Harvard Referencing

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The University of South Wales Guide to

Harvard Referencing

Revised Edition February 2015

1

Guide to Harvard referencing

Contents
Referencing

2

Short quotation

3

Long quotation

4

Secondary referencing

4

Referencing author with more than one
publication in the same year

4

Books

5

Journals

7

Newspapers

8

The Internet

9

Conferences/theses/public lectures

11

Other sources

12

Visual sources

14

Audio-visual material

16

Live performances

19

Computer games

20

Computer programmes

20

Personal communication

21

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2

referencing

Referencing
What is referencing?
Referencing is indicating in assignments when you have
used material that has not originated with you. This
might include factual information, data, images, opinion,
direct quotation, or when you summarise or paraphrase
the work of other people.
Why reference?
The majority of academic assignments measure your
ability to understand, analyse and evaluate the work of
others. Consequently, referencing is a crucial part of this
as it informs the reader of the texts you have consulted
during research; you will also be assessed on the quality
and relevancy of these sources. It is important to
remember that referencing carries a percentage of the
overall marks if undertaken appropriately.
Plagiarism – academic integrity
Please see this page in Unilife for more information about
plagiarism and good academic practice:
http://unilife.southwales.ac.uk/pages/3168
How to reference
There are a number of different referencing styles, all of
which are equally valid. Always check with your lecturer if
you are unsure which style you should be using.
The example on page 3 shows how to reference (cite)
using the Harvard style of referencing. This is one of the
most widely used systems based on the British Standard
BS5605 (1990). The basic requirements for incorporating
references into your work are to supply the family name
of the author (or authoring body) and the year of
publication in sentences and paragraphs.

that you might encounter during the course of your
studies. Please seek advice from your lecturer, the Study
Skills Service, or your Faculty Advice Centre if you need
guidance that does not feature here.
There are several ways of including sources in your work.
You can summarise, paraphrase or directly quote the
information.You may also wish to secondary reference
and/or refer to an author with more than one publication
in a single year. Whichever you use, you let your reader
know by setting out the referencing details in a subtly
different way as below.
Please note that the guide presents information in
columns. References in text or in a list should be written
across the full page when writing your assignment.
Summarising
If you are summarising the overall argument or position
of a book or article then you only need to insert the
author’s name and year of publication, you do not need
to put page numbers in the text or in the reference list.
Paraphrasing
If you are paraphrasing a specific point from your source
you should include page numbers in the text, as well as
the author’s name and year. This makes it easier for your
reader to find the information being referred to.

Where in your text you do this is the first component of
the referencing system (in-text referencing). The second
component is the full details of all references you have
used given in a list at the end of your assignment. Both
components have to be included in any submitted piece
of work.
How to use this guide
This guide highlights some of the sources that can be
referred to when writing an assignment. The various
referencing requirements for each source are presented
and include an in-text and reference list example.
However, the guide does not include all possible sources

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referencing/quoting

An example of a referenced paragraph and referencing list

Student Development and Study Skills 2015. Adapted from:
Leeds Metropolitan University (2009) Quote, unquote: A guide to Harvard referencing, p. 6.
Available at: http:// http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk/Quote_Unquote.pdf (Accessed: 11 July 2010).

Short quotation
In-text example
Chartrand, Millar and Wiltshire (1997, p.1) argue that
“…they [laws] can be said to be just when they create
the conditions leading to peace, happiness and prosperity
for all persons”. This view is…

Note
Short quotations, up to two or three lines should be put
in double quotation marks and included in the body of
the text.

Reference example:
Chartrand, M., Millar, C. and Wiltshire, E. (1997) English
for contract and company law. London: Sweet and
Maxwell.

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3

4

quoting

Long quotation
In-text example
Most people are biased in one way or another. Person
bias, sometimes called the fundamental attribution error,
is claimed to be the most common.

Note
Longer quotations should be indented from the main text
as a separate paragraph. Quotation marks are not
required.

So we see a nurse, or a teacher or a policeman or
policewoman going about their business and tend to
judge them as being particular types of people rather
than as people being constrained by the roles that they
are playing in their work. (Strongman, 2006, p. 94).
Reference example:
Strongman, K. T. (2006) Applying psychology to
everyday life: a beginner’s guide. Chichester: John Wiley
and Sons Ltd.

Secondary referencing
In-text example
McMahon’s (1994) experience as cited in Parahoo (2006,
p. 246) draws attention to the dilemma surrounding the
issue of persuasion when attempting to recruit
participants.
Reference example:
Parahoo, K. (2006) Nursing research: principles, process
and issues. 2nd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Note
Sometimes authors refer to the work/ideas of others.
These are known as secondary references. For instance,
Parahoo in 2006 makes reference to McMahon’s
experience in 1994. The details of Parahoo’s work should
be included in the reference list since this is the work you
have read. (It is not advisable to use too many of these).

