Harvard Referencing
Content
Harvard Referencing: A Beginner¶s Guide
Referencing and Plagiarism
Aim of Session To provide theoretical and supporting practical help on dealing with issues of referencing and plagiarism
Why Reference?
There are four main reasons: To acknowledge the work of other writers To demonstrate you are aware of the body of knowledge on which you have based your assignment To enable others to trace your sources and lead them on to further information To avoid plagiarism
Plagiarism
What is it? A deliberate attempt to pass off the work of others as your own Includes copying sections of text without putting ideas into your own words Failing to acknowledge whom the information used was written by
Plagiarism
What are the consequences of plagiarism? Disastrous! The College frowns heavily upon plagiarism and considers it to be a serious form of cheating Could lead to loss of marks or more serious action In very serious cases students will be terminated from their studies
Plagiarism
Continued« Excuses for plagiarism are rarely accepted and it is YOUR responsibility to make sure your work is plagiarism free
Referencing as you write
As you write your assignments you will need to draw on the information sources you have used to gain knowledge and understanding of the subject area you are writing about This is where referencing comes in ± if you do not reference the sources you have used you are straying into the realms of plagiarism The referencing style you are required to use is the Harvard Referencing system Try to keep a record of the references you use as you go along ± it will save you a lot of time and trouble later
Why the Harvard Referencing System?
Several reasons: Most commonly used system internationally Frequently the house style for academic journals Used by most academic institutions Ease of use for both author and reader ± no footnotes or chapter references
Quotation and Citation
What¶s the difference? A quotation is a direct copy of an author¶s words Citation (or paraphrasing) is the use of something an author has said, eg. the expression of their theories, ideas, opinions or conclusions but put in your own words
Quotation and Citation
Quotations Quotations should ALWAYS be placed in inverted commas, and include details of the author, year and specific page number/s from which you have taken the quote, eg: µAs occupational therapists we are interested in how people become independent and adapt to environmental demands¶ (Woods, 2001, p32)
Quotation and Citation
Quotations continued« You could also express the same quotation like this: µWoods, (2001, p32) highlights that, µAs occupational therapists we are interested in how people become independent and adapt to environmental demands¶ Remember that when using quotations you need to include three pieces of information with the quote:
± Name of person/organisation responsible for the quote ± Year of publication ± Page number/s
Quotation and Citation
Quotations continued« You should only use quotations in situations where you feel that the author has expressed something in way that cannot be bettered A good example of when use of a quotation would be appropriate would be when presenting a definition of something, eg. Physiotherapy ± as defined by a well respected physiotherapist, or a definition as given in a dictionary Quotations must always be used sparingly
Quotation and Citation
Citations/Paraphrasing Citation is also commonly referred to as paraphrasing When paraphrasing make sure you attribute the broad theories, ideas or opinions you are discussing to the author/source you have identified them from There should be more use of paraphrasing than of quotations in your written work
Quotation and Citation
Citations/Paraphrasing continued« Citations should ALWAYS include details of the author and year of publication from which you have gained the knowledge, eg: Woods (2002) noted that one area of interest to occupational therapists is people¶s achievement of independency and adaptation to the demands of the environment.
Quotation and Citation
Citations/Paraphrasing continued« Remember that when paraphrasing you need to include two specific pieces of information:
± Name of person/organisation responsible for the source of the knowledge you are expressing ± Year of publication
ALWAYS cite all sources of information you have used regardless of type (eg. books, journals, web based resources)
Dealing with multiple authors«
If a source has two or three authors, these should all be listed in the text, in the order they appear in the original publication If a source you are referencing has more than 3 authors ± IN THE TEXT OF YOUR WRITING refer to the FIRST AUTHOR followed by µet al¶, but include the names of ALL authors in the reference for the item in your reference list
Secondary referencing
If you wish to quote an author quoted by another author, eg: you want to quote Robinson, having read the quote in Smith - you would identify it as follows: Robinson (as quoted in Smith 2005, p16) advocates that µthe application of clinical psychology in mental health «¶ In the reference list at the end of your assignment you only need to include a reference for Smith, because in this case, you haven¶t looked at the original source by Robinson Only original sources consulted should be included in a reference list
Compiling your reference list
At the end of every academic piece of work there must be a reference list included The Harvard referencing system sets out guidelines as to how references should be presented in your reference list This is simply about placing the right bits of information in the right order The guidelines are logical and cover different information types (eg. books, journals, web sites)
How to reference a book
Name of author/s (year of publication) Title: made prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining. Place of publication: Name of Publisher For real, such a reference would look like this: Gillham B (2000) Developing a questionnaire. London: Continuum
How to reference a new edition of a book
Name of author/s (year of publication) Title: made prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining. Edition number. Place of publication: Name of Publisher For real, such a reference would look like this: Gillham B (2000) Developing a questionnaire. 4th ed. London: Continuum
How to reference an edited book
