Fossil Fuels

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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Higher Education
Taibah University
Fossil Fuels
Faculty of Science
Chemistry Department
Supervised by : Dr. Amal Ibrahim
Presented by: Zubaydah Abdullah
“The fuels of the past
&
the fuels for the future ”
Contents
" Introduction and definition
" Physical Chemistry of Fuel Elements
" How do you get fossil fuels?
" Classification
" Solid Fuels # Coal $
" Gaseous Fuels # Natural gas $
" Liquid Fuels # Oil; Petroleum $
" Conclusion
Contents
" Introduction and definition
" Physical Chemistry of Fuel Elements
" How do you get fossil fuels?
" Classification
" Solid Fuels # Coal $
" Gaseous Fuels # Natural gas $
" Liquid Fuels # Oil; Petrol $
" Conclusion
There are many sources of energy in our world.
We can get energy from the sun, from wind, from falling
water etc…
We can also get energy from materials that contain stored
energy.
We call these materials fuels. One of our most important
sources of energy today is fossil fuels.
Introduction
" Fossil Fuels
The remains of plants and animal, preserved from an
earlier era inside a rock or other geological deposit.
In other words fossil fuels are energy rich substance that
have formed from long buried plants and micro"
organisms.
Definition
[ 1 ][ 2 ]
Contents
" Introduction and definition
" Physical Chemistry of Fuel Elements
" How do you get fossil fuels?
" Classification
" Solid Fuels # Coal $
" Gaseous Fuels # Natural gas $
" Liquid Fuels # Oil; Petrol $
" Conclusion
Physical Chemistry of Fuel Elements
!
Hydrogen is best fossil fuel. Its chemical reactivity is very
high, which makes pure hydrogen unavailable in nature.
!
Carbon is much inferior fuel element in comparison to
hydrogen and also highly reactive. Availability of pure
carbon is also poor.
!
Sulfur is bad fuel element, contribute very little to heat
value and leads to hostile environment for the combustion
control system and surrounding
Contents
" Introduction and definition
" Physical Chemistry of Fuel Elements
" How do you get fossil fuels?
" Classification
" Solid Fuels # Coal $
" Gaseous Fuels # Natural gas $
" Liquid Fuels # Oil; Petrol $
" Conclusion
How do you get fossil fuels?
" They are removed from the ground through mining or pumping.
Contents
" Introduction and definition
" Physical Chemistry of Fuel Elements
" How do you get fossil fuels?
" Classification
" Solid Fuels # Coal $
" Gaseous Fuels # Natural gas $
" Liquid Fuels # Oil; Petrol $
" Conclusion
Classification

" There are three main types of fossil fuels:
!
Solid Fuels
!
Coal
!
Crude oil residue
!
Non fossil fuels #Biomass, Industrial Residue, Animal Dung$
!
Gaseous Fuels
!
Natural Gas !CNG & LPG"
!
Men made gaseous fuels #Coal Gas, Producer Gas, Biogas$
!
Liquid Fuels
!
Aviation Fuel
!
Kerosene
!
Petrol
!
Diesel
!
Heavy Fuel Oils
!
Non conventional #non fossil$ fuels
Coal is used mainly to produce electricity. It provides light,
motive power from electric motors and many electronic devices.
Oil provides mobility for vehicles like cars, planes, trains etc...
Natural gas is a fossil fuel made up of hydrocarbons. its major
constituents are methane and ethane.
They are called "fossil fuels" because: they have been formed
from the fossilised remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
Classification
Classification
Fuel Mix Pie Chart
Contents
" Introduction and definition
" Physical Chemistry of Fuel Elements
" How do you get fossil fuels?
" Classification
" Solid Fuels # Coal $
" Gaseous Fuels # Natural gas $
" Liquid Fuels # Oil; Petrol $
" Conclusion
Solid Fuels : Coal
most carbon intensive fuel of fossil fuels
" Coal is a mixture of the degradation products of plant and animals. It is
associated with di%erent proportions of inorganic matter.
" Coal is thus an intimate mixture of complex organic mass and inorganic
matter.
" Coal is also known as: combustion organic rock composed of primarily of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
" After burning it gives enormous heat which is used to generate power. It
is also used in manufacturing of steel, fertilisers, pesticides … etc