Author with more than one publication in the same year
In-text example
Most false-belief tests use children with a mental age of
3-4 years but all those children with autism tested had a
mental age higher than this (Baron-Cohen, 1989a). In a
further experiment (Baron-Cohen, 1989b) children with
autism were asked what they thought the brain was for.

Note
If you need to cite two (or more) publications by an
author published in the same year, you will need to
distinguish between them in the text and in the
reference list. You do this by allocating lower case
letters in alphabetical order after the publication date.

Reference example:
Baron-Cohen, S. (1989a) ‘The autistic child’s theory of
mind: A case of specific developmental delay’, Journal of
Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, pp. 285-298.
Baron-Cohen, S. (1989b) ‘Are autistic children
behaviourists? An examination of their mental-physical
and appearance-reality distinctions’, Journal of Autism
and Developmental Disorders, 19, pp. 579-600.

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books

How to reference books
Book with single author
In-text example:
Thompson (2003) suggests that language helps to form
identity, but can create stereotypes and prejudices.
Reference example:
Thompson, N. (2003) Communication and language: a
handbook of theory and practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.

Reference order:
1. Author /editor (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
the first edition)
5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Book with two or three authors
In-text example:
According to Dexter and Wash (1995, pp. 32-33) “silence
may be as effective as verbal communication” if used
appropriately.
Reference example:
Dexter, G. and Wash, M. (1995) Psychiatric nursing skills:
a patient centred approach. 2nd edn. London: Chapman
and Hall.

Reference order:
1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family name
before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
the first edition) (2nd edn.)
5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Book with more than three authors
In-text example:
This was indicated in the study by Huxley et al. (2007).
Reference example:
Huxley, P., Evans, S., Muroe, M. and Cestari, L. (2007) Fair
access to care services in integrated mental health and
social care teams. London: Department of Health.

Reference order:
1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family name
before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
the first edition)
5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Chapter/section in an edited book
In-text example
Cohen (2009, p.194) describes the subculture of the
delinquent gang as short-run hedonism.
Reference example:
Cohen, A.K. (2009) ‘Delinquent boys: the culture of the
gang’, in Newburn, T. (ed.) Key readings in criminology.
Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 194-198.

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Reference order:
1. Author(s) of the chapter/section (surname or family
name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of chapter/section (in single quotation
marks)
4. ‘in’ plus author(s)/editor(s) of book
5. Title of book (in italics)
6. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
the first edition)
7. Place of publication: Publisher
8. Page reference of chapter or section

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5

6
6

books

Book with editor(s)
In-text example:
Many aspects of school management are discussed in
Spencer (2007).
Reference example:
Spencer, J. (ed.) (2007) School management and finance
opportunities and problems. London: Ford Publishers.
Financial Education Series, 23.

Reference order:
1. Editor(s) followed by (ed.) or (eds.) (surname or family
name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
the first edition)
5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Lines within a play
In-text example
“I prithee do not mock me fellow student” (Shakespeare,
1980, 1.2:177).
Reference example
Shakespeare, W. (1980) Hamlet. Edited by Spencer, T.J.B.
London: Penguin. 1.2:177.

Reference order:
1. Author of play (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not
the first edition)
5. Edition information if relevant eg Edited by (surname
followed by initials)
6. Place of publication: Publisher
7. Act. Scene: line

E-book
In-text example
Increasingly complex and refined electrical systems have
had a significant impact on the changing form of
telecommunications (Anttalainen, 2003).
Reference example
Anttalainen, T. (2003) Introduction to telecommunication
network engineering. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at:
http://www.netlibrary.com (Accessed: 20 June 2011).

E-Book via an e-book reader eg Kindle
In-text example
According to Forsyth (2011, Location 532 of 5144) “Our
word sky comes from the Viking word for cloud, but in
England there’s simply no difference between the two
concepts, and so the word changed its meaning because
of the awful weather.”
Reference example
Forsyth, M. (2011) The etymologicon: a circular stroll
through the hidden connections of the English language.
Kindle format [e-book reader]. Available at:
http:www.amazon.co.uk (Accessed: 20 January 2012).

