Fiber
Content
FIBRE
STRUCTURED CABLING
CERTIFIED INSTALLER PROGRAMME
STRUCTURED CABLING
C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
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FIBRE
Contents
What are Optical Fibres?
Fibre History
Types Of Fibre (Multimode/Singlemode)
Common Fibre Optics Cable Types
Splicing and Terminating Optical Fibres
Factors Contributing to Signal Degradation
Implementing Fibre Optics in the LAN
Advantages/ Disadvantages Of Using Fibre Optics Cable
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable
Fibre Optics Testing
Giganet Fibre Components (Connectors, Enclosures, Patchcords etc)
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
What are Optical Fibres?
Optical Fibres are very thin glass strands made from
extremely pure optical glass.
A glass ‘tunnel’ through which the light travels is created.
125 micron fibre
Human hair (approx. 100 microns)
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Fibre Construction:
An optical fibre (fibre-optic) is basically made-up of three parts:
• the core
• the cladding and
• the buffer coating.
Buffer
Core
Cladding
Core
Cladding
Buffer
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FIBRE
Fibre Optic Terminology
Fibre ID:
– Fibres are identified by their core and cladding diameters
expressed in microns (mm)
Fibre ID
50/125
62/125
9/125
Core Diameter Cladding Diameter
mm
mm
50 /
62.5 /
9
/
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125
125
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre History:
• The first attempts at guiding
light on the basis of total
internal reflection in a
medium dates to 1841 by
Daniel Colladon.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre History:
• In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated how light
could be used to transfer sounds from one area to another.
Though it did not work on cloudy days, his discovery did set
the stage for fibre optics.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre History:
• In 1930, a German student named Heinrich Lamm
demonstrated how fibre optics could be used to examine
internal body parts.
• In 1956, the term "Fibre Optics" was born when
Narinder Kapany coined the term after bundling a few
glass rods. He then demonstrated that these rods could
project light without leaking at any point, as long as they
were wrapped or coated in a dark material.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre History:
• By 1960s, Dr. Charles Kao realized the potential of fibre
optics.
• Dr. Kao suggested fibre optics could be used for fast,
clear communications.
• In the 1970's, a company called Corning Glass created
the first optical fibre made entirely of thin strands of
glass.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre History:
In April 1977, General Telephone and Electronics tested
and deployed the world's first live telephone traffic
through a fibre-optic system in Long Beach, California.
They were soon followed by Bell in May 1977, with an
optical telephone communication system installed in the
downtown Chicago area, covering a distance of 1.5 miles
(2.4 kilometers).
Today more than 80 percent of the world's long-distance
voice and data traffic is carried over optical-fibre cables.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Light Sources – LEDs and Lasers:
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Light Source.
Laser Light Source
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Types Of Fibre Optic Cable (MM/SM):
There are two basic modes of light transmission in a
fibre optic cable:
- Multimode
- Singlemode
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Multimode Fibre:
Light ray travels in the fibre core at discrete angles within its
acceptance cone.
Cladding
Core
Fibre
Acceptance
Angle
Multimode is called such because the light used to transmit the
data actually travels multiple paths within the core.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Multimode Fibre:
There are two types of MM fibre
• Stepped Index
• Graded Index
Multimode stepped index
Multimode graded index
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Stepped Index:
– Core has a uniform index
of refraction and the
n = Index of Refraction
Air: n
concentric cladding also
has a uniform but lower Cladding: n
Core: n
index.
– Multimode steppedindex fibres have lower
n0 = 1.000, n1 = 1.47, n2 = 1.45
bandwidth than other
fibre designs.
0
2
1
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Graded Index:
– Rays that travel longer
paths have greater
velocity than rays
traveling the shorter
paths due to decreasing
refractive index with
radial distance.
– The various modes then
tend to have the same
arrival time.
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Cladding
Core
nA
nB < nA
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Singlemode Cable:
Accepts one light ray, which is the first light ray that travels
straight down the fibre core center.
There is no arrival time disparity between different fibre
modes which makes a cleaner signal at the receiving end.
Singlemode
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Optic Wavelengths:
• In fibre optics, ‘Wavelength’
relates to the colour of the light
being used to transmit the signal
through the fibre core.
• Light in the infrared spectrum
around 850, 1300 and 1550
nanometres is used because the
fibre attenuates the light much
less in this range.
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Wavelength (nanometres)
850
UV
Visible
1300 1550
Infrared
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Fibre optic "cable" refers to the complete assembly of fibres,
strength members and jacket.
Fibre optic cables come in lots of different types, depending
on the number of fibres and how and where it will be
installed.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Basic Cable Design:
a)
Loose-tube cable, used in the majority of outside-plant
installations.
b)
Tight-buffered cable, primarily used inside buildings.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Loose-Tube Construction
Tight-Buffered Construction
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Simplex and Zip Cord
• Simplex cables are one fibre, tight-buffered with Kevlar
(aramid fibre) strength members and jacketed for indoor use.
• Zipcord is simply two of these joined with a thin web. It's used
mostly for patch cord and backplane applications, but zipcord
can also be used for desktop connections.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Distribution Cables
• Contain several tight-buffered fibres bundled under the same
jacket with Kevlar strength members and sometimes
fibreglass rod reinforcement to stiffen the cable and prevent
kinking.
• Small in size, and used for short, dry conduit runs, riser and
plenum applications.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Loose Tube Cables
• Composed of several fibres together inside a small plastic
tube, which are in turn wound around a central strength
member and jacketed. Ideal for outside plant applications, as
it can be made with the loose tubes filled with gel or water
absorbent powder to prevent harm to the fibres from water
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Breakout Cables
• Made of several simplex cables bundled together.
• Strong, rugged design, but is larger and more expensive than
the distribution cables.
• Suitable for conduit runs, riser and plenum applications.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Indoor/Outdoor
• Can be loose tube or tight buffered. They use a durable
jacket material suitable for use both indoors and outdoors
and include a water inhibitor in the form of a gel or swellable
tape.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Aerial Cable/Self-Supporting
• Provides ease of installation and reduces time and cost.
• Flexibility needed to meet the demands of campus backbones
and other outside plant requirements.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Hybrid & Composite Cable
Perfect for Use When Mixed Fiber Optic
and/or Copper Media and Coaxial Cable is
Required
Suitable for Use in Residential Applications
Supports Reduced Installation Costs and
Simpler Cable Management
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Armoured Cable
• Used for rodent protection in direct burial if required.
• Moisture-resistant design.
• The armour can be removed leaving the inner cable suitable for
any indoor/outdoor use.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH)
• Jacket material uses no halogens
• Reduces the smoke and fume hazard in the event of a fire.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Splicing Methods:
A splice is a permanent fibre joint whose purpose is to
establish an optical connection between two individual
optical fibres.
Two types include:
• Mechanical Splice
• Fusion Splice
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Mechanical Splice:
Fibre splice where mechanical fixtures and materials
perform fibre alignment and connection.
Fibre
Fibre
Interface
Fibre
Mechanical Fixture
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fusion Splice:
Fibre splice where localized heat from a high voltage arc
fuses or melts the ends of two optical fibres together.
Fibre
Fibre
High Voltage Arc
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Optic Training:
Connectors typically used in the Local Area Network:
ST (Straight Tip) – Simplex connector using a
bayonet ‘push-and-twist’ housing.
Ferrule diameter 2.5 mm.
SC (Subscriber Connector) – Can be used in simplex
or duplex configuration.
Uses a push-and-click
fastening.
Ferrule diameter 2.5 mm
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Optic Training:
Connectors typically used in the Local Area Network:
LC (Generally known as Lucent Connector) –
Duplex connector similar to SC
but taking up half the footprint.
Ferrule diameter 1.25 mm.
