Hazardous Waste
Content
Hazardous Waste
What is Hazardous Material? •
•
Simply Definition: Hazardous material is any item or agent (biological, chemical, physical) which has the potential to cause harm to humans (health hazard), animals, or the environment, either by itself or through interaction with other factors. Standard Definition: Hazardous materials are defined and regulated in the United States primarily by laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Each has its own definition of a "hazardous
Some of Hazard Symbols
Hazardous Materials Regulations •
•
•
•
Hazardous materials are regulated primary government agencies:
by
three
1. Department of Transportation (DOT) Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) 2. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR) 3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR) *The International Fire and Building Codes also regulate hazardous materials .
Hazardous Materials Regulations •
•
•
DOT regulations - tell us how to properly package, identify, and label hazardous materials and hazardous wastes for transportation. OSHA regulations - tell us how to protect ourselves from the effects of hazardous materials in the workplace. EPA regulations - tell us how to protect our environment.
Department of Transportation •
DOT Regulations: The DOT classifies hazardous materials into 9 primary hazard classes which are subdivided into multiple subsidiary risk groups
> Class 1: Explosives > Class 2: Compressed Gases > Class 3: Flammable Liquids > Class 4: Flammable Solids > Class 5: Oxidizers > Class 6: Poisons & Toxics
> Class 7: Radioactive materials > Class 8: Corrosives > Class 9: Miscellaneous hazardous materials that don’t fit any other hazard class… (dry ice, for example)
Occupational Health and Safety Administration •
OSHA Regulations: OSHA regulations include the following standards:
> Hazard Communication Standard (a.k.a., Hazcom , Right-to-Know) > Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories includes requirements for Chemical Hygiene Plans > Respiratory Protection Standard > Confined Space Entry Requirements > Asbestos Standard > Lead ( Pb ) Standard > Bloodborne pathogen standard > Formaldehyde, Benzene, and Methylene Chloride standards * OSHA also establishes permissible exposure levels (PELs) for hazardous chemicals.
Environmental Protection Agency •
EPA Regulations: The EPA regulations help us protect our environment, and include the following:
> Resource Conservation Recovery Act Hazardous Waste Regulations (RCRA)
> Clean Air Act > Clean Water Act > Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) > Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know
> Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides
But, what is Hazardous Waste? •
General Definition: A hazardous waste has the potential to unacceptable risk to:
cause an
> PUBLIC HEALTH > THE ENVIRONMENT •
UNEP Definition Wastes other than radioactive wastes which, by reason of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive or other characteristics cause danger or are likely to cause danger to health or the environment
Hazardous Waste •
Basel Convention Definition 45 categories of wastes that are presumed to be hazardous. These categories of waste need to exhibit one or more hazardous characteristics: flammable, oxidising, poisonous, infectious, corrosive, eco-toxic
•
European Waste Catalogue A core list of 850 types of waste Of these, around 420 are classified as hazardous wastes These are divided into 19 main categories
Hazardous Waste •
•
Simply Definition; ANY HAZARDOUS LIQUID, SOLID OR GASEOUS materials which is NO longer usable for its original intended purpose OR which has been contaminated by a foreign Standard Definition: U.S. environmental laws additionally describe a "hazardous waste" as a waste (usually a solid waste) that has the potential to: a. cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality (death) or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or b. pose a substantial (present or potential) hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.