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Reference order:
1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family name
before initials)
2. Year of publication of book (in round brackets)
3. Title of book (in italics)
4. Edition (only include the edition number
if it is not the first edition)
5. Name of e-book collection (in italics)
E6. [Online]
E-book
s
o
ften
7. Available at: URL
page n
umbers lack
, so use
8. (Accessed: date)
the cha
location pter, section o
r
n
umbe
the quo
te or th r to identify
e sp
you are
paraph ecific point
rasing.
page n
Place
umbe
after th rs, if available
,
e date
in th
Reference order:
in-text
referen e
ce
1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or
family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
(use the publication date of the version being used)
3. Title of book (in italics)
4. Edition (only include the edition number
if it is not the first edition)
5. E book format (Kindle format, ePub format,
Adobe ebook format etc)
6. [e-book reader]
7. Available at: URL
8. (Accessed: date)

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journals
How to reference newspapers

How to reference journals
Journal article (printed)
In-text example:
According to Fritsch and Schroeter (2011, p. 383) “recent
empirical research strongly indicates that the effect of
new business formation on economic development is of a
long-term nature”.
Reference example:
Fritsch, M. and Schroeter, A. (2011) ‘Why does the effect
of new business formation differ across regions?’, Small
Business Economics: An Entrepreneurship Journal, 36(4),
pp. 383-400.

Reference order:
1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of
each word in title except for linking words such as
and, of, the, for)
5. Issue information i.e. volume (unbracketed)
and where applicable, part number, month or season
(all in round brackets)
6. Page numbers

Journal article in an online collection eg Science Direct (e-journal)
In-text example:
Langhammer and Stanghelle (2009, p. 46) found that
“Stroke care has changed over the last 20 years”.
Reference example:
Langhammer, B. and Stanghelle, J.K. (2009) ‘Exercise on a
treadmill or walking outdoors’, Clinical Rehabilitation,
24(1), pp. 46-54. Sage Journals [Online]. Available at:
http://cre.sagepub.com (Accessed: 15 July 2010).

Reference order:
1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter
of each word in title except for linking words such as
and, of, the, for)
5. Volume (unbracketed) issue (in round brackets)
page numbers if known
6. Name of collection (in italics)
7. [Online]
8. Available at: URL of collection
9. (Accessed: date)

Often an online journal will be part of an online journal collection which is made available through USW’s
web pages. The name of the collection should be included in the reference. Some journals are published solely
on the Internet by a commercial publisher. Open access journals are made available online without the
involvement of a commercial publisher and often with no charge or subscription, the name of the open access
archive should be included in the reference.

This
inform
ation
is rele
v
online ant to the
(e-jo
exam urnal)
ples

Journal article in an internet journal (e-journal)
In-text example:
One author, Demers (2009) has claimed there is “virtually
no research”.
Reference example:
Demers, A. (2009) ‘The war at home: consequences of
loving a veteran of the Iraq and Afghan wars,’ The
Internet Journal of Mental Health, 6(1) [Online]. Available
at: http://www.ispub.com/ (Accessed: 15 July 2010).

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Reference order:
1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of
each word in title, except for linking words such as
and, of, the, for)
5. Volume (unbracketed), issue or month/season (in
round brackets) and page numbers if known.
6. [Online]
7. Available at: URL of web page
8. (Accessed: date)

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8

journals/newspapers

Journal article in an open access journal (e-journal)
In-text example
A discussion of ‘bearing witness’ may be found in
Murphy (2009, p. 39).
Reference example:
Murphy, N.M. (2009) ‘Nurse leaders as stewards: the
beginning of change’, The Open Nursing Journal, 3,
pp. 39-44. Bentham Open [Online]. Available at:
http://www.bentham.org/open/tonursj/
(Accessed: 15 July 2010).

Reference order:
1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of
each word in title, except for linking words such as
and, of, the, for)
5. Volume (unbracketed), issue (in round brackets) and
page numbers if known
6. Name of open access archive (in italics- capitalise first
letter of each word in title, except for linking words
such as and, of, the, for)
7. [Online]
8. Available at: URL
9. (Accessed: date)

How to reference newspapers
Newspaper article (printed)
In-text example
Goldman accepted the largest fine in the commission’s
history (Treanor, 2010).
Reference example
Treanor, J. (2010) ‘Goldman Sachs handed record $550m
fine over Abacus transaction’, The Guardian, 16 July,
p. 25.

Reference order:
Where the author of a newspaper article is identified,
use the following citation order:
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first letter of
each word in title, except for linking words such as
and, of, the, for)
5. Edition if required (in round brackets)
6. Day and month
7. Page reference

Newspaper article from Internet version of a newspaper
In-text example
Kingsley (2010) suggests that the slow-reading
movement is made up of a disparate bunch of academics
and intellectuals who want us to take our time while
reading and re-reading.
Reference example
Kingsley, P. (2010) ‘The art of slow reading’, G2 section of
The Guardian, 15 July [Online]. Available at:
http://guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jul/15/slow-reading
(Accessed: 16 July 2010).