MTRJ (Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack) –
Duplex connector with similar
footprint to RJ-style balanced
cabling jacks. Push-and-click
fastening. Single ferrule
houses two fibres
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FIBRE
Fibre Optic Connectors
Connectors typically used in the Local Area Network:
MPO (Multi-fibre Push On) –
Built around the generic MT
ferrule, allow termination of up
to 24 fibres from round or
ribbon cables and mainly used
as part of pre-terminated
assemblies.
MTP Brand (Multi-fibre Termination Push On) –
Enhanced version of MPO
designed by USCon
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Terminating Connectors:
Terminating a fibre connector onto a pigtail or unbuffered
fibre can be done in several ways.
The three common ways are:
– Epoxy-glue method (cold or hot cured)
– Hot Melt method
– Cleave and crimp
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Terminating Connectors:
Epoxy-glue method (hot cure)
•
Oldest and is still widely used today
•
This process involves filling the connector with a mixed two-part epoxy,
inserting the prepared and cleaned fibre into the connector, then
curing the epoxy in an oven.
•
Fibre is scribed and polished until its fine.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Terminating Connectors:
Epoxy-glue method (cold cure)
•
This process involves filling the connector with a onepart adhesive, coating the fibre with a ‘primer’ then
inserting the fibre into the connector.
•
The adhesive and primer react on contact and the
fibre is secured in the connector after only 30 seconds
•
Fibre is scribed and polished until its fine.
•
The method has an advantage over the hot-cure
system as it needs no power source.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Terminating Connectors:
Hot Melt method
•
•
•
Connector comes preloaded with glue and must
be placed into an oven to soften the glue.
Clean, prepared fibre is then inserted into the
connector, then left to cool.
After cooling, fibre is scribed and polished in the
same process as used in the epoxy method.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Terminating Connectors:
Cleave and crimp Method
•
Connectors do not require a polish
procedure since these connectors already
have a polished ferrule tip.
•
Installation simply involves inserting a
properly cleaved Fibre to butt against the
connector's internal fibre "stub."
•
The fibre connector is then crimped to
hold the fibre in place.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Factors Contributing to Signal Degradation:
• Dispersion within the fibre
• Attenuation of the fibre
• Splice attenuation
• Connector attenuation
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Dispersion:
–
–
When short pulses of light energy are coupled into a fibre,
the time behaviour is strongly influenced by the fibre
type, as well as the core and cladding materials.
Dispersion is defined as the signal broadening or
spreading while it propagates inside the Fibre.
Transmitted Pulses
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Received Pulses After Dispersion
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Transit Time Behaviour of Light in Light Guide:
There are 2 basic types of dispersion:
a) Modal dispersion
b) Chromatic dispersion
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Modal dispersion:
•
•
Comes from differing transit times for different modes due
to differing optical paths (zig-zag patterns multiplied by
index of refraction).
Occurs only in multimode fibres.
Direction of Light Transmission
Multimode stepped index
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Chromatic Dispersion:
Occurs because different colours of light travel through the fibre at different
speeds.
Since the different colours of light have different velocities, some colours
arrive at the fibre end before others.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Attenuation:
Loss of optical power as light travels along the fibre.
It is measured in decibels (dB/km) over a set distance.
Two categories of attenuation :
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Intrinsic attenuation:
Reduction of signal strength during transmission caused
by manufacturing impurities in the glass, which typically
causes absorption and scattering when the light hits the
glass.
Light
Ray
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Absorbtion and Scattering:
– Absorbtion – the conversion of light to heat by molecules
in the glass. The primary absorbers are hydroxyls (OH+)
and other dopants used to modify the refractive index of
the glass.
– Scattering – occurs when light collides with individual
atoms in the glass and is either absorbed into the cladding
or reflected back to the source.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Absorbtion – OH+ Absorbtion occurs predominantly at 1000,
1400 and above nanometres. Special ‘Low Water Peak’
Singlemode cable is available that reduces absorbtion at 1400
nm.
Absorption
Attenuation
Scattering
850
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1300
Wavelength
1550
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Scattering – also a function of the wavelength and
proportional to the inverse fourth power of the wavelength of
the light.
If you double the wavelength you reduce the attenuation due
to scattering by a factor of 16. This is why longer wavelengths
are used over greater transmission distances.
Absorption
Attenuation
Scattering
850
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1300
Wavelength
1550
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Extrinsic Attenuation:
Extrinsic attenuation is caused by external factors, such as
bends in the optical fibre, called macrobending and
microbending, which cause a reduction of optical power.
Cladding
Core
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Extrinsic Attenuation:
a)
Macrobending
Large visible bend in the optical fibre that can cause a
reduction of optical power in the glass.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Extrinsic Attenuation:
b)
Microbending
An imperfection in the optical fibre which was created during
manufacturing.
Unlike macrobending, the imperfection may not always be
visible.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Factors affecting spliced points:
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Connector Attenuation:
•
•
Mechanical connections can introduce dust, dirt, as well as
normal wear to a light path that can obscure and block light.
Typical loss attributed to one connector is 0.5dB.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Dirt can migrate from a dirty to a clean connector
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre vs Copper:
Fibre
Copper
Cabling cheaper – active equipment more
expensive
Cabling more expensive – active equipment
cheaper
Supports high bandwidth over long
distances
Supports high bandwidth over short
distances
Light-weight and small profile
Comparatively heavy and bulky
Requires adapters at the Work Area
No adapters needed at Work area
Does not support analogue phone or POE
Supports analogue phone and POE
Security – difficult to intercept light signals
Easier to ‘tap’ into copper cables
Immune from Electromagnetic Interference
Needs protection from EMI
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Choosing a cable type:
What hazards will it face?
• Will the cables be exposed to chemicals or have to withstand
a wide temperature range?
• Inside buildings, cables don't have to be so strong to protect
the fibres, but they have to meet all fire code provisions.
• Outside the building, it depends on whether the cable is
buried directly, pulled in conduit, strung aerially or whatever.
• How many fibres you need and what kind (singlemode or
multimode or both in what we call "hybrid" cables.)
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Choosing a cable type:
What Fibre Should I Use?
• How far do you need to go?
• What type of bandwidth do you need?
• How much money do you have to spend?
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Fibre Channel classification (CENELEC EN 50173:2007)
•
•
•
•
•
Class OF-300 channels support applications to a minimum of 300 m
Class OF-500 channels support applications to a minimum of 500 m
Class OF-2 000 channels support applications to a minimum of 2 000 m
Class OF-5 000 channels support applications to a minimum of 5 000 m
Class OF-10 000 channels support applications to a minimum of 10 000 m
Channel Attenuation (dB)
Channel
Multimode
Singlemode
850 nm
1 300 nm
1 310 nm
1 550 nm
OF-300
2,55
1,95
1,80
1,80
OF-500
3,25
2,25
2,00
2,00
OF-2 000
8,50
4,50
3,50
3,50
OF-5 000
-
-
4,00
4,00
OF-10 000
-
-
6,00
6,00
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Six cabled silica optical fibre categories are specified to support
various classes of application, four multimode optical fibre
types (OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4*) and two single-mode types
(OS1 and OS2*).
