History of the British Empire in India Vol.6-1845

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History of the British Empire in India Vol.6-1845

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GOVERN?.IENT OF INDIA
ARCIL£0LOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
CENTRAL
ARCHIEOLOGICAL
LIBRARY .
ACCESSION NO. 131 IJ.f :2....__
CALL No. '5 4-·DBi_I-JJ h ~ O ­
J
u.ex ,r-'·------..L.-----'
1


.. -
  •
o
.....
BRITISH E:MP.ItRE IN INDIA:-v,l b
BY
EDWARD
1\UTIIOR OF "INDIA, ITS l!TI\Tr. AND .. ,, ....
VO J, UM E VI.
954-0cpZ

l,ONDON:
W >1. H. II L l. f. N J.. v C n ,
7, tJAnJ:Ifn t.Lt. .,.arr.


"'-'-' bJ J. .. tt. eo. •• -"""" ..... :•.,.. (iNM Qv«e 5U-*·
u. ...   . . . . . . . .
_,
..
ADVERTISEMENT.
THll author of the " History of British
India" avails himself of the opportunity
afforded by the puhlie11tioo of the conclud-
ing volume, to express his grateful sense of
the patronage extended to it, as well by
the public as by the Court of Directors of
the East-India Company, whom he has the
honour to serve.
Nothing beyond this acknowledgment
would have been called for, had not repre-
sentations been addressed to the Court by
individua.la, who considered that they had
reason t(l complain of some animadvenions
contained in the work. The author, therefore,
feels it incumbent on him to state, that for
the views and opinions advanced, either in
the present or in the preceding volumes, he,
and he alone, is responsible ; and he begs to
VOL. VI.
II AOV£RTII>EllENT
add, that he could not conscieutiously have
entered on the prepamtion of an historical
work, or have persevered in the Jahour,
ex<>cpt in the exercise of an unJetterl>d
judgment.
  h o ~ e familiar \Vit:h the subjects discussed
can scarcely require to be informed that he
bas wri tten in this spirit, as the opinions
expressed on some very important questions
ar(! not in accordance with those known to
be entertained by the Court.
CON TEN'l' S
••
V0Ll1ME Vl.
oHAJ•.ren x.xrx.
Dilfereocea !.&ween Court of Dlreetors and Boord of Com.
llliRion:m for A.tr.Urt of India relating to dtr.i.rot ol oertain
partieo oo King of Oud.,_Application by Booni!D Court
of King' a Bench for Mandamus ID compel Court ID tmnl·
mit .. on the .ruhj""t to lndia-Sr.ato ..r Oude-
Neoeuitica of Aoopb ul   ... grant ol bondt
to Ida credlw.-Mode of ....,u;ng the deb-Propooal
a! Va:ier to OOinj>OUnd with his eredito,......Diviilos them
into c1 ..... ; nAture ..r divi!ioo - Lu<kuow Banked
ba,-ing refuted to compound on terms offered. obtain
nothing-Death of Asoph ul Dowlah, and au..,...;oo of
Saadut Ali- B•el ... ion of recognition of dcbta tmn
trenty concludtd with Iotter Prinee-Remuks on llw!
Ba.okerl' claima-VarloDl atwnptt to enforce tbcm-
Rclu•al of Court of DU.ctors to iotc:rf...,.....Fruitlca• ,...
pretentationl of Govemment of Beap to reigning VIZier
-l'urther dortl to eoforce cll.i1n1 of   of
the proceedlngo for obtainiug Mandamut-Opinio., a!
va.riou Ditectot ..... Proceeding• in Patli.ament o.n the. aub-
j""t : Houae of Lordi: motioo of Lord Ell<nboi'01lgb -
Hou .. of Commons: MotioUJ of Mr. H.m.. and Mr.
Charlet Ro..-RHigaation of Lord William llcntindc
t<lld=d-Desu. of Court of Dlreet11r1 that Sir Charl01
iv
Meb:alfo abould •uoceed to th• office of Govemor-Gcnlirul
- Oppollition of hill Moj .. ty's Minis- th.,..to-
Dclcnco of the Incfuut service by the Court- Threat of
.Mlnlot:ero to appoint if Court did not within two
months-Opinion of Counsel taken ; opinion fa\'OtU:Ublo
to Court-Prc.ident of Board promieu oo·t lo ap ..
poiot without one mouth's notice- Change of Min.ia:te.rs
-Lord Hoyt .. bury appointed   by the
Court, rtnd rtppointmwt approved by the Crown-Another
ehange of .Mlnl!t.,..-Appolntmctlt of Lord Heytoabury
ncated by the Crown- Carr .. pouden<e betu"" Court and
Board- Appointment of new Govtmor-Generlll po«tpaned
till Lord W. Bentinak'• arrival in Engllmd- Mr. Lyoll
and Slr 1l. Jenkl,.. diosent-Lottor of Mr. Tucker on
removol of Lord Heyt.esbury-Proceedlngo ln Porliruneat;
Ho111eofCommons ; Motion of Mr. Proed- Lord'WilliAm
lleutinck quito lndln; Sir C. Metelllfe aw:reedo to the
Go•ernor-Generlllabip uuder pruviaiunlll appointment-
Removal of TheotrU:tio01 an the lndinn p...,._Jilotory of
llest.Tictlono-Dilfer=e of opiciaa u to tboir aboli-
tion-Time for abolition ill ehoRD-Geaentl quc. tiou of
Free Preas in ludia. dje,cuued- Sir Clutrlc1 Metcalfe.'•
argument:& itt fllYOUr of it-Arguments examjoed-Super .
.,..inn of Sir Metcalfe by tuTivol of Lord Auck-
land .. Oovoruor-Geaerlll ••. Pp. I to 73
CHAPTER XXX.
Death of King of Oade-J>.....utio.u ••ken by Colon.! Low
-5boteof the Su..,.,..Jun- Hoatllc of the Be-
gum-APretendtr .... ted 011 tbe T.broae-Rellideot otto<:L-.
the P.W..e- lh.'lurgmtl diolodged with lou-Rigbt!ul
Heir ptru:..l on the Mutnud-ll<marko-Bcgutn and Pre-
tt!nder J"etDO\'ed intD Company's Territorice-.'rwo new
Pretcndero to the 'fbrone of Oude appeor- Jnvulidity of
their claillll!-AIT.Ura of SClttarll-lnt.Tigut!!! of thellnjob-
Ob«noati<lnt on U1e Evideaeo ngain•L him- Arrivol of Sir
Jo.meo c...,.., u GaTernOr o( Bombay-flU on the
....no... ....aable ....... ol tralin«the c-o( the RaJ-h-
Hi.o OetmDiuatian ill &.\'Cur of the miW..t---F"""or
.A!iout.e rooo.nlod Ly Governor or Bomliay-ltil vlewaane-
tioned by Oovtmor-G.nct-.1 In Couucll-H• procet<lo to
&ttan.-lfio iA!aTiew wllh the Rajoh-Linguor
b7 him to that rri,_Tbe Rajah'•  
inteniew,._Ambttiout viewa ol the Ilaj•h-Titird iott'r-
•icw-Rajah'a ouady rd.-1 o( the Term• prof&red-ll•
i> <lo,._J oud hit brother ,..;.,.,d to tho .MUIIIud
on the oonduct of the Rajah ODd Sir Jameo Camao-
J'rocee!fingo to tllO weetward or Brilitb lndia-Countrieo
botweeu Penlo and tha lodM- Trnty wi1h P<N-
Dw.traded >llll4 o( Allj:banio...,_latricuco uf the l'moc:h
iD P""'ia-Mr. Blpb.Uutono'o Miaion W  
thor '£roatiet with PenJa-.lntriguea and o(
IW.ia-C....-r oud fall or
pooation of Gn..t BriWn in rq;anl to ltn.ia ..,d Perm
- ' l'teaty botwocn twolaU<or con<luded through the
modlatlon of Amb .. ndor of former-War ....,.,....uneed
-War tenninor..J by great .mice or Terrill><)' ""
part of o( Rn••um acl.an<lto-
Vaat. or Dominiaoe-Evila of llutsian
Dotoinotion-llnolutiolla In AJTglwlioron- CW... o(
Pmio in that C<>tmtl)'-War Wll.b Urrot IDKfcr ltu-
oiau topport-Apprelwuioa• of Roaion on
Judi&- Phan of <Oll\Trting A1Tgbmitt1W Into banin or
llrititb India tnhed-Miaion ol AJcu••t...r
Jlorn..-Penlon and 1ntrii- iD Allj;hauittan
-Ruuia.n Com-opoodtoee wllb Kondahar and Kabooi-
MiMion or Vicovkb - .DecliJ>c of Jlriti>h inllll<lloe at
Court ol Portia, Mr. Mo.'ltil W wilhdrow-
SnT.All of llrit .. b Ga- eq-.1 to Uwalt awl
Tiale..,.._Katak rinlry bot,.«n
Br10.h And Penian Agenta io !onau:t
cJd.,.o.d -Coaamunieation (JODI c.w.-1 BliJliQ- Jl<o.
nwk. oo that CommHDiao,..,_o;...,...aJ of R....w.

OOJI'TilHT!.
Asmlll by their     thofton-
Clalms o( Sboojoh-ool-Mqalk upon AITghsni<tan -llri-
tiah Go-rcrwnent tletermine to aupport t.heto - 'nul
clec..mrin•tioo oo paoitioD of Bog·
land with to Pe..n.-coromwoicatiOIIll made to
Driti>h Gonmment u to o( fccliag in Airshaniatau
-l'nldeutial port of lhe Queatioo •lli'""'--Triputitt'l'.-ty
concluded by BritiAh Government of India, Rungeet Singh
and SbDojob-ocal-Moolk--()hld atipulationa of 'lltaty-
o-t at 1Jeoaa1 ond Bombay-Ad·
.,.nco of the Armieo-Foroe u..,.blcd in Pabtwur-Pro-
clamatioD itaucd by ao...oo,.O.,..enJ-Army o( the loduo
.,;.,.. at Fcooupoae lottrriow botw- lhe Go.-mx>r·
Goncml and Runjeet Singh-Part of the Army only oent
fonnni-Ciwoge in command by retirement of Sir Hc:ru-y
F.-lhrcbe&--Ocl:upation of llukknr-&1ogal Column
di""'l!<! towards Hydenobad in Sindo-Returno-"-IBig<!
o( the lodut-An-inl at Dt<hor--At
Queua-&mboy Forc:e cliJrooobub at V"okkur-Arriftl at
'l._tta- Detention there - Ad...,e8 through Si.ocle-
Bombay Fon:e in<orporaled wiUo Army o( thelnduo-JU:.
