This manual is intended to aid customers and specifiers of gas detection systems in the design and selection ofan RKI gas monitoring system. It is not intended to cover every possible gas detection application or situation. Itis the responsibility of the user of this manual to determine the applicability of the offered information to their specificapplication. For assistance in the use of this manual, or in the selection and design of a gas monitoring system,please feel free to contact RKI Systems Applications Engineering at (800) 754-5165.
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1855 Whipple Road Hayward, CA 94544
Phone (510) 441–5656
Fax (510) 441–5650
World Leader In Gas Detection And Sensor Technology http://www.rkiinstruments.com/
Disclosure
This manual is intended to aid customers and specifiers of gas detection systems in the design and selection of an RKI gas monitoring system. It is not intended to cover every possible gas detection application or situation. It is the responsibility of the user of this manual to determine the applicability of the offered information to their specific application. For assistance in the use of this manual, or in the selection and design of a gas monitoring system, please feel free to contact RKI Systems Applications Engineering at (800) 754-5165. This manual has a Publication Date of March 12, 1999, and is the Copyright (1999) of RKI Instruments, Inc. of Hayward CA. No part of it may be duplicated or copied in any form without prior written consent of RKI Instruments, Inc., except as necessary to help the user to specify or select RKI gas monitoring equipment for their own use or for the use of their customers or clients. Disclaimer: RKI Instruments, Inc. believes the information in this publication, and the information or assistance offered by RKI Systems Applications Engineering, to be accurate to the best of our knowledge. RKI makes no warranty and accepts no liability with respect to the accuracy of the information in this manual or of information from RKI personnel regarding use of this manual or of design or selection of a gas monitoring system. User accepts complete responsibility and liability to determine the applicability of the information disseminated by RKI for their own situation, and to make their own investigation and determination of the proper system for their use. User specifically releases RKI Instruments, Inc. from any liability arising from any claims (from user, user's affiliation or employees, agents, contractors, or clients) resulting from the use of this manual, or of information offered by RKI.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Fixed Systems Engineering Manual
(800)754-5165
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Who is RKI Instruments? .............................................................................................................1 Purpose Of This Manual ..............................................................................................................2 History of Gas Detection ..............................................................................................................3 Reasons For Detecting Gas .........................................................................................................4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.5 Flammable gas detection for worker and plant safety: ................................................4 Oxygen detection for worker safety: .............................................................................4 Toxic gas monitoring: ....................................................................................................4 Duct or Tool Monitoring: ................................................................................................4 Many other applications: ...............................................................................................4
RKI / Riken Benefits .....................................................................................................................5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.54 1.5.5 1.5.6 1.5.7 1.5.8 1.5.9 1.5.10 1.5.11 1.5.12 Hydrogen Detection .......................................................................................................5 Silane Detection ..............................................................................................................5 NF3 Detection .................................................................................................................5 TEOS ...............................................................................................................................5 Detection Capability and Ranges ....................................................................................5 Long Life Sensors ..........................................................................................................5 No Zero Drift ....................................................................................................................6 Long Calibration Frequency ...........................................................................................6 Speed of Response ........................................................................................................6 Accuracy .........................................................................................................................6 Maintenance ....................................................................................................................6 Manufacturing Capability .................................................................................................6
2.0
Gas Detection Basics
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Combustible Gas and Explosive Limits ........................................................................................7 Chart 1 - Common Combustible Gas LEL’s and UEL’s ..................................................7 Why Is the LEL Important in Combustible Gas Detection? ..........................................................7 Toxic Gas Threshold Limit Values ................................................................................................8 Chart 2 - Common Toxic Gas TLV’s ................................................................................8 Oxygen Deficiency .......................................................................................................................8 Relationship Between ppm and % Volume ..................................................................................9 Flash Point ...................................................................................................................................9 Vapor Density ...............................................................................................................................9 Sample Draw vs. Diffusion .........................................................................................................10 Sample Draw Tubing Lengths ....................................................................................................10
3.0
Sensing Technologies Offered By RKI
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Catalytic (for LEL level detection of flammable gases and vapors): ........................................12 Catalytic with molecular sieve (for Hydrogen specific LEL level detection): ..............................12 Solid State (for ppm level detection of hydrocarbons): ..............................................................12 Solid State with molecular sieve (Hydrogen specific, 0-2000 ppm): ..........................................12 Galvanic cell (for Oxygen detection): .........................................................................................13 Electrochemical sensors (for ppm level detection of many toxic gases): ..................................13 Ionization Chamber (for SiO2 and other particulate detection): .................................................13 Pyrolyzer with Electrochemical sensor (For ppm level detection of NF3, R-123, and others): .13 Pyrolyzer with Ionization chamber (for ppm level detection of TEOS, TEOA, TMP, TMB): .......14 Infrared Sensor (NDIR): .............................................................................................................14 Thermal Conductivity (for volume % detection of Methane or Hydrogen): ................................14 Paper Tape Method: ...................................................................................................................15
Fixed Systems Engineering Manual (800)754-5165
RKI Instruments, Inc.
i
Table of Contents
4.0 RKI Product Overview
4.1 List of Detectable Gases ............................................................................................................16 4.1.1 LDL ................................................................................................................................16 4.1.2 TLV / TWA .....................................................................................................................16 Components of a Gas Monitoring System:.................................................................................17 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 Sensor ...........................................................................................................................17 Transmitter ....................................................................................................................17 Controller .......................................................................................................................17
4.2
Component Descriptions ............................................................................................................18 4.3.1 Sensors and Transmitters ............................................................................................18 4.3.1.1 4.3.1.2 4.3.1.3 4.3.1.4 4.3.1.5 Oxygen sensor, sensor/J-box, and sensor/amp/J-box ..................................18 LEL sensor, sensor/J-box, and sensor/Amp/J-box .......................................18 H2S sensor assy, sensor/Amp/J-Box, and low cost version .........................19 CO sensor assy, sensor/Amp/J-box, and low cost version ...........................19 PPM Hydrocarbon Solid State sensor, sensor/J-box, and sensor/transmitter/J-box assemblies. ............................................................20 4.3.1.6 GD-K8A & GD-K8A4X ...................................................................................20 4.3.1.7 GD-K7D2 .......................................................................................................21 4.3.1.8 GD-K8DG, GD-S8DG (Pyrolyzer assemblies) .............................................21 4.3.1.9 Model 35-3000RK(A) sample draw ..............................................................21 4.3.1.10 Explosionproof Sample draw, Models GD-D8, GD-D8V ...............................21 “Stand Alone” Units : .....................................................................................................22 4.3.2.1 4.3.2.2 4.3.2.3 4.3.2.4 4.3.2.5 4.3.2.6 4.3.2.7 4.3.3 Eclipse for LEL, H2S, CO, Oxygen ...............................................................22 GD-K11D, GD-V11D ......................................................................................22 GD-K11DG, GD-S11DG ................................................................................22 GD-K12D .......................................................................................................23 FP-250A, FP-250FL, and FP-260 Paper tape machines ..............................23 RI-255 refrigerant monitor .............................................................................23 Model PS2 .....................................................................................................23
Table of Contents
5.0 Sensors / Transmitters Detail ...............................................................................................27
Sensor / transmitters for O2 / LEL Combustibles / H2S / CO GD-K7D2 GD-D8DG for TEOS; GD-K8DG for NF3 Silane Detection Semiconductor processing gases
6.0
Stand Alone Units Detail ........................................................................................................28
Eclipse GD-K11D GD-K11DG for NF3 / GD-S11DG for TEOS / GD-S11DG forTEOA GD-K12D FP-250A FP-250FL FP-260 RI-255 PS 2
Wiring Detail ............................................................................................................................30
8.1 8.2 8.3 Wiring Guidelines for RKI Fixed Controllers and for Sensor or Sensor/Transmitter...................31 Wiring conductor quantities, and pump requirements:................................................................32 Wiring sizes required for different distances from sensor to controller:......................................33
9.0
Accessories .............................................................................................................................34
9.1 9.2 9.3 Air Aspirated Sample draw , Part number 30-0951RK (for LEL or ppm Hydrocarbons, or ppm H2) .................................................................................................34 J-Tube assy for wet samples, Part number 33-0401RK ............................................................34 Standby battery / charger assembly, Part number 49-8101RK .................................................34
10.0 Application Worksheet ...............................................................................................................35
10.1 10.2 Description and Explanation of Importance: ...........................................................................35 How to fill out Applications Work sheet: .....................................................................................35
RKI Instruments, Inc.
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Table of Contents
11.0 Steps To Selecting A Gas Detection System........................................................................36
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Define the problem: Which gases need to be detected and at what range?.............................36 Define the area to be monitored: ................................................................................................36 Define the area the controller will be installed, and what action the controller must take:.........36 How to determine the quantity of sensors needed and sensor placement:................................36 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.3 11.4.4 11.5 How much area can one sensor cover? ........................................................................36 Sensor spacing for indoor applications..........................................................................36 Sensor spacing for outdoor applications........................................................................37 Other considerations or guidelines.................................................................................37
Define what type of system is needed:.......................................................................................38 11.5.1 Sensor / Transmitter Questions:.....................................................................................38 11.5.2 Controller Questions: .....................................................................................................38
11.6 11.7 11.8
How to select the proper system for your use: ...........................................................................38 Product Selection charts .............................................................................................................40 Other considerations: ..................................................................................................................41 11.8.1 Calibration Kit:................................................................................................................41 11.8.2 Battery Backup:..............................................................................................................41 11.8.3 Remote horns or lights:..................................................................................................41 11.8.3.1 Red Rotating Beacon:....................................................................................41 11.8.3.2 AC Vibratory Horn:.........................................................................................41
Taking delivery of the system:.....................................................................................................42 11.11.1 Installation of the system:...............................................................................................42 11.11.2 Startup of the system: ..................................................................................................42 11.11.3 Maintaining the system: ................................................................................................42
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Who is RKI Instruments?
RKI Instruments, Inc. (RKI) is an innovative gas detection company located in Hayward, California. RKI began in August of 1994 with the belief that distributors and customers deserve a permanent reliable source for advanced gas detection instruments and sensors. RKI is partnered with Riken Keiki Company, Ltd., the world leader in gas detection and sensor technologies. Celebrating their 60th year in business, Riken has over 150,000 points of detection world wide in the semiconductor industry alone. RKI is the exclusive North American supplier of Riken products, old and new. RKI is also known for our unique product development. Through ingenuity and years of industry experience, we have developed our own line of gas detection instruments and accessories to complement the Riken product line. All of RKI developed products are centered around Riken’s long lasting field proven sensors. The EAGLE™ is RKI’s initial and most popular product. It is the most versatile portable instrument in the industry detecting the widest range of toxic gases. Following the design and developmental breakthrough of the EAGLE, RKI successfully introduced seven more instruments and controllers: Beacon 100 Beacon 800 Eclipse PS 2 Pioneer 4W Pioneer 16R RM-580-12R
Within four short years, our success in product development and importing Riken’s products drove the company’s annual sales from $800 thousand to $6.5 million. RKI’s explosive growth is attributed to our seasoned professionals. The average RKI employee has at least 11 years of gas detection experience and our company’s top five executives combined industry experience totals more than 70 years. This combination of quality products and knowledgeable, supportive people provides you with the tremendous ability and opportunity to confidently face almost any gas monitoring application. Our policy is to provide strong, quick support to our customers and outlets, and to stand fully behind our products. Who is RKI Instruments? RKI is gas detection for life.
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1.0 Introduction
1.2 Purpose Of This Manual
The intended purpose of this manual is to provide a guide to assist users and specifiers of gas monitoring systems in the selection of the proper RKI gas monitoring system for their use. RKI supplies a wide variety of gas monitors, capable of solving a wide variety of different applications. This manual describes many of the systems and systems components available from RKI. This manual is not intended to be a complete guide or provide a solution to every possible gas detection situation. For assistance with the use of this manual, or for help with your particular situation or needs, please feel free to contact RKI Systems Applications Engineering.
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1.0 Introduction
1.3 History of Gas Detection
Attempts at gas detection started in coal mines, where the hazards of explosive atmospheres, Oxygen deficiency, and toxic gases were responsible for a high mortality rate among miners. Open flame lamps were used as the earliest warning method—they burned brightly in the presence of combustibles or dimly in a low-Oxygen environment—but too often they ignited explosive atmospheres. Caged birds (the origin of the phrase “canary in a coal mine”) were also tried as a means of early warning. Some species of small birds would collapse in Oxygen-deficient or toxic conditions sooner than humans; the condition of the bird indicated the need to evacuate. This approach also had drawbacks; some birds were not as sensitive to these conditions as humans, again resulting in miner deaths. In 1925 Dr. Jiro Tsuji of the Physical and Chemical Research Institute in Japan developed an interferometer; an “explosive meter” based on light-wave interference. This invention was the cornerstone achievement in modern gas detection, combining accuracy, safety, and reliability. Dr. Tsuji later founded Riken Keiki Co., Ltd, a world leader in all types of gas detection. In the USA, the catalytic combustion gas sensor, and the first gas meter, (the J-W gas indicator) was developed in 1927 by Dr. Oliver W. Johnson. This research and instrument development was sponsored by Standard Oil. In 1926 there were several explosions of ships tanks, and it was recognized that some method of testing for this hazard was badly needed. Since the early years, gas detection technology has advanced tremendously. Riken Keiki has always maintained their leadership in this industry by remaining on the forefront of sensor research and instrument development.
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1.0 Introduction
1.4 Reasons For Detecting Gas
Gas Detection is often necessary or desirable for a number of reasons. The use of a gas monitoring system, with appropriate action taken if dangerous levels of gases are detected, can help to prevent an explosion or can help to prevent worker injury or exposure to toxic gases. Action can be taken, and initiated automatically by the gas monitor, to help prevent the gas level from rising further. Such action could be the automatic shutoff of gas valves, turning on a ventilation fan, shutting down a process, or audible and visual alarms to alert and evacuate personnel. In some situations, the gas monitor is used for process control. RKI gas monitors are generally intended for worker and plant safety, and are not intended for process control use where high levels of gases or vapors may be present all the time. Some examples of common gas monitoring applications are as follows: 1.4.1 Flammable gas detection for worker and plant safety: Flammable gases and vapors pose a threat of explosion, which can maim or kill personnel and cause property damage. Typically first alarm levels are set to 10% LEL (this is 10% of the amount of gas necessary to cause an explosion, and is the OSHA mandated first alarm level). If gas sources are automatically shut off, or ventilation fans turned on, it can prevent the gas level from reaching a potentially flammable level. 1.4.2 Oxygen detection for worker safety: The Oxygen level in normal fresh air is approximately 21% Volume. Reduced Oxygen levels can cause dizziness in workers and potential passing out. If levels are too low it can cause serious brain damage or death. In some working or underground environments, low Oxygen conditions can be formed either by displacement of the Oxygen by another gas, or by consumption of the Oxygen in the area by a chemical or biological process. An Oxygen monitor can help to prevent injury or death by providing an early warning of reduced Oxygen concentration. Typically a low Oxygen alarm is triggered if the Oxygen level drops below 19.5% Volume (the OSHA mandated level), and personnel can be evacuated until the problem is properly investigated and resolved. 1.4.3 Toxic gas monitoring: Toxic gases such as H2S or CO can be present in refinery or petrochemical applications, parking garages, and many other situations. Monitoring of these gases, and appropriate action taken if alarm levels are exceeded, can help to prevent injury or death. In Semiconductor plants, and many other plants and factories, often (toxic) gases are used in a process or can be generated by a process. Monitoring of these gases can help to alert personnel to potentially dangerous situations. 1.4.4 Duct or Tool Monitoring: In Semiconductor plants, many highly toxic and flammable gases are used in the manufacturing processes. Gas cabinets, valve manifold boxes, and semiconductor fabrication tools, are generally heavily ventilated with ducts drawing air away from these devices. Gas monitoring of the exhaust ducts can provide an early indication of a leak prior to its entering the general work space where it could endanger worker health. 1.4.5 Many other applications: Many plants, factories, tunnels, parking garages, underground vaults, storage facilities, and a wide variety of other situations, have the potential for having dangerous gases or vapors present. RKI offers a wide selection of equipment to enable us to solve almost any gas monitoring safety related application.
