Forms of Electronic Communication
Content
Forms of Electronic Communication Video Conferencing
Video-conferencing Video-conferencing is a system that allows people to have conversations and meetings with other people indifferent locations, but without leaving their office. A video-conference involves people sitting in front of a camera and a microphone, whilst watching other people of a screen and listening to them through loudspeakers.
Equipment needed:
Video camera Monitor Microphone Loudspeakers High-speed network / Internet connection
Phone Conferencing:
This is the linking together of several people on a phone line so that they can have a collective conversation. It is possible to hold these conferences of voice over t he internet protocol-VOIP [Voice over Internet Protocol] In order for a phone conversation to take place, at least three people must be involved-two people would need to b having a normal conversation-
Instant Messaging
Instant messaging lets people send instant messages (text-based conversation) to each other over a network, such as across the internet by means of the relevant instant messaging software application. application. Instant messaging may also be present on company intranets that allow employees to communicate with one another rather than email. Another common use of instant messaging are the customer support services t hat appear on some organisations' organisations' website. Typically this provides an 'instant chat' service with an online (human) assistant paid to help you. It is an interactive service, as people can reply immediately to others logged into the same system.
Faxing:
Facsimile transmission-FAX-, a fax machine is connected to a phone line. A document is scanned and then transmitted through phone lines to another fax machine that then prints it out. It requires the use of a modern and so the speed of the transmission tends to be slow. It is used when exact copies of originals are required, although the quality of the copy is sometimes not very good. Many organisations tend not to use fax machines as s uch but prefer to have ‘all-in-oneprinters’.
Electronic Faxing:
There are several systems that use the internet for faxing, instead of printing out a document and faxing it using a fax machines, the user ‘prints’ the document directly to fax software, which uses the modem or broadband to send the fax. The Receiver either receives it on their fax machines or uses the same type of software to convert it into a document for storage. Electronic faxing has the following advantages: It saves the time of going to the fax machine to retrieve or send faxes Equipment coasts are lower as there is no need for a fax machine. Running costs are lower as there is no need for a dedicated fax line. Confidential faxes are secure. On a manual fax, any worker might pick up a fax sent to someone else. It is not necessary to be in the office to receive faxes as they can be downloaded remotely.
Use of ICT in data management: Sequential File
A sequential file is organized such that each record in the file except the first has a unique predecessor record and each record except the last has a unique successor record. These predecessor-successor relationships are established by the order in which the records are written when the file is created. A file that is organized sequentially must be accessed sequentially. Variable- or Fixed-Length Sequential Files. Sequential files may be recorded in variable-length or fixed-length record form. If a file consists of variable-length records, each logical record is preceded by control information that indicates the size of the logical record. The control information is recorded when the logical record is written, based on the size of the internal record specified in the WRITE statement, and is subsequently used by the inputoutput control system to determine the location of successive logical records. If a file consists of fixed- length records, the record size is established at the time the file is opened and is the same for every logical record on the file. Therefore, there is no need to record any control information with the logical record
Indexed Sequential Files An indexed file, which must be allocated in the execution activity to two or more random mass storage files (one for the index, and one or more for the data), is organized such that each record is uniquely identified by the value of a key within the record. In the RECORD KEY phrase of the SELECT clause, the source program specifies one of the data items within one of the records associated with the file as the record key data item.
Each attempt to access a record based on the record key item causes a search of the index file for a key that matches the current contents of the record key data item in the file record area. The matching index record in turn points to the location of the associated data record.
Hierarchical Database Management Systems
Parts of this database are stored on a number of computers that are linked through a WAN or LANs. Many of the parts of the database are duplicated so that it is unlikely that any data is lost. Despite this is appears to each user to be a single system. The duplication also enables faster processing. The system caters for very complex searches or filters but does not necessarily carry out processing at the site where the user is.