"""" from Bombay ani.-.s in Sinde-Kumocbce bom·
barded and tooken-P"'S""'t o( Army of the loduo-
Aooo)"&D ... fromJiobbm-Kojuk hoi t.ravcroed-Arri.al
at Kaodohor-Sholo SbDojoh mthromd-Pri"'tioot of doe
Anny-Drcodful Snlfc:rings from W1ml of wattr-Fruitlets
OYUtme of Shah SboC>jAh to the Ghiljie Ohiefa-Giri!kh
occupied- Death o( Ruuject Singh- Mareh .......,.U
Kabooi-Fn:ob Difficultieo-Arrinl before Gboz.,...,_
14-port oo the alate of lhe Foro---Pn:plln\Dont for
  of&naljra] opJ>OfBS o( Shah SboC>jab-
Thclr diJpenioo - Gate of Gbumee blown in and
place <aptured- Brigaruer Sale wounded- Over·
toore from Doot Mohomed- Shah Sboojolo 011ta'S
Kabool- l01tillltioo of Dooronee Order- Arri..I at
Kabnol of Fo...,. ...em bled in l'oohawur-Auadc oo two
Bnli&h Ofticrra by Koj.ob-Subooqamt clobt ond cat>-
ture ol Ko;uk porty-PftporaticJaa for wilhdra'll'iDj; part
o( 1M Brililh Army-Capw... o(  
to<OUDtered by 1M Britilh AffAy"' lhe Khyber l'll.w-
theAnnyof lbelndwt-H-va cvnfem>d
on lh- engos<d in 1M Bxpedltloo 10 AJfghaninan-
Contlnuecl Dittrurban<H in Alfshnnllllm-Uofortuna&e
at in lbe llu.&urt'la Country-
Outbroob of Ghilji<l aupp.-d-.O..trw:tion of Briwh
party 1m<1cr Lieul<llaot or Rmt-
Failure of Atten>pt w>dn Major Cllbbom to tluvw Sup-
pllea iDIO Kalnm-Oathroab in ..nou. puu of Shah
S'-joh'o Territoria-O.r. of a Body of 1M by
Colnntl Dmnic in \'alley of a.--s.-tul ear...
of Sir Rob<rt Sale.--Battle of Purwao; Dde<tioa oi2Dd
Bengal Canlry--Su:rm>dcr of Dolt M•homecl Khao-
lle-ocwpatlon of Kdat by lbe Brilitb-Nuir Khan (1011
of lhe CJC-Ohicl of Ktlat) twW. of
Car>tain Brown from Kohun t!l:u prolnl<:ted defeD<e-
Sebee uruu,.,.....(ully atlacbcl. but ouho<quently ohao·
doaed by .,.,.,,_Pr-.li.o;t in Ilia N.....,. \' aller--
Captura of Ktlat-i·Obiljie-Dof"'t of Enemy at Eelme
by CaptaiD W,_--()(ODO!hor body by CapWD Wo«<·
bura-VarioaJ IOr'DiMh"l in fa'I'OIIf of lhe
Britiab-Apparem e&lll!>lil"-t of P-in All"gbani>t.A
-Si: J&mft Catxw: reaignta ollloe of a..-- of Bombay
-Str Wlllilm MIICilllghten oppoint.ecl 10 it, and
to quit All'ghaniatan-Ddootioo of GhUjie Chier.-<lau,..
of the forco under Sir llobert &lc at K'-n1
Kabuol aod in the ..n.y of Tutm-Lobows aDd aerriooo
ollhat Caroe-Sir llobert Sale entrn Jt'lalahad-IJDproYS
tLe aodor Coa-l M011milb-Si: Ro-
bert SoJ.a r-ncdto Ko....._IJ...W. 10 p<-.1 tbitbcr
-FrisbduiOilthnU at Kabvoi--.Arrinl of tn>opa .....S..
Dripllu Sbolloo and Maj<>r GriJiilh>-Sw:ceui.., .. p-
'""' of Fono by lhe • amduct of
the llnwb Miliwy Aulborid"- Cammi.Ariat Pan
ubaodaoecl- Further Bn.....Wer Shrlton
,.ii
....
e.ntHI into CAutonm(!Ilh-Atlt'mpta-o( Sir \Villiam Mae-
nllghren to promore more vigorouo Pro<'eedinp-Furtber
rma.t.n-IU·tondoet of TI'OOjJO>--DUutrn in Kohimm
- Extraon!illllry Eo<:apo of Major Eldric! Potti!ll"r and
Lieutenant Haugbllln-Dt.truttion or Detarbmtnt under
Captain Woodburn -Abanrlonrnent or Oundamuk and
P .. h &lt.k- Continued Mllfortunet at Kabool-Re·
marb or U.lllmant Eyre on failure at O.bma...-.Ne-
gotiationo with Mgban cru.r.-cFtu1hor ill..,.,nda<t aud
W.gnoe or a Europoan Rcgimcnt--Om1ure to llririlb
En•oy-lntrniew with Alfghan Chiea: tr.r Wllliom Moe-
nllghten mllrdo:rcd-Continued torpor or Military Au-
thariboo-Coo....,rian eondudt'd with Rn<mr-OeJlo.rture
ol Bririlb liom tubool-l>iamolu Mu<h- Horrible
Destruction in the Pua or Baotbauk- Overtun> !mm
Akbtr Kh•n oc:cept.d by (Joueml Elphinallme-Remark•
-Extingul•hment of the llririlb Army-Att=pto to
alford reliri ID Koboo'-t'ailure in the Khybtr &N-
  o( Atfain at "•wSekr
L<lrd Auckland' a opprooeblng Rctiremrnt-Occupotion of
Kurnoul-PrO<lft<fingt in llunclleaund-.Arrivol of Lortl
Blleoborough u Succeoor o( Lord Aucldand-Ciwllcter
oC the latter Nobleman ... Pp. 74to S2G
CHAPTEit XXXI.
Cootinued diffioultieo in Alfghoni&tan-Gbumue recaptured
by the 'En<my- Nobl• J)d.,.. oC Jelolabod by Sir
Robert Sak-Saa:aafu.l Acbie....,.,.to - BriDiant aud
deci&i"" Attac:k on the Camp of Akbtr Khan; faD
or Colonel   or Generol PollO<k at Jt!A.
W..d: hit March thither- Prooeedingo 11 Kandobor;
lkru:ral Nott d.iop<neo o Body or the Enemy : the City
au.clted aad de!euded by ll•jor t..--
Failure or ottempt to relieve Kaudobor rrom S'ande-
Ool<lllel Wymrr ct;,poneo a llocly o( Cavolry-Murder ol
Shah ShooJ•h-VJ...,, or the Britiah Oov<'TIIment a-
pooned IO lla Ollictn-ln.uuctio .. IO 0meraJ J>oUod<-
lllliDOdia!A! withdnwal from AlrKbani>IIID _,_plab!d-
Rtproft-otaliono of a.....raJ Pollock and o..o.n.J Non in
farour or a boldor oouroo-ConUnued Correapondrnce on.
the oubj<ct - Fon:e uoder O.ocral Eoglaod .,.; ... In
a!<ty 111 Kondahar-Au.dc by &....,. oo Kelat-i·Ghiljie
- Eoaay .....,.bling io Vicinity or Kanbabv
dra•u fn>m their PooiUont by Oenet111 Nou-Worka of
Kdtll.J.Gblljic dellroyed- Furtbor Corretpondtncc be-
rn.o ao ......... o.o.ru .,.d commanclio& in
Mg!waiatao- P<neiooiOD b> upon Kabool ..,._
ceded-March or O.n<!tll PoUook-Aetiom 111 Mamm-
Kbail, Jugduluk, aud ' l'rureen-Arrinl ol Kabool-Thc
Brilith Colourt otpin piAot.d lhr,....Man:b of a.o-J
Nou-\'oriooa - Caallid.t, (nllowed by Dcf0111 ol
Alfghao Go•......., of Ghrm•, Ghoxnee
ont<ted and d .. troyad-Captur< AJld O..truation o( lotalif
by O.U•fll MaCRikiU-ltecovery of tbe Brilitb Pn.o .....
-Return of !he Armieo ID lndia-a.o-J 011
the All'
0
-han War ••• Pp. !!!1to 394
CHAPTER XXXII.
Siodt-Skrtcb ol tbe cm.-u:r aod btate of the Country
and u( Orituh Rclab.•na wil.!Ut-IW.......,. o( lloo- Ameen
to form <!._ Allwu:e-T....u .. of 1832, opt"olnr the
Indoo IO Subj«: .. or the Brilitb Go\'Uillllfnt in India
C..r rommecial purpoars-Furt!J<r TI'Otl1)' a(
Frab T!eaty in IS3S-Britiab Cloftrummt ""'lmak01
to bm<«n ltul<r1 of Siodo lll>d Sholl
-tkmuki-AtnNI'I required to 11. Briti.lh tub.
oidl.uy Fo---.surprioe and .., .. oottnnCf a( the A.,..,.
- New T .... .,. rcJG<'t11111y acccpl<d - Re..arka -
Lard Ellm!.aroup tbreal<ll> tbe Chula
Nopkr ord....d 10 Sindt-Hio Opinion u 10 the proper
lll•tllCHI or deoling witlt the CountTy- Dnlt of oootbot
Tn:aty farW1lldcd-ho Tmn>-Chasrt op.oat tbe
Aa.en-Tmoty J""'fUI<d b lhoir  
'o&.. 1'1.
"
muy ol Sir Cbarlt. Napiu-Aifair oi Meer
lloootum and the 'l'urbom-March oi Sir Chorleo Nopier
to EmaWI Gbur-Dfttruotion oi that place-Mojo<
Out;rtm rocalk<l !rom Bombay to oogotiatc witb Ameen
--Seala ol allixed to """ 'J'reoty-Dllc:ontl!llt ol
Bdoc:boe 'l'ribt-lld!ldonce oi Majnr Outnm attocked
lltld by tbc Britilh-Batlle oi M....,ee -
Surrender oi .....-.1 of tho Ameen-Batlle or Hyd.,..
baci-Red...OOO ol Omm:ote -Further Military mo<e-
.....-JWmarka an the O....<:mor-Genc:ml'o dcfoneo o!
tbe Praoeedi.op in regan! to Sindo-AB'.U. or Owalio<-
D<ath or Doowlut llao Scindia-Adoptino or • Su_,.,
IIIIo Sciodje n.atb ol the lattor-Bbagt<!rul
R.o adopll<lu- Mama Salu"b Appoint«!    
-lotrigu• agaiMt tho llegf.nt-Ditturbo.neea in the
Anny-Projected Marriage botorea the )'OOilg Mabarajah
ond the N"'.- ol tho Rqst-Rq;ftlt clq>oaod and
baoisbed -Applicatiool ol llritiall llaidect for Troopa to
oupport llegent roruood by Oo.ertmr-Gmeral-Britilh
Reoid<nt ttJilCVM (ram G....Wor-Stote or Al&itw in the
Gw.ilinr Coort ""d TerriiDri•-o...-er--G<Oeral re·
oobn to .-ble a F- oeor the Frontier or Gwalior
hit V"oewo 011
the poaition of the Britith Govemmeot in rtlatioo 10 On.
liar- Vari001 Praoeedi.ogo-Go«•-·Gaeral ll1riT<I
at Agra-llaDarb oo tho C"*'>gee manifcot In bit Policy
10wardo Gnlior, and it. Orouuclo-lotcmcw with G'"'·
liar Chieto-11>c Chnmbul C!1'0Ued by the Britilh Azmy-
Tbe Rritioh on their Marcia ouddoly anackrd by the
Mohrattu-Bottloo ol Mabarajpour, Cboncla, and l'un·
niar- New Treaty concluded with Gwalior-lc. Con·
dltiont-&tnarka oo the entire Proceedingo-Lonlllllen·
borangh totuna to Cokutta-ll«ei,.. from
lnhahit.nh <>I that City-Ito .....,.rbt>Je Languago-
Lonl Wlnt!JorovP .-lltd by the Coutt of Oire<:tora-
<>I hit Mminittnllon • 39J to 64'
HI STORY
BRITISH RMPIRB IN INDIA.
CHAPTER XXIX.
IT wjgbt bnve been c..xpected that the o.rrnngc-
ment of the oonAioting clnims of the East-Jndja
Compo.uy nnd the mirllst{)rs of the Crown, whlch
took place in 1833, would bnve boon followed by,
at least, some brief period of repose; but such WllS
not the !'let. Enrly in 1 834, rut application on the
pru-t of the Crown wns rondo to the Court of King's
Bench for n mandrunus to compel tltc Court of
Directors, "under the Act of 1703,• tn trnnsmit
ccrtrun despntebes to the Enst Indies, they having
been directed to clo ~   1Jy the Bottnl " of Commis-
&ioners for the Aff'rurs of Indit1. These despntcbes
related to the olrurtlS Dlllclc upon lbe King of Oudc
• Tbe Act of 1833 {e:.«:q>t in a few innan ... , which did oat
include the .... in IJUHtfou) wu not ID ecme laiD operation till
the 22nd i\ptil, 1834. Tbat of 1813 wu aUmt an thiJ Jubj«!t.