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Reference order:
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first letter of
each word in title, except for linking words such as
and, of, the, for)
5. Day and month
6. [Online]
7. Available at: URL
8. (Accessed: date)

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newspapers/internet

Newspaper interview
In-text example
Pullman (2011, p. 30) suggests he was cast in the role “to
destabilise viewers”.
Reference example:
Pullman, B. (2011) ‘Bill Pullman: Torchwood's surprising
new villain’. Interview with Bill Pullman and John
Barrowman. Interviewed by Catherine Gee for The Daily
Telegraph, 14 July, p. 30.

Reference order:
1. Name of person interviewed
2. Year of interview (in round brackets)
3. Title of interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)
4. Interview with/Interviewed by
5. Interviewer’s name
6. Title of Newspaper/broadcast (in italics)
7. Day and month of interview
8. Page reference
If published on the Internet add:
9. [Online]
10. Available at: URL
11. (Accessed: date)

How to reference the Internet
Web pages with individual authors
In-text example
Semiotics involves studying representations and the
processes involved in representational practices (Chandler,
2001).
Reference example:
Chandler, D. (2001) Semiotics for beginners. Available at:
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem02.html
(Accessed: 26 July 2010).

Reference order:
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in
round brackets)
3. Title of Internet site (in italics)
4. Available at: URL
5. (Accessed: date)

Web pages with organisations as authors
In-text example
Fair pay in the NHS is firmly on the agenda for trade
unions, such as Unison (2014).
Reference example:
Unison (2014) NHS workers deserve fair pay. Available at:
http://www.unison.org.uk/at-work/health-care/keyissues/nhs-pay/home/ (Accessed 17 December 2014).

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Reference order:
1. Organisation as author
2. Year that the site was published/last updated
(in round brackets)
3. Title of Internet site (in italics)
4. Available at: URL
5. (Accessed: date)

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10

internet

Web pages with no authors
Use title of the site
In-text example
The story of the Aberbeeg ghost and the death of P.C.
Pope is an intriguing one (Online Abertillery, 2010).
Reference example:
Online Abertillery (2010) Available at:
http://www.abertillery.net/tales_ghost.html
(Accessed: 19 July 2010).

Web pages with no date
In-text example
One such organisation is the Data System Sciences &
Engineering Group
(http://computing.ornl.gov/cse/datasystems/, no date).

Reference order:
1. Title of Internet site (in italics)
2. Year that the site was published/last updated
(in round brackets)
3. Available at: URL
The
4. (Accessed: date)
quality o
fa
web pag
e with no
author o
r date ne
eds
to be qu
est
i.e. is it su ioned
itable for
your aca
demic
work?

Note
If web page has no obvious date of publication/revision,
use the URL (no date) and the date you accessed the
page.

Reference example:
Data Systems Sciences and Engineering Group
http://computing.ornl.gov/cse/datasystems/ (no date)
(Accessed: 12 July 2011).

Blogs
In-text example
Vikas Shah (2011) explored the concept of justice and the
implications for society.
Reference example:
Shah, V. (2011) ‘Thought economics’, Thought
Economics, 6 July. Available at:
http://thoughteconomics.blogspot.com/ (Accessed: 13
July 2011).

Reference order:
1. Author of message (surname or family name
before initials)
2. Year that the site was published/last updated
(in round brackets)
3. Title of message (in single quotation marks
4. Title of internet site (in italics)
5. Day/month of posted message
6. Available at: URL
7. (Accessed: date)

Social Networking Sites
In-text example
One organisation (Fair Trade Wales, 2011) regularly uses
their Facebook site to provide information about their
most current marketing activities.
Reference example:
Fair Trade Wales (2011) ‘Fair Trade Wales – Cymru
Masnach Deg’, Facebook, 13 July. Available at:
http://www.facebook.com/fairtradewales#!/groups/fairtra
dewales (Accessed: 13 July 2011).

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Reference order:
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in
round brackets)
3. Title of page (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of internet site (in italics)
5. Day/month of posted message
6. Available at: URL
7. (Accessed: date)

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internet/conferences

Wikis
In-text example
A community of fans provide support for fellow owners
of the T-Mobile Sidekick phone (‘T-Mobile Sidekick Wiki |
Info, Tips, Support’, 2010).
Reference example:
‘T-Mobile Sidekick Wiki | Info, Tips, Support’ (2010)
Sidekick Wiki. Available at: http://wiki.sidekick.com/
(Accessed: 13 July 2011).