Rational Database Systems
an electronic database comprising multiple files of related information, usually stored in tables of rows(records) and columns (fields), and allowing a link to be established between separate f iles that have amatching field, as a column of invoice numbers, so that the two files can be qu eried simultaneously by the user. Computer database in which all data is stored in Relations which (to the user) are tables with rows and columns. Each table is composed of records (called Tuples) and each record is identified by a field (attribute) containing a unique value. Every table shares at least one field with another table in 'one to one,' 'one too many,' or 'many to many' relationships. These relationships allow the database user to access the data in almost an unlimited number of ways, and to combine the tables as building blocks to create complex and very large databases. See also flat database.
Payroll Applications
Uses the form of batch processing-usually means the files are needed to be store on separate magnetic tapes. What manages employees on how the get paid. An automatic system that works out the amount of money each person gets paid. The computer calculated the pay of each worker using the number of hours worked. 2 data files involved1) Master file-holds all the data about the workers, employee number, their name, contact details, rate of pay and the pay they have received so far this year as well as the taxes and insurance they have paid so far this year. 2) Transaction file [Temporary file] also has details of any new workers or workers who have left the company or any workers whose details have changed. Before processing, the transaction file and the rate per hour from the master file. Payslips are then printed, together with reports showing overall statistics as well as error reports.it would contain: Number of hours/ Overtime/ Employee Number[Primary Key]
Validation:
worked.
A range check could be used on the number of hours
Payslips
The payslips contain information that can be found on the new master file and also information from the transaction file. The master file provides info such as the employee number, the department worked in, and the pay rate per hour. The tax code, National insurance, year-to-year values etc. To create the payslips, the above information is linked to the transaction file containing the employee number and the hours worked.
Financial Reports
Some payroll software’s have a report generator facility. This prov ides detailed payroll listings and expecting reporting. Examples of typical reports are as following: Info about all employees of the company Info about employees in given departments Info about the salaries of all employees Nation Insurance contributions for all employees The total amount of National Insurance contributions paid to the tax authorities The income tax that each employees ha paid The total amount of money paid to each bank that employees have an account with All the earing and deductions of each employees by department A summary of all the totals of the earnings and deductions of each department. Expectation reports-Reports of certain validation rules being broken-are also produced from the systems. An employee earning an usually large amount of money o An employee who has been on an emergency tax code for a long period of tie o Two employees having the same National Insurance o
Video-conferencing Video-conferencing is a system that allows people to have conversations and meetings with other people indifferent locations, but without leaving their office. A video-conference involves people sitting in front of a camera and a microphone, whilst watching other people of a screen and listening to them through loudspeakers.
Equipment needed:
Video camera Monitor Microphone Loudspeakers High-speed network / Internet connection
Phone Conferencing:
This is the linking together of several people on a phone line so that they can have a collective conversation. It is possible to hold these conferences of voice over t he internet protocol-VOIP [Voice over Internet Protocol] In order for a phone conversation to take place, at least three people must be involved-two people would need to b having a normal conversation-
Instant Messaging
Instant messaging lets people send instant messages (text-based conversation) to each other over a network, such as across the internet by means of the relevant instant messaging software application. application. Instant messaging may also be present on company intranets that allow employees to communicate with one another rather than email. Another common use of instant messaging are the customer support services t hat appear on some organisations' organisations' website. Typically this provides an 'instant chat' service with an online (human) assistant paid to help you. It is an interactive service, as people can reply immediately to others logged into the same system.
Faxing:
Facsimile transmission-FAX-, a fax machine is connected to a phone line. A document is scanned and then transmitted through phone lines to another fax machine that then prints it out. It requires the use of a modern and so the speed of the transmission tends to be slow. It is used when exact copies of originals are required, although the quality of the copy is sometimes not very good. Many organisations tend not to use fax machines as s uch but prefer to have ‘all-in-oneprinters’.
Electronic Faxing:
There are several systems that use the internet for faxing, instead of printing out a document and faxing it using a fax machines, the user ‘prints’ the document directly to fax software, which uses the modem or broadband to send the fax. The Receiver either receives it on their fax machines or uses the same type of software to convert it into a document for storage. Electronic faxing has the following advantages: It saves the time of going to the fax machine to retrieve or send faxes Equipment coasts are lower as there is no need for a fax machine. Running costs are lower as there is no need for a dedicated fax line. Confidential faxes are secure. On a manual fax, any worker might pick up a fax sent to someone else. It is not necessary to be in the office to receive faxes as they can be downloaded remotely.