I'OL. VT. B
CILU'.
X:XTX.
A.D.l834.
CIIAP.
XXllt.
2
I!ISTOJtY Oli' me
on tho prui of •omo of lhose miprincitlled plunclerct'S
mlh whom lndin abounds, and who bovt>r over
Wlth·e mtes with the instinct under
which liird• of proy follow the mnrch of nrmiC". 'ro
tho!<(> with the mot!Mn history of J udi11,
it ";11 lie 11J1llJ!('E!:c;nry to state tlmt Oude, liko Ar<'ot
nnd Tnnjore, nlfordcd nn runplu fipld filr thl' <'X<'T·
eise of tho nrts of pei<'Om. Though norniunlly
to n TOJ!fUIRr govcnunout, its stnto wBS
nclunlly that of ruUIT('hy. princes were gcncmlly
ttl'<'dy, and its people Rhmys The Vizier,
AsotJh-ui-Dowlnh,like his brcthn>n nround him,
frm1uont ly in wnnt of money to nllord him tho con-
tinued menus of scn•unl grntific::Ltion or ostentatious
di<plny, noel, like them, be lx--<!t by honl1 .. of
mpacioua men, an'liouq to mini,ter to his nccc•-i-
till'l, with n '1cw to enriching themselves nt the
exJlCll'IQ nliko of tho prince nncl Ill> subjects. Tho
cmbarrn.-ed Vilit'r ncccpt.cd the as<b-tulro of the
friendly u<uren!, and lli>peu.-od hi• bonds in nckoow-
Jedgmcnt of its receipt 'vit!J tnlly orieutnl mWJi6-
cencc. Ilncl these       bccu satisfied In due
cour-c, the Vizier "ould bn,·c •<'L nu cxnnlplo olto-
gct her new io T ndia. He clid not thU!! violate the
upon which EBStcm rulers orditutrily nd-
miui•h•r tbcir pocuninry llfftlino. All oxpcricru:c
the ns-.crtion lhllt creditors ncn•r c:ould
ha'c expected llu1L their c:lnim• ha'c becu
satistictl punetually, !llld to their full extmt; nntl
it nmy be Ill! quite cortniu that, lmd the
Vizil'r thus agrecnhl) <'xcec<lc<l thdr cxp ... -ctation>-.
IIRITISlt F.)[]'IJU:   ll'JUIA.
3
ho would not IC!!S hove tJXcceded th<1 mall&\11'0 of
justice. "'hcthcr or not nuy of the olleged debt.,
were altogether fabricuted (II-' 11M certainly tho rooe
in the Caroulic and Tanjoro chums), is beyond
doubt thnt demands, whicl1 in their origin migbt haw
colour of ju8tiee, were, hy thQSO proces!K'l! "il h
which Indian u•urcrs are so wcU n<'quainted, Bllt'lil•d
to an amount cnlculrLted to a feeling of
l\lltoni,hment at tbe vast ma... of nutk Vl'g<'latiun
•pringing from 110 a seed. Some elf
those processes nru intimated in lim following ex-
tract from tbo Iotter of tho rllf!idl'nt at
J.ucL:now, in tbe year 1790, a )'\'riO<! when these
dt•bta were in tbu course of mnuufncture.
"The ruinollS of borrowing appears moro
nnd more daily to luwe been the rouse of the genom!
dooliJJc of this go1wnmcuL. Tho debt has incn•:t!ft•rl
BllllUilJiy uy uniting principal and interest, at thirty-
&iX per C('JlL, iuto ocw bond.•. to which have been
ncldt.-11 new At twelve and ROmo nt
shorter periods; bill• bearing dj,c('(lunt, tcnden••l in
plnco of rend) money for flmrohK 1111 tho aumils,
who again c:hnrgc on the Stntc for auti<'iJ•II·
lion on their ki•ls, while the artual appropriation of
tho rc•·cnne. l>t.>en involved in tht' my--tericn11< in-
tricacies of fnl"-<• intercourse "ith tho aumils' l1111Mh•
tlohts, and scpnmto nllowaoocs for purposes M c:on-
fusodns the 'Jlltem of govcntmcnt b.'IS bcl!n.''•
The \"mer, after a lime, made nn attempt to
• L.cmr fro<ll reoidan tD the goftfiiOf·gmoru. Np-
ttmber, 1796.
u 2
<'HAP.
UJX.
CRAP,
XXIX.
4
IDBTORV OP TUB
lieve hiiD.iClf from hi3 COnl!llic.,ted  
by recourse to n moJo noL unu•unl with &<t<:nl
princes: he proposed to coml'ouml with his Crt'-
•litors, whom he divided into   The divi&ion.
lwwe1•er. uppennl to !Jnve beon guided by no prilwi-
plc hnving reference to tlw origin of the debts, or to
nny other point might he qtppo..<od to giw
s:mction to an arrangemenL Till'
claims were all lllinted by extortion. Some of thrm,
perhaps. were Craudul<•nt altogctht>r, :md cx-
nggerated by mud ; but tbt'hC considerations seem
to bnvc bnd no inRucnco 11 itb the Yiz.icr or nd·
viscrs, nml the distribution whkh they made rogordcd
not the chameter of tl11' elo.ima: it wns gomm<'cl hy
tho birtl1-place of tbc pnrtiCI! 11rcfcrring them, and, it
may bo inferred, was ndopted with the intention of
paying as little as pos.iblo in any !"al!e. Tlte elaim-
nnl8 were tli..-ided into Enropenos nod natives: to
the fonner cla..<S was oll'crod one rnte of compo6ition,
to the latter :moU1er, moru fn vou.rahle to the princl•,
nnd consequently less ndvantogeous to the creditor.
Among the nath·o claillltUJls were certain bll.nkcn;,
who refused the reduood dividend tendered to them,
clnimlng to bo pl11.ced em llll equality with tho Enm-
pcan creditors of tho Vizier, and adbered to their
refuanl. The consequence of tbcir pertinacity wn;;,
that they obtnined nothing, and it "liS the pl'Otrncted
wrongs of these unlmppy usurers that, nfter U1o
lnp6e of nearly forty yenra, appealed so strongly to
the &)'lD}Jnthy of ouo brnnoh of the homo govern-
ment, na to induce that authority to resort to tho
BRJTISII ID!PIR& IN INDIA.
Court of King's Bench for the means of coercing
the otl1cr.
Asoph-uJ-Dowlnh died in 1797. tl1e year alh'r the
t'ODIJ'CI"ilion with hi-; Cl'(.•tlitol'! was elfceted. To the
lemJIOI"'U')' reigu of sup)lQ!;ed Vizier Ali, suc-
ccedl'<l tbat of &ndut Ali, the brother or Asot>h-uJ-
Oowlab, IUld, from the detlnith·e treaty
with thia prince, any recognition of hi:. obligation
to tho dcbt.8' of hi• prcdcc088or was ij('MIJ1U·
lously excluded. In the preliminlll'y engagement.,
them will! a pro.-i•ioo for tho liquidntioo of the .. jlbt
debts" of the former Vizier, aod, ii the elnim• of the
U!;urious biUlkera could have been regarded M fall·
ing within t11e category. tbcy might lutve benefited
hy tho stipulntion, had it been upheld. But in
fraoilng the definitive trcnty this provision wns
omitted, aod the following I'C:IS>n waft assigned by
the gn'·cmor-gencml for its disappenrnnco :-"The
obligation eontrnotl>tl by the Nabob, for the pnylllent
of tho ju'<l dcbt11 llf llis J>re<lecessor, is altogether
emitted, not only as contrary to that prlnci11lo of
non-intcrferenco in lhe cl•tlme or which
this go\'emment lUIS in,'IIJ'Iably adopted, hut from
the • thAt th<' stipulation in-
,·oh·o In ULC ncCCl'sity nf inquiring Into lhn jus-
lice of nil I<Od eoiL•titnte the Company, in
some mcasnre, a guvantl'<' ror procuring the liqui-
dation of them, wllicb would be nttcndod with very
serionl<   • • • The baokero. who luul
rejcctccl the term• of eclDlJlO>oition BCC<'pted by other
• Minut< uf John t;hntl', 1798.
CIIAI'.
XXI:\.
CUAP.
:\'\IX.
0
fTISTOKY or Ttl£
nath·c creditol'8, were thus left, nnd properly to
their O\m unn...,.i.ted mcno• of inducing n prince.
whose mnstcr-pn._"Siou wn.5 n\'nricc, to p:.y dcbtll
contrncted by anotbnr. Their succoss was ns,
under the ci:rcum!'tnnccs, might bn\C been ex(l<'Clcd,
IUid, prob:lbly, such as they deserved. The
Jlnrliculnrs of their elnims IU'O incnpuble of being
inVl'f!tigated, but it is notorioUJl that tho debt, how-
ever contracted originnlly, bad been enonuonhly
swl.'lled by charges for interest. Thc:o prooi•c rntc
of interest semllR in some measure uncertain, but it
was not Jesq thuu twenty· four per cent. }ICJ' IUinum,
nod prob:lbly wn.s RS bigh 11!1 tbirty--i:c per cent. -end
n claim thus mrulc up woulol admit of very cou.sitler-
ablo reduction before who urged it could oo
subjected to nny actn:tl lo-•. The claimants hnd
rejected n compo,ition others hnd ncccptod-
tboy hopetl tn ohtnin som<'thing more, nntl they
found themsel\'co unable to obtain nny thing. They
mnde nn e:cperim('lll, nntl they rnfl'l!rt'd the con.<e-
qncnces of failure. Tbcy wcro nll-
tumlly, indeed, t.llougb not very for it
luis been justly obser,·t'<l, tbat "loans llt web 110
exorbitant rnl.t! of interest cnnnot jw.Uy be coll5i-
dore•l in any other light thun M gambling lrnn'"
nctiom."• The lenders in tbis cll!Kl "·ere too well
with the cbornrter of prineely bor-
row<lrs of in geneml, nod with that of the
Vizi<•r in pnrtirulllr, to regard the lollll ns B rcgu-
• !Wport of C<>mmitue of eo.r...-.Jmco of Eaot.lactia Co.m·
1""'1• 3ltt May,  
IIRmSH EJIPIRE IS IN"DIA.