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1.0 Introduction
1.5 RKI / Riken Benefits
Riken Keiki Co. Ltd. is over 55 years old and has more experience with semiconductor gas monitoring than any other company. A large staff of engineers and scientists constantly develops new techniques of gas detection, and also improves existing techniques. They have developed gas monitoring technology that is unique to solve specific application problems for the semiconductor industry. Here are a few examples: 1.5.1 Hydrogen Detection For Hydrogen detection in semiconductor applications, Riken has developed a unique hydrogen specific solid state sensor. It has a very sensitive range of 0-2000 ppm for hydrogen, and the sensor has a molecular sieve to make it very specific to just hydrogen. In other words, you will not get interferences or false alarms from any other gases such as IPA, which historically can cause a problem in semiconductor plants. We believe no other manufacturer offers specificity like this. 1.5.2 Silane Detection Detection of Silane gas leaks can be hampered by the fact that if the leak is substantial, the silane gas spontaneously combusts upon contact with air. Sensors that are looking for Silane gas cannot detect the gas after it burns, and there have been serious fires at semiconductor plants due to this. To solve this problem, we offer a unique detector/transmitter that has two different types of sensors in it. It has a conventional electrochemical silane sensor, and it also contains a special ionization chamber that detects the SiO2 particulates produced from combustion of SiH4. No other manufacturer offers this capability. 1.5.3 NF3 Detection For Nitrogen Trifluoride detection we utilize a pyrolyzer heater to break down the NF3 to be detected as NO2. Our field proven pyrolyzer works extremely well and the replaceable heater element has a life of at least two years. We have thousands of these in operation worldwide, and we feel there is no other similar system on the market that approaches the reliability of our Pyrolyzer. 1.54 TEOS We offer a unique TEOS monitor that has no interferences from IPA or other commonly troublsome interference gases. Out TEOS detector utilizes a pyrolyzer to convert the TEOS to SiO2 then an ionization chamber to detect the SiO2 particulates. This provides a trouble-free (no interference) detector for TEOS. 1.5.5 Detection Capability and Ranges Compare our detection capability and ranges to those of other manufacturers, and you will find that we offer the best selection of gases and ranges in the industry for semiconductor gas monitoring. 1.5.6 Long Life Sensors Long life, stable sensors are our strongest point. Our sensors are all built and tested under rigid conditions. Excellent design and quality control assures that our sensors will easily last over two years, and it is not uncommon for them to last more than 3 or 4 years in some cases. As a result, your sensor replacement costs will be low with our equipment.
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1.0 Introduction
1.5.7 No Zero Drift Zero drift can cause costly false alarms. Our systems, and our new GD-K11D detector/transmitter, contain unique electronics and software that effectively eliminates zero drift. Our monitors can determine the difference between long or short term zero drift of the sensor, and an actual gas signal, and they eliminate drift. This means that whether you use our systems complete, or use our transmitters to tie into a PLC system, you will not have false alarms caused by zero drift. 1.5.8 Long Calibration Frequency The high stability of our sensors means that calibration is required only every 6 months. This again helps to keep maintenance costs as low as possible. 1.5.9 Speed of Response Our systems provide extremely fast response. For most gases, T60 response time is less than 10 seconds. We recommend the use of sample draw detectors for most semiconductor applications. Since the sample is drawn in and forced directly onto the sensor, the response is very quick; generally faster than using a diffusion sensor. Especially for gases that are strongly absorptive, (such as HF, HCl, and F2), diffusion sensors from other manufacturers generally have low sensitivity and slow response to such gases. 1.5.10 Accuracy Our sample drawing heads provide higher field accuracy than most diffusion techniques can. When a diffusion sensor is calibrated, it must be either lowered into a container of gas sample, or a gas sample can be flowed onto it by placing a test cup over the sensor. The first of these methods is stagnant and depends on the gas molecules diffusing to the sensor. The second method actually forces the gas onto the sensor, which causes a different reading than using the first method. Also, if gas is flowed onto a sensor face, the velocity and angle of the flow are critical in determining the sensor signal output. So, when you install a diffusion sensor into a room, the signal from the sensor will depend on the placement of the sensor and the gas flow velocities across it’s face. Likewise, for a sensor installed into a duct or other enclosed compartment, the speed and direction of the airflow can greatly affect the signal output from the sensor. Since our sample draw heads always present the gas to the sensor in the same way, both during calibration and actual use, there is no concern of the external airflows affecting the accuracy. 1.5.11 Maintenance Our new GD-K11D sensor/transmitter is designed so that maintenance is very quick. The sensor can be replaced in less than one minute without the use of any tools. The pump also can be replaced in less than one minute. Both the sensor and the pump are designed for long life so a minimum of servicing will be required. 1.5.12 Manufacturing Capability Riken has enormous sensor manufacturing and test capability, making approx. 50,000 sensors per year of all types. Also, since the company has over 600 employees, we generally can get you what you need, when you need it.
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2.0 Gas Detection Basics
The gas detection industry, like many other technical industries, uses some terms and abbreviations that require some familiarity with basic concepts. The following sections divide gas detection into three broad areas: Combustible Gas, Toxic Gas, and Oxygen Deficiency. In addition, several properties of gases and vapors are discussed to give the reader a general background on gas nature to assist in evaluating gas or vapor monitoring applications.
2.1
Combustible Gas and Explosive Limits
The primary risk associated with combustible gases and vapors is the possibility of explosions. Explosion, like fire, requires three elements: fuel, Oxygen, and an ignition source. Each combustible gas or vapor will ignite only within a specific range of fuel/Oxygen mixtures. Too little or too much gas will not ignite—these conditions are defined as the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). Any amount of gas between the two limits is explosive. It is important to note that each gas has its own LEL and UEL, as shown in chart 1. The gas concentrations are shown by percent of total volume, with the balance as normal air.
Between these two limits explosions can occur under some conditions, with the maximum explosive energy available at approximately the midpoint. Note that these limits are sometimes referred to as LFL(Lower Flammable Limit) and UFL (Upper Flammable Limit). These limits are empirically determine, and various authorities sometimes quote slightly different figures, based on slightly different experimental procedures.
2.2
Why Is the LEL Important in Combustible Gas Detection?
In environments with combustible gas hazards, it is important to know long before the gas concentration reaches the LEL. Typical safety standards require that a gas detection unit give warnings at 10 - 20% of the LEL. Do not confuse the alarm level with the volume of gas required to reach the LEL. For example:
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2.0 Gas Detection Basics
Methane has an LEL of 5% by volume in air. For a gas detector to give an alarm at 10% of the LEL, it must trigger when it detects 0.5% by volume. The detector for this application would most likely be calibrated for the range from 0% to 5% gas by volume, but display the reading as 0 - 100% LEL.
2.3
Toxic Gas Threshold Limit Values
The primary risk associated with toxic gas is the possibility of poisoning, which can result in chronic health problems, disability, or death. The American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has gathered data on the physical effects of a wide range of toxic gases, and those data are used to determine the Threshold Limit Values (TWA & STEL). The TWA is the concentration at which the gas becomes harmful to human health over long term exposure (8-hour workday). The ACGIH has also stated short-term exposure limits (STEL) for 15-minute periods for some gases. It is important to note that these values are different for each gas, and are expressed in parts per million (PPM), as shown in Chart 2. Chart 2 - Common Toxic Gas TLV’s
These TLV Values cannot be determined experimentally on humans, so they are deduced by long term experience and tests on animals. The published values are under constant review and are subject to change as further experience indicates. They generally are conservative.
2.4
Oxygen Deficiency
The primary risks in environments deficient in Oxygen are poor performance and judgment, physical impairment, unconsciousness, and death. The normal level of Oxygen in the atmosphere is 20.9% by volume. Lower amounts of Oxygen cause progressively worse symptoms. Most safety authorities mandate a minimum safe Oxygen level of 19.5% by volume, providing a safe level of Oxygen if evacuation becomes necessary.
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2.0 Gas Detection Basics
2.5 Relationship Between ppm and % Volume
Gas and vapor levels are often given in terms of ppm (parts per million), or as % volume. Please note the following physical relationship between these two: 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm = = = = = = = .0001 .001 .01 .1 1 10 100 % Volume % Volume % Volume % Volume % Volume % Volume % Volume
2.6
Flash Point
All liquids do not vaporize into gaseous form as readily as others. There are many flammable compounds that exist only in gas form at normal atmospheric temperatures and pressures. Some examples of these are natural gas (Methane) or propane. If these gases are pressurized, they can be changed into their liquid state. Many other substances such as gasoline or other liquid fuels, or solvents, may be in liquid form at normal atmospheric temperatures and pressures. These liquids will evaporate into a vapor if left in the open air, and some will evaporate faster than others. The “Flash Point” is the temperature that is necessary for a given liquid to reach in order for it to evaporate sufficient vapor to cause a flammable concentration at atmospheric pressures. For example, gasoline has a relatively low flash point, which enables it to vaporize and explode in the engine cylinder. Diesel fuel, on the other hand, has a relatively high flash point (over 100 degrees F), so it will not produce combustible levels of vapor until it is heated above this temperature. To emphasize this, imagine if you had a bucket of gasoline and a bucket of diesel fuel, both at about 60 degrees F, and you measured the air space immediately above the liquid in the buckets with an LEL meter. The gasoline would cause a reading of over 100% LEL, indicating that if a match were lit in this space, there likely would be an explosion. The diesel head space however, would likely read less than 5% or 10% of the LEL, indicating that if a match were lit directly above this fuel it would not ignite. It is important to consider the Flash Point when considering the potential hazard of a flammable liquid. For example, many jet fuels have a flash point of over 100 to 150 degrees F. If these liquids are spilled onto a cold cement floor in cold weather, they may pose a danger from a ppm hydrocarbon breathing standpoint, but they will not pose any immediate flammable hazard (unless and until they are heated to temperatures above their Flash Point).
2.7
Vapor Density
Not all gases or vapors weigh the same as air. Every gas has a “Vapor Density” or just “Density” , which is a physical constant of its weight in relationship to air. Therefore, air has a density of 1.0. Gases that are lighter than air have a density of less than 1.0, and gases that are heavier than air have a density greater than 1.0. Those lighter than air will tend to rise and those heavier than air will tend to sink or remain near the floor. The vapor density should be considered when evaluating sensor locations. For example, gasoline and Propane have a vapor density greater than 1.0, indicating they are heavier than air. Sensors for these gases should be located near the floor in order to provide the earliest warning of detection. On the other hand, Methane and Hydrogen have vapor densities less than 1.0, indicating they are lighter than air. Sensors for Methane and Hydrogen therefore should be located near the ceiling for best results.
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2.8 Sample Draw vs. Diffusion
RKI offers both sample draw and diffusion sensors for many toxic gases. A diffusion sensor assembly is a sensor that has its working surface open to the surrounding environment, and the gas migrates to the sensor by gaseous diffusion. A sample draw sensor has a pump or aspirator to draw the sample from the test space and blow it into the sensor sample chamber. In general, it is better to use diffusion sensors for monitoring of room air conditions, and sample draw sensors whenever the test space is inside a duct or other not easily accessible space. Some manufacturers suggest the use of diffusion sensors even in duct mounting applications. RKI strongly recommends the use of only sample draw assemblies in these applications. Tests have proven that diffusion is not assure or as accurate as the use of a sample drawing sensor/transmitter, since the flow effects of the air blowing in the duct can greatly influence the output of the sensor. The diffusion sensor reading can be in excess of 60% low at lower flow rates for some gases. For a sample draw sensor / transmitter, the gas always blows onto the sensor at the same rate and direction as used during initial calibration, providing superior accuracy and performance over a diffusion sensor. This situation is more pronounced for difficult-to-detect gases such as HCl, HF, and BCl3.
2.9
Sample Draw Tubing Lengths
When using a sample draw system, it is important to keep the sample lines as short as possible and to use proper tubing type. In general, for toxic gases, Teflon (PTFE) tubing must be used to avoid excessive absorption of the test sample into the tubing. Some gases are more easily absorbed than others. Recommended maximum tubing lengths for different gases are provided in the “Recommended Tubing Type and Lengths” chart on the following page. These lengths are intended to be guidelines and can be exceeded by short distances without much loss in reading. In general though, short sample lines will provide readings that are more accurate and also provide faster response. Tubing lengths: It is imperative that all sample tube lengths be kept as short as possible. This is important because short tubes provide the fastest response time, and also because some gases become absorbed in the tubing and so cannot travel through long lengths. Monitors should be placed as close as possible to the sample point so sample lines can be kept short as possible. Since some gases are more readily absorbed than others, we recommend the following as the maximum sample lengths:
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Recommended Tubing Type and Lengths Chart
Gas Type
Most easily absorbed gases (Critical) HCl, HF, O3, SiH 2Cl2 (DCS), BCl3, TEOA, POCl3, ClF3, WF6, BF3, NH3 Easily absorbed gases Cl2, HBr, F2, TEOS, TMB, NF3 Almost no absorption Hydride gases such as SiH4, PH3, AsH3, etc., N 2O No Absorbtion H2, CO, O 2
Max Tubing Tubing Material Length
Teflon (PTFE) I.D. 4 mm O.D. 6 mm Teflon (PTFE) I.D. 4 mm O.D. 6 mm Teflon (PTFE) I.D. 4 mm O.D. 6 mm Not Important I.D. 4 mm O.D. 6 mm
1
5 meters
2
10 meters
3
30 meters
4
30 meters
Filter Types: Millipore: Gas types 1 and 2 above must use Millipore filter. Balston: Gas types 3 and 4 above should use the Balston filter. Note that it is OK also for them to use the Millipore filter. These gases can use either one because there is not any worry about absorption into the filter for these gases. It is recommended to use the Balston though since it has more surface area and so will last longer if used in a dusty environment. Note that filters are generally installed close to the instrument in an area that is accessible for future maintenance.