Reference order:
1. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in
round brackets)
3. Title of internet site (in italics)
4. Available at: URL
5. (Accessed: date)

How to reference conferences/theses/public lectures
Full conference proceedings (printed)
In-text example
The conference (International Conference on Asian Digital
Libraries, 2002) …
Reference example:
International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL
(2002) Digital libraries : people, knowledge, and
technology : 5th International Conference on Asian
Digital Libraries. Singapore, 11-14 December. Singapore:
ICADL.

Reference order:
1. Author/editor
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
4. Location and date of conference
5. Place of publication: Publisher

Conference paper published on the Internet
In-text example
Persensky, Lewis and O’Hara (2005) emphasise the
personnel’s vital contribution in this particular area.
Reference example:
Persensky, J., Lewis, P. and O’Hara, J. (2005) ‘Insights into
the role of the operator in advanced reactors’, American
Nuclear Society, Winter Meeting, Washington D.C, 13-17
November. New York: Brookhaven National Laboratory
[Online]. Available at:
http://www.bnl.gov/isd/documents/30546.pdf
(Accessed: 26 July 2010).

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Reference order:
1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
5. Location and date of conference
6. Publisher
7. [Online]
8. Available at: URL
9. (Accessed: date)

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12

theses/public lecture/other sources

Theses
In-text example
Research by Prescott (2006)...
Reference example:
Prescott, G. (2006) The noble game is not totally
unknown here: Rugby football in nineteenth-century
Cardiff. Unpublished M Phil thesis. University of South
Wales, formerly the University of Glamorgan.

Reference order:
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of submission (in round brackets)
3. Title of thesis (in italics)
4. Degree statement — M Phil or PhD
5. Degree-awarding body
If published on the internet add:
6. [Online]
7. Available at: URL
8. (Accessed: date)

Public Lecture
In-text example
Rees (2010) believes that man has the future in his own
hands.
Reference example:
Rees, M. (2010) Lecture 2: Surviving the century, [Reith
Lectures 2010: Scientific horizons]. 8 June.

Reference order:
1. Author/speaker (surname or
family name before initials)
2. Year (in round brackets)
3. Title of lecture (in italics)
4. [Medium]
5. Day/month

Public
lectures
or
visiting
speake
should
be refe rs
ren
but lec
tures th ced
at are
part of
your t
should eaching
not
referen be
ced

How to reference other sources
UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament) pre 1963
In-text example
The Animals (Cruel Poisons) Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. 2,
c.26) interprets ‘animal’ to mean any mammal.
Reference example:
Animals (Cruel Poisons) Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. 2, c.26).

Reference order:
1. Short title of Act and Year (in italics)
2. Regnal year
3. Name of sovereign
4. Chapter number

UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament) post 1963
In-text example
Public outrage over attacks by dogs led to the
introduction of the statute (Great Britain. Dangerous
Dogs Act 1991).
Reference example:
Great Britain. Dangerous Dogs Act 1991: Elizabeth II.
Chapter 65 (1991) London: The Stationary Office.

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Reference order:
1. Great Britain
2. Name of Act (use short title): name of sovereign.
Chapter number (in italics)
3. Year of publication (in round brackets)
4. Place of publication: publisher.

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other sources

When referencing government publications the recognised
convention is to use Great Britain rather than United Kingdom.

Publications from the Scottish and Welsh governments should be
prefaced with either Scotland or Wales respectively.

This
inform
is rele ation
va
Gove nt to
rnme
nt
Depa
rt
public ment
ation
s

Government Department publication
In-text example
The Government’s objective on achieving balanced
economic growth is outlined in its ambitious programme
(Great Britain. Department for Business, Innovation and
Skills, 2011).
Reference example:
Great Britain. Department for Business, Innovation and
Skills (2011) Guide to BIS 2011-12 – working together for
growth. [Online]. Available at:
http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/corporate/doc/g/11p120-guide-to-bis-2011-2012 (Accessed: 1 August 2011).

Reference order:
1. Country
2. Name of government department
3. Year of publication (in round brackets)
4. Title (in italics)
5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series (in brackets) – if applicable.
If referencing an online version replace Place of
publication: Publisher with:
7. [Online]
8. Available at: URL
9. (Accessed: date)

Legal cases
In-text example
The case of Abramova v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice
[2011] upheld…
Reference example:
Abramova v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice [2011]
EWHC 613 (QB).

