Fundamentals of Computer

Fundamentals of Computer Handouts

Internet
 The INTERNET is a world-wide collection of computer networks.
 Individuals and organizations on a network connected to the internet can communicate with and find
information on other computer networks that are also connected to the network
 Each network is linked to the others by a common communications protocol making it possible for users on any
one network to communicate with each other.
 The protocol is referred to as Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
 There is a wide variety of information available via Internet, including, but not limited to:
 Economic, geographic, political, social, trade and travel information on cities and countries around the
world
 Local and international business and trade opportunities
 Government information, including organizational and contact information on each branch.
 Product and services information on and international businesses
 Legal information
 Health information
 Information and discussion on current issues and topics of interest
 Information on famous scholars, artists, business leaders, historical figures, political leaders, religious
leaders, scientists and writers
 Research information
 Information on events in world history and places around the world
 Artwork and literature
 Weather and tidal information from across the world
 Job listings and career information
 A wide variety of sites through which you can purchase goods and services electronically
 Games and humor
 Sports, entertainment or software
 Listings of information and services available via the Internet and their location
 Other information that may be of interest to you
 Internet is a short form of the technical term “internetwork”
 the result of interconnecting computer networks with special gateways or routers.
 The Internet is also often referred to as
 the Net.
Internet & WWW
 The term the Internet, when referring to the entire global system of IP networks, has been treated as a proper
noun and written with an initial capital letter.
 In the media and popular culture a trend has also developed to regard it as a generic term or common noun and
thus write it as "the internet", without capitalization.
 Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized as a noun but not capitalized as an adjective.
 The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction.
 However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same.
 The Internet is a global data communications system. It is a hardware and software infrastructure that
provides connectivity between computers.
 In contrast, the Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet. It is a collection of
interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs.
 In many technical illustrations when the precise location or interrelation of Internet resources is not important,
extended networks such as the Internet are often depicted as a cloud.
 The verbal image has been formalized in the newer concept of cloud computing.

 The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known as the Web, is a system of interlinked
hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.
 With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and
navigate between them via hyperlinks.
 Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, English engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee,
now the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would
eventually become the World Wide Web.
 At CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to
use "HyperText ... to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse
at will", and publicly introduced the project in December.

 World Wide Web consists of:
 The pages of information accessed (referred to as Web Pages)
 The servers on the pages of information reside (referred to as Web Servers)
 The client software you use to access the pages (referred to as Web Browsers)
 The network between your computer and the Web Servers across the globe with which you interact.

 Uniform Resource Locator
 Each computer connected to a Network is given an IP address
 Example:
 75.125.235.52
 How would you remember it?
 Most people would not because numbers lack meaning.
 But the IP address of a computer like the example above could be given an associated name in the DNS
(Domain Name System)
 The associated name of the IP address above is www.google.com
 The complete URL may look like this:
 http://www.perpetualdalta.edu.ph

Methods of gathering information on the internet
 Electronic mail and mailing lists
 Newsgroup
 Accessing on-line information servers and remote computers with telnet
 File transfers using File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Gopher Servers
 World Wide Web Servers
Domain Name System
 There are 6 domain types:
 .com
 Commercial organizations (businesses)
 .edu
 Educational organizations (schools, universities etc.)
 .gov
 Government organizations (non-military)
 .mil
 Military organizations
 .net
 Network service provides or network resources
 .org
 Any other organizations that do not fall into one of the above mentioned categories
 Aside from the domain type, countries other than the USA are identified by a two-letter code.
 Example:
 .ph – Philippines
 .fr – France
 .jp – Japan
 .tw – Taiwan
 .au – Australia
 .de – Germany
 .mx – Mexico
 .it – Lithunia
 .tk – Tokelau (a territory for New Zealand)

 HyperText Transfer Protocol
 Is the protocol used to transmit Web Pages from the Web Server being accessed to you computer.
 With this protocol, you web browser send requests and receives information from the web servers over
the internet
 The web pages that are being transmitted over the internet are written in HTML or HyperText Markup Language
 HTML is the basic building-blocks of web pages.
 A markup language is a set of markup tags, and HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages.
 HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle brackets (like <html>), within
the web page content. HTML tags normally come in pairs like <h1> and </h1>. The first tag in a pair is the start
tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).
 The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into readable or audible web
pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.



Components of Computer
1. Hardware (ex. Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor, Printer, Speaker etc)
2. Software
Categories of Software
i. Operating System
Examples:
Microsoft Windows 7
Microsoft Windows Vista
Microsoft Windows XP
Microsoft Windows 2000
Microsoft Windows ME
Microsoft Windows 98
Microsoft Windows 95
Apple OS X
Apple OS IX
Linux Mint
Linux Ubuntu
Linux Red Hat
ii. Applications Software
Examples:
Microsoft Office Suite
Games
VLC Video Player
Web Browser (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Safari etc.)
iii. Programming Software
Examples:
Visual Studio
Java
Turbo Pascal
3. Peopleware

History

 First Generation (1951 – 1958)
Vacuum Tubes
 Second Generation (1959 – 1964)
Transistors
 Third Generation (1965 – 1970)
Integrated Circuits (IC)
 Fourth Generation (1971 – 1994)
Large Scale Integrated Circuits
 Fifth Generation (1995 - Present)
Internet Era

Keyboard Shortcuts for:
Microsoft Word
Microsoft Powerpoint
Microsoft Excel

Basic windows keyboard shortcuts are also included.

Goodluck!

Engr. Christopher Allan E. Talili