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3.1 Catalytic (for LEL level detection of flammable gases and vapors):
A catalytic combustion sensor is typically used in situations where detection of flammable gases or vapors is required. The standard range of detection is 0-100% LEL, where “LEL” (Lower Explosive Level) is the minimum amount of the target gas or vapor that is needed to form a flammable condition in air. Catalytic combustion sensors consist of two small coils of wire. One coil (the “active” coil) is treated with a catalyst such as platinum or palladium, that help to initiate the burning reaction of flammable gases and vapors at concentrations lower than would normally burn. The second coil is treated with a non-catalytic coating, and it operates as a “reference” to counteract for the effects of temperature and thermal conductivity that would otherwise cause the sensor to be less accurate. Both coils are heated by passing a current through them. When the hot active coil encounters even small concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, it causes these to oxidize (burn). The heat of this combustion at the coil causes the temperature of the coil to increase, which in turn causes the resistance of the wire to increase. The circuitry measures the resistance change of the active coil, and interprets this signal as a measured amount of gas or vapor, based on the calibration of the system. The catalytic sensor generally can respond to practically all flammable gases or vapors, allowing it to be calibrated to represent the danger present in a wide variety of applications. Catalytic sensors should not be used in applications where they will be exposed to known catalytic poisons such as Silicone vapors, lead vapors, chlorinated or fluorinated hydrocarbons, and to some degree, high or continuous H2S concentrations. Catalytic sensors require Oxygen to operate. Oxygen concentrations of 10% or higher are generally considered necessary and sufficient to provide full LEL response on a catalytic sensor. However, significant LEL response can still be obtained for lower levels of combustibles (10% LEL) at levels even as low as 2% Oxygen for some flammables.
3.2
Catalytic with molecular sieve (for Hydrogen specific LEL level detection):
RKI offers a very special Catalytic sensor for Hydrogen detection. This sensor is coated with a molecular sieve that significantly reduces the response from any other flammable gases or vapors. In particular, the response to IPA is practically eliminated. This sensor was developed for Semiconductor manufacturing applications where Hydrogen is desired to be detected, but where IPA is often used as a cleaning agent.
3.3
Solid State (for ppm level detection of hydrocarbons):
Solid State sensors can be used for low level (ppm level) detection of many solvent vapors or gases. A typical Solid State sensor consists of a heated element with a metal oxide coating. The metal oxide electrical resistance decreases when it comes in contact with certain gases, by the gases displacing Oxygen molecules within the metal oxide. The amount of resistance change is greater when the target gas concentration becomes greater. This type of sensor is not specific to any particular gas, but is a general hydrocarbon sensor. It should only be used when the only gas present besides fresh air is the gas you wish to detect. It can also be useful as a general hydrocarbon leak detector, for storage facilities of a wide variety of solvents or chemicals. The ppm level detection ability of the solid state sensor can provide detection of unsafe breathing levels of some solvents and gases, (as opposed to the much higher LEL levels normally detected by a catalytic sensor). The Solid State sensor requires Oxygen in order to operate properly.
3.4
Solid State with molecular sieve (Hydrogen specific, 0-2000 ppm):
RKI offers a very special proprietary Solid State sensor for Hydrogen detection applications where even a very small leak needs to be detected. This sensor has a molecular Sieve coating on the sensing element, and this prevents any other gases from having an interference effect on the sensor. This sensor is typically used to detect Hydrogen over a range of 0-2000 ppm, with no response caused by IPA or other gases
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or solvents. This sensor does require an air background for proper operation. This Hydrogen ppm sensor is particularly useful in Semiconductor Fab applications, where is can reliably detect leaks 20 times smaller than a catalytic sensor.
3.5
Galvanic cell (for Oxygen detection):
The Galvanic Oxygen sensor is an electrochemical cell with a gel electrolyte and two electrodes. A membrane allows atmospheric contact with one electrode. Both electrodes are connected to an external meter or IC. Since normal atmosphere contains 20.9% Oxygen, a galvanic cell is always encountering Oxygen, and producing a voltage corresponding to the Oxygen level. An increase in Oxygen at the electrode causes increased electrochemical activity in the cell, producing a higher output voltage. Similarly, a decrease in the Oxygen that contacts the electrode will decrease the electrochemical activity, producing a lower output voltage. The output voltage is continuously measured, and voltage changes due to increases and decreases in Oxygen can be used to switch relays or other alarms. Galvanic Oxygen sensors require periodic calibration and replacement, due to consumption of the electrode or drying out of the electrolyte.
3.6
Electrochemical sensors (for ppm level detection of many toxic gases):
The Electrochemical sensor offers reliable, accurate detection of a wide variety of toxic gases. The sensor contains an electrolyte, and electrodes (Counter, working, and reference electrodes). The electrodes are connected to a power supply and supporting electronic amplifier. A gas permeable membrane allows the sampled atmosphere to enter the cell. Toxic gas in the sample causes an electrolytic chemical reaction, allowing current to flow between the working and counter electrodes. The current flow is proportional to the gas concentration, and is measured and interpreted by the supporting electronics to provide readings and alarms. RKI offers many different electrochemical sensors for different gases. The chemistry of the sensor determines what gases it will respond to, so different electrode materials and different electrolytes are utilized to create a wide variety of sensor offerings. Although sensors can be highly sensitive to the target gas or target family of gases, they are not completely specific for an individual gas, so consideration must be given to any other possible interfering gases that may be present in the test area or sample stream. Later in this manual are provided typical "interference gas" charts to help determine the suitability of a sensor for a particular application.
3.7
Ionization Chamber (for SiO 2 and other particulate detection):
An Ionization Chamber can be used to detect the "presence" of some gases. An ionization chamber operates similarly to a smoke detector, in that it detects the presence of smoke particles, and is not actually measuring gas. Some gases like Silane will spontaneously combust when exposed to air in certain concentrations. Although Silane gas can be detected with an Electrochemical sensor, if the concentration is too high (above 15 to 20 ppm), it may spontaneously combust and there will be no actual gas left to detect. In this case, the Ionization Chamber method can be used to detect the smoke residue from the burning of the gas. In an ionization chamber, typically the sample is passed over a small radioactive source. The radioactivity "ionizes" the particles, and the level of ionization is measured by a sensor which can be calibrated to represent a known gas concentration. (For Silane detection, RKI offers a combination transmitter that has both an ionization chamber and an Electrochemical sensor, for sure detection of silane whether it has burned or not).
3.8
Pyrolyzer with Electrochemical sensor (For ppm level detection of NF3, R-123, and others):
Some gases cannot be readily detected due to their chemical nature not being conducive to creating a chemical reaction within an Electrochemical sensor. In some cases, if these gases are superheated, it will
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chemically break down (or burn) the gas into smaller compounds or other constituents which may be more readily detectable. A pyrolyzer is a heated chamber which the sample is passed through to be "pyrolyzed" or converted by the extreme heat. A pyrolyzer is not actually a detector, but is a sample conditioner, and it is used to treat the sample before it enters a detector. For NF3 detection, the pyrolyzer breaks down the NF3 in air to form other compounds such as NO and NO2. RKI utilizes a pyrolyzer in conjunction with an NO2 sensor for very reliable detection of NF3. This same method can be used for detection of certain refrigerants such as R-123, which produces HF after being pyrolyzed, and the HF can be detected with an electrochemical sensor.
3.9
Pyrolyzer with Ionization chamber (for ppm level detection of TEOS, TEOA, TMP, TMB):
Another combination detection technique is to use a pyrolyzer in conjunction with an Ionization chamber. Gases such as TEOS are not easily detected at low levels by other methods, but if the TEOS is passed through a hot pyrolyzer, it will burn and create SiO2 particulate, which is a smoke that can then be detected by an ionization chamber, as described above.
3.10
Infrared Sensor (NDIR):
Most gases will absorb infrared (IR) light over certain wavelengths. The wavelengths absorbed by a particular gas, and the intensity of the absorption , are very distinct for each gas, sort of like a "fingerprint" for the gas. An Infrared gas sensor makes use of this physical aspect of gases. An infrared sensor typically consists of a chamber which the sample gas is passed through. At one end of the chamber there is an IR source, which is a amp bulb or heater which produces IR energy. At the other end of the chamber is an IR detector element. This IR detector measures the amount of IR energy that reaches it, and produces a signal output proportional to the amount of this energy. Generally there is an IR filter in the IR path, which allows the detector only to look at a particular wavelength region of IR energy. If gas which absorbs this particular wavelength or IR energy is present in the sample flowing through the detection chamber, it will reduce the amount of IR energy that reaches the detector. The measuring circuit compares this IR energy to the energy that is present when fresh air is in the chamber (or when the IR source is turned off), and interprets the signal and processes it as a measured reading of the detected gas.
3.11
Thermal Conductivity (for volume % detection of Methane or Hydrogen):
Every gas has a physical constant known as its "Thermal Conductivity” (or TC). This is a measure of the ability of the gas to carry heat away from a hot object. Some gases, such as Hydrogen, have a great capacity for transferring heat, and so have a high thermal conductivity. If the thermal conductivity of a gas is different than that of air, either higher or lower, then this physical aspect of the gas can be used to detect it. A TC sensor consists of two small elements of wire that are heated by passing a current through them. One of the elements (the active) is placed in the gas stream, and the other (the reference) is sealed so that the gas sample does not contact it. When the active comes in contact with a gas concentration that has a TC that is different than air, it will cause the element to either cool down or heat up. This temperature change of the element changes the electrical resistance of the element, which is then measured by the supporting circuit and interpreted as a known gas reading.
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3.12 Paper Tape Method:
A "Paper Tape" is a tape material that is impregnated with certain chemicals that sensitize it and cause it to change color when it becomes exposed to specific gases. The chemically treated paper tape is fed through a chamber where it is exposed to the sampled atmosphere. If the target gas is present in the sample, it causes the tape to darken, or "stain". The tape is exposed to the sample for a specific amount of time, and then the stain darkness is measured with a photocell. The stain darkness is proportional to the gas concentration present, and the photocell signal interprets this to provide a reading of the gas level. RKI utilizes the paper tape method for detecting very low levels of certain gases. It can be highly specific for the target gas, and can provide very low level, specific detection of certain gases that no other method can achieve. The paper tape method is used in our models FP-250 and FP-260 series instruments for detection of many toxics including many metallo-organics, Formaldehyde, H2S, Hydrazine, Phosgene, and many semiconductor gases. In a paper tape machine, the tape is automatically advanced periodically, so that the gas sample can be exposed to a new section of tape. Tape cassettes generally hold enough tape to last about 30 days.
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4.1 List of Detectable Gases
The following is a partial list of gases which RKI Instruments can provide detectors for. Please keep in mind this is only a partial list, so if you do not see the particular gas or vapor that you need detected, please contact RKI for assistance in selecting the proper sensor type. There are some terms used on this list that may need explanation. Please note the following: 4.1.1 LDL The Term “LDL” means “Lower Detectable Limit”. This is the lowest concentration that the sensor can reasonably and reliably detect. TLV / TWA On the TLV/TWA column for some gases the chart lists HCL, HF, or NO2 before the gas concentration. This means that the target gas is converted to HCL, HF, or NO2 in order to be detected. Some gases are very unstable in air, and they will spontaneously convert to another gas such as HCL or HF upon contact with air and moisture. In these cases then, the presence of the target gas can be detected by the presence of the gas it has been converted to.
4.1.2
List of Detectable Gases
(See List Of Detectable Gases on the following page)
4.0 RKI Product Overview
4.2 Components of a Gas Monitoring System:
A gas monitoring system consists of 3 parts: the sensor, transmitter, and controller. 4.2.1 Sensor The sensor is the actual device that is sensing the gas. Many sensor types are described in the previous section on “Sensing Technologies Offered by RKI” of this manual. Sensors typically last 2 to 4 years, but can last longer or shorter time depending on the nature of the application. Solid State sensors, and Infrared sensors, typically last much longer and it is not uncommon for them to last for 5 to 10 years or more. 4.2.2 Transmitter Most sensors require a transmitter to amplify the sensor signal, and to convert the gas sensor signals into a standardized output, such as 4-20 mA, for transmitting the signal to a controller. The transmitter is usually in close proximity to the sensor, and zero and span adjustments must be done at the transmitter. Note that some sensors and controllers do not require the use of a transmitter for LEL or Oxygen detection (Beacon 100, Pioneer, RM-580), and also one is not needed for short distance wiring of H2S or CO sensors for the Beacon 100. All RKI transmitters are operated from 24 VDC, and utilize either 2 or 3 wires. In general, even if a sensor can be used without a transmitter, use of a transmitter is often preferred for distances over 300’ to 500’ to simplify the calibration effort. In general, even if a sensor can be used without a transmitter, use of a transmitter is often preferred for distances of 300’ to 500’ to simplify the calibration effort.
4.2.3
Controller The controller is the device that receives and interprets the signals from the sensors and/or sensor/transmitters. The controller typically provides a readout of the gas concentration, audible and visual alarms for dangerous gas levels, and generally alarm relays for activating an external alarm or other action. RKI has a wide variety of controllers available. We have them for just one sensor, 4 sensors, 8 sensors, and rack or wall mounting systems for 12 to 16 sensors. Additional controllers can be added to provide hundreds of points of detection. In some applications it is preferred to send the transmitter signal (such as 4-20 mA) directly into a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) or other similar control device. In this case, the alarm conditions and relays are activated by the PLC and the use of a “Gas Detection” controller supplied by RKI is not necessary.
Note: RKI offers a category of instruments called “Stand Alone” units. This is a single point gas monitor that includes the sensor and transmitter or sensor and controller in one enclosure.(In this case no additional transmit ter is needed). This typically also has a readout of the gas concentration and the sensor/controllers also include alarm(s) with relays. Use of this type of unit is very convenient in situations where only one gas and one location needs to be monitored, since wiring and installation costs are reduced. This style also has a 4-20 mAor other out put, so that it can be connected to a controller or PLC, if desired.