Reference order:
1. Name of parties involved in the case (in italics)
i.e. case name
2. Date in square brackets, if a volume number is used
then date is in round brackets
3. Volume number (if used)
4. Abbreviation of name of report and first page of
report

In-text example
Re. C (1994) is a landmark case relating to mental
capacity and refusal of medical treatment.
Reference example:
Re. C (1994) 1 All E.R. 819.

British Standards from online databases
In-text example
Standards assist in the evaluation of libraries of all types
(British Standards Institute, 2008)
Reference example:
British Standards Institute (2008) BS ISO 11620:
Information and documentation. Library performance
indicators. British Standards Online [Online]. Available at:
https://bsol.bsigroup.com/en/BsolHomepage/
(Accessed: 21 July 2010).

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Reference order:
1. Name of authorising organisation / institution
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Number and title of standard (in italics)
4. Title of database (in italics)
5. [Online]
6. Available at: URL
7. (Accessed: date)

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14

other sources/visual sources

Market Research/Financial Reports from online databases
In-text example
Mintel (2014) noted that the Convenience segment will
grow sales by 3.7% in 2014.
Reference example:
Mintel (2014) ‘Supermarkets more than just food
retailing’, Mintel oxygen reports platform [Online].
Available at: http://academic.mintel.com (Accessed: 8
December 2014).

Reference order:
1. Publishing organisation
2. Year of publication/last updated (in round brackets)
3. Title of extract or section of report (in single
quotation marks)
4. Database title (in italics)
5. [Online]
6. Available at: URL
7. [Online]
8. (Accessed: date)

Statutory Instruments: Health & Safety Regulations
In-text example
The Health and Safety Executive provide guidance for
both employers and employees through their Health and
Safety Regulations (1999).
Reference example:
Health and Safety Executive The Management of Health
and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/3242).
[Online]. Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/3242/contents/m
ade.(Accessed: 18 December 2014).

Reference order:
1. Name/ title including year (in italics)
2. SI year and number ( in round brackets)
3. [Online]
4. Available at: URL
5. (Accessed: date)

How to reference visual sources
If you include a photograph or diagram for example in your text you should include a reference
underneath the item as well as in your list of references at the end of your work.

Book illustrations, diagrams or tables
In-text example
Field’s diagram is useful in its summary of the links
between the main components of the research process
(Field, 2009, p. 3).
Reference example:
Field, A. (2009) Discovering statistics using SPSS, 3rd edn.
London: Sage Publications Ltd., p. 3, fig.

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This
informatio
n
is relevant
when
referencin
g visual
sources

Reference order:
1. Author of book (surname or family name
before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of book (in italics)
4. Place of publication: Publisher
5. Page reference of illustration, etc
6. Illus./fig./table

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visual sources

Photographs — prints/slides
In-text example
The work illustrates the human connection with the
natural world (Magee, 2009).
Reference example:
Magee, J. (2009) Phishing II [Photograph]. Cardiff:
Ffotogallery at Turner House.

Reference order:
1. Photographer (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year (in round brackets)
3. Title of photograph (in italics)
4. [Photograph]
5. Place of publication: Publisher (if available)

Photographs from the Internet
In-text example
This bold image (Knight, 1986) was commissioned by…..
Reference example:
Knight, N. (1986) Red coat [Online]. Available at:
http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O128940/photographred-coat/ (Accessed: 21 July 2010).

Reference order:
1. Photographer (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of photograph (in italics)
4. [Online]
5. Available at: URL
6. (Accessed: date)

Photographs in online collections (e.g. Flickr)
In-text example
The power in Algo’s photo (2005) is in its simplicity.
Reference example:
Algo (2005) Holding on. Flickr [Online]. Available at:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/algo/41942696/in/set72057594138446566/ (Accessed: 21 July 2010).

Reference order:
1. Photographer
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of photograph (in italics)
4. Title of online collection (in italics)
5. [Online]
6. Available at: URL
7. (Accessed: date)

Paintings/drawings in online collections
In-text example
Ingleby specialised in small watercolour views, for
example Brombo House (1794).
Reference example:
Ingleby, J. (1794) Brombo House [Watercolour]. The
National Library of Wales [Online]. Available at:
http://digidol.llgc.org.uk/METS/ING00001/ingleby?start=1
(Accessed: 16 July 2010).

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Reference order:
1. Artist (surname or family name before initials)
2. Date (if available)
3. Title of the work (in italics)
4. [Medium]
5. Name of collection (in italics)
6. [Online]
7. Available at:
8. (Accessed: date)

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16

visual sources/audio visual material

Sculpture
In-text example
The horizontal cuts, as seen for example with Crack and
warp column (Nash, 2002) split and bend with time.
Reference example:
Nash, D. (2002) Crack and warp column [Sculpture].
University of South Wales Permanent Art Collection.