Maximum Cable Attenuation dB/km
OM1, OM2, OM3
and OM4
multimode
OS1 singlemode
OS2 singlemode
Wavelength
850
nm
1300
nm
1310
nm
1550
nm
1310
nm
1383
nm
1550
nm
Attenuation
3,5
1,5
1,0
1,0
0,4
0,4
0,4
* OM4 and OS2 standardisation is currently pending
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FIBRE
Fibre Cable Classifications
Fibre used to produce cabled silica optical fibre categories:
Category
Fibre Type
OM1 and OM2
Multimode Graded Index 50/125 mm or 62.5/125 mm
OM3 and OM4
Multimode Graded Index 50/125 mm
OS1
Singlemode compliant with Type B1 in IEC 60793-2-50
OS2
Outside Plant (Loose-tube) “Low Water Peak”
Singlemode compliant with Type B1.3 in
IEC 60793-2-50
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Fibre
Cable Category
Class
Multimode
OM1/OM2/OM3
Maximum
length m
OF-300
850 nm
L=735-214* -90*y
1300 nm
L=1300-500* -200*y
300
OF-500
L=935-214* -90*y
L=1500-500* -200*y
500
OF-2000
L=2435-214* -90*y
L=3000-500* -200*y
2000
OF-300
1310 nm
L=1800-750* -300*y
1550 nm
L=1800-750* -300*y
300
OF-500
L=2000-750* -300*y
L=2000-750* -300*y
500
OF-2000
L=3500-750* -300*y
L=3500-750* -300*y
2000
Singlemode
OS1
Implementation equations
L length of the channel (m)
total number of mated connections in the channel
y total number of splices in the channel
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65
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Maximum Cable Length of Ethernet and Fast Ethernet over Fibre
Ethernet Standards (IEEE)
Data Rate
Cable Fibre Type*
Maximum Distance
(IEEE)**
Ethernet (10Base-FL)
10 Mbps
50 mm or 62.5 mm Multimode @
850 nm
2,000 metres
Fast Ethernet (100Base-FX)
100 Mbps
50 mm or 62.5 mm Multimode @
1300 nm
2,000 metres
Fast Ethernet (100Base-SX)
100 Mbps
50 mm or 62.5 mm Multimode @
850 nm
300 metres
Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-SX)
1000 Mbps
50 mm Multimode @ 850 nm
550 metres
Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-SX)
1000 Mbps
62.5 mm Multimode @ 850 nm
220 metres
Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-LX)
1000 Mbps
50 mm or 62.5 mm Multimode @
1300 nm
550 metres
Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-LX)
1000 Mbps
9 mm Singlemode @ 1310 nm
5,000 metres
Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-LH)
1000 Mbps
9 mm Singlemode @ 1550 nm
70,000 metres
* 1 mm = 1 micron = one millionth of a metre
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** This is the potential distance before loss is calculated
66
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Maximum Cable Length of 10 Gigabit/second over Fibre
Ethernet Standards (IEEE)
Data Rate
Cable Fibre Type*
Maximum Distance
(IEEE)**
Ethernet (10GBase-LX4)
10 Gbps
50 mm or 62.5 mm Multimode @
1300 nm
300 metres
Ethernet (10GBase-LX4)
10 Gbps
9 mm Singlemode @ 1310 nm
2,000 metres
Ethernet (10GBase-ER/EW)
10 Gbps
9 mm Singlemode @ 1550 nm
2,000 metres
Ethernet (10GBase-SR/SW)
10 Gbps
50 mm OM3/OM4 Multimode @
850 nm
300 metres
Ethernet (10GBase-LR/LW)
10 Gbps
9 mm Singlemode @ 1310 nm
2,000 metres
Note: these details are from the 2nd Amendment of ISO/IEC 11801 2002. Some applications are still in
development
* 1 mm = 1 micron = one millionth of a metre
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** This is the potential distance before loss is calculated
67
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Centralised Fibre Optic Cabling:
• Centralised Optical Fibre Channels combine the Horizontal and
Backbone subsystems to eliminate the need for active equipment
at the Floor Distributor.
• The subsystems may be linked by one of three methods
– Interconnection in the Floor Distributor
– Splicing in the Floor Distributor
– Pulling the cable straight through the Floor Distributor
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68
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Centralised Fibre Optic Cabling:
Patching in the Floor Distributor
TO
(Fibre)
Backbone
Horizontal
Floor Distributor
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69
FIBRE
Centralised Optical Fibre Channels
Centralised Fibre Optic Cabling:
Splice in the Floor Distributor
Backbone
TO
(Fibre)
Horizontal
Floor Distributor
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70
FIBRE
Centralised Optical Fibre Channels
Centralised Fibre Optic Cabling:
Pull-through in the Floor Distributor
Backbone
TO
(Fibre)
Horizontal
Floor Distributor
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71
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Work Area Connectors:
• The optical fibre cables in the work area shall be connected to the
horizontal cabling with a duplex SC connector (SC-D).
• A simplex connector is recommended for the cabling side of the TO
to provide maximum flexibility.
• A duplex SC connector is required on the work area cord.
Frontal View
A B
B A
Horizontal Mounting
Simplex Connectors
A
B
B
A
Vertical Mounting
Cabling Side
Duplex Connector
Duplex Connector
= Position A
User Side
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= Position A
72
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Patch Cords:
• Fibre patch cords, whether they are used for cross-connection or
interconnection to equipment, shall be of a cross-over orientation
such that Position A goes to Position B on one optical fibre, and
Position B goes to Position A on the other optical fibre of the optical
fibre pair. Fibre patch cord shall be identified to indicate Position A
and Position B if the connector can be separated into its simplex
components.
• Each end of the optical connector designs utilising latches, the latch
defines the positioning in the same manner as the keys.
A
B
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B
A
73
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Installation methods for both wire cables and optical
fibre cables are similar.
Fibre cable can be pulled with much greater force
than copper wire if you pull it correctly.
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74
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Do not pull on the fibres
Pull on the strength members only!
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75
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Do not exceed the maximum pulling load rating
On long runs, use proper lubricants and make sure they are
compatible with the cable jacket.
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76
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Do not exceed the cable bend radius.
Fibre is stronger than steel when you pull it straight, but it
breaks easily when bent too tightly.
The minimum bend radius for any particular fibre cable can
be found in its specification sheet or catalogue.
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77
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Do not twist the cable.
•
Always roll the cable off the spool instead of spinning it
off the spool end.
•
If you are laying cable out for a long pull, use a "figure 8"
on the ground to prevent twisting.
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78
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Check the length
•
Make sure the cable is long enough for the run.
•
Carefully measure the cable's path before the conduit
pull to avoid the need for splices.
Not only do splices cost time and money, but they also
cause loss in both signal quality and strength.
The preferred way to measure is to use a pull tape.
•
•
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79
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Conduit and Inner duct:
•
•
•
Outside plant cables are either installed in conduit or
inner duct or direct buried, depending on the cable type.
Building cables can be installed directly, but you might
consider putting them inside plenum-rated inner duct.
This inner duct will provide a good way to identify fibre
optic cable and protect it from damage, generally a result
of someone cutting it by mistake!
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80
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Optic Testing:
• Continuity testing with visual
tracer/fault locator
• Insertion loss with source and meter
• OTDR testing
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81
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Optic Testing:
The most basic test is done with a “fibre flashlight.”
• The fibre is not broken if it passes light.
• Easy way to test continuity of fibres within a building
• Reasonable in cost to buy
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82
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Fibre Microscope
– For visual inspection of cleaved fibres and polished ferrule ends.
• Visual Fault Locator (VFL)
– Emits a visible light for fibre identification and visual location of
faults.
• Light Source and Power Meter (LSPM)
– Measures signal attenuation in the fibre. Power meter is also
used to measure source output and signal level at receiver.
• Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
– Measures fibre length and loss and because it shows loss at
discrete points is used for fault location.
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83
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Fibre Microscope:
– For visual inspection of cleaved fibres and
polished ferrule ends.
Good Polish
Over-polish
Chipped Fibre
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84
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Light Source and Power Meter:
• Master/slave pair of optical loss test
sets
• Automated insertion loss and length
measurement and instantaneous
standards-based Pass analysis
• Each unit = optical source(s) + meter
+ CPU
• Often tests multiple fibres in single
operation
• Hand-held and light weight
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85
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
OTDR Testing:
• Uses "back scattered light" to make
its measurements.
• It sends out a very high power pulse
and measures the light coming back.
• Think of the OTDR pulse as being a
"virtual source" that is testing all the
fibre between itself and the OTDR as
it moves down the fibre
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
86
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Local cabling
Interface
Adapter
(where required
by test method)
Local test
equipment
Remote cabling
Interface
Adapter
(where required
by test method)
Test interface
Test
EQP
Local test
system
Test interface
Remote test
equipment
Test
EQP
Cabling under test
Remote test
system
(where required
by test method)
The Test System and Cabling Under Test
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87
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Test Equipment Calibration:
– The test operator shall have evidence, in the form of a
valid calibration certificate, to support the use of the test
equipment at the time the tests are undertaken.