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4.3 Component Descriptions
This section includes a brief overview of system components offered by RKI. For more detailed information please go to the RKI Product Detail section. 4.3.1 Sensors and Transmitters Oxygen sensor, sensor/J-box, and sensor/amp/J-box Oxygen sensor only, part number 65-2503RK, consists of an Oxygen sensor cemented into an aluminum shell. The shell has 3/4” conduit threads on the wiring end, and two wires protrude from that end for connection to a monitor or transmitter. This Oxygen sensor assembly contains an internal I.S. Barrier (Intrinsically Safe Barrier) so it can be safely used in a hazardous area when connected to an explosionproof junction box and appropriate conduit. (This part number does not include a junction box, and is generally sold only for direct connection to a Beacon 100, or as a replacement sensor only). This sensor can be wired directly to the Beacon 100, Pioneer series, RM-580 series, and BL-7000 series, without the use of a transmitter. Oxygen sensor and junction box, part number 65-2502RK, consists of the above mentioned Oxygen sensor supplied with an explosionproof electrical junction box. This assembly is generally what should be ordered if the sensor is intended to be installed remotely from the controller (even by only a few feet). This assembly can be used with the Beacon 100, Pioneer series, RM-580 series, and BL-7000 series. Oxygen sensor, junction box, and 4-20 ma transmitter, (assembly part number 652504RK), consists of the above Oxygen sensor connected to an explosionproof electrical junction box that contains a 4-20 mA amplifier /transmitter. The installer would wire this transmitter (2 wires needed) to a controller that can accept the 4-20 mAsignal. Any of the RKI controllers can accept this assembly. (In particular, the Beacon 800 must utilize 4-20 mA transmitter inputs). Oxygen sensor, housing, and 4-20 mAtransmitter (assembly part number ____________) is a low cost version of the Oxygen transmitter. It is supplied in a plastic housing (NOT Explosionproof), and can be used in most non hazardous locations. Since it has a 4-20 mAoutput, it can be used with the Beacon 800 or any of the RKI controllers. (This assembly was not yet available at the time of the printing of this manual.) 4.3.1.2 LEL sensor, sensor/J-box, and sensor/Amp/J-box LEL sensor only, part number 61-0140RK, consists of a catalytic LEL sensor cemented into a stainless steel shell. The shell has 1/2” conduit threads on the wiring end, and four wires protrude from that end for connection to a monitor or transmitter. The working end is covered with a flame arrestor to assure explosionproof integrity, so it can be safely used in a hazardous area when connected to an explosionproof junction box and appropriate conduit. The flame arrestor is surrounded by a bell shaped “Rain Shield” to help keep rain from directly impinging onto it in outdoor applications. The flame arrestor is also coated with a proprietary patented water repellent coating. (This part number does not include a junction box, and is generally sold only for direct connection to a Beacon 100, or as a replacement sensor only). This sensor can be wired directly to the Beacon 100, Pioneer series, RM-580 series, and BL-7000 series, without the use of a transmitter. LEL sensor only, part number NC-6241, consists of the above sensor but without the rain shield. This assembly has 1/2” NPT threads on both the wiring end and the sensing end, and is useful for screwing into pipes or ducts.
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4.3.1.1
18
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LEL sensor and junction box, part number 61-1000RK, consists of the above mentioned LEL sensor (61-0140RK) supplied with an explosionproof electrical junction box. This assembly is generally what should be ordered if the sensor is intended to be installed remotely from the controller (even by only a few feet). This assembly can be used with the Beacon 100, Pioneer series, RM-580 series, and BL-7000 series. LEL sensor, junction box, and 4-20 mA transmitter, (assembly part number 65-2400RK), consists of the above LEL sensor (61-0140RK) connected to an explosionproof electrical junction box that contains a 4-20 mA amplifier /transmitter. The installer would wire this transmitter (3 wires needed) to a controller that can accept the 4-20 mA signal. Any of the RKI controllers can accept this assembly. (In particular, the Beacon 800 must utilize 4-20 mA transmitter inputs). Note: A special LEL catalytic sensor for Hydrogen specific detection only (with molecular sieve) is available in the same configurations as above. It has the following configurations: 61-0156RK 61-0157RK 61-1010RK 65-2450RK 1/2” NPT Hydrogen sensor only, 1/2” NPT mounting. 1/2” NPT Hydrogen sensor with rain shield. 1/2” NPT H2 sensor w/rain shield and junction box. 1/2” NPT H2 sensor w/rain shield, J-Box, and linearizing 4-20 mA transmitter.
4.3.1.3
H2S sensor assy, sensor/Amp/J-Box, and low cost version H2S sensor assy, part number 65-2423RK, consists of a stainless steel housing and flame arrestor assembly, with an electrochemical H2S sensor and a preamplifier inside. The preamplifier enhances the small signal from the sensor, and converts it to a more robust signal for noise reduction. This assembly is designed for use in explosionproof environments, when connected to an appropriate junction box and conduit. This assembly can be connected directly only to the Beacon 100. (All other uses require the 4-20 mA transmitter). H2S sensor, junction box, and 4-20 mA transmitter, (assembly part number 65-2422RK), consists of the above H2S sensor connected to an explosionproof electrical junction box that contains a 4-20 mA amplifier /transmitter. The installer would wire this transmitter (2 wires needed) to a controller that can accept the 4-20 mA signal. Any of the RKI controllers can accept this assembly. H2S sensor, housing, and 4-20 mA transmitter (assembly part number 65-2424RK) is a low cost H2S sensor/transmitter assembly. It is supplied in a plastic housing (NOT Explosionproof), and can be used in most non hazardous location applications. The sensor is connected directly to a 4-20 mA transmitter also located inside the plastic enclosure. Calibration is performed at the transmitter assembly. Since it has a 4-20 mA output, it can be used with any of the RKI controllers.
4.3.1.4
CO sensor assy, sensor/Amp/J-box, and low cost version CO sensor assy, part number 65-2433RK, consists of a stainless steel housing and flame arrestor assembly, with an electrochemical CO sensor and a preamplifier inside. The preamplifier enhances the small signal from the sensor, and converts it to a more robust signal for noise reduction. This assembly is designed for use in explosionproof environments, when connected to an appropriate junction box and conduit. This assembly can be connected directly only to the Beacon 100. (All other uses require the 4-20 mA transmitter). CO sensor, junction box, and 4-20 mA transmitter, (assembly part number 65-2432RK),
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CO sensor, junction box, and 4-20 ma transmitter, (assembly part number 65-2432RK), consists of the above H2S sensor connected to an explosionproof electrical junction box that contains a 4-20 mA amplifier /transmitter. The installer would wire this transmitter (2 wires needed) to a controller that can accept the 4-20 mAsignal. Any of the RKI controllers can accept this assembly. CO sensor, housing, and 4-20 mAtransmitter (assembly part number 65-2434RK) is a low cost CO sensor/transmitter assy. It is supplied in a plastic housing (NOT Explosionproof), and can be used in most non hazardous location applications. The sensor is connected directly to a 4-20 ma transmitter also located inside the plastic enclosure. Calibration is performed at the transmitter assembly. Since it has a 4-20 mA output, it can be used with any of the RKI controllers. This assembly is ideal for parking garage applications. 4.3.1.5 PPM Hydrocarbon Solid State sensor, assemblies. sensor/J-box, and sensor/transmitter/J-box
Solid State sensor (part no 61-2000RK) is a diffusion sensor useful for ppm level detection of various hydrocarbon and solvent vapors. A typical range is 0-500 ppm hexane, for general solvent and fuel vapor detection. This is a general purpose sensor, and is not specific to any particular gas. It should only be used in applications where the only gases present besides fresh air are the gases desired to be detected. This sensor is of the 1/2” NPT mounting style. It would not be ordered under this part number except as a replacement, or an application where no junction box is desired. This sensor is of explosionproof construction, and it has a rain shield and flame arrestor with water resistant coating. It is also available with 1/2” NPT threads on the sensing end. This sensor can be wired directly to the Model RM-580or BL-7000 series, and requires a 4-20 ma transmitter to connect to any other controller. For direct connection to the RM-580 or BL-7000 this sensor requires 3 wires. Solid State sensor/junction box (part no 61-2001RK) is the same sensor as listed directly above supplied with an explosionproof junction box for ease in mounting. This sensor can only be connected directly to the Model RM-580 or BL-7000 series. All other controllers require use of a remote transmitter with it. Solid State sensor/J-box/transmitter assy (part no 65-2460RK) consists of the solid state hydrocarbon sensor, and a junction box with a 4-20 mA transmitter inside it. This is a 24 volt 3 wire transmitter. This assembly is used for ppm detection of hydrocarbons and can be connected to the Beacon 100, Pioneer, and Beacon 800 controllers. Note: A special solid state sensor for specific Hydrogen only ppm level detection (with molecular sieve) is available in the same configurations as above. The standard range of detection is 0-2000 ppm. It has the following configurations: 61-0160RK 61-0162RK 61-1050RK 62-2440RK 1/2” NPT Hydrogen sensor only, with 1/2” NPT mounting. 1/2” NPT Hydrogen sensor with rain shield. 1/2” NPT H2 sensor w/rain shield and junction box. 1/2” NPT H2 sensor w/rain shield, J-Box, and linearizing 4-20 ma transmitter.
4.3.1.6
GD-K8A & GD-K8A4X The GD-K8A is a diffusion assembly for electrochemical sensor detection of toxic gases. There are many different sensors that can be used in this assembly, making it useful for a wide range of toxic gas detection applications. The electrochemical sensors used typi-
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4.0 RKI Product Overview
cally have lives of 2 to 4 years or more, and can be calibrated at 6 month intervals. The sensor signals are converted to a 4-20 mAsignal for transmission to a controller (24 VDC, 2 wire loop). The housing of the GD-K8A is an indoor metal enclosure with a hinged door, and is not appropriate for outdoor use or for corrosive environments. Please refer to the back of the GD-K7D2 brochure in this manual to see the list of gases that this assy can be supplied to detect. The GD-K8A4X is similar to the GD-K8A listed above, except it is repackaged into a NEMA 4X enclosure for use in wet or corrosive environments. 4.3.1.7 GD-K7D2 The GD-K7D2 is RKI’s workhorse sample draw assembly for use with a wide variety of Electrochemical sensors for toxic gas detection. It is designed for simple servicing in that the sensor and pump can be easily replaced in less than one minute each. The GD-K7D is normally supplied with a 115 VAC pump, which requires local AC power, and the sensor signal output is 4-20 mA(24 VDC, 2 wire loop). An optional 24 VDC pump is available. Please refer to the back of the GD-K7D2 brochure in section H4 to see the list of gases that this assy can be supplied to detect. 4.3.1.8 GD-K8DG, GD-S8DG (Pyrolyzer assemblies) The GD-K8DG is a special sample drawing sensor/transmitter assy that has a pyrolyzer to condition the sample. This device is typically used for detection of NF3, where the pyrolyzer breaks down the NF3 into smaller chemical constituents, and then detects it with an electrochemical sensor as NO2. This is the most reliable method available to detect NF3. This assembly requires 115 VAC local power to power the pump and pyrolyzer (24 VDC version also available). The sensor signal is converted to a 2 wire 4-20 mA signal. The GD-S8DG is another special sample drawing sensor/transmitter assy that has a pyrolyzer to condition the sample. This device is typically used for detection of TEOS, TEOA, TMB and TMP, where the pyrolyzer actually burns the target gas and converts it into Si02 particulate (smoke), and the SiO2 is then detected with an ionization chamber. This is the most reliable method available to detect certain gases, and can achieve lower levels of detection with fewer interferences than most other methods. This assembly requires 115 VAC local power to power the pump and pyrolyzer (24 VDC version also available). The sensor signal is converted to a 2 wire 4-20 mA signal. 4.3.1.9 Model 35-3000RK(A) sample draw The Model 35-3000RK is a sample draw assembly for LEL or Oxygen, packaged in a NEMA 4X enclosure. It contains an internal 24 VDC pump, and has a flowmeter visible through the hinged front door. This assembly can be supplied with direct connection LEL and Oxygen sensors, for use with the Beacon 100, and the Pioneer series. Those monitors provide a 24 VDC output connection to power the pump. Model 35-3000RKA is similar to the non “A” version described above, except the “A” version is supplied with a 4-20 mA transmitter. This assembly can be provided with LEL, Oxygen, H2S, or CO sensors. 4.3.1.10 Explosionproof Sample draw, Models GD-D8, GD-D8V For explosionproof applications where a sample draw system must be used, RKI offers the GD-D8 series of sensor heads. These assemblies contain a 115VAC pump for continuous sample draw, and the pump and sensor are contained within an explosionproof
RKI Instruments, Inc. Fixed Systems Engineering Manual (800)754-5165
21
4.0 RKI Product Overview
enclosure. These assemblies do not have remote transmitter ability, but only work for direct connection sensors. The following versions are available: GD-D8 : This assembly is used for LELdetection and comes with an internal catalytic sensor. This can be either a general purpose hydrocarbon LEL sensor, or it can be a Hydrogen specific catalytic sensor. GD-D8V : This assembly is used for ppm detection and comes with an internal solid state sensor. This can be either a general purpose hydrocarbon ppm sensor, or it can be a Hydrogen specific solid state sensor. 4.3.2 “Stand Alone” Units : RKI offers a number of “Stand Alone” units. These instruments are complete monitors containing sensors, transmitters, readouts, signal output (typically 4-20 mA), and sometimes also alarm levels with relays. These transmitters can be used by themselves with no additional equipment needed, or they may be used for local readout and control but still be connected to a central controller or PLC. 4.3.2.1 Eclipse for LEL, H2S, CO, Oxygen The Eclipse is a “Smart” sensor/transmitter assy that can be used for LEL, Oxygen, H2S, or CO detection (one gas per Eclipse unit). It uses the 4 basic sensors listed first in items 1 through 4 above. It is housed in an explosionproof junction box, and its electronics sends a 4-20 mA signal to a controller or PLC. The Eclipse has a readout so the user can view the gas levels at the transmitter. It also has “NIC” capability (Non Intrusive Calibration”), which means that it can be calibrated from the outside without the need to open up the housing. Using a Patent Pending technology, the Eclipse utilizes a light sensor for zero and span access. No tools are required. This Model is especially useful in hazardous locations due to its simple “Non Intrusive” calibration process. Note that the Eclipse does NOT have alarm levels or relays. 4.3.2.2 GD-K11D, GD-V11D The GD-K11D is a self-contained sample drawing gas monitor that utilizes various Electrochemical sensors for detection of a wide variety of toxic gases. The instrument contains special circuitry and software that automatically counteracts for all reasonable sensor or electronics drift, preventing false alarms caused by drift. Designed so that the sensor and pump can be changed out in less than one minute each, this instrument is extremely reliable and easy to maintain. Long life sensors operate for 2 to 4 years or more, and 6 months is typical between calibrations. This instrument is intended for indoor use and is housed in an indoor metal housing with a hinged door. The GD-K11D has a digital readout of gas concentration, and it contains one adjustable alarm level with relay. It has a variety of signal outputs available, including 4-20 mA, twisted pair communications (RS485/232) between many units, and Lonworks tm Spread Spectrum transmission on the AC power line. The GD-V11D is for Hydrogen specific detection. It has all the features mentioned just above for the GD-K11D, except that it does not use an electrochemical sensor, but instead uses the 0-2000 ppm Hydrogen specific solid state sensor with molecular sieve. 4.3.2.3 GD-K11DG, GD-S11DG These instruments have all the features of the GD-K11D series listed above, except they also utilize a pyrolyzer heater unit for detection of specific gases as follows:
