Generalization & Specializatiionm

Generalization Vs Specialization
Introduction
The focus of the clinical nurse specialist role for the future is neither the specialist
nor generalist as it is a serious and interesting current debate. The basis for the balance
must be derived from the needs of patient and the career goals of the nurse on the other.
This requires flexibility in the design of graduate programe. So that student are exposed
to graduate to and explore the changing body of knowledge in a specialized area.
Definition
Generalization
The reasoning by which a basic conclusion is reached with application to different
item that have common factor.
Mosby, !!.
"ptimization is achieved by introducing balance between specialization and
generalization.
#echambre.$, !!!.
%eneralization is a study of all sub&ects in breadth. 'g . (sychology, socialization,
microbiology, nutrition, pharmacology, pathology physics, chemistry.
Specialization
Specialization is one who has made particular study of one sub&ect in depth eg
Medical surgical, community health nursing.
Historical Background
The idea of clinical specialization in nursing began to develop in the )*+!,s and
resulted in a demand for special training in such areas such as obstetric, surgical and
operating room nursing clinical courses called post graduate courses were developed but
to get recognition by university for academic credit and infect substandard quality. The
focus of most university course for nurses or education or public health. - few
universities were beginning to include advanced clinical content their programme by
)+.!.
)
The emphasis on the functional roles of teacher, administrator, researcher /or0
consultant was gradually replaced by nurse clinical with a specialized body of knowledge
and practice.
The focus on nursing content shifted correspondingly from knowledge of
teaching, supervision1 administration and consultation to consistent efforts to defined and
structure nursing body of clinical knowledge.
-reas of specialization have emerged such as family, oncology, critical care,
cardiovascular nursing, women,s health and psycho physiologic also with other areas of
specialization such as medical surgical nursing, obstetric, pediatric, psychiatric, genetic
and 234.
The clinical nurse specialist now has expert clinical knowledge but is thus
sufficient for the effective development of the role5 The clinical nurse specialist today go
beyond the question of specialization 6s. generalization and include issue of the clinical
expertise.
Difference Between specialization Vs. Generalization
Specialization Generalization
Specialization knowledge on depth 7t is knowledge based on breadth
7t is more intensive in nature 7t is more broad in nature
7t is a vertical study 7t is horizontal study
$nowledge in particular arch in nursing 8road knowledge in all the areas in nursing
Specialized training is needed e.g. (ost
graduation
%eneral training in sufficient eg. %4M
course
#epth of knowledge is needed in
specialization
9ide range of knowledge is needed in
general practice.
:pgrading the profession through
advanced knowledge
:pgrading the profession through quality
patient care
-dvanced knowledge in particular area 8eginning knowledge in broad area
Nursing Generalists

%eneralist is defined as nonspecific and not connected with or limited to one
branch or department of learning and one who is not a specialist in single and one who is
not a specialist in single of position.
Need for Generalist
)+;< -merican nurses association cited care, cure and co=ordination as the
essential component of nursing.
Care Aspect
7t include caring for and caring about providing comfort and support, listening
evaluation and intervening.
Cure Aspect
(romotion of health and healthy administration of &udgment on the basis of
patient reaction.
The need fo+r generalist is one who
• can act as doctors agent
• can answer question pertaining to health care
• 3as scientific knowledge and specialized skills.
• Meet standard of humanism
• 2an carry out in interpersonal dialogue patient as the person.
• 2an >care?, @cure, co=ordinate all health care in all environments, eve though the
primary concern is direct patient care.
Specialization In Nursing
4ursing profession has a social obligation to the public to meet the needs for
specialized nursing cure and skills. Specialists in the field of nursing are urgently needed
to keep pace with the development in diagnostic, medical rehabilitation and health care
technologies.
A
Need for specialization
The emergence of clinical specialization occurred because nurses needed and
wanted to know more about how to take care of people in many different kind of health
situations. Most of which they encountered in hospitals organized to support medical
practice. The advance in medical technologies has a profound influence on this escalating
demand for nursing knowledge in clinical practice. The emphasis in the )+.!,s on the
functional role of teacher, administrator, researcher, or consultant was gradually replaced
by an almost universal focus on the expert nurse clinical with a specialized body of
knowledge and practice. The focus on nursing content shifted correspondingly from
knowledge of teaching, supervision, administrator and consultation to consistent effort to
refine and structure nursing body of clinical knowledge.