7
lnr IIJld •3fe trnos:tctioo of bu•inO<'<. in wWeh grt'ftt
pmfit was to be rt'Olizetl, while no cxlmordion.ry rt•k
wns to be incurred nor nuy cxtmordinary difficulty
OIICO\llltCtcd.
nut thl' bankers all<l lhoir rcprcscntnth·es
uot Lo relinquish tlwir elnim, however
&liKht the of enfon'iug it. I u •ultlitinn to tho
llJtplil'lltion• nuule to the gml'mmcnl of Uodc, wWch
it IIIR}' (I(' Jlr(>!.umetl were •nfficicuLI}· llumcrcru. and
ttrJ,'l'lll, they througb a t'<•UI"(' of yeano, a
01•rit"' of llJlJl<'al• ln tl1e llriti•h auLl•oritics, TArying
in thdr lttrll' as in tbt• rutHlo in which they were
profl'rrml. 'l'hc«e were Jlrti'I!OULL'tl tllrough nn
ll"owt•tl ngcmL, • who lllllni fl'lllcd rulogrt'O of "eal uml
rwrtinM'ltr which, if he wen.• uothing more tbau nn
Ol(t'nl, may be rt'g!U'ded llli   if uot uopre<'e-
tll'nti'CI. llo filed n Wll in L'(]uity ngninst the Com-
J.UI}, but, in little rnorc tbao a muutb, applied for
nu o,.,Jcr fur its di<missal. llo tran:<miLted ru('mo-
riala ru••l n•ldi'CSEed lt!lters to thl• Court or Directors,
nt ouc th1w pmying thnt they woultl nt•]tOiot nu
cnrl) (K•riod for llw satisfaction mul tli"l!ltnrgc or tho
cl111111 of eon•titut'nlll--prinri(lltl Rntl intert'i!t, tbe
l<ttll•r at the mll'• nlrl'a•IJ meutionl'd ;
at anuth<'r time, more mtHI • tlJ. lmJ>loring tlt:tt tltc
eourt would tnw_<mit to thl' go"emmcnt
of Furl \\'illinm to comp<'l immt'fliate Jlllf!DCot by
the \ ' izicr; 11Dd, sub>.equcntl),lll'king, with a further
:u(l·mtco in mo<lemtinn. tbnt the conrt would rt'Wrd
tt Nlr<HIK npinion jn fnmur uf tho t'lnim8, nnd dii'I!Ct
• r. G Pncndtfl'l'l
CII.\P.
l.XJX.
CHAP.
XXIX.
8
the local government to enter into negotiation with
the Vizier on the mlticct. But the court were in-
they neith!'r pnid the tlUeged debt, nor
interposed to nssi;t the olnimnnt.s in reooYering it.
In Bengnl the indefntlgnblo money lenders wcro
mtlwr moro fortuunte. During tbe odministralion
of tbe Mnrquis of ITnstings. 8ll npplication for thl'
intcrf=ro of on thcir bch.Uf wns ml't
by a declaration that tho ca.'O wns not one "hich
coulll re<'ci•'C the formnl 1111pport of the Briti•h
authorities, but tbat, notwithstlUiding, the resident
should be instructed to st11te the clu.im to the Vizier,
with the opinion of tho Dcngn1 governmenb thereon.
'l'ho rosillent accor<Ungly wns thus in.stnrctecl; he
dill, tb!ll'cupon, state the cltum nnd the opiniou, nml
re<:ommcnded tbnt tho former 'hould be placed in a
train of adjustment; but tho recoOIDlemhtion wu
not of n character to win the fcn·onr of the prince
then reigning, "ho wns tho ut·phew of the mnn by
whom tho debts were niJC'ge<l to haYe been coo-
trocted. The Vizier's reply wns wlaccoptnble to tho
claimnuts, but it was nt   and OJICD : lro
tlult he hnd ncithC'r iufomwtion nor con-
rcru in regard to the su hject. And this wAS the
M>lo n.-wlt of the intcrfcrcoco of the gonmmeut of
Ikugal. On being appri7.ed of tl1e npJIIicntion run) tho
answer, the Court of DirectOI'l! forbnde nny further
tlltcmpts of the like nntnro being made nt tho
instnuce or for tho benefit or nuy pllrties whutovcr.
T>urlug tho period "hich intorv()J)cd between the
nf the llllplicnliun to U1r Vizier, und<'r tho
DtUTISEI L'II'UlE 11( INDIA.
9
admini<tmtiou of the .Marquis of and the
ndopt ion of the claim by the Uoru-d of
sionel'!l for tho Affail"' of lndlA, tho ajl'Cnt of the
claimants m:ulr !;(on!rn) nborth·c nttemptll to ruJ,=ce
the cnnsc of client•, IIOmctlm!'A by nJ•JlliC11tion• to
parliament.. I!OIDCtim{'S to the Court or Direeto,...
afford the only odclitionnl inl'idt'ntB belonging
to the public of tho nRhir. 1'ht>re wAS,
indeed, a succeoo-ion of printe iutrigoc .. oeattered
o•·cr nc11rly hlunty yeMo, all diroetcd to abet tho
designs of the iudefntignble u•ure"!! upon the li:nnnct'fl
of Ou•lt•. Souu- of on e.-idcnro which
history t'nnnot rtle'Civc, ruul tlJU preciso menm hy
wlticb the clu.lm, nl'tcr repeated found
fa\'our at the Boord ennnot be blltisfuetorily
Th.is ••n•, indeed, n period when the good fort\mo of
tho<lO \1 ho were desirou• of pl'C) ing upou the peoplo
of lntlin \IllS in the 118CCDdnut. Only two yean
beforc>, n bill b111l been succe.-fully JlllS&ld through
parli:nncnt to 'l!tiJ<fy tbt' C\'er-memnmble clnimJ of
the cl'l'ditor of the zmniudor of Noozecd. t 'fhe nc.'l
ycnr WI\R signnlizcd by 110 npplicntion fur n runn-
tiiUJIU• requiring the Court of DircctoJ11 to Jlcntl
out o lli.'O{lmtcb to aid tho dt'mnmls of tho Jlru1 of
• In 18!!2, a ""lat committoe of tho lloue of Commazu'""'
appointed t.o inqui.,. irno tho claima 1 but lhe ..,...mittee lind
report<d-11 little to be     ... the \'llluc of the .....,.m.
w:ndotiona of Jl"rllamentary commiu- appointed 10 inquiro ill II>
,..._.J- oo too J:ftX11'1Jylcao"ll to-.Bow o( thtir bariD&
the tliRI•ttst \\'eight in any
t On lhia oubj..:t,,.. note on PIS<' '"'· ii.
CUAP.
XX!X.
(;IIU'.
\XIX.
10
m· Tll£
l'almer & Co. on tho 1\izru:n ;• and now a similar
mrusurc wns taken "ith regnrd to eqnnlly '"''"
puwble with those whic!J wNo tbc of pnr-
liruncntary nnd fo1our in the pr<'•·iou•
inlltnnces. A mle in the Court or King's &nch
wns o\)tnino•l by tho attomcy-jtcnernl ou behalf or
the Do:ml, but wforc the time anin•d fc>r
CIIUJ!C 11gni11•t it, the I icws or the Bonrd hnd, frO Ill
some uloth·c, n clmuge, nml the llu·!'nt--
eucd ml':ISure was sufferN) to drop. 'l'be firmm
mnnifested by the Court of Directors, without doubt,
lod to tl1is result; tho utter rottenness of tho grouncl
UJ'OU which their opponents lll.ood r<'ntkring tltcm
tllmilling tn ruK fortlac.•r mtlJ thooc ll"bO had
a good CAu•u and the cotllllfrO to mttintnill it. Sixt
dirccton. n letter to tlJo court, nvowiug
their detcnuination not to nffix their signatol't', nuder
nuy circumstnnceF, to lbc •
Till' ucputy cbninnnn! took the   course. lie
r<:mnrkcd: "I am quite aware lbnt I nlll raUed upnu
to net miuistminlly only in ijigniog the
of the l:lonrd, but tit ere nro cnses I cnnnut
act ctt"Jl mhllitcrinlly. There are obligations •u-
pcrior to lhnt of )icltling oll('die,nrc to n mnu-
clamus, nnd ilierc nre nets which cnnnoL be J>N-
fomlt.>d without n •iolntiou of those principles on
0
See YOI.l•. pp. 581, 683.
t WOllam Alt.U, Eoq ; Campboll Morjorlbanko, Eoq. : Wil·
llam Wipato. Eoq.: John 1'bombill, Eoq. : Cbarleo Mllli, Eoq. ;
R..-11 Eoq.
I II'""')' St. Truer, Eoq
DBITIBn £lll'lllf': IN INDIA. 11
which all law is founded.'' The chairnlJlD, • though
he did not refu<t' to sign the statetl.
groat force nnrl di"tinctnCSl', his ullor disnpJlrovnl of
ill! object, dcclarinsr. "oooncr thllD be rcspon,ible
for this drnft, I "'ould re-ign my wnt."  
1lirector,'' ho obseTVe<l, "is bound to
support the ComJ'RDY by his be< tach ict>, councrcl, amd
RS!'istanrt>. I R<'<JUit myM"If of tbnt obligntion, upon
tltis OCOOBioo, by the COUUI'()) { baVO given, IUIII shnJJ
continue to ghc, that tho court tL'IC every
leg:U moons in their power to prownt the tnull!-
tnisl'ion of this most objL-ctionnble   Five
other recorded their concurrence in the
,;ewa of the cbairnum. The patrons of the u..ourious
of the Vizier A6ll)lh-ul-Dowlnh found lhcir
determinntion fnil nt the lMt momNtt, mtd the Court
of King'" Deneb were not moved lO nuke the rule
grnnwd nb;;olutt>. But tho attempt to compd the
Court of Directors to aid, lly thcir authority, the Jm-
rigbh.'Ou.s cao.c \IM too extmordio:lry, tmll had been
too public to t'l'capo RDimnd•·emon in parliamenL
Lord Ellcnboroogh gnvo notice of n motion in tho
IIou<e of Lords on tho nnd on the 20th of
April (tho rule in the Court of Kin)f'a Deneb having
pre.-iou•ly been he inquired whether the
Board intended to perse•orc. Enrl Grey answered,
that he believed it was not to proce..-d
• John Loch, l!oq.
f W • .0. Bayley, Efq.; Jam .. RiRit Cattw:, Eoq. (IIOY Sir
Jameo lt. ear-. Don.); R<nry Alaaud<r. Eoq., llidoanl
Jcuki ..... F""l. (.,_ !Sir Ric:lwd J<nlriot. 0. C. B.). HC!Il!J
!.'hiUik, Roq.
A. D. IIIli
CIIAP.
LXIX.
A. D. ISlf.
12 IDSTOilY OF Til&
further. Lord Ellenoorough, thereupon, put this
further wbnt gronnd the dclemti-
nntion of the Bonrd bud bet•n taken? The premier
naively an;,wercd, thnt be did not know. The Lord
Chancellor• thou nnd nftor n few preli-
minary said, " Events run·e t.a.kcn plnce
which hnvo quito put nu enll to the mntter in ques-
tion, and have taken away the wl10le grounds of the
ca..oc upon wbicb tho procceilinll!! of the Doard of
Control wore founded."t But his lordship did not
what thOS6 grounds were, uor what wore tbu
events which harl taken them a\\11y. On the 5th of
May, J.ord Elll'nborough submitted biB uoticl', which
was for pnpurs connL'Clod with the subject. Ilk
lonl•hlp, in introducing it, !tis reason to be
the desire of provooting a miscl1iovous measure, the
attempt to carry "bicb, in one way. had been frus-
trated from being cHilcted in nnother. lie
to tho miscmblo condition of Onde, which be allegW
ha•·e been known to the Jlonrd, notl dwell on
the pecnlinr incxpedic:'ncy of selecting a time
for pi'<'SSing the claims lo qul'Stiou. He inquired how
the chums wero to be   by re-
)'rescutation only, or whether, if rc50rt
11 as lo bo bud to force ; und he urgued tbot tho
former coun.e would be Vllin and fmille-s. wbile tbc
latter was forbiddcu ulike by Jnw nnd policy. .Alter
<liscn>•ing at rome length the origin and bit-lory of
the clnims, he pi"OCel<dcd to sponk of the ogcott of
• Lord 13rougbaon. I Mirror of l'arliomcut.