RKI Instruments, Inc. Fixed Systems Engineering Manual (800)754-5165
22
4.0 RKI Product Overview
The GD-K11DG-NF3 is used is used for detection of NF3. It contains a pyrolyzer and an electrochemical sensor. The GD-S11DG can be used for TEOS, TEOA, TMB, and TMP detection. It uses a pyrolyzer and an ionization chamber for detection of these compounds. 4.3.2.4 GD-K77D The GD-K77D is similar to the GD-K11D above, except it is the next generation. It is housed in a narrow profile metal housing for minimum use of wall space (indoor use only). It too is designed so that sensor or pump can be changed in less than one minute. It also has additional sensor intelligence such that the sensor can be calibrated separately from the unit, and then plugged into the unit and have the unit read the calibration back and adjust itself. Signal outputs are the same as on the GD-K11D. 4.3.2.5 FP-250A, FP-250FL, and FP-260 Paper tape machines RKI offers 3 paper tape machines that can be used for detection of special gases or at levels not easily achievable by some other detection method. The paper tape machines are all sample draw type, and utilize a paper tape cassette that must be replaced every 30 days. These instruments have a readout of gas concentration, an alarm with relay and audible alarm, and a 4-20 mA output of the gas concentration. The tape is read on a cyclical basis, and the reading is then updated at the end of each cycle. The cycle length depends on the gas and range being monitored, but is typically 30 to 60 seconds.This instrument can be used for a wide variety of toxic and metallo-organic gases; please see the backs of their brochures for some of the available gases and ranges. These instruments are considered as “semiportables”. They are benchtop type monitors that must be plugged into 115 VAC for operation, but they are lightweight enough so that they can be unplugged and carried to another location if desired. They are designed for continuous use. The differences among the 3 available versions are as follows: The FP-250A is the original design and it has a wider variety of tapes available for it, so it has a wider selection of gases available. The tape access is on the side of the unit. The FP-250FL is a special version intended for detection of formaldehyde only. It is unique and is one of the few methods available for accurate low level specific detection of formaldehyde. The detection cycle is 15 minutes. The FP-260 is a newer design and it utilizes a lower cost cassette tape than the FP-250A. The FP-260 tape is similar to a VCR tape, and it loads from the top, making it easier to permanently mount into a cabinet if desired. 4.3.2.6 RI-255 refrigerant monitor The RI-255 contains a sample drawing Infrared sensor for use to detect refrigerants, normally over a range of 0-5000 ppm. It is housed in an indoor use wall mounting metal enclosure, and it operates from 115 VAC. It has a digital readout of gas concentration, an adjustable audible alarm, and an alarm relay. It also has a 4-20 mA output if it is desired to connect it to a central controller or PLC. 4.3.2.7 Model PS2 The Model PS2 is a low cost monitor for simple applications of gas or vapor monitoring. It does not have a readout, and it does not have a 4-20 mA output, so it cannot be tied
RKI Instruments, Inc. Fixed Systems Engineering Manual (800)754-5165
23
4.0 RKI Product Overview
into a central controller. The PS2 is a self contained go/no-go type monitor, which can be set to alarm if particular gas levels are exceeded. It has an audible alarm, and 2 alarm relays. It is housed in a plastic wall mounting indoor enclosure, and operates from either 115 VAC or 24 VDC. The sensor is prewired to the PS2 on a 30 foot cable. The sensor is not considered explosionproof so should not be considered for use in a hazardous area. Two different sensors are available; one for LEL levels and one for ppm levels of hydrocarbons or solvent vapors. The sensor used in the PS2 is a non-specific solid state sensor. It will respond to many different gases and vapors and should only be used where the only gas present besides fresh air is the gas you wish to detect. The PS2 is most appropriate and a great low cost solution for monitoring of Hydrogen levels in battery storage areas, and for detection of safe breathing levels of solvent vapors in workspaces or storage areas. 4.3.3 Controllers : RKI offers a wide variety of controllers for readout and alarming of the gas detection signals. This includes single channel controllers and multipoint controllers to handle any number of points. To select the best controller for your application, you should consider the number of detection points needed, the type of sensors desired, and the distances between sensors. Some applications require the gas signals to all be readable from a single controller location. In other cases it might be better to utilize more than one controller, located in different parts of a building, to help reduce wiring and installation costs. A brief description of each controller is provided below. For more detailed information on each controller, please see the controller detail section of this manual. 4.3.3.1 Beacon 100: This is a simple but very flexible low cost controller for use when just one sensor (one gas) needs to be detected. It is in a wall mounting NEMA 4X housing. The sensor can be connected either directly at the controller or it may be wired remotely. Sensors for LEL, Oxygen, H2S, or CO may be wired directly to the controller, or any of RKI’s many 4-20 mA signal input sensor/transmitters can be connected. The Beacon 100 has 3 adjustable alarm levels with relays, plus a fail or malfunction relay. 4.3.3.2 Beacon 800: This is a powerful, compact, user friendly controller that can handle up to 8 channels of 420 mAsignal input. Each channel has two alarm levels with dedicated relays, and there is also a common set of relays for alarm and fail. It has options available such as heavy duty relays (30 Amps) for fan control, and individual signal outputs (4-20 mA or 1-5 VDC). The Beacon 800 is an excellent controller to use anytime 3 to 8 points of detection are needed, and it is especially well suited for CO monitoring in parking garages. 4.3.3.3 Pioneer-4W The Pioneer-4W is a versatile NEMA 4X wall mounting controller that will handle up to 4 points of detection. It can accept sensors for LEL or Oxygen wired directly, and all other gases must use a 4-20 mA transmitter. Each active channel utilizes a plug-in analyzer card. This card has terminals for all the wiring connections associated with that channel. The same card is used no matter what gas is being detected. Each channel has 3 alarm levels with relays, plus there are common relays for the 3 alarm levels and fail. The Pioneer-4W is very flexible and is a good choice when 2, 3, or 4 points of detection are needed.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Fixed Systems Engineering Manual
(800)754-5165
24
4.0 RKI Product Overview
4.3.3.4 Pioneer-16R The Pioneer is also available in a 16 channel rack mounting version. Installing in a 19” Electronics rack, and measuring just 7” high, it can handle a lot of channels in a small space. It uses the same plug-in analyzer card as described above for the Pioneer-4W. It can accept sensors for LEL and Oxygen directly wired without the use of a 4-20 mA transmitter, or it can accept any 4-20 mA transmitter. 4.3.3.5 RM-580 Modules The Model RM-580 series consists of plug-in analyzer cards and a housing to plug them into. (The housings are called Model 570 controllers, and they are described directly below). The RM-580 analyzer cards each handle one sensor, and different cards exist for different styles of sensor input. All cards have a brilliant 3 color LED readout that can easily be read and understood from across a room. Each channel has two alarm levels with relays. LEL sensors, Oxygen sensors, and ppm Hydrocarbon or Hydrogen (Solid State) sensors can be directly wired to the RM-580 controller; all other gases utilize a 4-20 mA transmitter. 4.3.3.6 Model RM-570 housings for RM-580 modules There are many different sizes and styles of housings available for the RM-580 cards. The housings contain the power supply and all the terminal connections. Versions that have provision for more than one plug-in analyzer card also contain a separate plug in card called the TAN-580, which has a common buzzer, reset switch, and alarm relay terminals. The housing options are as follows: RM-570-W : Various sizes of wall mounting enclosures are available, to handle up to 4, 6, 9, or 12 channels (sensors). These sheet metal enclosures are intended for indoor use. Each active channel must have one RM-580 analyzer card plugged into it. Power is 115 VAC or optionally 24 VDC. RM-570-12R : Also available is a rack mounting controller housing for the Model RM-580. This housing installs into a standard 19” electronics rack, and can handle up to 12 channels of gas detection. Power is 115 VAC.
570-SR : For applications where just one point of gas detection is needed, we offer a compact panel mounting single channel case. This is ideal for installation into process equipment. Please note that a separate reset button must be utilized if latching alarms are desired, and 24 VDC power must be supplied to the enclosure to power the module. Wiring terminals are provided on the rear of the enclosure. 570-TM : For open chassis installations, the TM-570 can be used. This is a surface mounting holder for 1 analyzer card. It requires 24 VDC for power, and a separately mounted reset button if latching alarms are desired. Wiring terminals are provided on the front of the base of the unit. 4.3.3.7 BL-7000, 16 channel controller The Model BL-7000 is a wall mounting controller capable of handling up to 16 sensor inputs. It can accept the same sensor inputs as the Model RM-580, which is that LEL sensors, Oxygen sensors, and ppm Hydrocarbon or Hydrogen (Solid State) sensors can be directly wired to the BL-7000 controller; all other gases utilize a 4-20 mA transmitter. The BL-7000 has a large color touch panel screen for displaying the status in several different
RKI Instruments, Inc. Fixed Systems Engineering Manual (800)754-5165
25
4.0 RKI Product Overview
ways. It also can provide a history exposure graph display of the past 8 hours; a very useful feature for analysis in an alarm situation. The BL-7000 utilizes 4 separate plug-in cards that handle up to 4 sensors each. Sensors connected to a card must all be of the same technology, (such as 4 electrochemical, 4 catalytic, 4 solid state, etc.). Card types can be either all the same or mixed in the same BL-7000. Cards do not need to be ordered separately, but the desired types must be specified when ordering. The BL-7000 can be ordered with either one or two relays per channel. 4.3.3.8 Self Contained, or “Stand Alone” Controllers RKI offers several “Stand Alone” controllers, which handle just one sensor and the sensor is included inside the instrument. These instruments are already described in the previous section on “Stand Alone Controller/Transmitters”. These instruments are often good choices for applications where just one point of detection is needed.
4.4
Approvals
In some applications it is necessary to have certain "Approvals" or "Classifications" in order to satisfy certain jurisdiction requirements from fire departments, local governments, etc. Typically, the requirement will be to have the equipment certified by an independent third party that it satisfies certain electrical safety design criteria, or that it is suitable for use in the intended environment. Examples of approval agencies are CSA, UL, or FM. There are many other recognized agencies also, and typically they test to the criteria stipulated by one of these 3 agencies. Not all applications require approvals, but for the ones that do it is important to consider what approvals are needed and to select equipment that has these approvals. Some of the RKI equipment has certain approvals. At the time of this writing many additional RKI controllers and sensor/transmitters are undergoing testing by a third party to the CSA and UL standards. If your application requires approvals, please check with RKI for confirmation of which equipment has completed the approvals, and for assistance in selecting the proper equipment.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Fixed Systems Engineering Manual
(800)754-5165
26
5.0 Sensors / Transmitters Detail
This section provides detailed information on each system component. Where appropriate, this section will include a brochure or specification sheet, outline and mounting dimension diagram, and wiring diagram. At the end of this section are wiring requirements for each sensor and controller.
Sensors / Transmitters
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Fixed Systems Engineering Manual
(800)754-5165
27
A 3/4 NPT Female .10
Cleanup. 2.80 .75
1/22/99
3.65
7.9 max
J BOX
Oxygen Detector
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94 544
TITLE:OUTLINE & MOUNTING, J-BOX WITH OXYGEN SENSOR
MATERIAL:N/A FINISH:N/A SCALE:1:1 DRAWN BY: PART NUMBER: REVISION:
MF
APPROVED BY:
65-2502RK-R01
DATE: 2/18/97
A
PAGE 1 OF 1
0
Release.
1/22/99
Green (-) White (+)
Controller Oxygen Detector Terminals
J-box
Terminal Strip
White Detector Wires Green
Oxygen Detector
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
Outline and mounting, conduit mounting CO detector/xmtr
DRAWN BY: PART NUMBER: REVISION:
MF
APPROVED BY:
65-2432RK-R01
DATE: 11/25/98
A
PAGE 1 OF 1
Specifications 65-2434RK Series Detector/Transmitter for Carbon Monoxide
Minimum Operating Voltage Maximum Operating Voltage Maximum Current Draw Signal Output Response Time Operating Environment: Location Temperature Humidity Housing 18 VDC 30 VDC 25 ma (2 wire system) 4 ma at 0 ppm CO 20 ma at 500 ppm CO 30 seconds to 90% of concentration Nema 4X enclosure 0 to 120 degrees F 0-99% RH, non condensing Plastic, ABS, Gasketted, with screw cover. Dimensions 2.5”W x 4.0” H x 1.5” D. Mounting by 2 screws through housing holes. Wiring through cable grip on case bottom. Electrochemical 2 -3 years normal service Sets transmitter output to 4 ma with zero output from CO sensor. Sets transmitter output to 20 ma with 500 ppm output from CO sensor. Screwdriver and voltmeter used to make adjustments. Calibration gas needed to calibrate. Recommended 6 to 12 months. specs date 11/10/98
Sensor Type Life Expectancy Controls: Zero Span Tools needed Calibration frequency Specifications subject to change
0 A
Release. Corrected Orientation of Transmitter
1/21/99 7/29/99
Not Used
Factory Set Pot.
FB + + BATT 4/20 24V
Toxics Amplifier Assembly.
ZERO SPAN
TP +
TP
+ 24 VDC
TOXIC OXY G RD BK W
Jumper Block Installed To Toxic Select Header.
OXY TOXIC
4 - 20 mA In (FB)
Controller or Recording Device
BLACK
RED
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 9 4544
TITLE: Wiring, CO sensor/xmtr, Generic
CO Detector, Factory Wired
MATERIAL: N/A FINISH: N/A SCALE: None DRAWN BY: MF/CW APPROVED BY: PART NUMBER: 65-2432RK-R03 DATE: 1/21/99 REVISION: A PAGE 1 OF 1
0
Release.
12/2/98
2.52 1.50 .54 1.42
CO Sensor .24
3.39 3.86 Ø .160 mounting hole, 2X Accessable With Lid removed.
Cable Bushing .80 max
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94544
MATERIAL: N/A. FINISH: N/A. SCALE: 1:1
Outline & Mounting Dimensions, NEMA 4X CO Transmitter.
TITLE: DRAWN BY: MF APPROVED BY: PART NUMBER:
65-2434RK-R01
DATE: 12/2/98
REVISION: 0 PAGE 1 OF 1
0
Release.