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88
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Protection of transmission and terminal equipment:
– Transmission and terminal equipment shall be
disconnected from the cabling under test before any
testing is carried out.
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89
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cleanliness:
– Any connecting hardware adapters used together with all
connector end-faces on the test cords comprising the cabling
interface adapter and the cabling under test shall be cleaned
using 98% reagent grade isopropyl alcohol applied with a lintfree wipe.
– Cleaning shall be repeated every time a test cord is connected
to the cabling or component under test.
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90
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Acceptance Testing Requirements:
– Continuity and maintenance of polarity
• Either using a VFL or as part of the Optical Attenuation
test
– Optical Attenuation
• Using a Light Source and Power Meter (LSPM) or
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
– Length
• Using equipment able to measure propagation delay
(e.g. OTDR or PMLS with length measurement
capability)
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91
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Attenuation Testing – LSPM method:
• Attenuation measurement of links and channels shall be
conducted using the 3-jumper method.
• For simplex connecting hardware the 1-jumper method may
be used.
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92
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
LSPM 3-Jumper Attenuation Method:
Simplex Light Source and Power Meter test Configuration
LS
S
Launch Cord
D
Field Calibration Cord
Tail Cord
PM
Reference measurement P0
Measured Loss
LS
S
Launch Cord
D
Cabling under test
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
Tail Cord
PM
Test measurement P1
93
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
LSPM 3-Jumper Attenuation Method
Duplex uni-direction Light Source and Power Meter test
configuration
LS
S
S
Launch Cord
D
D
Field Calibration Cord
Tail Cord
PM
Reference measurement P0
Measured Loss
LS
S
S
Launch Cord
D
D
Cabling under test
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
Tail Cord
PM
Test measurement P1
94
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
LSPM 3-Jumper Attenuation Method:
Duplex bi-direction Light Source and Power Meter test
configuration
Launch Cord
Tail Cord
Reference measurement P0
LSPM
S
D
D
LSPM
S
Reference measurement P0
Tail Cord
Launch Cord
Field Calibration Cord
Measured Loss
Launch Cord
Tail Cord
Test measurement P1
LSPM
S
D
D
LSPM
S
Test measurement P1
Tail Cord
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
Cabling under test
Launch Cord
95
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
LSPM 1-Jumper Attenuation Method:
LS
S
Launch Cord
D
PM
Test measurement P0
Measured Loss
LS
S
Launch Cord
D
Cabling under test
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
Tail Cord
PM
Test measurement P1
96
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Test Cords:
• Each test cord shall
– Contain optical fibre of the same nominal characteristics (mode
field and cladding diameters) as the optical fibre under test.
– Be labelled with a unique identifier with each connector labelled
• The launch and tail cords shall be
– Between 1 m and 5 m in length
– Terminated at one end with one or more connectors suitable for
attachment to the light source
– Terminated at the other end with one or more (SM or MM)
reference connectors compatible with the interface to the installed
cabling.
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97
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
OTDR Measurement – Permanent Link:
Launch Cord
Tail Cord
Cabling under test
OTDR
Length of Permanent Link Under Test
0
-5
Link Attenuation (Insertion Loss)
-10
-15
100
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
200
300
400
500
600
98
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
OTDR Measurement – Channel:
Launch Cord
Channel
Cord Tail Cord
Channel
Cord
OTDR
Channel under test
Length of Channel Under Test
0
-5
Channel Attenuation
(Insertion Loss)
-10
Channel and associated
end connector
Attenuation (Insertion Loss)
-15
100
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
200
300
400
500
600
99
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
OTDR Measurement – Launch Cords:
• Launch Cords shall be
– Longer than the attenuation dead zone of the OTDR
– Terminated at one end with one or more connectors suitable for
attachment to the OTDR
– Terminated at the other end with one or more reference
connectors compatible with the interface to the installed cabling
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100
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
OTDR Measurement – Tail Cords:
• Tail Cords shall be
– Of a different length from the corresponding launch cord (but
longer than the attenuation dead zone of the OTDR)
– Terminated at the other end with one or more reference
connectors compatible with the interface to the installed cabling
The termination of the other end(s) is optional
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101
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Fibre Channel Attenuation Limits:
Channel Attenuation is calculated as follows
Attenuation = Cable Loss + Splice Loss + Connector Loss
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102
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Cable Attenuation =
Maximum Cable Attenuation dB/km
OM1, OM2, OM3
and OM4
multimode
OS1 singlemode
OS2 singlemode
Wavelength
850
nm
1300
nm
1310
nm
1550
nm
1310
nm
1383
nm
1550
nm
Attenuation
3,5
1,5
1,0
1,0
0,4
0,4
0,4
• Splice Attenuation = 0.3 dB per splice
• Connector Attenuation = 0.75 dB per mated pair
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103
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Safety Considerations:
• Special handling required?
– Mainly common sense
– Clean work surface
– Proper disposal of scraps
• Optical Fibre is usually “glass.”
– Glass is sharp.
– Glass is invisible.
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104
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Optic Safety:
One of the best ways to work safely with fibre optics is to
remember the acronym “COFFEE”
C - Chemical Hazards.
O - Optical Hazards.
FF - Fibre Fragments Hazards.
E - Environmental Hazards.
E - Everyone.
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105
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Chemical Hazards:
– Store chemicals safely and correctly
labelled.
– Use chemicals in well ventilated area.
– Keep chemicals away from your skin
and eyes and avoid ingestion.
– Be familiar with COSHH (Care Of
Substances Hazardous to Health)
guidelines.
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
106
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Hazards:
– Don't look at the end of a fibre or
connector unless you are sure it is safe
to do so.
– Check and ensure you understand
safety labelling on light sources.
– Replace protective caps on the ends of
unused connectors.
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107
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Fragments Hazards:
– Dispose of all fibre fragments in a
suitable container.
– Keep ends of fibres away from eyes,
skin and clothing.
– Don't pick up fibre fragments by hand,
use sticky tape for example.
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108
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Environmental Hazards
– Be aware of potential hazards in your
working space.
– Consider how your working space will
affect you and your equipment.
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109
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Everyone:
– Explain any safety issues to other
people in your working space or
working with you.
– Respect the safety of others around
you.
– When appropriate erect warning signs
or even barriers.
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110
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Documentation:
• Documentation is what the customer expects to get as proof
the job was done correctly and will speed up the process of
payment to the contractor.
• Documentation includes drawings of cable runs, tables of
connection data and test data on every Fibre in the cable plant.
• Remember the usefulness of documentation goes beyond
proving the installation was done correctly.
• It is needed for moves, adds and changes (MACs) and
restoration.
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111
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Giganet Fibre Components:
Fibre cable
Fibre Adapter
Enclosure/Fibre
panel
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
Connectors
112
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Giganet Fibre Components – Jumpers and Pigtails:
ST - LC
SC - LC
ST - SC
LC - LC
MTRJ - MTRJ
LC - MTRJ
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SC -SC
ST - ST
SC Pigtail
ST Pigtail
113
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Giganet Fibre Components – Panels and Adapters:
LC Adapters
Rack-mount Panels
Plug and Play
Wall-mount Panels
SC/ST Adapters
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
LC Adapters
SC Adapters
114
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Giganet Fibre Termination Kit:
Kit Consists of the following:
Glass working pad
Crimp tool
6um Brown colour Polishing film
1um Purple colour Polishing film
0.05um White colour Polishing film
Rubber working pad
Kevlar Cutter
Wipe paper
SC/ST polish disk
Cleanser
Stripper
Syringe
Scribe
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115
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Consumables:
6um Brown colour Polishing film
1um Purple colour Polishing film
0.05um White colour Polishing film
Wipe paper
Cleanser
Stripper
Syringe
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116
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CERTIFIED INSTALLER PROGRAMME
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1
FIBRE
Contents
What are Optical Fibres?