Name of editor/s (Ed/s) (year of publication) Title: made prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining. Place of publication: Name of Publisher For real, such a reference would look like this: Turner A (Ed) (2002) Occupational therapy and physical dysfunction: principles, skills and practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone
How to reference a chapter from an edited book
Name of author/s (year of publication) Title of chapter. In name of editor/s (Ed/s). Main title of book: made prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining. Place of publication: Name of Publisher For real, such a reference would look like this: Foster M (2002) Theoretical frameworks. In Turner A, Foster M, Johnson SE (Eds) Occupational therapy and physical dysfunction: principles, skills and practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone
How to reference a journal article
Name of author (year of publication) Title of journal article. Journal Title: made prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining, Volume Number (Part Number), page numbers For real, such a reference would look like this: Picking C and Pain H (2003) Home adaptations: user perspectives on the role of professionals. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66 (1), 2-8
How to reference a web site
Name of web page author, Year of publication. Title of the web page [online]. Place of publication: Name of publisher. Available from: www.webaddress.co.uk [date accessed] For real, such a reference would look like this: NHS Information Authority, 2007. National Library for Health: Musculoskeletal Specialist Library [online]. Birmingham: NHS Information Authority. Available from: www.library.nhs.uk/musculoskeletal/ [Accessed 21st September 2007] Note: if no date can be identified use (no date)
Citation of web sites
The same principle applies to the citation of web sites as it does to the citation of other materials such as books and journals So the web page that was used in the earlier web site example would be cited in the text as: NHS Information Authority (2007) And in your reference list at the end of your work as: NHS Information Authority, 2007. National Library for Health: Musculoskeletal Specialist Library [online]. Birmingham: NHS Information Authority. Available from: www.library.nhs.uk/musculoskeletal/ [Accessed 21st September 2007]
Reference Lists
Your reference list should always be located at the end of your work It should be presented in alphabetical order All resources you cite in the text MUST be included in your reference list Include all resources, regardless of type (eg. books, journals, web sites) together in the list and DO NOT separate them out into resource type groupings
Referencing and Plagiarism
Aim of Session To provide theoretical and supporting practical help on dealing with issues of referencing and plagiarism
Why Reference?
There are four main reasons: To acknowledge the work of other writers To demonstrate you are aware of the body of knowledge on which you have based your assignment To enable others to trace your sources and lead them on to further information To avoid plagiarism
Plagiarism
What is it? A deliberate attempt to pass off the work of others as your own Includes copying sections of text without putting ideas into your own words Failing to acknowledge whom the information used was written by
Plagiarism
What are the consequences of plagiarism? Disastrous! The College frowns heavily upon plagiarism and considers it to be a serious form of cheating Could lead to loss of marks or more serious action In very serious cases students will be terminated from their studies
Plagiarism
Continued« Excuses for plagiarism are rarely accepted and it is YOUR responsibility to make sure your work is plagiarism free
Referencing as you write
As you write your assignments you will need to draw on the information sources you have used to gain knowledge and understanding of the subject area you are writing about This is where referencing comes in ± if you do not reference the sources you have used you are straying into the realms of plagiarism The referencing style you are required to use is the Harvard Referencing system Try to keep a record of the references you use as you go along ± it will save you a lot of time and trouble later
Why the Harvard Referencing System?
Several reasons: Most commonly used system internationally Frequently the house style for academic journals Used by most academic institutions Ease of use for both author and reader ± no footnotes or chapter references
Quotation and Citation
What¶s the difference? A quotation is a direct copy of an author¶s words Citation (or paraphrasing) is the use of something an author has said, eg. the expression of their theories, ideas, opinions or conclusions but put in your own words
Quotation and Citation
Quotations Quotations should ALWAYS be placed in inverted commas, and include details of the author, year and specific page number/s from which you have taken the quote, eg: µAs occupational therapists we are interested in how people become independent and adapt to environmental demands¶ (Woods, 2001, p32)
Quotation and Citation
Quotations continued« You could also express the same quotation like this: µWoods, (2001, p32) highlights that, µAs occupational therapists we are interested in how people become independent and adapt to environmental demands¶ Remember that when using quotations you need to include three pieces of information with the quote:
± Name of person/organisation responsible for the quote ± Year of publication ± Page number/s
Quotation and Citation
Quotations continued« You should only use quotations in situations where you feel that the author has expressed something in way that cannot be bettered A good example of when use of a quotation would be appropriate would be when presenting a definition of something, eg. Physiotherapy ± as defined by a well respected physiotherapist, or a definition as given in a dictionary Quotations must always be used sparingly
Quotation and Citation
Citations/Paraphrasing Citation is also commonly referred to as paraphrasing When paraphrasing make sure you attribute the broad theories, ideas or opinions you are discussing to the author/source you have identified them from There should be more use of paraphrasing than of quotations in your written work
Quotation and Citation
Citations/Paraphrasing continued« Citations should ALWAYS include details of the author and year of publication from which you have gained the knowledge, eg: Woods (2002) noted that one area of interest to occupational therapists is people¶s achievement of independency and adaptation to the demands of the environment.