Use of ICT in data management: Sequential File
A sequential file is organized such that each record in the file except the first has a unique predecessor record and each record except the last has a unique successor record. These predecessor-successor relationships are established by the order in which the records are written when the file is created. A file that is organized sequentially must be accessed sequentially. Variable- or Fixed-Length Sequential Files. Sequential files may be recorded in variable-length or fixed-length record form. If a file consists of variable-length records, each logical record is preceded by control information that indicates the size of the logical record. The control information is recorded when the logical record is written, based on the size of the internal record specified in the WRITE statement, and is subsequently used by the inputoutput control system to determine the location of successive logical records. If a file consists of fixed- length records, the record size is established at the time the file is opened and is the same for every logical record on the file. Therefore, there is no need to record any control information with the logical record
Indexed Sequential Files An indexed file, which must be allocated in the execution activity to two or more random mass storage files (one for the index, and one or more for the data), is organized such that each record is uniquely identified by the value of a key within the record. In the RECORD KEY phrase of the SELECT clause, the source program specifies one of the data items within one of the records associated with the file as the record key data item.
Each attempt to access a record based on the record key item causes a search of the index file for a key that matches the current contents of the record key data item in the file record area. The matching index record in turn points to the location of the associated data record.
Hierarchical Database Management Systems
Parts of this database are stored on a number of computers that are linked through a WAN or LANs. Many of the parts of the database are duplicated so that it is unlikely that any data is lost. Despite this is appears to each user to be a single system. The duplication also enables faster processing. The system caters for very complex searches or filters but does not necessarily carry out processing at the site where the user is.
Rational Database Systems
an electronic database comprising multiple files of related information, usually stored in tables of rows(records) and columns (fields), and allowing a link to be established between separate f iles that have amatching field, as a column of invoice numbers, so that the two files can be qu eried simultaneously by the user. Computer database in which all data is stored in Relations which (to the user) are tables with rows and columns. Each table is composed of records (called Tuples) and each record is identified by a field (attribute) containing a unique value. Every table shares at least one field with another table in 'one to one,' 'one too many,' or 'many to many' relationships. These relationships allow the database user to access the data in almost an unlimited number of ways, and to combine the tables as building blocks to create complex and very large databases. See also flat database.
Payroll Applications
Uses the form of batch processing-usually means the files are needed to be store on separate magnetic tapes. What manages employees on how the get paid. An automatic system that works out the amount of money each person gets paid. The computer calculated the pay of each worker using the number of hours worked. 2 data files involved1) Master file-holds all the data about the workers, employee number, their name, contact details, rate of pay and the pay they have received so far this year as well as the taxes and insurance they have paid so far this year. 2) Transaction file [Temporary file] also has details of any new workers or workers who have left the company or any workers whose details have changed. Before processing, the transaction file and the rate per hour from the master file. Payslips are then printed, together with reports showing overall statistics as well as error reports.it would contain: Number of hours/ Overtime/ Employee Number[Primary Key]
Validation:
worked.
A range check could be used on the number of hours
Payslips
The payslips contain information that can be found on the new master file and also information from the transaction file. The master file provides info such as the employee number, the department worked in, and the pay rate per hour. The tax code, National insurance, year-to-year values etc. To create the payslips, the above information is linked to the transaction file containing the employee number and the hours worked.
Financial Reports
Some payroll software’s have a report generator facility. This prov ides detailed payroll listings and expecting reporting. Examples of typical reports are as following: Info about all employees of the company Info about employees in given departments Info about the salaries of all employees Nation Insurance contributions for all employees The total amount of National Insurance contributions paid to the tax authorities The income tax that each employees ha paid The total amount of money paid to each bank that employees have an account with All the earing and deductions of each employees by department A summary of all the totals of the earnings and deductions of each department. Expectation reports-Reports of certain validation rules being broken-are also produced from the systems. An employee earning an usually large amount of money o An employee who has been on an emergency tax code for a long period of tie o Two employees having the same National Insurance o
