Factors Affecting Solubility

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Factors Affecting Solubility
Marian Franciesca A. Santos Clarissa A. Somera De La Salle University-Dasmariñas Dasmariñas, Cavite Philippines ABSTRACT The experimental procedure’s focus of study is the factors that affect the solubility of matter. The factors involve in the experimental procedure are the temperature, polarity and influence of other substance. Solubility is defined as the amount of that substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent. For the effect of temperature, a gram of KCL in a 10 mL water was added in an ignition tube at 10◦C . 40◦C heat was applied and the solubility of KCI was observed. Another gram of KCI was added on the same mixture and was heated under 80◦C using a water bath. The same procedure goes with NaCl. In the effects of polarity, the solubility of liquid and solid solutes were determined through adding 1 mL water, 1 mL isopropyl alcohol and 1mL water : isopropyl alcohol mixture. In the influence of other substance, a pinch of iodine crystal and potassium iodide was added in 10 mL water. At 10◦C a solid is soluble but in a 80◦C a solid is more soluble. Results from the experimental procedure are tabled below.

INTRODUCTION Solubility of matters is observed often in our daily lives. Making coffee, boiling water, cooking and many more are some examples of the solubility of matters. Many factors affect the solubility of solids, liquids and gas. In this paper, the students focused on three factors namely temperature, polarity and influence of other substance. An increase in temperature increases the solubility of substances except gases. Gases decrease their solubility in a higher temperature and increases solubility in higher pressure. In the effect of polarity in the solubility of substances, the phrase “like dissolves like” describes it all. A polar solute dissolves in a polar solvent while non-polar solute dissolves in a non-polar solvent. A basic example of this is oil and water. Oil that is a non-polar will not dissolve in water because water is polar. Molecular size also affects solubility of substances. A substance with smaller size and mass can be also dissolve than a substance with bigger size. Motion in a mixture helps in the solubility. Stirring a mixture fastens the solubility of the solute. The solubility of some substances under given factors is summarized in this paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of temperature on solubility of solid in water was the first experimental procedure. 1 g of KCI was added in a 10 mL water in an ignition tube at 10◦C. The students then heated the substance under exactly 40◦C in a water bath. The mixture was stirred using a stirring rod and the

observations are noted. Another gram of KCI was added in the mixture and it was again heated under 80◦C in a water bath. The same procedure goes with NaCl. In the effect of the polarity of the solute and solvent, 1 mL water, isopropyl alcohol and water : isopropyl alcohol mixture was used to determine the solubility of solid and liquid solutes. The solutes used are potassium nitrate, sodium chloride, coconut oil, toluene and copper sulfate. Solutes were added in each solvent and the results were noted. For influence of another substance, a pinch of iodine crystal and potassium iodide were added in 10 mL water. After shaking the mixture, results are noted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Potassium Chloride and Sodium Chloride showed same effects after they undergone the experimental procedure affected by temperature. It can be concluded that the higher the temperature the greater the substances solubility. Table.1 shows the results obtained from the first experimental procedure.

Table.1 Effect of Temperature on solubility of solid in water SOLIDS At 10◦C Potassium Chloride Sodium Chloride soluble soluble SOLUBILITY IN WATER At 40◦C more soluble more soluble At 80◦C most soluble most soluble

Solid solutes namely potassium nitrate, sodium chloride and copper sulfate showed same effects under different effects of polarity. Toluene and coconut oil that are liquid solutes also showed the same reaction through the experimental procedure regarding the effect of polarity of solute and solvent. The data obtained from this experimental procedure is noted in table.2.

Table.2 Effect of the Polarity of the Solute and the Solvent SOLUTE WATER Potassium nitrate Sodium chloride Toluene Coconut oil Copper sulfate soluble soluble immiscible immiscible soluble SOLVENTS ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL insoluble insoluble miscible miscible insoluble 1:1(V/V) water: isopropyl alcohol soluble soluble immiscible immiscible insoluble

In the last experimental procedure, the iodine in H2O and iodine in H2o and KI showed opposite reactions. The iodine in H2O showed decrease in solubility while the iodine in H2O and KI showed an increase in solubility. The results can be seen in the table.3 Table.3 Influence of another Substance Solubilty Insoluble Soluble

Iodine in H2o Iodine in H2O and KI

Solubility of substances depends on the factors that affect them. In this paper, the reactions of solutes to their solvents differ. Some substances are polar while some are non-polar. The phrase “like dissolves like” was proven true in the conducted experimental procedure.

REFERENCE: Retrieved at : http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/page.cfm?pageid=1565 on March 2. 1:21pm Retrieved at : http://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/sstutorial/Text11/Tx112/tx112.html on MArch 2. 11:23 pm

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