Hazardous Waste •
•
In the United States, hazardous wastes generated by commercial or industrial activities may be classified as "listed" hazardous wastes or "characteristi "characteristic" c" hazardous wastes by the EPA. In regulatory terms, a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous waste is a waste that either a "characteristic waste" or a "listed waste":
> Characteristic Waste - exhibits at least one of the four "characteristics" of hazardous waste (ignitability, corrosivity , reactivity, toxicity or eco-toxicity eco-toxicity)) > Listed Waste - appears on one of the four hazardous wastes lists (F-list, K-list, P-list, or U-list)
Characteristic Waste IGNITABILITY Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain conditions, are spontaneously combustible having a flash point of 60°C 60 °C Examples: waste oils, used solvents, organic cleaning materials and paint wastes
CORROSIVITY Corrosive waste are acids or alkalis that are capable of dissolving human flesh and corroding metal such as storage tanks and drums Examples: acids from metals cleaning processes for ex. ferric chloride from printed circuit board manufacture, liquor from steel manufacture
Characteristic Waste REACTIVITY Reactive wastes are unstable under ‘normal conditions’ They can cause explosions, toxic fumes and gases or vapours Examples: Peroxide solutions, Hypochlorite solutions or solids
TOXICITY Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin Examples: spent cyanide solutions, waste pesticides
Characteristic Waste ECO-TOXICITY Eco-toxic wastes are harmful or fatal to other ot her species or to the ecological integrity of their habitats Examples: Heavy metals, Detergents, Oils, Soluble salts
Chemical, Biological and Physical Properties •
•
•
•
Inorganic wastes for ex. acids, alkalis, heavy metals, cyanides, wastewaters from electroplating Organic wastes for ex. pesticides, halogenated and non-halogenated solvents, PCBs Oily wastes for ex. lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, contaminated fuel oils Sludge for ex. from metal workin working, g, painting, wastewater treatment
Listed of Wastes •
Listed hazardous wastes are generated by specific industries and processes and are automatically considered hazardous, based solely on the process that generates them and irrespective of whether a test of the waste shows any of the "characteristics" of hazardous waste. Examples of listed wastes include:
•
> many sludges leftover from electroplating processes
•
> certain waste from iron and steel manufacturing
•
> wastes from certain cleaning and/or degreasing processes
Listed of Wastes •
Hazardous wastes are incorporated into lists published by the Environmental Protection Agency. These lists are organized into three categories:
a. The F-list (non-specific (non- specific source wastes) This list identifies wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes, such as solvents, that have been used in cleaning or degreasing operations. Because the processes producing these wastes can occur in different sectors of industry, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes from nonspecific sources Simple Example: halogenated solvents used to degrease equipment
Listed of Wastes b. The K-list (specific source/process wastes) This list includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing. Certain sludges and wastewaters from treatment and production processes in these industries are examples of source-specific wastes Simple Example: Product washwaters from the production of dinitrotoluene via nitration of toluene
Listed of Wastes c. Discarded wastes (P-List and U-List) P-List and U-List wastes are actually sub lists of the same major list applying to discarded wastes. These wastes apply to commercial chemical products that are considered hazardous when discarded and are regulated under the following U.S. Federal Regulation: 40 C.F.R. 261.33(e) and 261.33(f) P-List wastes are wastes that are considered "acutely hazardous" when discarded and are subject to more stringent regulation. Nitric oxide is an example of a P-list P- list waste and carries the number P076. U-Listed wastes are considered "hazardous" when discarded and are regulated in a somewhat less stringent manner than P- Listed wastes.
Listed of Wastes U-listed wastes are toxic wastes or specific substances for ex. carbon disulfide Other Examples of U-Listed Wastes: Acetaldehyde, 1,4-Dioxane, Acetone, Ethyl acetate, Acetonitrile, Ethyl ether, Aniline, Formaldehyde, Benzene, Methyl alcohol, Bromoform, Methylene chloride, 1-Butanol, Phenol, Chloroform, Toluene
P-listed wastes are acutely hazardous wastes or off – spec products and intermediates for ex. benzal chloride Other Examples of P-Listed Wastes: Allyl alcohol, Osmium tetroxide, Ammonium vanadate, Phenylthiourea, Arsenic acid, Potassium cyanide, Arsenic trioxide, Sodium azide, Carbon disulfide, Sodium cyanide, 2,4Dinitrophenol, Thiosemicarbazide, Fluorine, Vanadium oxide, Nitric oxide, Vanadium pentoxide
Universal Wastes Universal Wastes Universal wastes include the following follo wing materials that are commonly found in the workplace •
Batteries
•
Fluorescent lamps
•
Pesticides
•
Thermometers (containing mercury)
•
Used oil
Methods of Waste Classification •
•
•
•
Hazardous characteristics: Ex. toxicity, reactivity, Basel Convention Annex III Lists : Ex. Basel Convention Annex I, Basel List A, EU European Waste Catalogue, US EPA list Origin: Ex. processes, Basel Convention Annex II Chemical and physical properties: Ex. inorganic, organic, oily, sludges