Reference order:
1. Sculptor (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
4. [Sculpture]
5. Name of collection

Art Exhibition Catalogue
In-text example
Thompson (1995, p.8) described Wallinger as a ‘politically
committed artist’.
Reference example:
Thompson, J. (1995) Mark Wallinger. Exhibition held at
the Ikon Gallery, Birmingham, 25 February – 1 April 1995
and at the Serpentine Gallery, London, 10 May – 11 June
1995 [Exhibition catalogue].

Reference order:
1. Author(s) of catalogue (surname or family name
before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of exhibition (in italics)
4. Location and date(s) of exhibition
5. [Exhibition catalogue]

How to reference audio visual material
TV programme
In-text example
Apparently, a trick of the light can both wake you up and
keep you asleep (10 things you need to know about
sleep, 2009).

Reference order:
1. Title of programme (in italics)
2. Year of transmission (in round brackets)
3. Name of channel
4. Date of transmission (day/month)

Reference example:
10 things you need to know about sleep (2009) BBC One
Television, 12 May.

Episode of a TV series
In-text example
The character of Ross is developed in this episode, with
his reaction to the news that his ex-wife is pregnant with
his child (‘The one with the sonogram at the end’, 2004).
Reference example:
‘The one with the sonogram at the end’ (2004) Friends,
Series 1, episode 2. Channel 4 Television, 29 September.

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Reference order:
1. Title of episode (in single quotation marks)
2. Year of transmission (in round brackets)
3. Title of programme (in italics)
4. Series and episode numbers
5. Name of channel
6. Date of transmission (day/month)

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audio visual material

Film
In-text example
Films are able to draw on events and experiences of the
past which impact resonantly today (Good night, and
good luck, 2005).
Reference example:
Good night, and good luck (2005) Directed by George
Clooney [Film]. United States: Warner Independent
Pictures.

Reference order:
1. Title of film (in italics)
2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
3. Directed by
4. [Film]
5. Place of distribution: Distribution company

Film on DVD
In-text example
The medium of film has the potential to surpass the
impact of the written word. Slumdog millionaire (2009),
for example, …
Reference example:
Slumdog millionaire (2009) Directed by Danny Boyle
[DVD]. United States: Foxsearchlight Pictures.

Reference order:
1. Title of film (in italics)
2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
3. Directed by
4. [DVD]
5. Place of distribution: Distribution company

Film on Youtube
In-text example
Matisse considered the chapel to be his greatest
achievement (Misterulster, 2010).
Reference example:
Misterulster (2010) 20100510 BBC Matisse.m4v. Available
at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=en1--ukWZus
(Accessed: 15 July 2010).

Reference order:
1. Name of person posting video
2. Year video posted (in round brackets)
3. Title of film or programme (in italics)
4. Available at: URL
5. (Accessed: date)

Musical score
In-text example
The composer’s soundtrack to the movie ‘The piano’
proved particularly popular (Nyman, 2003)…
Reference example:
Nyman, M. (2003) Pieces from the piano. Pocket Manual
and Sheet Music. UK: Music Sales Ltd.

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Reference order:
1. Composer (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of score (in italics)
4. Notes
5. Place of publication: Publisher

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18

audio visual material

Music or spoken word recording on audio CDs
In-text example
Seminal Welsh indie-rockers, the Super Furry Animals,
released their fifth studio album Rings around the world
in 2001 to both critical and popular acclaim.
Reference example:
Super Furry Animals (2001) Rings around the world [CD].
London: Epic Records.

Reference order:
1. Artist
2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
3. Title of recording (in italics)
4. [CD]
5. Place of distribution: Distribution company

Vidcasts/vodcasts
Reference where the vidcast/vodcast was displayed for
download
In-text example
The inaugural lecture was very interesting (Wheeler,
2009).
Reference example:
Wheeler, Professor Nick. (2009) ‘Nuclear abolition: Trustbuilding’s greatest challenge?’ David Davies Memorial
Institute, Aberystwyth University [Vidcast]. 9 March.
Available at:
http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/interpol/research/researchcentres-and-institutes/ddmi/publications/audio-video/
(Accessed: 2 November 2012).

Reference order:
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year that the vidcast/vodcast was posted
(in round brackets)
3. Title of vidcast (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of Internet site (in italics)
5. [Vidcast/vodcast]
6. Day/month of posted vidcast/vodcast
7. Available at: URL
8. (Accessed: date)

iTunes U collection
In-text example
Roche et al. (2010) highlights ……
Reference example:
Roche, P., Griffiths, M., and Richards, B. (2010) Our
Amazing Universe. University of South Wales. iTunesU
[Download]. Available at:
https://itunes.apple.com/gb/itunes-u/our-amazinguniverse/id527125588?mt=10. (Accessed: 17 December
2010).
.