I

BRlTll!B &liPI&E I$ INDIA. 13
tho clnimnnL-. whom he repn.,.•ntccl as more thnn
tiJt agent., it bl!ing gencmJJy bclieTed-indeed, his
lonlshi p 511id •· not.orions, tbnt be purehnsed the whole
or pnri of the prh·aie clrum of the party in who&o
nnmc hu bus nppenred." he contended,
Willi unlnwful by the •pirit nml h•llt•r of the statute•
prohibiting British from ht'ing cMcl'mt'<l in
to nntiTe princes; •· then•fttre," ntlolcd hi., lonl-
" I on tb:lt .1\T()und.llli wdl ... , tho other &not
  by mP, that tlu.• lt:ttcr forwnnll'd by tho
Boo.r.J of Control to tho Court of Uirccton; miS .,,
iUcgnl lcttrr. J t wa.q in ftl\·otlr of 11 clrutn which
entirely ,·oid by the l11w-it was in fnvour
nf an intlividunl who clnimcu by ,·it·tue of having
pnrcbll!lcd tho bond, which purchii!!C wns a mi.._
tlcmcMour, and it directed tbc doing of that which
c_ould not bo done without subjt>cting to the penalties
of n mi.drmeaoonr the goH•mor-gcnero.J of India.
U odrr these circumstances, I nm not surprised that
the rule for the mnndamm bns been disclwged. I
nm pcrfcclly satisfied tbat the Court of King's Bench
uonld not lmve granted the mrutdnmns, UJIOD lheso
facts Jx>ing made l'llown to the judi(I)S of tbnt court.
Butmon.• thliD that, I am quite that "' hen
Gil these points have been brought beforo
tbc nohlo earl at the bead of hiJ ... ty's go,·ero-
ment, be would bave agrcctl •ilh me, that to <oend
thnt lctwr to India was imJ'IO"•ible; that ir wu
unju,t n.nd uofrur 1.<1 tbu govcmor-gencml of
J ndin to call upon him, contrary lo trcaty-eoutrury
• 37 Geo. 3, .. p. 14 2.
CIIAP
L\IX.
CRAP.
){XIX.
14
ffiST()RY OF THE
to law-contmry to cqo.ity- to use force where force
was proWbited by Act or Parlinnumt, nod repugnant
to t he feelings, the honour, antl tho ]lO!icy or tltitl
untion. Therefore, I do not thank the president of
lbc Bonrd of Control for witbdr:nving thnt letter,
and not Jlrcssing for the mnndamUll. nc could not
have sent t:be letter or obtained tho m.-uuln.nJlli!."*
Lord Ellcnborough then, with reference to tbe
JlOSSible revival, in another shape, of tho abandoned
orders on the claim, proceeded to nrgue lhe question
on grounds of geollml policy, nnd concluded by sub-
mitting Iris motion.
The Lord Chnncellor, whose withering cX]1osure
of the "Noozeed affair," two yclll'S be fort-, bad com-
manded the admimtioo of nil but such as were iu-
teresl;:d in tho matter, now appeared as the cbnm1>i11n
of claims quite :lB qnestionnble ns thol1e which be
bnd fbnuerJydenounced. His lordship entered  
n vehement. defence of tlao ngout, or· nJicgcd ngent,
of tile creditors, denying tbnt be hnd purchased the
claim of those wllom he professed to rcprw;cnt, bul
nt the same time maintairung tbnt if be bnd, the
purchase might ba,·e becu ronde before the Act re-
ferred to by Lord Ellen borough came into opemtion,
iu which case it would not lmve beenlainled with iHe-
gnlit:y. On this point lhe noble and Jonrncd Joeer was
very indignant, observing, in l'Cference to the imlmtn-
tion cnst by Lorcl Ellenhorough upon the of
the olaimnnts, uud by imputntiou upon the Jlri!Sidenl
of the Board, " Happily, the venom of this nttack
• Mirror of Parlinult!Ut.
IJIUTISII mtl'llt£ .lN INDI.•
15
is accompanied by its antidote."• The Lord Cltnnccl-
lor then proceeded, at great length, to exllUJine and
defend the chnmeter of lbe cilliDlB, :md, nenrly at
cqUJtl length, to argue thut the intention of sencling
out the offensive despatch bnving been noomloned,
there wns no pretence for Lord Ellcnborough's mo-
tion. The Duko of Wellington l!tlJ>portcd the mo-
tion, and eKprosscd strong feelings of aoncem M<l
surprise at lbe attempt to enforce upon the Court of
by tbe operation of tbe lnw, tbe mensures
c<mtemplated by tbe 13Qard. J,ard Ptuuket, lbe
Lord Chancellor of I relruul, supported tbe Yiews of
the T..ord Ch:mcellor of Englnnd, nud tho debate wn.s
terminated by a reply from Lor<l Ellcnborough, in
tho <•ourse of which bo nse<l language hlgWy lauda-
tory of the Conrt of Dlrectol"!l. t The motion wll8
• Mirror of Porlioment.
t Hia lord•hip ooid. "Then! il nnotber body oi pcr>Olll on
whooe behAlf I wilh t.o .. y • few ward.t. '11>e noble and leornod
lord on the woolJMk did not throw ""Y mloction on Court of
Director>, hot the ooble nod leorocd lord oppooite (lArd l'lunkct)
did do so. lords, 1 mutt •ay Llutt the eonduet or the Court
ur Dirccton-. in this tmlU!acrioo. rutJecb great booour OQ them.
It does not matttt to them whcth•r the "'commendation of Mr.
Omnt be adopted or not; lhepro in no intrrntc<l. Ol<C<pt
u the guatdiaru of the illluour and good roitb or the oulmloirua.
tion or u 1ulili. acting upon the.ir  
in the diaeLargl> or their •luty to t.hoee wbo clt<:ted them, and th•
people or India, iJ1ey are dl!ternoiood to retin the order or Mr.
Grunt: io "" doiog they d ....... Wl!ll of the (l"'plo or lodin. and
or tha>e who intnuted them with the chargu which tbl'J' bold. 1
think it a •ubjeot or greAt COllj,'l'dtul&tion to the conntry Llutt
the olfuir.s o( tbe Compony are ouhniniltcr«l by gentlemen o( inde-
peodeur.e." After •d•erting ID tho ,..,.;...,..., olferod by tl>e
diffl!lent me:mbt.n or tlle eourt. to the faot tba.t e:iglll me-mben-m.
CFIAP.
XXIX.
CRAP.
XXIX.
A. D. 11134.
16 lnSTORY OF TUZ
cnrried; but thil! wns n poinl of the
of bringing it fonmrd being to obt.in 11 public
discussion of tho qucstiou.
was not to oo E'X)X'Cled that the
proceedingll of tbc BoArd of CoUlmi--ioners for the
All&irs of India woulu pn.ss without in that
which has becu tennou tho gmnu inquest
of England. Aceoroingly, on lltc tlth of :May,
Berries, in the llotL-e of Commons, m1ned for aome
papers connect<'ll with the snlliect, nn•l the motion
,,.ns cnrried without oppooition. On the 12th, Mr.
Ilorries pot two questions to the mini•try-first,
whether tlte proceedings in the Court of
Bench bad !wen abandoned? llftd, secollllly, llhethcr
it was still lhe uctt'mlituttion of tbe nd \'iscrs of th<'
Crown to employ the authority of the
of T nd.iJI for proonriog the settlement of tb!' claims
ol tbe   The Chancellor of th<>
Lord AlUtorp, in the abt,once of the pl'()ljident of the
Boanl, Bll$Wcred distinctly to tbl' first, that tho legal
proceedings !tad boon nbnrulonetl ; to the seoond, he
declined gh;og nny reply. Some further pnpel'll
were grouted on the 15th of Mny, on the motion of
Mr. ChariCII Ross, nod on the 28th of July, Mr.
futcd to .Pgn the CYtn miniat<rially. and that lix othen
formally cliJtlaimed all mpolllibility in n:ganlto il, bit& lord!hip
poaed a bigh .....,...;liiD on tba clwactcr ol the dulirman. Mr.
Loch, founded on ollicial intereou....,, and th.., ukod, " lo it poo-
fible for aay IliaD to ay that there """ be no doubt u to the
- ol tba Board ol Cantn>l, •hm toan.e. - oltWdl)'•
!Our direeton l'iew it in tbit& light, and •ben tw•nty·th""' 011t ol
t....,ty.four rd.....t tbeir aamt to it1"
IIRrriSH F.lll'IR £ I!> IN 0 lA. 17
llcrril"' nailed himself of nn opening which occurred
for brinhoing the IIUitler to thl• notice of the llon.<c
morl' tli.,tinctly nntl pron•ineutly, without Hw ncct.-
Fity of tmumilt.ing nny motion on tbc subject. After
nnmllinjr, with some minntcnc"S, tho fncts of tho
tliAitronet• ht•tween the Botu'tl of Commi.@•ioner.; nnd
the Court of Directms, lir. HcJTIOti tbus pointedly
plaet.><l tho nature of the queo;tiou at i-.-uc before hi•
amlitors :-" Tbo House "ill naturally ask, what
lw bet-n the cauoe of all thi<? Is it same great
point of l udillll policy! I s it 100me scheme for the
beltt•r mnungement of that importaul part of tho
empire? No. It is ueitbor more nor laos tbnn
thi11-tho sclllement of Ull old, uhurious job of forty
years' stnuillng. This it is "hicb bas induced tho
Board to act as i1 bas done." lie then pro-
ceed<>d to examine the W.tory of the clllitru! in detail,
and concluded by calling 011 lilt' pre;<ident or the
Boord for cxvllUUition. )fr. Grant followed, bot hi•
though able and i11geniou•, atronlctl no iu-
into tho reasons which bad induced hun,
fiThl to UJ1(lly for tho mrmdnmn•, nud tbt'n to with-
dmw tho tlJIJ>Iicntion. Ho mnintnincd tbejubtice of
tlw tlnillll, ami defended lho demand for intere-t at
thirty ... i...: per cent upon the ground that it was the
mnrket rato in India. To liD allegation of Mr.
Il<>rriC'. that he hnd not met thl! arguments of the
Court of Directors contained in their reply to the
communicntion of the views of the Boor.!, the nn-
swur of lltr. Ornnt appears ''Cry   Jt
to tho olli•ctlhat the corrL ..     of which thnt
VOL. \'1.
CUA.t• ..
'<'\IX
18
IIISTORY 01' Tlll'l
letter fonncd part. l\"M not between tho public an<l
the India llotlni, but between tbe Court nf Directors
and that Bon.rd ;-that both parties l1ntlnll the fiJcls
before them. and were intimately acquainted with
all that bntl been written co the "ttbject: aod thnt.
consequently, it unnecll!l•nry to nru1wcr the nrgu-
mcnts of the court., more eFJIC!C.'ially ns the nr
the pn!Sidi'Ot had ll()('o made knowu to tbc cbttinnnn
noel deputy-chninnon of the Company by per.;onru
c:ommuniC4Ueo. This mC)(Io of dealing "ith tho
mnttcr would scc:m to justify &II tbo nrprelu!ru,ions
oxprcssetl by tho court during thel cliscussioo on the
recent renewal of the Comp:my's term of go,·cm-
mcnt, ns to the c:ITccl of refu•ing a rule of publicity
in casas of irrec:oncilnblc diftor()llce between tho two
home anthorities. •
• The ol the 1•....idct - to be tiCJthing ""'"
than the ohl "Sk volo tir   aomcrwhAt dilAted. To antwor
a l4gical "'"'Y oi C.Cta and ayllogimu by a onanchunWI may
be _,- oonehuire, but io oot rery ca>WK:iu!f. Tho kttrr re.
femd to wu th111 c!wultriM by Mr. Hem..:-" Tbio lettn
oonlo.in• one of the matt able argutn<nta I •= nead io tLo whole
ol my life. If honoW'Iblo membero b.,.o not read thio lotto,._
aod, -t<d 'lritb an lndiu oubjoct. I fear that (ow haTe
doae -1 would ..,.,..tly m:ommeod them to penue it, fur I
oolllidcr it tho very ablott publie doeumont which hAt como under
my ol>i!enoltlon for =rreara. It oonitt no lingle point or the
it DO blttoricaJ whkb d DOl car-
ried to ita very aou:m:-DQ anthority wbidt hu beeo quot<d iD
tho wbolo eoune of tho di1pute thtt it not tot forth:
"' abort. It d- not ...... wed ... patoh, or • ohadow o(
ao ia tha ....., 1111l.o0ehed. I know - who dttw
up thi! popor, but, he may be, be io "" boaoar to the
• Court oi Directors."' The dam of the letkr refemd to •••
tho lit ol March, 1833, and tho gmottr ..,t of it will be found
lJIIITl&R EMPIIU!l IN INDio\. 1!)