Methods of Waste Classification by Origin •
•
Waste streams for ex. Basel Convention Miscellaneous or ubiquitous wastes for ex. Contaminated soils, dusts, redundant pesticides from agriculture, and hospital wastes Example of Waste Classification by Origin is Basel. The Basel Convention’s List of Hazardous Waste Categories (Y1-Y18) identifies wastes from specific processes For example:
Y1 - Clinical wastes Y6 - Wastes from the production production and use of organic solvents Y18 - Residues from industrial waste disposal operations
Methods of Waste Classification by chemical, biological and physical properties •
•
•
•
Inorganic wastes Ex. acids, alkalis, heavy metals, cyanides, wastewaters from electroplating Organic wastes Ex. pesticides, halogenated and non-halogenated solvents, PCBs Oily wastes Ex. lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, contaminated fuel oils Sludges Ex. from metal working, painting, wastewater treatment
Relative Composition of Hazardous Waste Types by Region
Source: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION Global waste survey, final report 1995
Some of Hazard Wastes
What is Hazardous Substance? Hazardous substances are defined in terms of their direct health effects on people whereas dangerous goods are defined by their physical and chemical properties. •
Common Hazardous Substances/Ingredients in Products: 1. DEA, TEA, MEA Diethanolamine, Triethanolamine and Monoethanolamine - Are hormone disruptors - They are also known to combine with nitrates to form cancer-causing nitrosamines - There is no way to know which products contain nitrosamines because government does not require manufacturers to disclose this information on the label
Hazardous Substance •
•
•
•
A 1997 study by the U.S. National Toxicology Program found that these compounds themselves might also be carcinogenic Repeated skin application of DEA was found to cause liver and kidney damage in animals The study also discovered that when absorbed through the skin, DEA accumulated in organs TEA may also cause contact dermatitis in some individuals
Hazardous Substance 2. Dioxins - It's formed as an accidental byproduct of some manufacturing processes using chlorine, especially paper bleaching and the creation of plastic - Dioxin is one of the most powerful carcinogens known and accumulates in body fat - Mainstream deodorants and anti-bacterial soaps are suspect - Chlorine bleached tissues, toilet paper and cotton balls can contain dioxin - Plastic bottles may leach dioxin into creams, shampoos and other products we use daily
Hazardous Substance 3. Lead is a known carcinogen and hormone disruptor - It is readily absorbed through the skin, and accumulates in the bones - It causes neurological damage and behavior abnormalities, and large accumulations can result in leg cramps, muscle weakness, numbness and depression - Lead is found in some hair dyes
Hazardous Substance 4. Nonylphenols - This estrogen-mimicking chemical is a surfactant used for its detergent properties - It can be found f ound in some plastics, as well as shaving creams, shampoos and hair colours - Nonylphenols can be a component in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a compound often found in acrylic nails - They are persistent in the environment and of such concern that many European countries are phasing them out. Some manufacturers have voluntarily discontinued their use
Hazardous Substance 5. Phenylenediamine - Used in permanent hair dyes, phenylenediamine can cause eczema, bronchial asthma, gastritis, skin irritation and even death - It is also a carcinogen It can react with other chemicals to cause photosensitivity 6. Phthalates - They are found in many products from plastics to shampoo - These hormone-disrupting chemicals are suspected of contaminating breast milk and causing damage to the kidneys, liver, lungs and reproductive organs - One type of phthalate, diethyl phthalate (DEP) is commonly found in fragrances and other personal care products
Hazardous Substance 7. Talc is a naturally occurring mineral which is carcinogenic when inhaled - In addition, women who regularly use talc in the t he genital area are at increased risk for ovarian cancer - Airborne talc in body powders and antiperspirant sprays can irritate the lungs - Talcum powder is reported to cause coughing, vomiting, and even pneumonia. - Many pediatricians now tell parents to avoid using talc on babies as it can cause respiratory distress, sometimes resulting in death
Some Products that contains Hazardous Substances
What is Hazardous Material? •
•
Simply Definition: Hazardous material is any item or agent (biological, chemical, physical) which has the potential to cause harm to humans (health hazard), animals, or the environment, either by itself or through interaction with other factors. Standard Definition: Hazardous materials are defined and regulated in the United States primarily by laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Each has its own definition of a "hazardous
Some of Hazard Symbols
Hazardous Materials Regulations •
•
•
•
Hazardous materials are regulated primary government agencies:
by
three
1. Department of Transportation (DOT) Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) 2. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR) 3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR) *The International Fire and Building Codes also regulate hazardous materials .