Fibre History
Types Of Fibre (Multimode/Singlemode)
Common Fibre Optics Cable Types
Splicing and Terminating Optical Fibres
Factors Contributing to Signal Degradation
Implementing Fibre Optics in the LAN
Advantages/ Disadvantages Of Using Fibre Optics Cable
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable
Fibre Optics Testing
Giganet Fibre Components (Connectors, Enclosures, Patchcords etc)
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2
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
What are Optical Fibres?
Optical Fibres are very thin glass strands made from
extremely pure optical glass.
A glass ‘tunnel’ through which the light travels is created.
125 micron fibre
Human hair (approx. 100 microns)
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Fibre Construction:
An optical fibre (fibre-optic) is basically made-up of three parts:
• the core
• the cladding and
• the buffer coating.
Buffer
Core
Cladding
Core
Cladding
Buffer
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FIBRE
Fibre Optic Terminology
Fibre ID:
– Fibres are identified by their core and cladding diameters
expressed in microns (mm)
Fibre ID
50/125
62/125
9/125
Core Diameter Cladding Diameter
mm
mm
50 /
62.5 /
9
/
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125
125
125
5
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre History:
• The first attempts at guiding
light on the basis of total
internal reflection in a
medium dates to 1841 by
Daniel Colladon.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre History:
• In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated how light
could be used to transfer sounds from one area to another.
Though it did not work on cloudy days, his discovery did set
the stage for fibre optics.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre History:
• In 1930, a German student named Heinrich Lamm
demonstrated how fibre optics could be used to examine
internal body parts.
• In 1956, the term "Fibre Optics" was born when
Narinder Kapany coined the term after bundling a few
glass rods. He then demonstrated that these rods could
project light without leaking at any point, as long as they
were wrapped or coated in a dark material.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre History:
• By 1960s, Dr. Charles Kao realized the potential of fibre
optics.
• Dr. Kao suggested fibre optics could be used for fast,
clear communications.
• In the 1970's, a company called Corning Glass created
the first optical fibre made entirely of thin strands of
glass.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre History:
In April 1977, General Telephone and Electronics tested
and deployed the world's first live telephone traffic
through a fibre-optic system in Long Beach, California.
They were soon followed by Bell in May 1977, with an
optical telephone communication system installed in the
downtown Chicago area, covering a distance of 1.5 miles
(2.4 kilometers).
Today more than 80 percent of the world's long-distance
voice and data traffic is carried over optical-fibre cables.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Light Sources – LEDs and Lasers:
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Light Source.
Laser Light Source
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Types Of Fibre Optic Cable (MM/SM):
There are two basic modes of light transmission in a
fibre optic cable:
- Multimode
- Singlemode
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Multimode Fibre:
Light ray travels in the fibre core at discrete angles within its
acceptance cone.
Cladding
Core
Fibre
Acceptance
Angle
Multimode is called such because the light used to transmit the
data actually travels multiple paths within the core.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Multimode Fibre:
There are two types of MM fibre
• Stepped Index
• Graded Index
Multimode stepped index
Multimode graded index
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Stepped Index:
– Core has a uniform index
of refraction and the
n = Index of Refraction
Air: n
concentric cladding also
has a uniform but lower Cladding: n
Core: n
index.
– Multimode steppedindex fibres have lower
n0 = 1.000, n1 = 1.47, n2 = 1.45
bandwidth than other
fibre designs.
0
2
1
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Graded Index:
– Rays that travel longer
paths have greater
velocity than rays
traveling the shorter
paths due to decreasing
refractive index with
radial distance.
– The various modes then
tend to have the same
arrival time.
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Cladding
Core
nA
nB < nA
16
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Singlemode Cable:
Accepts one light ray, which is the first light ray that travels
straight down the fibre core center.
There is no arrival time disparity between different fibre
modes which makes a cleaner signal at the receiving end.
Singlemode
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Optic Wavelengths:
• In fibre optics, ‘Wavelength’
relates to the colour of the light
being used to transmit the signal
through the fibre core.
• Light in the infrared spectrum
around 850, 1300 and 1550
nanometres is used because the
fibre attenuates the light much
less in this range.
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Wavelength (nanometres)
850
UV
Visible
1300 1550
Infrared
18
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Fibre optic "cable" refers to the complete assembly of fibres,
strength members and jacket.
Fibre optic cables come in lots of different types, depending
on the number of fibres and how and where it will be
installed.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Basic Cable Design:
a)
Loose-tube cable, used in the majority of outside-plant
installations.
b)
Tight-buffered cable, primarily used inside buildings.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Loose-Tube Construction
Tight-Buffered Construction
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Simplex and Zip Cord
• Simplex cables are one fibre, tight-buffered with Kevlar
(aramid fibre) strength members and jacketed for indoor use.
• Zipcord is simply two of these joined with a thin web. It's used
mostly for patch cord and backplane applications, but zipcord
can also be used for desktop connections.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Distribution Cables
• Contain several tight-buffered fibres bundled under the same
jacket with Kevlar strength members and sometimes
fibreglass rod reinforcement to stiffen the cable and prevent
kinking.
• Small in size, and used for short, dry conduit runs, riser and
plenum applications.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Loose Tube Cables
• Composed of several fibres together inside a small plastic
tube, which are in turn wound around a central strength
member and jacketed. Ideal for outside plant applications, as
it can be made with the loose tubes filled with gel or water
absorbent powder to prevent harm to the fibres from water
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Breakout Cables
• Made of several simplex cables bundled together.
• Strong, rugged design, but is larger and more expensive than
the distribution cables.
• Suitable for conduit runs, riser and plenum applications.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Indoor/Outdoor
• Can be loose tube or tight buffered. They use a durable
jacket material suitable for use both indoors and outdoors
and include a water inhibitor in the form of a gel or swellable
tape.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Aerial Cable/Self-Supporting
• Provides ease of installation and reduces time and cost.
• Flexibility needed to meet the demands of campus backbones
and other outside plant requirements.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Hybrid & Composite Cable
Perfect for Use When Mixed Fiber Optic
and/or Copper Media and Coaxial Cable is
Required
Suitable for Use in Residential Applications
Supports Reduced Installation Costs and
Simpler Cable Management
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Armoured Cable
• Used for rodent protection in direct burial if required.
• Moisture-resistant design.
• The armour can be removed leaving the inner cable suitable for
any indoor/outdoor use.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cable Types:
Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH)
• Jacket material uses no halogens
• Reduces the smoke and fume hazard in the event of a fire.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Splicing Methods:
A splice is a permanent fibre joint whose purpose is to
establish an optical connection between two individual
optical fibres.
Two types include:
• Mechanical Splice
• Fusion Splice
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Mechanical Splice:
Fibre splice where mechanical fixtures and materials
perform fibre alignment and connection.
Fibre
Fibre
Interface
Fibre
Mechanical Fixture
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fusion Splice:
Fibre splice where localized heat from a high voltage arc
fuses or melts the ends of two optical fibres together.
Fibre
Fibre
High Voltage Arc
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Optic Training:
Connectors typically used in the Local Area Network:
ST (Straight Tip) – Simplex connector using a
bayonet ‘push-and-twist’ housing.
Ferrule diameter 2.5 mm.
SC (Subscriber Connector) – Can be used in simplex
or duplex configuration.
Uses a push-and-click
fastening.
Ferrule diameter 2.5 mm
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Optic Training:
Connectors typically used in the Local Area Network:
LC (Generally known as Lucent Connector) –
Duplex connector similar to SC
but taking up half the footprint.
Ferrule diameter 1.25 mm.
MTRJ (Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack) –
Duplex connector with similar
footprint to RJ-style balanced
cabling jacks. Push-and-click
fastening. Single ferrule
houses two fibres
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FIBRE
Fibre Optic Connectors
Connectors typically used in the Local Area Network:
MPO (Multi-fibre Push On) –
Built around the generic MT
ferrule, allow termination of up
to 24 fibres from round or
ribbon cables and mainly used
as part of pre-terminated
assemblies.