Specialization in nursing Include mainl
• Medical surgical nursing
• 2ommunity health nursing
• (ediatric nursing
• %eriatric nursing
• (sychiatric nursing
• Maternity nursing
• 7ndustry nursing office nursing
• 4uclear nursing
• "ther specialization
= 4ursing administration
= "perating theatre nursing
= "rthopedic or ophthalmic nursing.
!ole of clinical nurse specialist
= To provide leadership in delivering nursing care of highly quality to meet the
needs of the patient in maintaining health recovering from illness or experiencing
a peaceful death.
.
= -dvanced clinical knowledge is needed to provide leadership in patient care and
that specialization in patient care and that specialization or limiting the scope of
clinical knowledge is necessary in depth of knowledge.
= The knowledge base required to assess, offer choice in decision making and
support self care is the same whether the clinical focus of the issues to stop
smoking, maintaining a special diet regiment for diabetes /or0 prepare for the
child birth.
= $nowledge appear to be more discretely identifiable in specialty areas, such as
understanding diabetes and pregnancy.
= The relevant knowledge is the successful leader in ensuring expert nursing care,
must be able to influence the system of care within bureaucratic institution and
provide care to directly clinical nurse specialist rote as the funtnctional areas of
consultant and teacher as well as practitioner.
= 7n the practioned part of the role, the patient is the client and the focus of the
nurses service is direct patient care.
= The clinical nurse specialist assumes responsibility for patient care in a limited
consent.
= 7n the accountability to the institution through the assurance of the quality of
patient care, but the accountability for ongoing basic care is held by nurses who
are in position.
= 7n the development of the role, the strength limitation to each approach have
becomes, evident to every clinical nurse who has engaged in the process within a
given institution.
Current Issues for t"e !ole
= Trends in the overall economy accompanied by in creating government emphasis
on cost confainment of medical care have brought about a dramatic shift with in
institution which provides health care.
= Brom a predominantly service orientation, institution moved to an increasing
emphasis on the business and financial aspect for their operation.
= 4ursing must begin to deal effectively with costs of care as well as quality.
<
= 4ursing has the opportunities to demonstrate outcomes of care and cost to
achieve these outcomes in this new environment.
= 7ncreasing control of the delivery of nursing care is essential to achieve the
necessary outcomes in this new economic environment.
= 7ncreased financial and administrative knowledge is needed for managing
effectively the system of care.
= Specialized knowledge is needed to formulate the challenge conclusions of
clinical research findings to improve client health care.
= %eneralized knowledge of nursing is needed to >'volve a conceptual framework
for own nursing practice congruent with own philosophy /belief and values0 and
to identify and provide condition in the environment that support human dignity.
= -utonomy and independence necessary to achieve the competencies specified.
Summar
So, far we have discussed about definition, historical background, difference
between specialization and generalization, nurse generalist, need for generalist,
specialization, role of clinical nurse specialist, current issue for the role.
Conclusion
2linical specialization 6s generalization shows that nurse has got wide
knowledge in all the part of medical. #ue to the specialization, nurses are involving in
variety of special fields like pediatric, medical surgical, area and obstetric and
gynecological are and they are improving their knowledge.
Bi#liograp"$
). 2losekey. C.M and %ircki C.3.$ >2urrent issue in nursing?
nd
edition, 8lack well
scientific publication :S-, ppD ..E=.<.
. #elonghery %race, F, >issues and trend in nursing?, Mosby publication,
(hiladelphia, A
rd
edition ppD ;<=E!.
A. #elony. M.2., 2lusky, >Trends and issue in nursing?
nd
edition Mosby publishing
company (hiladelphia G <*=;+.
%ournals
). 8ezyak '.M, /!!E0, -rticles on >Hole and scope of nursing education?.
;