1/22/99
Carbon Monoxide Transmitter 65-2434RK Shown w/o Lid
Controller or Recording Device
+ 24 VDC 4 - 20 mA In (FB)
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94544 TITLE:
MATERIAL: FINISH: SCALE: N/A 1:1
N/A
Wiring, NEMA 4X CO transmitter, Generic
DRAWN BY: MF APPROVED BY: PART NUMBER: 65-2434RK-R03 DATE: 1/22/99 REVISION: 0 PAGE 1 OF 1
3.94
1.69
.32
9.49
7.87
8.937
3.150 .25 max 1.69
Cable Bushing for .35 - .43 Dia. Cable
.71
Ø .23, 3X
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .X ------------- +/- .020 .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94544 TITLE:
MATERIAL: N/A FINISH: N/A SCALE: 1:2
Outline & Mounting Dimensions, GD-K8A
DRAWN BY: MF PART NUMBER: GD-K8A-R01 DATE: 1/21/99 REVISION: 0 PAGE 1 OF 1
APPROVED BY:
Specifications 35-3000RK Series Sample Draw Accessory for RKI Instruments Fixed Gas Detection Systems
Description : The RKI Sample Draw Accessory for Fixed Systems is an assembly which contains an internal pump to draw a sample from a remote location and to pass this sample over a gas sensor. The accessory has a flowmeter with adjustable flow, and contains a low flow alarm. Power : Environmental : Physical : Flow rate: Pump type : Indicators : 115 VAC or 230 VAC, or 24 VDC (please specify desired voltage. Note that 24 vdc unit can be driven from RKI Pioneer controller). Nema-4X enclosure, Waterproof, Weather resistant. 8.5” high” x 7” wide x 4.5” deep. Wall mounting grey fiberglass with hinged cover. 1.2 SCFH nominal. AC Vibratory pump. Flowmeter : Low Flow : Visible through front cover window. Visual red LED indicator, plus interuption of gas sensor signal to controller. (Interuption can be disabled if desired.) Green Pilot light . Audible alarm for low flow available as an option.
Directly connects to RKI sensors for LEL or ppm Hydrocarbons, Oxygen, H2S, or CO. Also can be used with 4-20 ma transmitter for these gases. Flow adjustment screw. Accepts 1/4” rigid tubing. Internal dust filter provided. Specs date 11/5/96
Specifications subject to change without notice.
7.75 MAX 6.50 1.13 .40 4.00 FITTING FOR 1/4" O.D. TUBING Ø .30 x .50 (4X) MOUNTING
Pilot
Fail
Sample Drawing Gas Detector Assembly 35-3000RK
.75
8.50 8.88 5.00
RKI INSTRUMENTS, INC. Hayward, CA, USA
2.10
2.35
4.30
1.26 1.66
.17
TOLERANCE S: (IF NOT STATED) .X-------------- +/- .020 .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWIS E STATED.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94544 TITLE: OUTLINE AND MOUNTING, 35-3000RK
Inlet Fitting For 4 x 6 mm PTFE Tubing Exhaust Fitting For 4 x 6 mm PTFE Tubing
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
4.13
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94544 TITLE:
MATERIAL: N/A FINISH: N/A SCALE: 1:4
OUTLINE AND MOUNTING, GD-K11DG/GD-S11DG
DRAWN BY: JH APPROVED BY: PART NUMBER: GD-K11DG-R01 DATE: 1/13/98 REVISION: 0 PAGE 1 OF 1
7.0 Controllers Detail
Controllers
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Fixed Systems Engineering Manual
(800)754-5165
29
7.2 4.00 MTG 1.7
.30 X .50 SLOTS (4X) MOUNTING
8.5
DOOR LATCHES
8.88 MTG
1.9
3.03
3/4 CONDUIT HUB (2X)
4.5 1.83
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94 544
TITLE: OUTLINE & MOUNTING, BEACON 100
MATERIAL:N/A FINISH:N/A SCALE:.33 :1 DRAWN BY: SH APPROVED BY: PART NUMBER: 72-2101RK-R01 DATE:8/20/98 REVISION: 0 PAGE 1 OF1
0
Release.
1/20/99
HOT AC POWER IN 115 VAC, 50/60 HZ (SEE MANUAL FOR NEUTRAL 230 VAC CONNECTION) GROUND
12 VDC STANDBY POWER IN
CONTACT RATING OF 12 AMPS RESISTIVE AT 120VAC FOR EACH SET OF AL ARM RELAY CONTACTS. NO
FAI L AL ARM DEVICE AL ARM 1 DEVICE
COM NC NO COM NC NO COM NC NO COM NC
FAI L
AL ARM 1
TYPICAL ALAR M WIRING SHOWN
AL ARM 2 DEVICE
AL ARM 2
AL ARM 3 DEVICE
AL ARM 3
1 RED (24V) SEE MANUAL FOR DETECTOR WIRING. 2 WHT (4-20) 3 GRN 4 BLK (GND) SEE MANUAL FOR DETECTOR WIRING. RECORDING DEVICE, 350 OHM IMPEDANCE MAX 5 OX+ 6 OX+ 4-20mA OUT
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
RKI Inst rument s, Inc.
Hayward , CA 94544 TITLE:
MATERIAL: N/A FINISH: N/A SCALE: N/A
General Wiring Diagram, Beacon 100
DRAWN BY: MF APPROVED BY: PART NUMBER:
72-2101RK-R03
DATE: 1/20/99
REVISION: 0 PAGE 1 OF 1
0
Release.
7/1/98
10.50 8.00
Ø .31 x .50 slot, 4X
ALARM 2
FAIL
ALARM 1
PILOT
12.94 13.39 12.50 Door Latch
BEACON 800
GAS MONITOR
RKI INSTRUMENTS, INC.
RESET
3/4" Conduit Hub, 4X
6.25
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
Module Card Wiring
Typical Of 4
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
NO COM NC NO COM NC NO COM NC Rec Out + Rec Out Individual Alarm 3 Individual Alarm 2 Individual Alarm 1
Module Card Wiring
Typical Of 16
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
NO COM NC NO COM NC NO COM NC Rec Out + Rec Out Gnd 24V 4 - 20 (FB) RED WHT GRN BLK Individual Alarm 3 Individual Alarm 2 Individual Alarm 1
Common Alarm 1 Contacts Common Trouble Contacts Reset
1 2 3 4 5 6 E 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Rear View of 570-12RB
Jumper Detector Head 4-20 mA + Detector Head 4-20 mA -
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94544 TITLE:
Typical Detector Wiring w/EC-582 Indicator Alarm Unit (see EC-582 manual for additional wiring schemes)
MATERIAL: N/A FINISH: N/A SCALE: N/A
Wiring diagram, general, 570-12R
PART NUMBER: REVISION: PAGE 1 OF 1
B
DRAWN BY:
MF
570-12RB-R01
DATE: 7/27/98
APPROVED BY:
19.29 18.11 16.93 1.77
12.99
MULTI GAS MONITOR
POWER WARNING ALARM TROUBLE
11.77
9.98 6.71
BL-7000
RIKEN KEIKI
1.79
Ø .39, 6X
Ø 1.33 wire entry on bottom of case, 8X
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94544 TITLE:
MATERIAL: N/A FINISH: N/A SCALE: 1:4
Outline & Mounting Dimensions, BL-7000 Wall Mounting
DRAWN BY: JH APPROVED BY: PART NUMBER: REVISION: 0 PAGE 1 OF 1
BL-7000-R01
DATE: 1/11/99
18.90 18.11 16.93 1.77
12.80
1.97
MULTI GAS MONITOR
PO WER WAR NING ALARM TROUBLE
11.77
5.91
1.97
BL-7000
RIKEN KEIKI
.24, 8X
.96 Ø 1.33 wire entry on bottom of case, 8X
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94544 TITLE: OUTLINE AND MOUNTING, BL-7000, PANEL / RACK MOUNTING DRAWN BY: JH APPROVED BY: PART NUMBER: REVISION: 0 PAGE 1 OF 1
MATERIAL: N/A FINISH: N/A SCALE: 1:4
BL-7000-R02
DATE: 1/11/99
8.0 Wiring Detail
Wiring
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8.0 Wiring Detail
8.1 Wiring Guidelines for RKI Fixed Controllers and for Sensor or Sensor/Transmitter Connections
The following guidelines represent the conductor quantities and minimum wire sizes that should be used for wiring sensors or sensor/transmitters to the RKI fixed controllers for gas detection. Please note the following: 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4 Use either the sizes listed below or larger (never smaller). Wiring cables should either be shielded or be installed inside a conduit. All 4-20 mA signal wiring must use shielded twisted pair signal cables. Please note that for assemblies with 115 VAC required for the pump, it is assumed that AC power will be obtained locally, and these wires are not counted in the column 2 wire count. For assemblies with 24 VDC pumps, it is assumed that the pump power will be obtained from the controller, and so these wires (2) are included in column 2 wire count.
8.1.5
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8.0 Wiring Detail
8.2
Wiring conductor quantities, and pump requirements:
Instrument or transmitter
LEL sensor only LEL sensor/transmitter Oxygen sensor only Oxygen sensor/transmitter CO sensor only CO sensor/transmitter H2S sensor only H2S sensor/transmitter Solid State sensor Solid state sensor/transmitter Eclipse transmitters GD-K8A GD-K7D2 GD-K8DG/S8DG 35-3000RK-LEL 35-3000RK-OXY 35-3000RK-LEL/O GD-D8 GD-D8V GD-K11D/V11D/K11DG/S11DG GD-K77D PS2 Beacon 100 Beacon 800 Pioneer 4W Pioneer 16R RM-570-W, SR-570, TM-570 RM-570-12R BL-7000
# wires needed from sensor to controller 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 6 4 8 4 3 2 3 or 4
Wire size up to 8000 ft
14 14 16 16 16 16 16 16 14 14 14 16 16 16 16 N/A 16 N/A 14 14 16 16
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9.0 Accessories
9.1 Air Aspirated Sample draw , Part number 30-0951RK (for LEL or ppm Hydrocarbons, or ppm H2)
RKI offers an air aspirated sample draw that can be used with our 1/2” NPT style sensors (available for LEL or ppm hydrocarbons, or ppm H2 detection). This assembly can be used when the gas stream to be monitored is wet or has the likelihood of condensation forming in the sample line. The air aspirator requires a compressed air source (10 to 300 PSI), and it utilizes an air driven aspirator pump to draw sample into the detection chamber. If liquid is drawn into the chamber, it is sucked out through the aspirator and so it cannot accumulate in the chamber. This assembly consists of a sensor chamber, air aspirator, pressure regulator, and flowmeter. Tube fittings are provided for connection of the sample inlet, compressed air inlet, and exhaust. Note that sensor and junction box must be purchased separately.
9.2
J-Tube assy for wet samples, Part number 33-0401RK
A J-tube is a tube shaped like a “J” that can be used in conjunction with a self draining moisture trap (included) to provide continuous self draining of a sample line. The bottom of the “J” remains filled with liquid which prevents air from being sucked through the “J” and into the gas monitor. This is a useful accessory to use with sample draw systems where the samples will contain moisture or condensation. The JTube assembly must be used in conjunction with a self draining bowl type moisture trap, which is included along with the J-Tube assembly as part of part #33-0401RK.
9.3
Standby battery / charger assembly, Part number 49-8101RK
RKI offers a standby battery assembly for connection to controllers which accept a 12 VDC input. This assembly is housed in a NEMA-4X plastic wall mounting enclosure. It is powered by 115 VAC, and contains a trickle charger and a 12 AMP - hour gel cell battery. This will provide approximately 4 to 20 hours of standby operation, depending on which system it is connected to and what sensors are utilized. Terminals are provided for 115 VAC input wiring and for 12 VDC output wiring.
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0
Release.
10/30/98
5.0 max To Detector Head Inlet
To Sampling Area
1/4 O.D. Tube fitting, Inlet 1/4 O.D. Tube Fitting, Exhaust 7.1 max Water Trap
Flexible Tubing, Cut to Required Length
J-Tube w/Mounting Bracket
Anti Siphon Hole
5.75 .25 36.00 2.00 5.25 Ø .169, 4X
1.00
.50
Mounting Bracket Is .104 Thick
Drain
TOLERANCES: (IF NOT STATED) .XX ----------- +/- .010 .XXX --------- +/- .005 ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.
DO NOT SCALE DRAWING Deburr Break Edges .010 R Tolerances & Finishes Unless Otherwise Noted:
.XX ± .010 .XXX ± .005 Angles ± 0° 30' Conc. .010 TIR 125 Fractions ± .015 Finish Finish for O-ring Grooves, 3 Sides 32
All Dimensions In Inches Unless Otherwise Noted. MATERIAL: N/A. TITLE: FINISH: N/A.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Hayward, CA 94544
External Wiring, 12 VDC Standby
DRAWN BY: MF PART NUMBER: 49-8101RK-R02 DATE: 3/4/99 REVISION: 0 PAGE 1 OF 1
SCALE: None.
APPROVED BY:
10.0 Application Worksheet
10.1 Description and Explanation of Importance:
The Applications Work sheet is a guide which compiles all of the information normally necessary to consider to select and design a gas monitoring system. The Work sheet questions will help define the application parameters so that the pertinent considerations can be included. Please take care to fill out the Applications Work sheet completely and accurately. Feel free to contact RKI if you need assistance or have any questions regarding the work sheet or how to consider the information on it. When contacting RKI for assistance, please first fill out the work sheet as much as you can and Fax it to RKI at (510) 4415650 prior to calling so that the RKI Systems Applications Engineers can best serve you.
10.2
How to fill out Applications Work sheet:
Please make a copy of the Applications Worksheets in this manual, and return the originals to the binder for later use. The work sheet consists of 4 parts: 10.2.1 Customer information, description of the general application, and what gases and ranges you need to detect. Please fill this information in carefully since it is critical in helping to select the proper system. 10.2.2 Conditions at the sensor location. Please describe the environmental conditions at the sensing location. The work sheet asks questions and has blanks to fill in the appropriate information. The information on this sheet will assist both you and RKI to select the most appropriate sensor solution for your application. 10.2.3 Conditions at the controller. Please decide where you would like the controller to be installed. In many cases the controller is not located in the same area as the sensor, so it is important to evaluate the conditions where the controller will be located to select an appropriate controller. 10.2.4 Sketch a drawing of the area to be monitored on the graph paper section of the Work sheet. Include dimensions of the area to be monitored (estimate if necessary), and include the location of the equipment, tank, piping, etc. , that is the possible source of the gas leak. This sketch will help to select the best location for the gas sensors, and the number of gas sensors. When the work sheet is completed to the best of your ability, Fax it to RKI Instruments Fixed Systems Applications Engineering at (510) 441-5650 (or your local distributor) for assistance selecting and pricing the best system for your use.
Sketch:
(Please include rough dimensions, note significant features and equipment, suggested sampling sites, etc.)
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11.0 Steps To Selecting A Gas Detection System
This section describes the steps to follow to evaluate a gas monitoring application, and to select the best system for the application. The first 4 steps pertain to filling out the applications survey sheets. The remaining steps assist you in evaluating the information, making the equipment selection, and considering any other options or equipment that you may need.
11.1
Define the problem: Which gases need to be detected and at what range?