Rir Robert Peel folloW"cd Mr. Grant, and plAced
the qutl!ltion on its jnst grounds in the fonn
following:-" In point of fnct, thiJ question lies in
the narrowest compiiSS, and I wish to nddress myself
to those gcntlcmeo who nrc not conYOfl>illlt with the
dotnils or it, nml who know nothing of lite Dosses
or the A!'llpb-ul-Dowlnhs, nor hnn' onrr bcanl
their nam01 mentioned until this night. The ques-
tion L. tbiM :-11 debt W1IS contracted by the King of
Oudc, forty years ago, for \\ hido be was to pay in-
• nt the rate of thirty-5ix P<Jr cent. ; 'fruiom other
debts aiM contrncted by tho Millo individual.
Dnring tho lnJllle of tllose forty years, tliJicreut govern-
ments in Tndin have mado nmirnblo npplicntions to
tho King of Oudc for tl1e pnymottt of this debt;
but they never resorted to otbor measures, conceiv-
ing precluded from doing so by their
ll!nicnblc relations with thnt country; nnd the ques-
tion now is, wbetber, niter the lllpoe of forty yeaJS,
tho JlCrcmptory nuthority of tho Court of King'a
&nch shnll bo nsed, to compel n reluctant I>Q<]y,
for the govcrumont of Imlln, to sole<>t
OM debt out of on indefinite nurn!Jer lor tbe pur·
JIOSC of enforcing its liqnidntion." J n onswcr to nn
Af!!UIDCOt, employed by tlJO pre;idcut or the Doard,
n wrong had been dono to a I'Ubjeet,
and that we wero at liberty to redro. • the  
Sir Robert PL>el &:Uri, " The "bolo force of tbo nrgu-
mont dcpcmls upon tho fnllucy or confounding the
in the AJlr""'dix 1.0 vol. v. of tbil work, from pogo
to -&..fS.
c 2
CRAP.
JaiX.
(;II AI'.
)\ XJX.
::II III!I'NII\ Of TIU!
non-Jln)'1ncnt of n doiJt witlt o wrong. Wucu did
ewr the "L nited con•true the non-pn) ment
of a debt into n \lroug! If any wbjt-et of the
Crown receive nn injury from n foreign you
Jtn,•c t> right to UJ'Illy tor rcdrc.s, nnd, if rofused, to
eompel it ; but it is n perfectly uovcl doctrine, ond,
in the llrcsent state of the world, most inron vcnicut,
tbnt tho non-payment of n dolJt due to his
giv<'fl o. right to t ho King nf Englan(l forcibly to
intcrfcro with fCireigu states. Oh t bow delighted will
the crcditon; of SJiain be, wbl'n they bear this doc·
  Why, the bonds of the Cnciquo of Poyais
(l\011, will be and mit>Cd to o. premium,
when it is kno\111 that the right honoumulo gentle-
man Ita!! declared that tho non-payment of n debt,
doe to n Briti•h ouhject by a foreign sUite, is n
puhlic wrong, and ghes tho King tho right to in-
terfere w;th force to compel its puyrum1t."• Mr.
Grant had said thAL be did not intend, or con-
template, the t'llll•loyment of force, and to Sir
,Robert Peel llllS\\Cred that tho Court .,r Directors
UJJderstood that tho use of tbrco was intomlod ; thnt
mch, indeed, wns tho only com,truction thllt could
properly be put upon a )lllrticulttr direction in the
meditated destmtcb; and that tho president, u • .,ugh
nwnro that tlto direction w118 so 1mdcn;tood by tho
court, made no nUcmpt to that it \\US un·
"W'tlft11nted. Aner many further remarks, illu•trating
the impolicy of taking up the claim of tho b:mkcrs,
Sir RolJort Peel concluded by rclilrring to tho tiOlSI!i·
• Mirror of Puliarnall.
DRJTISU F.liPIRE IS INDIA. 2)
hie a.s,.umptlon of the govarument of Oude by lhe
Briti.•b, ond solemnly deproeated, in cn...-e, lhe
commencenH•nt uf the c>:erci•c of sovereignty, hy
Bl'llrOIIriating ele..-cn hnnrlred thou_<ancl poundR ster-
ling of the propi!l'ty of tho territory to tho liquida-
tion of a claim, for wbich it did not llppt'IIT tiult the
Hrifuh State had ever mllcle itsclf in the Flightc!lt
•Iegree l't'll)lOnsible. Only one SJI("Ilker more a<l-
d..-d the lion.."<', llr. Uum!', whn defcntled the
t•laim nf the bcwlwM!, alleging that it wns a peeoliar
C'a!Oe, as tbt'its wna tlul only debt n'maining
due to a Briti•h mbject. • Ho maintoine<l that the
debt was j1111t: that tho       ndduc:ed by
Sir Robert Peel were not nrposito; tbat it
WM cli-grnccfuJ to the British gov!'rument that the
chum shoultl havo lleen permitted to remain FO long
uusettlt-d. Dut., while ngreein,:r in the views pro-
pounded by the prosident of the Bo.ud. :Mr. H ume
passed a ceJTh-ure upon that minister. "Tl•e right
honoumhle gcnllemnn," he s:tid. "hns taken no
to cnfon'C thc payment or tllal which he bas this
night so nbly proved to bo o. jukt debt; for if, io hi!.
opinion, it be not a just dl'bt., lhcn it ml!l an lltL or
grcnt wcnkn()';S to have proceeded 110 fnr ns he hns
But. pcrsuncled M I run that tbo tlcht jq n
just onCI, I think ho ought not to hnve been
• Thi1 dOOll not "'!'pta< CD be correc:t. lt il1tallod iD a rqtOrt
al tlw ot of tho Court ol DlrectA>,..,
datod the 3ht May. tl!:l2, all<l priDtocl in the parliameDtllr)'
popen, thot Mr. Broce. •• European <rroitol', having ftjectod the
"""'JlOfitioa .-pled by bia r.Umr.dJoimanto, "loot bia whole
drbt, aniOUnting tA> IU. 4:;(),0011."
COAl'
XXIX.
CHAP.
XXIX.
A.D.  
22
IDSTOllY OF TUE
vented from following up those proceedings, until
the pru-ties hnd ltad fuJI justice clone to them."*
Thus ended tho debato, and here tenninated an
afihir in which, hnppily, moral strength was success-
ful in resisting nn undue of legnl power.t
Tbe course of the borne government of India was
not, however, long to run smoothly. In
the month of August, n letter was recei v11d by the
cbnirruan of tho East-India Company from Lord
Willinm Bentinek, tendering his lordship's J·esigna-
lion of the office of govemor-gencrnl. Sir Chnrles
1\lctcnlfe,t n higWy distinguished civil servant of the
• Thi.o quotation il made from tho report oontoincd in the
n .Mirror of Pa.rtiament, ... on which nccorute authority the. pre-
..Umg notice oC "'me or the porta or Mr. Hume'o opeeeh allo
,...tl. Ill tu10ther highly truttwnrtby Wllrk, " llruunn!'o l'l\r-
liamcntnry Debateo," the Collowinz il f>i""n no JMitt oC t11e pro-
c:ecdingo oC the Houi!C of Co1nmono of tbe 4tb July, 1822, when
Mr. Brougbom moved that • petition on this clliim obouW be
referred to a commiueo.- u Mr. Uume, illl!tcnd uC looking upon
t.hiJ u 3 matter fit forpublieinqniry. thought itaprlVIlte aobject.
Lord Comwallio bod dcc!And that the JlOVemment ought not to
inttt!erc witb matte,. of privute debt in [odfu, and iC the Mnr·
que11 \Yelleoley ccnwd!!rod tho prcoeut •objeot fit for publie in-
li>d'erence, he had bad obundact opportunities or promoting
inquiry into the trnnonct:ion. 1f the Houoe tol=t<d on inquiry
into thia ..... they would, nat ..WOn, have five thoUIDlld appli·
eg.tiom of u .ttisuitnr nnture. ••
1 A <tty aWe on tho oubjeet, in the Conn of a letleT
to Mr. Grant, oppenred from the pen of Eneao MiU!Donnel, &q.
1t will repay the peru>al of ll1ose who take nn intefftt in bulirut
I!Jfainl, by it. cleor e>po4!ition of CI!Cta, ood the biting comments
mnde on them.
I It M'U be reeullcctod, thAt be w .. oelected to ouro:ed Sir
Oarid Ocl>terlooy in the mouagem<nt oC the Brilllil rclatinno
with BhurtjlOrc. Sec vol. '·• l'· 134, <t ti<q.
llllrJ'l.Sll EAIJ'mP! IN INDIA. 23
Company, had bem 11ppointed to be tho pro•isioual
succc•sor of Lord William llontinck; nne!, on taking
into oonsiderotion tho communication of his lord-
shiJ•'s wiEh to retire, the Court of Directors came to
a f'(l8o)ution that, "adverting to the public chamctcr
:uul sen-ices of Sir Charles M etcalfc, wlwsc know-
lctlge, tulent!c, eminently qualify him
to J•ro61lcuto tho various important men-
sure. COib{'IJUCllt on the ne" Chru'ter Act, tbi!l Court
nro of opiniun that it would be ine:qx:dicntnt pi'Cllent
lu make any other arrougnmcnt for bopplyiug tho
office of •   This n."l<<lution ha•ing
been communicnted lo llr. Gmnt, drew from tlml.
gentlcmftll nu uuswcr, fiDDoundog thu dccitlo•l opi-
nion of tho King's minil;ters, that no time &boulcl bo
luaL in np(tOiiLting n pe.rrnnuciLt successor to the
retiring go•cmor-gcneral; IUld intimating further,
thnt with to tho appointment of noy
of tbo Cornpnny, "howe\'"er eminent his knowledge,
talcuL-., nncl experience" might be," the
minbtry ngrcod in thcsentimcotswhich llr. C:uruing
bud, OIL n fortll.llr oeCIIIIion, exprC8Sed, "thut tho cuse
CliO hardly oo coneci ved in which it would be oxpe-
dicnt that tho highe..l office or tho government in
J odlu. should be filled othenvisc thllll from Englnutl;
and that thAt one mAin Link, at least, between the
aystcms of the Indinn nod British govcmmiUits
ought, for tho advantage or both, to bo in'"llrinhly
maintained. On.lhill princi)lle, Hit was added, "it bas
usunlly been thought proper to net, nntl iutbe 'arious
important measures consequent OIL tho new Chnr-
CIUP.
=
CIIAr
X'<IX.