MTP Brand (Multi-fibre Termination Push On) –
Enhanced version of MPO
designed by USCon
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Terminating Connectors:
Terminating a fibre connector onto a pigtail or unbuffered
fibre can be done in several ways.
The three common ways are:
– Epoxy-glue method (cold or hot cured)
– Hot Melt method
– Cleave and crimp
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Terminating Connectors:
Epoxy-glue method (hot cure)
•
Oldest and is still widely used today
•
This process involves filling the connector with a mixed two-part epoxy,
inserting the prepared and cleaned fibre into the connector, then
curing the epoxy in an oven.
•
Fibre is scribed and polished until its fine.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Terminating Connectors:
Epoxy-glue method (cold cure)
•
This process involves filling the connector with a onepart adhesive, coating the fibre with a ‘primer’ then
inserting the fibre into the connector.
•
The adhesive and primer react on contact and the
fibre is secured in the connector after only 30 seconds
•
Fibre is scribed and polished until its fine.
•
The method has an advantage over the hot-cure
system as it needs no power source.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Terminating Connectors:
Hot Melt method
•
•
•
Connector comes preloaded with glue and must
be placed into an oven to soften the glue.
Clean, prepared fibre is then inserted into the
connector, then left to cool.
After cooling, fibre is scribed and polished in the
same process as used in the epoxy method.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Terminating Connectors:
Cleave and crimp Method
•
Connectors do not require a polish
procedure since these connectors already
have a polished ferrule tip.
•
Installation simply involves inserting a
properly cleaved Fibre to butt against the
connector's internal fibre "stub."
•
The fibre connector is then crimped to
hold the fibre in place.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Factors Contributing to Signal Degradation:
• Dispersion within the fibre
• Attenuation of the fibre
• Splice attenuation
• Connector attenuation
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Dispersion:
–
–
When short pulses of light energy are coupled into a fibre,
the time behaviour is strongly influenced by the fibre
type, as well as the core and cladding materials.
Dispersion is defined as the signal broadening or
spreading while it propagates inside the Fibre.
Transmitted Pulses
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Received Pulses After Dispersion
44
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Transit Time Behaviour of Light in Light Guide:
There are 2 basic types of dispersion:
a) Modal dispersion
b) Chromatic dispersion
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Modal dispersion:
•
•
Comes from differing transit times for different modes due
to differing optical paths (zig-zag patterns multiplied by
index of refraction).
Occurs only in multimode fibres.
Direction of Light Transmission
Multimode stepped index
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Chromatic Dispersion:
Occurs because different colours of light travel through the fibre at different
speeds.
Since the different colours of light have different velocities, some colours
arrive at the fibre end before others.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Attenuation:
Loss of optical power as light travels along the fibre.
It is measured in decibels (dB/km) over a set distance.
Two categories of attenuation :
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Intrinsic attenuation:
Reduction of signal strength during transmission caused
by manufacturing impurities in the glass, which typically
causes absorption and scattering when the light hits the
glass.
Light
Ray
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Absorbtion and Scattering:
– Absorbtion – the conversion of light to heat by molecules
in the glass. The primary absorbers are hydroxyls (OH+)
and other dopants used to modify the refractive index of
the glass.
– Scattering – occurs when light collides with individual
atoms in the glass and is either absorbed into the cladding
or reflected back to the source.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Absorbtion – OH+ Absorbtion occurs predominantly at 1000,
1400 and above nanometres. Special ‘Low Water Peak’
Singlemode cable is available that reduces absorbtion at 1400
nm.
Absorption
Attenuation
Scattering
850
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1300
Wavelength
1550
51
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Scattering – also a function of the wavelength and
proportional to the inverse fourth power of the wavelength of
the light.
If you double the wavelength you reduce the attenuation due
to scattering by a factor of 16. This is why longer wavelengths
are used over greater transmission distances.
Absorption
Attenuation
Scattering
850
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1300
Wavelength
1550
52
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Extrinsic Attenuation:
Extrinsic attenuation is caused by external factors, such as
bends in the optical fibre, called macrobending and
microbending, which cause a reduction of optical power.
Cladding
Core
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Extrinsic Attenuation:
a)
Macrobending
Large visible bend in the optical fibre that can cause a
reduction of optical power in the glass.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Extrinsic Attenuation:
b)
Microbending
An imperfection in the optical fibre which was created during
manufacturing.
Unlike macrobending, the imperfection may not always be
visible.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Factors affecting spliced points:
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Connector Attenuation:
•
•
Mechanical connections can introduce dust, dirt, as well as
normal wear to a light path that can obscure and block light.
Typical loss attributed to one connector is 0.5dB.
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Dirt can migrate from a dirty to a clean connector
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre vs Copper:
Fibre
Copper
Cabling cheaper – active equipment more
expensive
Cabling more expensive – active equipment
cheaper
Supports high bandwidth over long
distances
Supports high bandwidth over short
distances
Light-weight and small profile
Comparatively heavy and bulky
Requires adapters at the Work Area
No adapters needed at Work area
Does not support analogue phone or POE
Supports analogue phone and POE
Security – difficult to intercept light signals
Easier to ‘tap’ into copper cables
Immune from Electromagnetic Interference
Needs protection from EMI
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Choosing a cable type:
What hazards will it face?
• Will the cables be exposed to chemicals or have to withstand
a wide temperature range?
• Inside buildings, cables don't have to be so strong to protect
the fibres, but they have to meet all fire code provisions.
• Outside the building, it depends on whether the cable is
buried directly, pulled in conduit, strung aerially or whatever.
• How many fibres you need and what kind (singlemode or
multimode or both in what we call "hybrid" cables.)
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Choosing a cable type:
What Fibre Should I Use?
• How far do you need to go?
• What type of bandwidth do you need?
• How much money do you have to spend?
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Fibre Channel classification (CENELEC EN 50173:2007)
•
•
•
•
•
Class OF-300 channels support applications to a minimum of 300 m
Class OF-500 channels support applications to a minimum of 500 m
Class OF-2 000 channels support applications to a minimum of 2 000 m
Class OF-5 000 channels support applications to a minimum of 5 000 m
Class OF-10 000 channels support applications to a minimum of 10 000 m
Channel Attenuation (dB)
Channel
Multimode
Singlemode
850 nm
1 300 nm
1 310 nm
1 550 nm
OF-300
2,55
1,95
1,80
1,80
OF-500
3,25
2,25
2,00
2,00
OF-2 000
8,50
4,50
3,50
3,50
OF-5 000
-
-
4,00
4,00
OF-10 000
-
-
6,00
6,00
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Six cabled silica optical fibre categories are specified to support
various classes of application, four multimode optical fibre
types (OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4*) and two single-mode types
(OS1 and OS2*).