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Reference order:
1. Author/s (surname or family name before initial)
2. Year posted (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
4. Publisher
5. Download site (name in italics)
6. [Download]
7. Available at: URL
8. (Accessed: date

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audio visual material/live performances

Podcast
Reference where the podcast was displayed for download
In-text example
O’Sullivan (2007) discussed issues on tourism safety and
security.
Reference example:
O’Sullivan, D. (2007) ‘Challenges of tourism growth’, The
University of Glamorgan Podcasts [Podcast]. 15 August.
Available at: http://podcasting.weblog.glam.ac.uk/
(Accessed: 18 July 2010).

Reference order:
1. Author/presenter (surname or family name
before initials)
2. Year that the podcast was posted (in round brackets)
3. Title of podcast (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of Internet site (in italics)
5. [Podcast]
6. Day/month of posted podcast
7. Available at: URL
8. (Accessed: date)

iBook
In-text example
Djebarni et al. (2014) provide essential information with
regard to research methods.
Reference example:
Djebarni, R., Burnett, S. and Richards, B. (2014) Research
Methods for Business Students, Managers and
Entrepreneurs.University of South Wales. iTunesU
[Download]. Available at:
https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/research-methods-forbusiness/id862468951?ls=1&mt=13. (Accessed: 17
December 2014).

Reference order:
1. Author/s (surname/family name before initial)
2. Year posted (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
4. Publisher
5. Download site (name in italics)
6. [Download]
7. Available at: URL
8. (Accessed: date)

How to reference live performances
Live performance — band concert
In-text example
Bob Dylan’s voice (2000) was barely audible against the
backdrop of an admittedly accomplished backing band,
a fact not unnoticed by most of the increasingly
disgruntled crowd.

Reference order:
1. Name of band
2. Year of performance (in round brackets)
3. Location. Date seen [in square brackets]

Reference example:
Bob Dylan (2000) [Sheffield Arena. 22 September].

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20

live performances/computer games/computer programmes

Live performance — play
In-text example
The performers were singing in very close proximity to the
audience (The Duchess of Malfi, 2010)
Reference example:
The Duchess of Malfi by John Webster (2010) Directed by
Felix Barrett [Royal Albert Docks, London. 15 July].

Reference order:
1. Title (in italics)
2. By Author
3. Year of performance (in round brackets)
4. Directed by
5. Location. Date seen [in square brackets]

How to reference computer games
Computer Game
In-text example
Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood (Ubisoft Montreal, 2011) is
an action/adventure game which.....
Reference example:
Ubisoft Montreal (2011) Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood
(Edition Standard) PC [Computer game]. Ubisoft Montreal.

Reference order:
1. Author(s) (if given)
2. Date (if given)
3. Title of game (in italics and capitalise initial letters)
4. Edition or version (in round brackets)
5. Platform
6. [Computer game]
7. Availability, that is distributor, address, order number
(if given).
OR if accessed on the internet
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)

How to reference computer programmes
Computer Programme
In-text example
Camtasia Relay (TechSmith, 2012) allows you to record
live presentations.
Reference example:
TechSmith Corporation (2012) Camtasia Relay (Version4)
[Computer programme]. Available at:
http://www.techsmith.com/download.camtasiarelay/try/
default.asp (Accessed: 16 March 2012)

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Reference order:
1. Author(s) (if given)
2. Date (if given)
3. Title of programme (in italics and capitalise initial
letters)
4. Edition or version (in round brackets)
5. [Computer programme]
6. Availability, that is distributor, address, order number
(if given).
OR if accessed on the internet
Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

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personal communication

How to reference personal communication
Personal Communications
In-text example
Fitzgibbon (2012) was of the view that....
Reference example:
Fitzgibbon, K. (2012) Telephone conversation with
Amanda Thomas, 16 February.

Reference order:
1. Speaker/sender/author (surname or family name
before initials)
2. Year of communication (in round brackets)
3. Medium of conversation
4. Receiver of communication
5. Day/month of communication

This revised University of South Wales Guide to Harvard Referencing is credited to the collaboration between USW
Libraries and the Student Development and Study Skills Service.
Inspiration for this revised Guide is acknowledged to Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential
referencing guide. 8th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
For in-depth guidance on referencing we recommend that you borrow or purchase this textbook.
July 2011 (revised January 2015)

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21

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