Hazardous Materials Regulations •
•
•
DOT regulations - tell us how to properly package, identify, and label hazardous materials and hazardous wastes for transportation. OSHA regulations - tell us how to protect ourselves from the effects of hazardous materials in the workplace. EPA regulations - tell us how to protect our environment.
Department of Transportation •
DOT Regulations: The DOT classifies hazardous materials into 9 primary hazard classes which are subdivided into multiple subsidiary risk groups
> Class 1: Explosives > Class 2: Compressed Gases > Class 3: Flammable Liquids > Class 4: Flammable Solids > Class 5: Oxidizers > Class 6: Poisons & Toxics
> Class 7: Radioactive materials > Class 8: Corrosives > Class 9: Miscellaneous hazardous materials that don’t fit any other hazard class… (dry ice, for example)
Occupational Health and Safety Administration •
OSHA Regulations: OSHA regulations include the following standards:
> Hazard Communication Standard (a.k.a., Hazcom , Right-to-Know) > Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories includes requirements for Chemical Hygiene Plans > Respiratory Protection Standard > Confined Space Entry Requirements > Asbestos Standard > Lead ( Pb ) Standard > Bloodborne pathogen standard > Formaldehyde, Benzene, and Methylene Chloride standards * OSHA also establishes permissible exposure levels (PELs) for hazardous chemicals.
Environmental Protection Agency •
EPA Regulations: The EPA regulations help us protect our environment, and include the following:
> Resource Conservation Recovery Act Hazardous Waste Regulations (RCRA)
> Clean Air Act > Clean Water Act > Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) > Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know
> Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides
But, what is Hazardous Waste? •
General Definition: A hazardous waste has the potential to unacceptable risk to:
cause an
> PUBLIC HEALTH > THE ENVIRONMENT •
UNEP Definition Wastes other than radioactive wastes which, by reason of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive or other characteristics cause danger or are likely to cause danger to health or the environment
Hazardous Waste •
Basel Convention Definition 45 categories of wastes that are presumed to be hazardous. These categories of waste need to exhibit one or more hazardous characteristics: flammable, oxidising, poisonous, infectious, corrosive, eco-toxic
•
European Waste Catalogue A core list of 850 types of waste Of these, around 420 are classified as hazardous wastes These are divided into 19 main categories
Hazardous Waste •
•
Simply Definition; ANY HAZARDOUS LIQUID, SOLID OR GASEOUS materials which is NO longer usable for its original intended purpose OR which has been contaminated by a foreign Standard Definition: U.S. environmental laws additionally describe a "hazardous waste" as a waste (usually a solid waste) that has the potential to: a. cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality (death) or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or b. pose a substantial (present or potential) hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.