Maximum Cable Attenuation dB/km
OM1, OM2, OM3
and OM4
multimode
OS1 singlemode
OS2 singlemode
Wavelength
850
nm
1300
nm
1310
nm
1550
nm
1310
nm
1383
nm
1550
nm
Attenuation
3,5
1,5
1,0
1,0
0,4
0,4
0,4
* OM4 and OS2 standardisation is currently pending
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FIBRE
Fibre Cable Classifications
Fibre used to produce cabled silica optical fibre categories:
Category
Fibre Type
OM1 and OM2
Multimode Graded Index 50/125 mm or 62.5/125 mm
OM3 and OM4
Multimode Graded Index 50/125 mm
OS1
Singlemode compliant with Type B1 in IEC 60793-2-50
OS2
Outside Plant (Loose-tube) “Low Water Peak”
Singlemode compliant with Type B1.3 in
IEC 60793-2-50
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Fibre
Cable Category
Class
Multimode
OM1/OM2/OM3
Maximum
length m
OF-300
850 nm
L=735-214* -90*y
1300 nm
L=1300-500* -200*y
300
OF-500
L=935-214* -90*y
L=1500-500* -200*y
500
OF-2000
L=2435-214* -90*y
L=3000-500* -200*y
2000
OF-300
1310 nm
L=1800-750* -300*y
1550 nm
L=1800-750* -300*y
300
OF-500
L=2000-750* -300*y
L=2000-750* -300*y
500
OF-2000
L=3500-750* -300*y
L=3500-750* -300*y
2000
Singlemode
OS1
Implementation equations
L length of the channel (m)
total number of mated connections in the channel
y total number of splices in the channel
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Maximum Cable Length of Ethernet and Fast Ethernet over Fibre
Ethernet Standards (IEEE)
Data Rate
Cable Fibre Type*
Maximum Distance
(IEEE)**
Ethernet (10Base-FL)
10 Mbps
50 mm or 62.5 mm Multimode @
850 nm
2,000 metres
Fast Ethernet (100Base-FX)
100 Mbps
50 mm or 62.5 mm Multimode @
1300 nm
2,000 metres
Fast Ethernet (100Base-SX)
100 Mbps
50 mm or 62.5 mm Multimode @
850 nm
300 metres
Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-SX)
1000 Mbps
50 mm Multimode @ 850 nm
550 metres
Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-SX)
1000 Mbps
62.5 mm Multimode @ 850 nm
220 metres
Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-LX)
1000 Mbps
50 mm or 62.5 mm Multimode @
1300 nm
550 metres
Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-LX)
1000 Mbps
9 mm Singlemode @ 1310 nm
5,000 metres
Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-LH)
1000 Mbps
9 mm Singlemode @ 1550 nm
70,000 metres
* 1 mm = 1 micron = one millionth of a metre
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** This is the potential distance before loss is calculated
66
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Maximum Cable Length of 10 Gigabit/second over Fibre
Ethernet Standards (IEEE)
Data Rate
Cable Fibre Type*
Maximum Distance
(IEEE)**
Ethernet (10GBase-LX4)
10 Gbps
50 mm or 62.5 mm Multimode @
1300 nm
300 metres
Ethernet (10GBase-LX4)
10 Gbps
9 mm Singlemode @ 1310 nm
2,000 metres
Ethernet (10GBase-ER/EW)
10 Gbps
9 mm Singlemode @ 1550 nm
2,000 metres
Ethernet (10GBase-SR/SW)
10 Gbps
50 mm OM3/OM4 Multimode @
850 nm
300 metres
Ethernet (10GBase-LR/LW)
10 Gbps
9 mm Singlemode @ 1310 nm
2,000 metres
Note: these details are from the 2nd Amendment of ISO/IEC 11801 2002. Some applications are still in
development
* 1 mm = 1 micron = one millionth of a metre
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** This is the potential distance before loss is calculated
67
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Centralised Fibre Optic Cabling:
• Centralised Optical Fibre Channels combine the Horizontal and
Backbone subsystems to eliminate the need for active equipment
at the Floor Distributor.
• The subsystems may be linked by one of three methods
– Interconnection in the Floor Distributor
– Splicing in the Floor Distributor
– Pulling the cable straight through the Floor Distributor
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Centralised Fibre Optic Cabling:
Patching in the Floor Distributor
TO
(Fibre)
Backbone
Horizontal
Floor Distributor
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69
FIBRE
Centralised Optical Fibre Channels
Centralised Fibre Optic Cabling:
Splice in the Floor Distributor
Backbone
TO
(Fibre)
Horizontal
Floor Distributor
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70
FIBRE
Centralised Optical Fibre Channels
Centralised Fibre Optic Cabling:
Pull-through in the Floor Distributor
Backbone
TO
(Fibre)
Horizontal
Floor Distributor
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71
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Work Area Connectors:
• The optical fibre cables in the work area shall be connected to the
horizontal cabling with a duplex SC connector (SC-D).
• A simplex connector is recommended for the cabling side of the TO
to provide maximum flexibility.
• A duplex SC connector is required on the work area cord.
Frontal View
A B
B A
Horizontal Mounting
Simplex Connectors
A
B
B
A
Vertical Mounting
Cabling Side
Duplex Connector
Duplex Connector
= Position A
User Side
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= Position A
72
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Patch Cords:
• Fibre patch cords, whether they are used for cross-connection or
interconnection to equipment, shall be of a cross-over orientation
such that Position A goes to Position B on one optical fibre, and
Position B goes to Position A on the other optical fibre of the optical
fibre pair. Fibre patch cord shall be identified to indicate Position A
and Position B if the connector can be separated into its simplex
components.
• Each end of the optical connector designs utilising latches, the latch
defines the positioning in the same manner as the keys.
A
B
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B
A
73
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Installation methods for both wire cables and optical
fibre cables are similar.
Fibre cable can be pulled with much greater force
than copper wire if you pull it correctly.
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74
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Do not pull on the fibres
Pull on the strength members only!
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75
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Do not exceed the maximum pulling load rating
On long runs, use proper lubricants and make sure they are
compatible with the cable jacket.
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76
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Do not exceed the cable bend radius.
Fibre is stronger than steel when you pull it straight, but it
breaks easily when bent too tightly.
The minimum bend radius for any particular fibre cable can
be found in its specification sheet or catalogue.
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77
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Do not twist the cable.
•
Always roll the cable off the spool instead of spinning it
off the spool end.
•
If you are laying cable out for a long pull, use a "figure 8"
on the ground to prevent twisting.
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78
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Check the length
•
Make sure the cable is long enough for the run.
•
Carefully measure the cable's path before the conduit
pull to avoid the need for splices.
Not only do splices cost time and money, but they also
cause loss in both signal quality and strength.
The preferred way to measure is to use a pull tape.
•
•
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79
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Pulling Fibre Optic Cable:
Conduit and Inner duct:
•
•
•
Outside plant cables are either installed in conduit or
inner duct or direct buried, depending on the cable type.
Building cables can be installed directly, but you might
consider putting them inside plenum-rated inner duct.
This inner duct will provide a good way to identify fibre
optic cable and protect it from damage, generally a result
of someone cutting it by mistake!
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80
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Optic Testing:
• Continuity testing with visual
tracer/fault locator
• Insertion loss with source and meter
• OTDR testing
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81
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Optic Testing:
The most basic test is done with a “fibre flashlight.”
• The fibre is not broken if it passes light.
• Easy way to test continuity of fibres within a building
• Reasonable in cost to buy
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82
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Fibre Microscope
– For visual inspection of cleaved fibres and polished ferrule ends.
• Visual Fault Locator (VFL)
– Emits a visible light for fibre identification and visual location of
faults.
• Light Source and Power Meter (LSPM)
– Measures signal attenuation in the fibre. Power meter is also
used to measure source output and signal level at receiver.
• Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
– Measures fibre length and loss and because it shows loss at
discrete points is used for fault location.
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83
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Fibre Microscope:
– For visual inspection of cleaved fibres and
polished ferrule ends.
Good Polish
Over-polish
Chipped Fibre
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84
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Light Source and Power Meter:
• Master/slave pair of optical loss test
sets
• Automated insertion loss and length
measurement and instantaneous
standards-based Pass analysis
• Each unit = optical source(s) + meter
+ CPU
• Often tests multiple fibres in single
operation
• Hand-held and light weight
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85
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
OTDR Testing:
• Uses "back scattered light" to make
its measurements.
• It sends out a very high power pulse
and measures the light coming back.
• Think of the OTDR pulse as being a
"virtual source" that is testing all the
fibre between itself and the OTDR as
it moves down the fibre
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86
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Local cabling
Interface
Adapter
(where required
by test method)
Local test
equipment
Remote cabling
Interface
Adapter
(where required
by test method)
Test interface
Test
EQP
Local test
system
Test interface
Remote test
equipment
Test
EQP
Cabling under test
Remote test
system
(where required
by test method)
The Test System and Cabling Under Test
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87
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Test Equipment Calibration:
– The test operator shall have evidence, in the form of a
valid calibration certificate, to support the use of the test
equipment at the time the tests are undertaken.