24
ll!STOR\' Ot' TITil
ter Act, hi& Mf\iesty's miuietcrs sec much to enjoin
the continniUit'C or the gcneml prncliec, but nothing
to rt'COnnucml n dev:inlion from •
Aner this intimnticm, U1e CourL of Directors
nbltllined from the of Sir Charles
• A• oeither lhe al!irmatin! oor lh<onegui•' part of lhe minil-
terial Yitian i.e expounded, it is impouible to ar;uc that poculinr
part or lhe quellwn "' iuuc which relrua to tho operation or tho
Act tbtn """"'111 and whkb ;. momd to as " the o.w
CbiUUr Art." Tbto gmmal quootion b .. iDI been cfuoeot...d in
\'01. i•. I'P· 96.117, it io not .-ry to re-open it in tbil place,
but it iA certainly nOlM11 to unclrra-tond upon wbatprinciJl1et
dirl.., of Mr. Cunln!f, held fatal to the claimlof Sir C. Mtteelfe,
wu hued. He lwld that lhe higbeot oftice ill lh<o go<uum<nt o(
IDdia tbonld innriably be 6Jied from Engl..od. Ae it nr...,. wu
proJtOO<d to onnftr it UJIOD any oo.h<r tbtn an Engllahmou bom.
thil de.olanrtion mu•t. be uodmtood to t'llDOUnt, in fact. to au
or the opinion or Mr. c.wuing. that the otliee or
pcrnor-gtmnl ohoolld oot I.. ill<d by a oornnt ol tho. Cout-
JllllJ: that elqant rbctoriciau ha•ing, probably from a fttling of
onurtnr.lett thil to be infcrrod in preference tOAI>tting itdirettly.
1'bo apparent retult, tbaeforo, io tbil: that it, in addition to thr
other requilite qualifteationofor lhe oilic:e n( •
eandidate baJ'P"" to poooou loo:al bowleC!j;e thooe
fatal acqoisitio111 ohall operate u a bar to bb ebUm. What is
Mid of maintaining one main link ut teut betw«n the t.wo countriea
io ob<loutly mere "trbi•g•. Cor u all the bnlden of higb ollit(> aro
Mli•oo or the llriti•h Wando, and lhe pmiOf·g<Delll '""'ld
under IU\f circ.um..tt.a.Dcet be a natin of ooe of the-m, thtre muat
alwoyo he link.o enough to eorulitute a tolcmbly woigbty d10in.
It will be r<t<>lltot«l tbot the elm( argument UK<I in 1807 againot
tl.o Campany'a a.rrantl wu. that tbe go""""r·g<nenl abould be
a - af rutk and family. Mr. c..u..ing, bo,. ..... , who '"""''
q .... tly Lild dowtl the b...W role of enluaion quouc! by tbe Board
in 1S34, bimdf l•J>ired to tho office of go.-tmot-gcnOTal, an\1 bit
talent& lltld reputation juttificd him in 10 .,.piring-but it mu•t
not be   that he ...,tel that quatifica:ion wbicb. in 1801.
W1ll dr<wed to bt .-rntial. c.zu.u.g ,. .. aot a ..,. ol
JJRJTISJI EMI'IliE IN INtltA.
Metrolfe; bu L they did not au ll'er the objection to
appointment to remnin unanswered. A letter
wns addressed hy the eonrt to 1\fr. Grunt, in answer
to his communication, i 11 wbicb letter, after
ing their conclrrrenco in the opinion of tbe 'King's
ministers tbnt n permanent appointment wns to be
llr<lferred to 11 temporary one, nnd their conviction
rllDk nnd limuly. !lis fnthcr """' in the poaitian of a grnt.lemao.
but his limu1y wu not among thooe of the nablco or the lAnd:
the mother of Canning \\'b -an actreu, the wife in sue·
ct:nlon oi three one of whom wu on actor. CUJothrr
l\ provindttl trade•man. U1l0n what, tht!n, did Mr. Cuuuing•a
olaim ""'t 1 Upon n btilli4nt IC!bool 1111d c:oOoge edm:ntion,
l'ollowed by exhibition of •h.,.y literary LDlent, ond of e.llb'11-
ordinn.ry power.t as n p!Uliwncntn.ry spenke:r. He was a tcholo.r_,
ft wit.. an orator, P.Ud-fot thi! teetnll the rnMt .important poiat
of all- he bad nenr been in Indio. At the period of hi• en·
trnnoe into publh: lire, Mr. Cannlng'• fortune wu extremely
smoll; a.nd if, in•teod of aeeking to impro,·e it by ollkio.lempiDy-
ment l\t home_ he luul p0f$Utd the: aa.tnC ctJ.t.f iu the atrviC:C: uf the
Eost-lndiA Company. a ban of prohibition wau1d bo"" •taoa be-
tween bim and the fint place in the government of lndin. Tho
moral or the whole appcans to be thit; that with ..garcl!O quali-
6cationa for l!el"''icein India, the reveroe afwbaUa hcld to apply
to Europe forms tho just rule. An U[litant to the premienbip
would not be l.bought the wone qulllliied for baviug opent tnnty
or more in offices of inferioT importance. bnving pauet1
through gra,tllltiona involhng n:riom and continually iuereuing
m.,..u,... of .,.pon!ibility. But with l'<'gmU to the go•emor-
genrml of lndi• it is dilfercnt. A OIUldidate may P"'Pore bimaelf,
na be IIIAY prefer, either br embnrking in rbe otruggles of (notion,
or by gliding tbrougb tbe enticing eirele of enjoyment• which
Ia!hio:nttblc li{e pl'C!8Blb; but be must not hare too tnuc.b know.
ledge or the eoontry wbioh bo a to SO'"""· 1! be JlO!!eD the
      of raW.. the lan.r more calm coune, of otudy, may be
rutllcient. lf, likeltlr. Oauning, be not thil adnntage, thedif.-
pl•y or ual ond ability U 0. pn1itieol portiun _,. indilj>OcD•·
able; buL ..,...; .. in India dioqualifi .. utterly, hopelt<>..!y, and
irre•aenbly.
CllAP.
XXIX.
CUAl'.
XXTX.
26
IDSTO!tY OP l'llE
tbnt Sir Charles llotcalfe was a fit person to have
boon permanently nppeinted, the Court thns  
\vith the genom! question : " The Court of Directors
lmvo learnt with deep regret that Sir Charles Met-
calfe is considered by his Majesty's government
be ineligible to the station of govemor-genernl,*
nod UI>OII grounds which would excludo the whole
service of lndin from that lrigh office. The Court
of Directors f1lcl Uttlo disposed to l'ngngo in dis-
Cllssing the merits of nn opinion which his Majesty's
ministers appear to have adopted upon the a11thority
of Mr. Cnnniug. They will only observe, that tho
whole course of our trru1Bllctions in Brilish India
may be referred to, ns furnishing the most conclusive
evidl!llce that the servants of tl1e Company, I>Otb
oivil and mililnry, nre eminently qu:ililied for the
highest 1mblio trust, and tlmt the importnnt office of
governor-genom! has been held by severn! of them
the utmost tulvnnt.'lge to tho nationnl iutnrests.
'rhe court will not uunccessnrlly recall to the re-
collection of his Majesty's ministers U1ose names
which have rendered tbc service of India illustriol18
- that service to whose merits, to wbose talents nnd
high tone of chnmcter, Lhc late Mr. Canning has
• lt is not tlw leut 11!1D11l"l<able o[ tho rcllllll"lcable c:innDIIll-
or this....,, th•t Sir Chari .. Metcalfe, who was deemed ioe!.ijpblo
for office in IndiA. """'· by Uoc ministry wrucb "'.Je<rted !urn, •nd
by their auooeuon who past!cd blm over, deemed digihlc fo< tho
appoinbnel\t o! go•ernor or two colonial poo..,..;., ....
neither o! which he bad e<er H<>n till be """' to ndlllini>tct tbe
government. For Iodin. wl"'"' he had many ytou-a or cxpcrillllc:c,
he was U,.,lftlible-ror J.....U.. and Canada, where ho lmd oooo,
be ...,.. cligihlc.
BRITISH DO'IlUt lNDlA. 27
himself borne the most unqualified testimony. But
tho court cnnnot refn:Un front observing, that, in-
dependently of the impolicy of putting forth nny
gcncml declnrntion of ineligibility, his Majesty's
ministers nppcnr to thQJD to be scarcely justified in
to narrow tlto choice of tho court, by ex-
cluding any class of men, possc'-Sing the nccessnry
qnnlilicntioru;, from the office of go\'emor-gencral."
.\ncr cxpres9ng tho ,)c.iro of the court to net in
concurn.>nco with the achi.."(!!'S of the Crown. it was
intim11ted thllt the expodicnry of milking nn llr-
nu•gt•nHmt for filling up tho office of goveruor-
genoml woulcl be tnkcn into consideration nt tho
propt•r time-for it is to bo observed, thnt, though
Lord William Bentinck bad tendered his rcsignnlion,
mch lender did not, in the eye of tho lnw, amount
to nn nctulll TCEignation of offico.• The presidt!llt
of the Bonrd, bowe,·er, nppenro to bn ve tnkeu n
different ,·jew, nnd to hllnl informed the chairman
nn!l <ll•puty-chnirmM tbnt, in consequence of the
Jli'OJ>OSnl of tho court to continuo Sir Cbarles 1\lot-
crufc, tbo ministry clid not hol<l tucwselves bound
to refnlin from making nn nppointmc.ut under tho
pro,•i•ions of the lnw; nccording to which, the right
lnpscd to tho Crown after n tlclay oft,\'o mouths from
1 be notification of n vnenncy. The opinion of
ml.'l lRkt'n Oil the question, 1\0cl thaL opinion ooiog
' Otporture £rom Indio. with intcol 11> t'Otura lo Europe i•
tantAmount to a raignatioo. l\ellgnaoon in lrulia muot be by
a   in writing under bouul Md ..,.1, dW...-red to the
oeeretllry iu llle public deportment, for tho purpooe of te·
rordo<l
CIIAP.
XAIX.
CllAP.
XXJX.
A.D. 1834.
A. o. 183$.
28
RISTORY OF' TUE
favourable to tho court, the president of tho l3onrtl
intimated that the power of the Crown would not
ba exercised to appoint, without gimg a month's
notice to the Court of Directors. This WllS certainly
no grrot or generous concCl'sion, seeing thnt by In"
they were entitled to two months.
The intimation was given in October, 1834, nnd
lhuR the matter rested tilJ.Jnnunry, 1885.• by which
time, the ministerial re\"olntion, ocCMim1ed by tbl·
death of Earl Spencer, nnd the consequent elevation
ofhls son, Lord Althorpe, t<> tbe Bou.se of Peers, bat!
introduced n new cabinet md now counsels. Tho
fonuer "llS framed from the party who hnd been
C.lclnrled by lbe accession of the Whig!<, nnd Sir
• Tbtt mlnhf-en being am-iol.l! (or lhe appointment of a &t,u: ..
eenor to Lord \Villillm BentEnek, it ID:LY aee:m. inexplic:a.blc that
tho oubjcct ohould l1ave been •ulferod to •Jeep: but it i• "oder-
•toocl thnt they were de!irou• of tho Appoiotml)Jit of Mr. Gnmt
to the office. Md that tbe nothnritieo of the Company were
opposed thereto. This does not oppeor in ouy outhori•ed
ohupe, but the met w .. pubnaly otntod at .. gencrnl court, on
the loth of July. l/j35. ••d not donlod. H•re is a fr<!!h lllus-
tmtion or the utraordinory opemtion of tho priociple main-
mined by Mr. Canning and his foDowers. Air. Gnmt ,.. .. •
tnf.D. of to.lent, and he mucll information relating to
India: thus fi,r. npon the principles af common atMe. he wn.s
eligiblo for the ollioe of govemor-generol; but further. ho bad
never been in India, and, upon the principle or Mr. C..nning. thio
mndc him mora oligibt.. The Cather or Mr. Gnmt, like hii aon.