List the gas or gases that you need to detect (the “target” gas or gases), and over what ranges you need to detect them. What is the reason for detecting these gases? Is it to prevent explosion? To prevent asphyxiation? To prevent employee exposure to potentially toxic gases or vapors? To control a process? At what gas levels do you wish to take action, and what is the action that needs to be taken?
11.2
Define the area to be monitored:
The area to be monitored must be examined carefully and the questions on the applications survey must be carefully considered and answered. This will assist you and RKI Systems Applications Engineers to make the most informed selection of the proper equipment to solve your gas monitoring application. What is the classification of the area? Do the sensors need to be explosionproof? Intrinsically safe? Weather resistant? Corrosion resistant?
11.3
Define the area the controller will be installed, and what action the controller must take:
The site where the controller will be installed must be carefully considered, and the questions regarding this area answered on the applications survey. Also consider what action or information you will expect the controller to provide to you, if any, and if you might possibly need to expand the system in the future. This will help you and RKI to select the most appropriate controller for your needs.
11.4
How to determine the quantity of sensors needed and sensor placement:
Please consider the guidelines below, and draw your proposed sensor locations on the Applications Work sheet sketch graph paper. Fax it to RKI for review or assistance.
11.4.1 How much area can one sensor cover? Consider that a sensor operates similarly to a person’s nose. A nose can only sense what is immediately surrounding it. If there is a skunk 10 feet away, but with a strong wind blowing the smell away from you, you may not smell the skunk, or at least not smell it very strongly. On the other hand, if you are downwind of the skunk, even 100 feet away, you likely will smell it. If you are indoors with the skunk, the vapors can travel quite a distance to cover the entire room. Depending on ventilation patterns, the smell may be worse in some areas than others. Gases behave much the same as the skunk odor. The key is to locate the sensors as close as practical to the likely leak source or sources. If the gas could come from almost anywhere in a building, such as for CO monitoring in a parking garage, then it is necessary to spread sensors around the entire garage to get full coverage. In another example, if you are monitoring a 100’ by 100’ room for flammables, but the only possible source of flammables is a tank in one corner, then it is necessary to monitor the tank in the corner but not necessarily other areas of the room. 11.4.2 Sensor spacing for indoor applications For applications where the gases could exist anywhere in the facility, a decision must be made how far apart to place the sensors and how many sensors should be used. There is no fixed answer to this that is correct for all applications, but an industry guideline is to space the sensors approximately 40 to 50 feet apart for indoor applications. Your decision must be based on your
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11.0 Steps To Selecting A Gas Detection System
careful evaluation of the hazard from the gases, and an assessment of the ventilation patterns inside the facility. Practicality and cost must also be considered. For example, if monitoring a 1 mile tunnel for CO levels, it would probably be considered excessive to place sensors every 50 feet, and a much wider spacing would likely be used. For typical indoor applications though, the 40 to 50 foot guideline is a good starting point. If spacing the sensors 50 feet apart, then you would also space the sensors 25 feet away from the wall. Using the sketch of the area to be monitored in the Applications Work sheet, mark the proposed sensor locations by spacing them an appropriate amount apart. 11.4.3 Sensor spacing for outdoor applications Outdoor applications will be very susceptible to wind conditions, and good coverage of a point source leak, such as a propane tank or valves, cannot be done with just one sensor. If the tank or valves cannot be enclosed or shrouded somehow, then sensors should be placed as close as practical to the possible leak source, and multiple sensors should be used to provide good coverage for all typical wind directions. If monitoring a valve jungle, for example, it may be possible to place a shroud covering the valves, and then monitor inside the shroud with just one sensor. The shroud will help to shield the vapors from the wind and help to contain them for detection. In open air monitoring outdoors where the vapors could be coming from many sources or directions, such as a refinery, then the decision of how many sensors are needed can be made similarly to the indoor guidelines given above, except that a closer spacing of 30 to 40 feet between sensors is recommended. In all cases, sensor count can be reduced if the possible leak sources are known and the sensors can be concentrated closer to the leaks. 11.4.4 Other considerations or guidelines In deciding sensor count and location, please consider the following: 11.4.4.1 Locate sensors strategically so they will be in the most likely path of a gas leak. Carefully evaluate possible leak sources and ventilation flow of the area to be monitored. Consider the density of the gas. Gases that are lighter than air will rise, so sensors for these should be located near the ceiling . Heavier than air gases or vapors will tend to remain near the floor so sensors for these should be located near the floor. Flash Point : Consider that flammable substances with high flash points (higher than typical normal room temperature of 60 to 70 degrees F) will not have much vapor present if the surrounding area is cold. Liquids with high flash points are not capable of producing a flammable level of vapor at cold temperatures, unless the liquid is heated. Sensors must be located as close as possible to the leak source of these liquids in order to detect them. Temperature: Consider the temperature of the area to be monitored. Gas detection sensors have certain temperature limits that cannot be exceeded. If the area is too hot for the sensor, you should consider using a sample drawing type sensor to allow the sample to cool before being exposed to the sensor. If the hot vapors being monitored have a flash point temperature higher than the ambient conditions, then the sample cannot be cooled below this or condensation of the vapors will occur in the sample tubing. In this sort of application, please consult the factory for another solution such as a heated sampling system or other device. Wet areas: If the area is wet, please take care to select sensors (and controllers) that are intended for wet areas. Install sensors facing downward so they can shed the water or rain. If using a sample draw system, install appropriate water traps or hydrophobic filters. If possible, install detectors where exposure to splashing will be minimized.
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11.4.4.2
11.4.4.3
11.4.4.4
11.4.4.5
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11.0 Steps To Selecting A Gas Detection System
If monitoring a trench that could periodically get filled with water, mount the detector high enough in the trench so that it cannot get flooded. If this is not possible, consider use of a sample draw head with a floating sample inlet. 11.4.4.6 Vibration: Install detectors where they will be free from vibration. Heavy or constant vibration can shorten the life of a sensor. Dust or dirty areas: If area to be monitored is especially dirty or dusty, select sensors or filters that will prevent the dust or dirt from clogging the sensor. Consult RKI for assistance with these areas. Maintenance: When selecting sensor locations, keep in mind that sensors must be accessible for maintenance. Do not install in difficult to reach areas. If this is not possible, then consider use of a sample draw detector head, so that the sample tube only is run to the inaccessible area, and the sensor can be located in an easy access location. For location of toxic gas sensors to protect workers, consider the location of the workers in relation to the source of the toxic gases. Locate the sensors between these two to provide an early warning of rising gas levels.
11.4.4.7
11.4.4.8
11.4.4.9
11.4.4.10 Physical protection: Do not install sensors where they may be physically hit or abused, blocked by mud or other debris, painted over, or subject to steam or hosing down.
11.5
Define what type of system is needed :
Using the information provided in Sections 1 through 4 above on the applications survey, you are now ready to define what type of system is needed. Most of the definition will be obvious from the applications survey. You now must define the following: 11.5.1 Sensor / Transmitter Questions: How many sensors are needed for each gas type? Sample draw or diffusion sensors? Is sample conditioning necessary, and if so what type of conditioning? Select the most appropriate sensor technology. Is a local readout or local relays a requirement? Are non intrusive calibration heads a requirement? 11.5.2 Controller Questions: Is a central controller necessary? Wall mounting or rack mounting controller? How many alarm points are needed? Are relays needed for the alarm points? If so what amperage is needed? What action is intended to take place if an alarm occurs and how will that action happen?
11.6
How to select the proper system for your use:
Now that you have defined the number of points, the sensor and controller locations, and what the system needs to do, you can select the proper sensors and controller for your application. 11.6.1 Select the proper sensor/transmitter type from the RKI Product Overview section of this manual. Select by gas type, and by environmental conditions (for example whether the sensor needs to be explosionproof or not). If you cannot find one that suits your needs, please contact RKI for assistance.
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11.0 Steps To Selecting A Gas Detection System
11.6.2 Once you have determined how many detection points are required, you can select the appropriate controller for your use. Select the controller from the RKI Product Overview of this manual, or from the “Product Selection Chart” at the end of this section. If you are anticipating expansion in the future, you may want to select a controller that has capability of adding a few points. Other things to consider are the number and location of the controllers. For example, if you need 8 points of detection, but their locations are spread throughout the plant, you might wish to consider using two 4 point controllers located at different ends of the plant to save on wiring costs. (If you need all the readouts at one location, then you would not consider two four point controllers). Another thing to consider in selecting the controller is what action is required from the controller. If you need alarm levels, relays, or 4-20 mAoutput terminals, then select a controller that provides these functions. Finally, consider the environmental conditions at the controller location(s). Select a controller that meets these conditions. 11.6.3 Discuss application with RKI: Consult RKI Applications Engineering to review the application and the sensor and controller selection.
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11.0 Steps To Selecting A Gas Detection System
11.7 Product Selection charts
As a useful guide to help you select the most appropriate system for your use, this section includes selection charts describing the appropriate controller possibilities based on the number of sensors needed. To use the following charts, first decide how many sensors are needed, considering possible future expansion, and then turn to the selection chart for that number of sensing heads. The charts provide a condensed description of features for each unit, to aid you in selecting the one which best suits your application
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1 Point of Detection
What are your general installation requirements?
Classified Areas
Class I, Div 1, Groups B,C,D
Indoor / Outdoor
Panel, Wall or DIN Rail Mounted
Economical for PPM or LEL Hydrocarbons (No Display)
ECLIPSE Enclosure
Explosion Proof,Class I Div
BEACON 100
Wall Mounting, NEMA 4X, Grey Polycarbonate Hinged Cover
RM580: SR570/TM570
Sheet Metal, Plug in Single Case
PS 2
1 Group B,C,D. Water tight
cast Aluminum w/ Oring, Epoxy Coating
ABS Plastic, Indoor Housing
Power
24 VDC From Controller or External Power Supply 4-20ma Signal provided to a PLC or Controller for Alarms Catalytic, Electrochemical, Galvanic 4-20mA DC LEL version has UL Classification
115 VAC,12 Vdc Battery Backup Available
24 VDC
24 VDC, 115 VAC 48 VDC optional
Alarms
3 Alarm Levels, 1 Fault Level, Audible & Visual Alarm Delay Available RKI complete range of Detection, Diffusion or Sample Draw 4-20mA DC
3 Color ( Green, Orange, Red) LED Bar graph Display 2 Alarm Levels, 1 Fault Alarm Delay Available
2 Alarm Levels Visual & Audible
Sensor
RKI complete range of Detection, Diffusion or Sample Draw 4-20mA DC Auto Zero Function Peak Hold Function Zero Suppression Low Flow Alarm
Metal Oxide Diffusion
Output Other
2 - 8 Points of Detection
What are your general installation requirements?
Indoor / Outdoor
Indoor / Outdoor
Indoor Wall Mounted
Pioneer 4W Channel Capacity Enclosure
4 Wall Mounting, NEMA 4X, Grey Polycarbonate, Hinged Cover 90-132 VAC 1 amp 180-265 VAC .5 amp 20-60 VDC, 12 VDC (optional) Battery Backup Available 3 Alarm Levels, 1 Fault Level, Audible & Visual, Alarm Delay RKI complete range of Detection, Diffusion or Sample Draw 4-20mA DC (0 -1 VDC optional)
Beacon 800
8 Wall Mounting, NEMA 4X, Grey Polycarbonate, Hinged Cover 115 VAC, 12 VDC Battery Backup Available 24 VDC Provided to Operate Other Accessories 2 Alarm Levels, 1 Fault Level, Alarm Delay RKI complete range of Detection, Diffusion or Sample Draw 4-20mA DC optional 1-5 VDC optional Heavy Duty Relay Card 4 ea @ 30 Amps
3 Color (Green, Orange, Red) LED Bar graph Display, 2 Alarm Levels, 1 Fault Level RKI complete range of Detection, Diffusion or Sample Draw 4-20mA DC Auto Zero Function, Peak Hold, Low Flow Alarm, Zero Suppression
Sensor Output Other
9-16 Points of Detection
What are your general installation requirements?
Indoor Wall & Rack Mount
Indoor Rack Mount
Indoor Wall Mount
RM580 : 09WB / 12WB 570-12R Channel Capacity Enclosure
9, 12 Sheet Metal, Wall Mounted Cabinet 570-12R - Black Anodized 19” Rack Mount. Up to 12 Channels 115 VAC, 24 VDC 230VAC Optional Battery Backup Available
3 Color Bar graph (Green, Orange, Red) with 2 Alarm Levels, 1 Fault Level, Alarm Delay Available
Pioneer 16R
16 Standard 19” Rack Mount
BL-7000
16 Sheet Metal Wall Mounted Cabinet
Power
115 VAC, 12 VDC 230 VAC Optional Battery Backup Available 3 Alarm Levels, 1 Fault Level Audible & Visual Alarm Delay Available RKI complete range of Detection, Diffusion or Sample Draw 4-20mA or 0-1 VDC Separate outputs for Each Channel
100-120 VAc 200-240 VAC
Alarms
2 Alarm Levels, 1 Fault Level Audible & Visual RKI complete range of Detection, Diffusion or Sample Draw
4-20 mA DC Separate Outputs for Each Channel.
Sensor Output
RKI complete range of Detection, Diffusion or Sample Draw 4-20mA DC Separate outputs for Each Channel
Other
Auto Zero Function, Peak Hold Function Low Flow Alarm, Zero Suppression
Zero Correction Functions
Multiplex & Spread Spectrum Communication available. Touch screen operation, multifunction screen by LCD graphics display. Screen can be remote from the main control unit. Zero correction functions.
NOTE: RKI can detect many gases and ranges not listed on this sheet. Inquire at the factory for gases not found.
* NOTE: GD-K77D uses a different series sensor than listed on this chart. Sensors for GD-K77D
start with “ESM-”. Sensor interference gas charts are the same for “ES-” sensors and “ESM-” sensors. GD-K77D smart sensors / transmitters will be available in winter of 1999.
** NOTE: For Silane scrubbers or other Silane detection applications where Hydrogen is present, specify ES-23AH-SIH4
sensor.