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88
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Protection of transmission and terminal equipment:
– Transmission and terminal equipment shall be
disconnected from the cabling under test before any
testing is carried out.
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89
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Cleanliness:
– Any connecting hardware adapters used together with all
connector end-faces on the test cords comprising the cabling
interface adapter and the cabling under test shall be cleaned
using 98% reagent grade isopropyl alcohol applied with a lintfree wipe.
– Cleaning shall be repeated every time a test cord is connected
to the cabling or component under test.
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90
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Acceptance Testing Requirements:
– Continuity and maintenance of polarity
• Either using a VFL or as part of the Optical Attenuation
test
– Optical Attenuation
• Using a Light Source and Power Meter (LSPM) or
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
– Length
• Using equipment able to measure propagation delay
(e.g. OTDR or PMLS with length measurement
capability)
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91
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Attenuation Testing – LSPM method:
• Attenuation measurement of links and channels shall be
conducted using the 3-jumper method.
• For simplex connecting hardware the 1-jumper method may
be used.
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92
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
LSPM 3-Jumper Attenuation Method:
Simplex Light Source and Power Meter test Configuration
LS
S
Launch Cord
D
Field Calibration Cord
Tail Cord
PM
Reference measurement P0
Measured Loss
LS
S
Launch Cord
D
Cabling under test
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
Tail Cord
PM
Test measurement P1
93
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
LSPM 3-Jumper Attenuation Method
Duplex uni-direction Light Source and Power Meter test
configuration
LS
S
S
Launch Cord
D
D
Field Calibration Cord
Tail Cord
PM
Reference measurement P0
Measured Loss
LS
S
S
Launch Cord
D
D
Cabling under test
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
Tail Cord
PM
Test measurement P1
94
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
LSPM 3-Jumper Attenuation Method:
Duplex bi-direction Light Source and Power Meter test
configuration
Launch Cord
Tail Cord
Reference measurement P0
LSPM
S
D
D
LSPM
S
Reference measurement P0
Tail Cord
Launch Cord
Field Calibration Cord
Measured Loss
Launch Cord
Tail Cord
Test measurement P1
LSPM
S
D
D
LSPM
S
Test measurement P1
Tail Cord
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Cabling under test
Launch Cord
95
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
LSPM 1-Jumper Attenuation Method:
LS
S
Launch Cord
D
PM
Test measurement P0
Measured Loss
LS
S
Launch Cord
D
Cabling under test
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
Tail Cord
PM
Test measurement P1
96
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Test Cords:
• Each test cord shall
– Contain optical fibre of the same nominal characteristics (mode
field and cladding diameters) as the optical fibre under test.
– Be labelled with a unique identifier with each connector labelled
• The launch and tail cords shall be
– Between 1 m and 5 m in length
– Terminated at one end with one or more connectors suitable for
attachment to the light source
– Terminated at the other end with one or more (SM or MM)
reference connectors compatible with the interface to the installed
cabling.
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97
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
OTDR Measurement – Permanent Link:
Launch Cord
Tail Cord
Cabling under test
OTDR
Length of Permanent Link Under Test
0
-5
Link Attenuation (Insertion Loss)
-10
-15
100
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200
300
400
500
600
98
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
OTDR Measurement – Channel:
Launch Cord
Channel
Cord Tail Cord
Channel
Cord
OTDR
Channel under test
Length of Channel Under Test
0
-5
Channel Attenuation
(Insertion Loss)
-10
Channel and associated
end connector
Attenuation (Insertion Loss)
-15
100
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C E R T I F I E D I N S TA L L E R P R O G R A M M E
200
300
400
500
600
99
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
OTDR Measurement – Launch Cords:
• Launch Cords shall be
– Longer than the attenuation dead zone of the OTDR
– Terminated at one end with one or more connectors suitable for
attachment to the OTDR
– Terminated at the other end with one or more reference
connectors compatible with the interface to the installed cabling
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100
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
OTDR Measurement – Tail Cords:
• Tail Cords shall be
– Of a different length from the corresponding launch cord (but
longer than the attenuation dead zone of the OTDR)
– Terminated at the other end with one or more reference
connectors compatible with the interface to the installed cabling
The termination of the other end(s) is optional
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101
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Fibre Channel Attenuation Limits:
Channel Attenuation is calculated as follows
Attenuation = Cable Loss + Splice Loss + Connector Loss
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102
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
• Cable Attenuation =
Maximum Cable Attenuation dB/km
OM1, OM2, OM3
and OM4
multimode
OS1 singlemode
OS2 singlemode
Wavelength
850
nm
1300
nm
1310
nm
1550
nm
1310
nm
1383
nm
1550
nm
Attenuation
3,5
1,5
1,0
1,0
0,4
0,4
0,4
• Splice Attenuation = 0.3 dB per splice
• Connector Attenuation = 0.75 dB per mated pair
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103
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Safety Considerations:
• Special handling required?
– Mainly common sense
– Clean work surface
– Proper disposal of scraps
• Optical Fibre is usually “glass.”
– Glass is sharp.
– Glass is invisible.
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104
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Optic Safety:
One of the best ways to work safely with fibre optics is to
remember the acronym “COFFEE”
C - Chemical Hazards.
O - Optical Hazards.
FF - Fibre Fragments Hazards.
E - Environmental Hazards.
E - Everyone.
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105
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Chemical Hazards:
– Store chemicals safely and correctly
labelled.
– Use chemicals in well ventilated area.
– Keep chemicals away from your skin
and eyes and avoid ingestion.
– Be familiar with COSHH (Care Of
Substances Hazardous to Health)
guidelines.
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106
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Optical Hazards:
– Don't look at the end of a fibre or
connector unless you are sure it is safe
to do so.
– Check and ensure you understand
safety labelling on light sources.
– Replace protective caps on the ends of
unused connectors.
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107
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Fragments Hazards:
– Dispose of all fibre fragments in a
suitable container.
– Keep ends of fibres away from eyes,
skin and clothing.
– Don't pick up fibre fragments by hand,
use sticky tape for example.
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108
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Environmental Hazards
– Be aware of potential hazards in your
working space.
– Consider how your working space will
affect you and your equipment.
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109
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Everyone:
– Explain any safety issues to other
people in your working space or
working with you.
– Respect the safety of others around
you.
– When appropriate erect warning signs
or even barriers.
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110
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Documentation:
• Documentation is what the customer expects to get as proof
the job was done correctly and will speed up the process of
payment to the contractor.
• Documentation includes drawings of cable runs, tables of
connection data and test data on every Fibre in the cable plant.
• Remember the usefulness of documentation goes beyond
proving the installation was done correctly.
• It is needed for moves, adds and changes (MACs) and
restoration.
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111
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Giganet Fibre Components:
Fibre cable
Fibre Adapter
Enclosure/Fibre
panel
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Connectors
112
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Giganet Fibre Components – Jumpers and Pigtails:
ST - LC
SC - LC
ST - SC
LC - LC
MTRJ - MTRJ
LC - MTRJ
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SC -SC
ST - ST
SC Pigtail
ST Pigtail
113
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Giganet Fibre Components – Panels and Adapters:
LC Adapters
Rack-mount Panels
Plug and Play
Wall-mount Panels
SC/ST Adapters
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LC Adapters
SC Adapters
114
FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Giganet Fibre Termination Kit:
Kit Consists of the following:
Glass working pad
Crimp tool
6um Brown colour Polishing film
1um Purple colour Polishing film
0.05um White colour Polishing film
Rubber working pad
Kevlar Cutter
Wipe paper
SC/ST polish disk
Cleanser
Stripper
Syringe
Scribe
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FIBRE
Giganet Fibre Training:
Fibre Consumables:
6um Brown colour Polishing film
1um Purple colour Polishing film
0.05um White colour Polishing film
Wipe paper
Cleanser
Stripper
Syringe
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116
