kings/ sultans and replacement with a Eur
opean colonial official/ governor e.g Burma
Indirect rule – retain position of the king/ sultans; appointment of a R
esident with a administrative civil service
+
Political Impact
Centralised administration
Past: traditional system of government allowed for many centers of p
ower and was depend on ones’ popularity and influence
With colonisation
All decisions affecting the functioning of the country will be made b
y a central authority
Gave the colonial government full control and bureaucratic
Creation of new local elites
With colonisation
Trained and local traditional official now became the new elites
To use Western ideas or technology to improve the lives of their ow
n people
+
Political Impact
Loss
ulers
of power among traditional local r
Different
under different circumstances
Low ranking positions and lost power
Boos of prestige of the local rulers to mai
ntain political stability
+
Create this chart
Political Aspect
Nature of control
Structure of
political system
Administrative
method
Before the
Europeans colonize
SEA
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
+
Where do the content fit?
Chart items
Nature of control
Who held power
Structure of political system
What was the form of gov
ernance like
Administrative method
How did the authorities r
ule
Content items
New boundaries
Transfer of power from loca
l rulers to Europeans
Centralised administration
Creation of new local elites
Loss of power among traditi
onal local rulers
+
Beef up this chart
Politica Before the Europeans
l
colonize SEA
Aspect
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
Nature
of
control
•
•
•
Rulers derived their
authority often from
religious status,
personal charisma and
influence
Rule by an individual
with absolute power
•
Local rulers derived
their authority from the
colonial powers and
were usually protected
by the colonial powers
Local rulers had to
accept the ‘advice’ of
colonial official and had
no real power to rule
+
Beef up this chart
Political • Before the Europeans
Aspect
colonize SEA
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
Structur
e of
political
system
• Fixed territorial borders
were imposed
• Centralised administration
• Ordinary local people
trained in Western style
administration were
employed in the colonial
administration
• A group of indigenous
elites was created
• Rulers had overlapping
centres of authority in the
traditional system of
government; no fixed
political boundaries
• Rulers extended their rule
through traditional elites –
usually people with family
ties or religious status
• Traditional elites had some
autonomy from rulers
+
Beef up this chart
Political
Aspect
Before the
Europeans colonize
SEA
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
Administrative • The rulers’ word was • European systems of
method
law
government and
policies were
• The rulers relied on
a network of local
introduced
chiefs who would
• Centralised
collect taxes and
administration – tax
service as the link
collection, policies
between the
and laws were all
villagers and the
decided by a central
ruler
authority
+
Summary of political impact of c
olonial rule
Under
colonial rule, Western style administr
ation was introduced and a new group of eli
tes was created to serve in the colonial admi
nistration. The traditional rulers and elites r
etained some form of power but these were
now less personality- based and more burea
ucratic and were often subjected to the colo
nial powers
+
You are on
your own f
or the next
two charts
Find the link between th
e content and categories
+
Economic Impact
+
Create this chart
Economic
Aspect
Nature of
economy
Extent of trade
Ownership of land
Structure of
economic system
How trade was
carried out
Before the Europeans
colonize SEA
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
+
Economic Impact
Orientation of the economy
Past: subsistence based economy (own consumption) and maritime trade
With colonisation: export orientated economy (surplus for global market – cas
h crops/ raw materials) ; subjected to the fluctuation of the world market
Creation of industries, plantations and small holdings
Past: contained economy (self sufficient)
With colonisation
Extractive industries (industrialising the methods of extracting raw material
s – more efficient)
Plantation estates (large plant export crops – owned by Europeans)
Smallholdings (small farms export crops – owned by Asians)
+
Economic Impact
New
transport and communications infrastructure
To facilitate trade – build communications (road, rails, telegraph,
wharves)
Cash
economy
Past: barter trade
With colonisation: new currencies, establish taxation system, salar
y paying jobs
Change
to land ownership
Past: land to managed by entire village
With colonisation: land grants to companies and individuals
+
Summary of economic impact of
colonial rule
Colonial
rule disrupted the traditional way o
f trade and exposed the people to the fluctu
ations of the world economy. While the cou
ntries as a whole seemed to have benefitted
from the economic changes, not everyone di
d.
+
Social Impact
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Create this chart
Social Aspect
Nature of society
Structure of social
system
Culture
Education and
literacy
Before the Europeans
colonize SEA
After the Europeans
colonize SEA
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Social impact
Past:
Riches usually limited to the royal families ;
Traditional cultures/ systems of thoughts and religions
Rigid social structure with little mobility
Homogenous societies
With colonisation:
Influx of immigrants and migrants
Immigrants came from China, India for the growing labour market
Immigrants from from Europe for the growing industries, plantations and fin
ance sectors
Plural societies
Held on to the unique cultural values – no integration due to the divide and r
ule system
+
Social Impact
Urbanisation
Growth of Western education elites
Development of towns and cities where there is concentrated cent
ers of administration and finance
Small groups of local elites being educated in Western style educati
on
Emergence of new social classes
New social classes formed (local entrepreneurs, the landowners m
oney lenders and educated elites)
+
Summary of social impact of col
onial rule
The
traditional social structure was dis
rupted by colonial rule. New social gro
ups were created (eg. Western- educat
ed elites) which brought changes in so
cial hierarchy
+
Homework (SEQ)
‘The locals lives were negatively impa
cted by colonisation’. How fare do yo
u agree with this statement?