Solid Fuels : Coal
Coal supplies 23& of the total global primary energy demand.
The two major uses for coal :
" steel production #70& of the steel produced$








" electricity production #38& of global electricity$
Solid Fuels : Coal
Air Pollution from a Coal#Burning
Contents
" Introduction and definition
" Physical Chemistry of Fuel Elements
" How do you get fossil fuels?
" Classification
" Solid Fuels # Coal $
" Gaseous Fuels # Natural gas $
" Liquid Fuels # Oil; Petrol $
" Conclusion
Gaseous Fuels : Natural Gas
" Natural gas is a fossil fuel made up of hydrocarbons. Its major
constituents are : methane #85&$ and ethane #10&$.
" Its major impurities are : nitrogen ,carbon dioxide and hydrogen
sulphide which are removed during the time of refining.
Natural gas is considered as an environmental friendly fuel because
of low carbon dioxide emissions and therefore it is the fuel for the
present century and has high potential.
Gaseous Fuels : Natural Gas
" Present in gaseous phase or in solution in the
crude oil in the underground reservoirs, but
recoverable as gas under typical atmoshperic
temperature and pressure conditions
Gaseous Fuels : Natural Gas

Why Natural Gas?

Cleaner fuel, has low carbon/hydrogen ratio hence less carbon
dioxide emission.

Has a distinct hydrogen-rich molecular structure, hence supply
hydrogen for future technologies like fuel cells.

3D seismic technologies now used to locate fractures in the earth.

Combined cycle technology used.

Acid reinjection employed for better efciency.
Gaseous Fuels : Natural Gas
Contents
" Introduction and definition
" Physical Chemistry of Fuel Elements
" How do you get fossil fuels?
" Classification
" Solid Fuels # Coal $
" Gaseous Fuels # Natural gas $
" Liquid Fuels # Oil; Petrol $
" Conclusion
Liquid Fuels : Oil - Petroleum
! Petroleum or crude oil are naturally occurring liquid composed of
organic chemicals. It is found in large quantity below the surface of the
earth.



Liquid Fuels : Oil - Petroleum
Liquid Fuels : Oil - Petroleum

! The chemical composition of petroleum is basically :
! " hydrocarbons.
! some amount of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
compounds "The proportions vary with location" is
also present.
! traces metallic elements such as : #V, Ni, Fe, Al, Na,
Ca, Cu, and U$ present in traces.
• The dependence of human population on petroleum and its
product is increasing day by day. Increasing population
pressure has led to enormous demand for this fuel.
• recoverable at typical atmospheric temperature and pressure
• Viscosity is <10,000 centipoises at reservoir conditions
#extra"heavy oil and natural bitumen have higher viscosity$
Liquid Fuels : Oil - Petroleum
Crude Oil
Refining Crude Oil :
The crude oil is
separated in a
distillation column
into various fractions
of multifarious uses.
Liquid Fuels : Oil - Petroleum
Liquid Fuels : Oil - Petroleum
Contents
" Introduction and definition
" Physical Chemistry of Fuel Elements
" How do you get fossil fuels?
" Classification
" Solid Fuels # Coal $
" Gaseous Fuels # Natural gas $
" Liquid Fuels # Oil; Petrol $
" Conclusion
Conclusion
" Fossil Fuels is : The remains of plants and animal, preserved from an earlier era inside a
rock or other geological deposit.
" There are three main types of fossil fuels:
!
Solid Fuels " Coal : most carbon intensive fuel of fossil fuels. Is a mixture of the
degradation products of plant and animals. It is associated with di%erent
proportions of inorganic matter.
!
Gaseous Fuels " Natural gas : is a fossil fuel made up of hydrocarbons. Its major
constituents are : methane #85&$ and ethane #10&$.
!
Liquid Fuels " Petroleum or crude oil are naturally occurring liquid composed of
organic chemicals. It is found in large quantity below the surface of the earth.
Thank you for your attention

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