Hazardous Waste •
•
In the United States, hazardous wastes generated by commercial or industrial activities may be classified as "listed" hazardous wastes or "characteristi "characteristic" c" hazardous wastes by the EPA. In regulatory terms, a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous waste is a waste that either a "characteristic waste" or a "listed waste":
> Characteristic Waste - exhibits at least one of the four "characteristics" of hazardous waste (ignitability, corrosivity , reactivity, toxicity or eco-toxicity eco-toxicity)) > Listed Waste - appears on one of the four hazardous wastes lists (F-list, K-list, P-list, or U-list)
Characteristic Waste IGNITABILITY Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain conditions, are spontaneously combustible having a flash point of 60°C 60 °C Examples: waste oils, used solvents, organic cleaning materials and paint wastes
CORROSIVITY Corrosive waste are acids or alkalis that are capable of dissolving human flesh and corroding metal such as storage tanks and drums Examples: acids from metals cleaning processes for ex. ferric chloride from printed circuit board manufacture, liquor from steel manufacture
Characteristic Waste REACTIVITY Reactive wastes are unstable under ‘normal conditions’ They can cause explosions, toxic fumes and gases or vapours Examples: Peroxide solutions, Hypochlorite solutions or solids
TOXICITY Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin Examples: spent cyanide solutions, waste pesticides
Characteristic Waste ECO-TOXICITY Eco-toxic wastes are harmful or fatal to other ot her species or to the ecological integrity of their habitats Examples: Heavy metals, Detergents, Oils, Soluble salts
Chemical, Biological and Physical Properties •
•
•
•
Inorganic wastes for ex. acids, alkalis, heavy metals, cyanides, wastewaters from electroplating Organic wastes for ex. pesticides, halogenated and non-halogenated solvents, PCBs Oily wastes for ex. lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, contaminated fuel oils Sludge for ex. from metal workin working, g, painting, wastewater treatment
Listed of Wastes •
Listed hazardous wastes are generated by specific industries and processes and are automatically considered hazardous, based solely on the process that generates them and irrespective of whether a test of the waste shows any of the "characteristics" of hazardous waste. Examples of listed wastes include:
•
> many sludges leftover from electroplating processes
•
> certain waste from iron and steel manufacturing
•
> wastes from certain cleaning and/or degreasing processes
Listed of Wastes •
Hazardous wastes are incorporated into lists published by the Environmental Protection Agency. These lists are organized into three categories:
a. The F-list (non-specific (non- specific source wastes) This list identifies wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes, such as solvents, that have been used in cleaning or degreasing operations. Because the processes producing these wastes can occur in different sectors of industry, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes from nonspecific sources Simple Example: halogenated solvents used to degrease equipment
Listed of Wastes b. The K-list (specific source/process wastes) This list includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing. Certain sludges and wastewaters from treatment and production processes in these industries are examples of source-specific wastes Simple Example: Product washwaters from the production of dinitrotoluene via nitration of toluene
Listed of Wastes c. Discarded wastes (P-List and U-List) P-List and U-List wastes are actually sub lists of the same major list applying to discarded wastes. These wastes apply to commercial chemical products that are considered hazardous when discarded and are regulated under the following U.S. Federal Regulation: 40 C.F.R. 261.33(e) and 261.33(f) P-List wastes are wastes that are considered "acutely hazardous" when discarded and are subject to more stringent regulation. Nitric oxide is an example of a P-list P- list waste and carries the number P076. U-Listed wastes are considered "hazardous" when discarded and are regulated in a somewhat less stringent manner than P- Listed wastes.
Listed of Wastes U-listed wastes are toxic wastes or specific substances for ex. carbon disulfide Other Examples of U-Listed Wastes: Acetaldehyde, 1,4-Dioxane, Acetone, Ethyl acetate, Acetonitrile, Ethyl ether, Aniline, Formaldehyde, Benzene, Methyl alcohol, Bromoform, Methylene chloride, 1-Butanol, Phenol, Chloroform, Toluene
P-listed wastes are acutely hazardous wastes or off – spec products and intermediates for ex. benzal chloride Other Examples of P-Listed Wastes: Allyl alcohol, Osmium tetroxide, Ammonium vanadate, Phenylthiourea, Arsenic acid, Potassium cyanide, Arsenic trioxide, Sodium azide, Carbon disulfide, Sodium cyanide, 2,4Dinitrophenol, Thiosemicarbazide, Fluorine, Vanadium oxide, Nitric oxide, Vanadium pentoxide