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11.0 Steps To Selecting A Gas Detection System
11.8 Other considerations: Are there any special conditions or additional equipment that need to be care of? Please consider these now. Some examples of this may be the following:
11.8.1 Calibration Kit: It is recommended that all systems be calibrated when first installed, and then at a minimum of 3 to 6 month intervals thereafter. RKI can supply a calibration kit for most systems. A calibration kit normally consists of cylinder(s) of appropriate calibration gas, a valve or regulator, tubing, and a test cup to apply the gas to the sensor. It is generally recommended that you purchase a calibration kit with your system. Since there are numerous combinations of systems and gases, please consult RKI for selection of the appropriate Calibration Kit for your use. 11.8.2 Battery Backup: Some critical applications require a battery backup system, or a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) for their gas monitor. If you need this, it can be provided by RKI or it can be purchased from some other source. UPS systems for computers are readily available from many sources and are reasonably priced. RKI offers a battery backup (12 Amp Hours) in a NEMA 4X enclosure that can also be used. Battery backups are generally connected to the 12VDC or 24 VDC input power terminals on the controllers. A UPS system is normally connected to the 115 VAC terminals on the controller. In either case, the backup power automatically takes over should the primary power fail to the unit. If you need backup power, please consider how long you need the backup to operate the system, and what peripherals you want the backup to also operate, if any, such as horns or lights. Contact RKI with this information for assistance selecting an appropriate backup. 11.8.3 Remote horns or lights: Most RKI Controllers have an audible alarm and alarm LED’s as part of the controller. In many cases it is desired to also have a remote or louder audible alarm or alarm light. RKI can supply a variety of remote horns or lights for warning of personnel to a gas alarm situation. The most common of these are as follows: 11.8.3.1 Red Rotating Beacon: This beacon is powered by 115 VAC, and is effective at attracting attention even in noisy or outdoor areas. This Beacon is RKI Part number 51-0055RK. AC Vibratory Horn: This is a very loud and obnoxious vibratory horn (100db at 10 feet) for use in outdoor areas, high noise areas, or other areas where an unmistakable noisemaker is desired. This horn is RKI Part number 52-0002RK.
11.8.3.2
11.9
Custom Systems:
RKI has many other systems, sensors, and solutions to gas monitoring applications. We also can design custom systems if one of our standard ones will not do the job. Please feel free to contact RKI Systems Applications Engineering at (800) 754-5165 to discuss your application.
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11.0 Steps To Selecting A Gas Detection System
11.10 Ordering the system:
Now that the system selection has been made, you may order the system in one of several ways. Ballpark pricing is provided in the pricing section of this manual, but please note that prices are subject to change without notice so may have changed since the printing of this manual. For current pricing, please contact RKI, the RKI distributor in your area, or the RKI Rep for your area. If you have any question who to contact, please contact RKI. 11.10.1 Distribution: RKI has a distribution network for our products in most areas. If there is an active RKI Fixed System Distributor in your area, and you have received this manual from one of them, then your order should also be placed with them. 11.10.2 RKI direct: If there is no active RKI Fixed Systems Distributor or Rep in your area, then you should contact RKI at (800) 754-5165 (or Fax RKI at (510) 441-5650) to place your order. 11.10.3 RKI also has regional factory representatives that provide technical assistance to our distributors and customers to help with the selection of the proper equipment. Orders may be placed with the factory representatives for forwarding to RKI or may be sent directly to RKI instead.
11.11
Taking delivery of the system:
11.11.1 Installation of the system: System should be installed by a qualified electrician technician, and in conformance with all local building codes, electrical codes, and fire codes. Follow the installation instructions provided in the instruction manual for wiring information, and system operation. Take care to make connections to the proper terminals, and do not apply power to the system until all wiring is completed. 11.11.2 Startup of the system: Once power is applied, allow the system to warm up, and then check the system for proper operation of gas sensors and alarms. Confirm operation of all peripheral devices such as fans or horns. Confirm calibration of the system with use of a calibration gas source. Calibration gases are available from RKI. If you require assistance with startup of the system, RKI can provide field service for startup and training at reasonable prices, from either the factory direct, or from one of our service centers or distributors. Please contact RKI Instruments Field Service at (800) 754-5165. 11.11.3 Maintaining the system: Once the system is installed and operating, it is very important to service and maintain the system. The system must be calibrated periodically. The necessary frequency of calibration varies from application to application, and needs to be determined from actual use. In benign applications where the sensor will encounter gas very infrequently, the sensors will likely hold up better than in corrosive or wet environments or areas where frequent or high exposures are common. Typically, calibrations can be done on 3 to 6 month intervals, but some applications may require it more frequently. Calibration can be performed either by your own trained personnel, or RKI can provide routine calibration and maintenance service at reasonable cost.
Other than routine calibration, some systems may also require periodic filter replacement, pump replacement, or replacement of other expendable parts such as batteries or absorbent cartridges. Please follow the recommendations in the instruction manual.
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12.0 Pricing Guide
The following pages represent RKI Instruments fixed systems pricing at the time this manual was last updated. Since prices are subject to change without notice, use the price list included with this manual only as a guide towards system pricing or component selection. For current pricing, assistance pricing out a system, or for a firm quotation on equipment, please contact RKI Instruments Systems Applications at (800) 754-5165, or your local RKI fixed systems distributor or representative.
Pricing Guide
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Fixed Systems
Beacon 100
ORDERING INFORMATION: When ordering a Beacon 100 system please specify the following components: 1) Controller 2) Detector Assembly (one only) NOTE: The Beacon 100 can accept sensors for LEL combustibles / Oxygen / Hydrogen Sulfide / or Carbon Monoxide directly (no 4-20 mA transmitter needed). All other gases require a 4-20 mA transmitter.
The suffix of the detector assembly part numbers with ‘-xxx’ denote the chemical symbol for a specified gas. All explosion proof J-Box assemblies are Class I, Division 1, Groups B C & D Fixed system pricing is for equipment only and does not include factory start-up or training. Please contact RKI for quotation if factory start-up or training is needed. Please contact RKI if you would like assistance with pricing or configuring a system quotation. See Sensor Selection Chart on page 62 for available gases for the GD-K7D2 and GD-K8A.
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Fixed Systems
Beacon 800
ORDERING INFORMATION: When ordering a Beacon 800 system please specify the following components: 1) Controller 2) Detector Assemblies (up to 8) 3) Any options desired such as heavy duty relay board or individual recorder output board. NOTE: All sensors connected to the Beacon 800 must use a 4-20 mA transmitter.
LEL combustible sensor / transmitter / explosion proof junction box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485.00 Hydrogen (H2) specific, LEL sensor / transmitter / J-box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535.00 Hydrogen (H2) specific sensor / amplifier / J-Box, 0 - 2000 ppm, 4-20 mA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750.00 PPM Hydrocarbon sensor,MOS, (0-500 ppm typical) w/linearizing amplifier & explosion proof J-box .750.00 Oxygen (O2) sensor / transmitter / explosion proof junction box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450.00 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) sensor / transmitter / explosion proof junction box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550.00 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) sensor / transmitter in plastic enclosure (not explosion proof) . . . . . . . . . . .295.00 Carbon Monoxide (CO) sensor / transmitter / explosion proof junction box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550.00 Carbon Monoxide (CO) sensor / transmitter in plastic enclosure (not explosion proof) . . . . . . . . . . .295.00 Electrochemical sample draw detector assembly, for toxic gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,700.00 Electrochemical diffusion detector assembly, for toxic gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,100.00 Electrochemical / pyrolitic sample draw detector assembly for Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3) detection .2,950.00 Electrochemical sample draw for Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) detection 0-30 ppm . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,300.00 (These items are factory installed and must be ordered with the instrument) Heavy duty relay board, 4 relays at 30 amps, added to Beacon 800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200.00 Recorder output board, 8 outputs, 4-20 mA or 1-5 VDC, added to Beacon 800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280.00 Relay board and recorder output board, added to Beacon 800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480.00 The suffix of the detector assembly part numbers with ‘-xxx’ denote the chemical symbol for a specified gas. All explosion proof J-Box assemblies are Class I, Division 1, Groups B C & D Fixed system pricing is for equipment only and does not include factory start-up or training. Please contact RKI for quotation if factory start-up or training is needed. Please contact RKI if you would like assistance with pricing or configuring a system quotation. See Sensor Selection Chart on page 62 for available gases for the GD-K7D2 and GD-K8A.
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Fixed Systems
Pioneer 4W & Pioneer 16R
ORDERING INFORMATION: When ordering a Pioneer system please specify the following components: 1) Controller Housing 2) Module Analyzer Cards (specify one card for each point) 3) Detector Assemblies
The suffix of the detector assembly part numbers with ‘-xxx’ denote the chemical symbol for a specified gas. All explosion proof J-Box assemblies are Class I, Division 1, Groups B C & D Fixed system pricing is for equipment only and does not include factory start-up or training. Please contact RKI for quotation if factory start-up or training is needed. Please contact RKI if you would like assistance with pricing or configuring a system quotation. See Sensor Selection Chart on page 62 for available gases for the GD-K7D2 and GD-K8A.
NOTE 4: NOTE 5:
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Fixed Systems
RM-580 & RM-570-12R
ORDERING INFORMATION: When ordering a RM-580 or RM-570-12R system please specify the following components: 1) Controller 2) Display Modules 3) Detector / Transmitter Assemblies
Fixed Systems
BL-7000 Multi-Channel Work Station
ORDERING INFORMATION: When ordering a BL-7000 system please specify the following components: 1) Base Unit - which includes Box, display, CPU, relay output & power supply (accepts up to 16 channels) 2) Amplifier Units (4 points per unit, included with base unit price) 3) Detector / Transmitter Assemblies
The suffix of the detector assembly part numbers with ‘-xxx’ denote the chemical symbol for a specified gas. Fixed system pricing is for equipment only and does not include factory start-up or training. Please contact RKI for quotation if factory start-up or training is needed. Please contact RKI if you would like assistance with pricing or configuring a system quotation.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Preliminary Price List 7/22/99 48
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Fixed Systems
Eclipse™ NIC Smart Transmitter
ORDERING INFORMATION: All Eclipse pricing includes the sensor and explosion proof housing.
PS 2 Single Point Stand Alone Monitor
ORDERING INFORMATION: The PS 2 is provided as standard with the sensor on a 30’ cable. Both 24VDC powered or 115 VAC powered versions are available, and the 115 VAC version is supplied with a 6’ power cord.
RI-255 Refrigerants & IPA
ORDERING INFORMATION: The RI-255 is a fixed monitor / transmitter for detection of many different refrigerants and for IPA. Please specify exactly which refrigerant or compound you intend to use it for when placing an order. It is currently available for R-12, R-113, R-114, R-23, R-32, R-134A, R-152A, R-22, R-123, R-141B, R-142B, R-502, R-503, and IPA.
NOTE: The following gases can be detected with the GD-K8A series: AsH3, BCl3, Br2, Cl2, ClO2, CO, DCS, HBr, HCl, HCN, NH3, NO, NO2, O3, PCl3, PH3, Si2H2, TCS.
GD-K7D2 Sample Drawing Sensor / Transmitter For Toxic Gases
ORDERING INFORMATION: When ordering, designate -XXX as the gas desired to be detected.
NOTE: The following gases can be detected with the GD-K7D2, GD-K77D, and GD-K11D series; AsH3, B2H6, BCl3, BF3, Cl2, ClO2, ClF3, CO, DCS, F2, HBr, HCl, HCN, HF, H2Se, H2S, I2, NH3, NO, NO2, N2O4, O3, PH3, SiF4, SiH4, SO2, Si2H2, TCS, WF6.
RKI Instruments, Inc.
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Fixed Systems
Paper Tape Monitors
ORDERING INFORMATION: When ordering a Paper Tape system please specify the following components: 1) Paper tape machine (specify gas and range) 2) Replacement tape (specify gas and range)
RKI Instruments offers the following field service rates for servicing our equipment at the customers site. Field service rates can be applied to start-up, calibration, troubleshooting, or training. Please note that these rates are broken into several different categories as follows:
Fixed Systems Field Service Rates
Hourly Rate:
$65 per person per hour. This rate is intended for regularly scheduled work, or short term scheduled work. These rates apply during normal working hours only, Monday through Friday. In order for these rates to apply, at least one day’s prior notice for the service must be given. A 4 hour minimum generally applies, plus travel time and expenses, if any, will be added to the bill. (Hourly rates only apply to customers within reasonable driving distance from RKI or one of our service centers). Overtime (hours outside of normal working hours, 8-5pm) are billed at $95 per hour.
Daily Rate:
$500 per person per day for 8 hours. Additional hours at $95 per hour. These rates apply to normal working days (Monday through Friday, except holidays), and at least one days prior notice must be given.
Weekend and Evening Rates:
$750 per person per day for 8 hours (or $95 per hour; 4 hour minimum billing). Additional overtime hours (over 8) at $120 per hour. At least one days prior notice must be given.
Emergencies:
Emergency service is any service call that does not fall under one of the categories above; any service that cannot be scheduled with at least one day prior notice, or that is needed on a normal holiday. Rates for emergency service are $1000 per person per day, (or $130 per hour; 4 hour minimum billing). Additional overtime hours (over 8) are $150 per hour. In addition to the above rates, travel time, if applicable, will be billed at 1/2 the applicable hourly rate. Travel expenses, including airfare and hotel, if any, will also be added to the invoice. Also, any parts used such as replacement sensors, calibration gas, etc, will be added to the invoice. Please contact RKI Instruments, Inc. at (800)754-5165 to arrange field service or training.
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13.0 Interference Charts
Most sensors will respond to families of gases, such as flammables, or acid gases, or hydrides, that have a chemistry that behaves similarly on the sensor. In addition, they may respond to other gases that are outside the intended family of gases, and may be considered as an "Interfering Gas". Careful evaluation of a detection area or sample stream must be done to determine if there will be any other gases present besides the one(s) that you wish to detect, and if these other gases may cause an unwanted signal on the sensor. Interference charts for several of RKI's most common sensor types appear on the following pages. These charts show the sensor type, the gas the sensor was calibrated to, the "interference" gas and concentration applied, and the response obtained, if any. Examination of these charts can be very useful in determining if a particular sensor type will perform adequately in a given application.
128.0 no influence 304.0 Peak 15ppm 2 minutes 8ppm -25.0 no influence 4.0 68.0
Applies to: GX-94, CO-94, Gaswatch
8/19/99
RKI Instruments, Inc.
Standard Gas Interferences
Sensor Type: ES-031 without filter Calibrated To: CO Carbon Monoxide Reading (PPM) no data 139.0 no data no data no data no data Peak 353 ppm 2,000.0 2 minutes -37ppm no data no data
Gas Formula (CH3)2CO C2H2 NH3 CO2 Cl2 C2H5OH C2H4 CCl2F-CClF2
Concentration Applied (PPM) no data 100.0 no data no data no data no data
H2 HCl (CH3)2CHOH NO NO2 NF3 PH3 SO2
no data no data Peak 67ppm 780.0 2 minutes -28ppm no data no data no data no data Peak 12ppm 10.1 2 minutes -3ppm 101.0 -473.0 no data no data no data no data 50.6 201.0
Gas Formula C2H2 C6H6 CO2 CO Cl2 C2H6 C2H4 C6H14 H2 C4H10 CH4 CH3OH NO NO2 C5H12 C3H6 SO2 C7H8 C8H10
Concentration Applied (PPM) 50.0 no response no response 800.0 no response no response 600.0 no response 1,500.0 no response no response 500.0 20.0 33.0 no response 1,000.0 7.0 no response no response
Applies to: GS-82(A), 86(A) 91B series, Eagle, Fixed Systems X-P (Old Style)