Quotation and Citation
Citations/Paraphrasing continued« Remember that when paraphrasing you need to include two specific pieces of information:
± Name of person/organisation responsible for the source of the knowledge you are expressing ± Year of publication
ALWAYS cite all sources of information you have used regardless of type (eg. books, journals, web based resources)
Dealing with multiple authors«
If a source has two or three authors, these should all be listed in the text, in the order they appear in the original publication If a source you are referencing has more than 3 authors ± IN THE TEXT OF YOUR WRITING refer to the FIRST AUTHOR followed by µet al¶, but include the names of ALL authors in the reference for the item in your reference list
Secondary referencing
If you wish to quote an author quoted by another author, eg: you want to quote Robinson, having read the quote in Smith - you would identify it as follows: Robinson (as quoted in Smith 2005, p16) advocates that µthe application of clinical psychology in mental health «¶ In the reference list at the end of your assignment you only need to include a reference for Smith, because in this case, you haven¶t looked at the original source by Robinson Only original sources consulted should be included in a reference list
Compiling your reference list
At the end of every academic piece of work there must be a reference list included The Harvard referencing system sets out guidelines as to how references should be presented in your reference list This is simply about placing the right bits of information in the right order The guidelines are logical and cover different information types (eg. books, journals, web sites)
How to reference a book
Name of author/s (year of publication) Title: made prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining. Place of publication: Name of Publisher For real, such a reference would look like this: Gillham B (2000) Developing a questionnaire. London: Continuum
How to reference a new edition of a book
Name of author/s (year of publication) Title: made prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining. Edition number. Place of publication: Name of Publisher For real, such a reference would look like this: Gillham B (2000) Developing a questionnaire. 4th ed. London: Continuum
How to reference an edited book
Name of editor/s (Ed/s) (year of publication) Title: made prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining. Place of publication: Name of Publisher For real, such a reference would look like this: Turner A (Ed) (2002) Occupational therapy and physical dysfunction: principles, skills and practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone
How to reference a chapter from an edited book
Name of author/s (year of publication) Title of chapter. In name of editor/s (Ed/s). Main title of book: made prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining. Place of publication: Name of Publisher For real, such a reference would look like this: Foster M (2002) Theoretical frameworks. In Turner A, Foster M, Johnson SE (Eds) Occupational therapy and physical dysfunction: principles, skills and practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone
How to reference a journal article
Name of author (year of publication) Title of journal article. Journal Title: made prominent using bold OR italics OR underlining, Volume Number (Part Number), page numbers For real, such a reference would look like this: Picking C and Pain H (2003) Home adaptations: user perspectives on the role of professionals. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66 (1), 2-8
How to reference a web site
Name of web page author, Year of publication. Title of the web page [online]. Place of publication: Name of publisher. Available from: www.webaddress.co.uk [date accessed] For real, such a reference would look like this: NHS Information Authority, 2007. National Library for Health: Musculoskeletal Specialist Library [online]. Birmingham: NHS Information Authority. Available from: www.library.nhs.uk/musculoskeletal/ [Accessed 21st September 2007] Note: if no date can be identified use (no date)
Citation of web sites
The same principle applies to the citation of web sites as it does to the citation of other materials such as books and journals So the web page that was used in the earlier web site example would be cited in the text as: NHS Information Authority (2007) And in your reference list at the end of your work as: NHS Information Authority, 2007. National Library for Health: Musculoskeletal Specialist Library [online]. Birmingham: NHS Information Authority. Available from: www.library.nhs.uk/musculoskeletal/ [Accessed 21st September 2007]
Reference Lists
Your reference list should always be located at the end of your work It should be presented in alphabetical order All resources you cite in the text MUST be included in your reference list Include all resources, regardless of type (eg. books, journals, web sites) together in the list and DO NOT separate them out into resource type groupings