Universal Wastes Universal Wastes Universal wastes include the following follo wing materials that are commonly found in the workplace •
Batteries
•
Fluorescent lamps
•
Pesticides
•
Thermometers (containing mercury)
•
Used oil
Methods of Waste Classification •
•
•
•
Hazardous characteristics: Ex. toxicity, reactivity, Basel Convention Annex III Lists : Ex. Basel Convention Annex I, Basel List A, EU European Waste Catalogue, US EPA list Origin: Ex. processes, Basel Convention Annex II Chemical and physical properties: Ex. inorganic, organic, oily, sludges
Methods of Waste Classification by Origin •
•
Waste streams for ex. Basel Convention Miscellaneous or ubiquitous wastes for ex. Contaminated soils, dusts, redundant pesticides from agriculture, and hospital wastes Example of Waste Classification by Origin is Basel. The Basel Convention’s List of Hazardous Waste Categories (Y1-Y18) identifies wastes from specific processes For example:
Y1 - Clinical wastes Y6 - Wastes from the production production and use of organic solvents Y18 - Residues from industrial waste disposal operations
Methods of Waste Classification by chemical, biological and physical properties •
•
•
•
Inorganic wastes Ex. acids, alkalis, heavy metals, cyanides, wastewaters from electroplating Organic wastes Ex. pesticides, halogenated and non-halogenated solvents, PCBs Oily wastes Ex. lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, contaminated fuel oils Sludges Ex. from metal working, painting, wastewater treatment
Relative Composition of Hazardous Waste Types by Region
Source: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION Global waste survey, final report 1995
Some of Hazard Wastes
What is Hazardous Substance? Hazardous substances are defined in terms of their direct health effects on people whereas dangerous goods are defined by their physical and chemical properties. •
Common Hazardous Substances/Ingredients in Products: 1. DEA, TEA, MEA Diethanolamine, Triethanolamine and Monoethanolamine - Are hormone disruptors - They are also known to combine with nitrates to form cancer-causing nitrosamines - There is no way to know which products contain nitrosamines because government does not require manufacturers to disclose this information on the label
Hazardous Substance •
•
•
•
A 1997 study by the U.S. National Toxicology Program found that these compounds themselves might also be carcinogenic Repeated skin application of DEA was found to cause liver and kidney damage in animals The study also discovered that when absorbed through the skin, DEA accumulated in organs TEA may also cause contact dermatitis in some individuals
Hazardous Substance 2. Dioxins - It's formed as an accidental byproduct of some manufacturing processes using chlorine, especially paper bleaching and the creation of plastic - Dioxin is one of the most powerful carcinogens known and accumulates in body fat - Mainstream deodorants and anti-bacterial soaps are suspect - Chlorine bleached tissues, toilet paper and cotton balls can contain dioxin - Plastic bottles may leach dioxin into creams, shampoos and other products we use daily
Hazardous Substance 3. Lead is a known carcinogen and hormone disruptor - It is readily absorbed through the skin, and accumulates in the bones - It causes neurological damage and behavior abnormalities, and large accumulations can result in leg cramps, muscle weakness, numbness and depression - Lead is found in some hair dyes
Hazardous Substance 4. Nonylphenols - This estrogen-mimicking chemical is a surfactant used for its detergent properties - It can be found f ound in some plastics, as well as shaving creams, shampoos and hair colours - Nonylphenols can be a component in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a compound often found in acrylic nails - They are persistent in the environment and of such concern that many European countries are phasing them out. Some manufacturers have voluntarily discontinued their use
Hazardous Substance 5. Phenylenediamine - Used in permanent hair dyes, phenylenediamine can cause eczema, bronchial asthma, gastritis, skin irritation and even death - It is also a carcinogen It can react with other chemicals to cause photosensitivity 6. Phthalates - They are found in many products from plastics to shampoo - These hormone-disrupting chemicals are suspected of contaminating breast milk and causing damage to the kidneys, liver, lungs and reproductive organs - One type of phthalate, diethyl phthalate (DEP) is commonly found in fragrances and other personal care products
Hazardous Substance 7. Talc is a naturally occurring mineral which is carcinogenic when inhaled - In addition, women who regularly use talc in the t he genital area are at increased risk for ovarian cancer - Airborne talc in body powders and antiperspirant sprays can irritate the lungs - Talcum powder is reported to cause coughing, vomiting, and even pneumonia. - Many pediatricians now tell parents to avoid using talc on babies as it can cause respiratory distress, sometimes resulting in death
Some Products that contains Hazardous Substances