Willi a man of llllent-thio is well- bil knqwlcdge of Iodin was
greater, more minute, and more11CCUra!e than could he thot or Ws
son : thia would oeem to odd to hlo   but not -the
vc::ry citru.o11tance which, more thnn any other. conduced to tb.d
e><IJ>Dt, ..,.,..,., ADd pnclli011 or his Jmowltdgo, pttt him OUt of
tho pale of "''pointment; he bad ""'!uiml hi! inrormotion in Indio.
ond he "-ould. theref<ft, ba,.., heen ineligible.
BRITISII EMl'lnF; IS INDIA. 2!)
Hobert. Peel, for the fir>t held the dtil.'f plaec
in it. 'l'be difficulty which hnd prc•·iously imp<.>tletl
the choice of n • 110 longer oxiJ;t..
ing, tho Court of Director- pi'CX'ecdlld to oxt>rcise
the llO'\'I!l' of nppoinrmcut. Their choice fell
upon Lord Ucytesbury, whose OJlJIUintmm•t wns
immlldintcly by tbo Crown. Sir Cburlcs
Metcaifu w;:u; again sclo.'C'letl pro•i•ionnlly I!Wl·
coot! em any YRCaney that might occur by tho lit'tlth.
rcs-igMt.ion, or     of the new governor-gene-
ral. Lon! Heytt'l'bmy Willi sworn into office, and, to
all ap111!arnnec, the duty of appointing a 6UCCC880r
'llr88 not likcly agnln to be called into exercise until
the completion by hb lnrtWlip of the ordinary period
of service. But 1<0 far from COlDJlleting that period,
J-ord Ilcytcsblll'Y nenn COIUlliJlliCed it. flo look
the 0:1th of office. and this was tho ns "ell as
tho lint, of his official nets. Tho ministry, under
which Ilia appointment luul been sanctioned, pos-
!.1!5Sed the oonfidcncc of the Crown, but failed in
obtaining thnt c.f the BouHo of CommQn.•. A dkso-
lutiOJC had been l'OliOrted to, but the fi11t division which
took plnce in the new parliament left tho olinistt•rs in
n m.inoritJ, and, after a bri<'f endeavour to tlJe
tide of opposition, tbey retired, rnnking wny for tbe
retum of those wbom they had bot a few mouths
before ®.pl:lecd. lli. Gl'llnt did not return to tiJe
office of IJrcsidcnt of the IJvard ofCommiSJ>ioncn; for
the Affairs of India, but became Secretary of State
for the Colonial Department. biB place at thl.' Doanl.
being 115aigned to Sir John I lobhou•<·. The prcJlMl·
CRA.P.
X.\JX.
CIHP.
XXIX.
so
IIISTORY OP TUB
tions of Lord Heyteobury for bis departuro wero
complete; but no sooner was the Whig mini:otry
agniu in office, lbll!l he rcceh·ed IUl intironlien of
tho wish of government thnt he ~ h o u l   poslJlOIIO
it. 'l'his, after the o:rpirntion of three dnys, Wll.ll
followccl by a eommunicn.tion to his lordship of the
intention of ministers to od,isc hiA i\laj('!ity to rc-
•oke the appointment. A conlidentin.l communica-
tion of this intention had been pre>iOU!'ly made by
thl' pre5ident of the Board to tho cboim1an lind
dcputy-dmimlan of tho Comp:rny, :md en il.:i hl'ing
carried into olfcet, it wll.ll formnlly llll.D.ounced in n.
lctlor from tbe president, in wl1ich he further sloted
that ministers did not intend to recommend Llro
approval of any suceCi!lor to Lord \Yillinm Dl>nliirck
till thnl noblemnn should Juno arrived in Englnncl,
hut that no advantnge wcuhl be taken of the dt'lay
to exercise the prerogntire of the Crown, to the
prejudice of the right of the Court of Directon>.
The court, however, were by no means $(l.til<6ctl
with the coun;e that bod oot>n adopted, the oObct of
which wns, to render tho office of govenror-gcnonu
one of the prizes of party conflict; to connl'ot tho
govl!rnmcnt of India with the Jlarlinmentary strug-
gii'A of the United Kingdom, and to 11:1cri6re tho
interests of the former country to the alternate
gruti6cntion of tim! factions in the latter. They
cons(l(Joeotly remonstrnted agninFt the step -wbich
hn.d boon taken. Aflor odv(!t'ting to the ci.reum-
stnnces of Lord Ilcytl..'libury's nppointmeut, they
pointed out the diHcrcnce between the moclo in
DRITU!D EMPIRI!! IN rNDIA. 31
which tho roynl prerogntivo htt<l in this Clll!O been
C.Xl'rcised, nnd thnt followed on the only provioUB
ocC&!lion in which the like cour«e bnd been rcoorted
to-that of the •opersession of Sir George Barlow
in 1806. In thnt case. it was ob..en-ed. thoro wn.s n
  interchnnge of between lito
King's miuistc111 ami the court; nnd the net of re-
vocation \HIS IU'COtntlllllied by M CXJ•Innation of the
grounds upon which it had lx.-cn a<hilcd, and would
be jWJlified; while in tho instance under CXll.mina-
tiou, no previous <·ommunicnliou had been mnd11 to
tho court, no opportunity wn.s nlfur<led them to
stole their ol(jN"tioiiS to tho moosure, nor bad n sin-
rmson becu as-igned in its jw;ti6cation. • Tho
of the ,;ews of the ministry, II.'! to tho
cxpodiency of J>Oijlponing a pcrmonent appointment,
with those which they ent.crtniuod n few months
before, when they deemed 1111 immediate nppoint-
indispensablt', \IllS pointed out, and, in tho IMt
pl1100, the court thus dwelt upon the danger \1 ith
whirb the net of lit<' minilltry wns fmught to T ndin.
11n1l the independence of its government:-" 'J'ho
court do not forget tba.t the nominntlon of Lord
Jlcytesbary \1118 made lllld his appointment com-
pleted during tho lnte ndmini!.tration. But this
fuct, connect<.od with his romovnl by tho present
ministers, fillB Uto court with npprehellRion nnd
• Sir John Hobbotao hod intimat<d the couroo about to be
takto to tbe dlo.irmall ud deputy..dWrman: but the comCDW>i-
cation wu, u al.....ty oboorred. coo&daltial. and ""'""'•<r, it
wu awle only the day pr«ed.iDg thAt ou whi<h the
wrote to Lord lloytetbury, requ .. ting him to defer hit depcuture.
CIL\1'.
XXIX.
lliSTOR Y Ol' TIT£
alArm, as respcctl. both Iudits and themsch es. I t
hns always been the court's cndea.-onr in their public
nets, and espccinlly in their nominations to offiC<', to
din'St themselves Of pllliticuJ bills; and in the
tiley now consiolcr it to be their duty fl'llnldy
and fmnly to OXJ>rt!t'; their decided com·iction tllnt
the .-itnl interests of J mlill will bo stcrificed if tho
appointments of govcmon IU'() mnde subo;enicnt to
political objects in country; llDd if the local
authorities, and, through litem, llll public sen-zmt...,
are Jed to feel thnt tenure of office nbroad io di.'-
JX!ndent upon the duration of nn ndministrntion nt
homo; ond, further, th(lt the of nn RJI·
pointmeut, liUCh lUI tbnt of Lord IIeytesbury, for no
other reason, so fur 8Jl the court ClUJ judge. than
tb:Lt the ministry hns changed, mu; t ham the rOi.>et
of lesoening the autl•ority of the court. and con"'-
qucntly imp:Uriug itS and efficicn<'y ns a
body intrusted with tl1c government of Indin."• It
is scarcely neoo.snry to obsen·e, thnt the rcmon-
&tmnce produced no cll'cct, ond certainly none wtll!
expected. I t wns not in the hope of shllking tlll'
decillion of the mini•try lbnt tho remonstrance w!IB
tr:tru>mitt.ed by the oourt; it Wll8 designed to 'in•li-
cate their own conduct and positi011, Md to place 110
record n protest ogninst an oct which, though liD·
lluubledly within letter of the Jnw, WM not lt··q
undoubtedly ot nriJmco ";tb its spirit and inten-
tion.
To osoortniu, beyond tbc rossibility of dispute, till'
• utter of clwrmanMd drtmly-cLairman, 6th l\loy,  
1llUTI811 EM.Plll£ IN INDIA. 33
precise t'Xtent of the pledge given to n:>frnio from
the exercise of tho royal prerogative to appoint a
gcvemor-geocrnl, tbe right lap!'C by the clelny
or tl1o court-which delay was uot their o'm oct,
bnt \\1\S •·irtually impooed on tbem-t111nthor letter
was addressed to the pi'C!Oidt'Dt, in which it \\"88
nssumc.l to be tho Intention of ll1e ministry to con-
sider tho two months nllowt'IJ to the directors by
law for making an appointment as comment-ing
from tho of Lord William in Eng-
land. The nnswor llf the pro!lldeot disolnlmcd this
interpretation. but, at the aame tiJue, intimated that
be ...,l'Clldy to giTe to the t•lcdge tho more ex-
tended sense, :md to construe it in tho wny DIDilt
ngrcenble to tbo Court of Directors. lndoed, If
the concluct nod ln.nguage of Sir John llobhousc
throughout this trnnsactioo be considered apart from
tho net of which be was either the mover or tho
instrument of cnrrying into eOllct, it must in jm-
tioo bo rcgnrded as courteous, conciliatory, IUld
libernl.
Tho nrrnngcmont by which the choice of n go-
vemor-gcncml to be postponed till the nrri"nl
of Lord Willi:un Bcntinck   discu'l<ed by 10me
directors, and a from it wns recorded by Mr.
Lyall. Tbo chief ground of his object ion wns, that
beforo tho arrha! of his lordsbil'o the Jl<:riod daring
whlcb tho court could claim of to fiU up tho
vacnucy would hnvo expiN:d; tlL'lt, conscqunntly,
they would forfeit not only tho right or oppoiotmcnt.
V()L. VI.
D
CIIAP.
XXIX.
CllAP.
niX.
III8TOR Y 011 Tl!E
but tho fnr more important flO\\'er of recall.• lle
admiltcd thnt tho plco.lge of tho president of tho
Board was sati>sfiu:tory, eo far aa hlmself and hiB col-
leagues were couccmcd, but he app-rehended that it
-would not be obligatory on a sucueding administru.-
tion, lihonld another change take place before tl1e
vacancy were wpplie1l. Bot, independently of
danger, he objrcted to lbe principlB of permitting @0
valuablo and importa.nt a trust as that of appointing
the govrunor-general of India to y>Ms from tho
keeping of the conrt Yolnntllrily, ·without corre-
sponding   and upon grounds alight and
inrulcquu.te. " If," ho continued, " his Majesty's
ministerS :tre impra.OO with an idea U1nt any party
or political feelings would preYent the court's acqui-
in tho appointn1eut of n 6t ancl proper ]lOr·
son for that high station, believe such an
imprl!lSsion to be quito unfowulcd. I fccl assured
that the court, without rogar.l to any pnrty, :u-e only
desirous that a person abonld be 6clected, whO>& cbn-
rnctor and qun.lificntions shn.ll lit him for no office
which wny be considered, perhn[IS, tho most impor-
tant in the empire, not only in regard to Brillih
interests, but ruore particularly as affecting the well-
being nnd prosperity of a hundred millioDB of our
  u-bom the in"('mtablu wisdom or
11 Divine Providence bas, iu regions so remote, phtccll
nndt·r our protection, and subjected to our rult•·
• 'l'he court are precluded by law (rom """lUng an ofli.,.r
oppointtd by the Cro"n.
BRman &ii[P!RE IN INDIA. 35
l!(lnsible, therefore, of the important trust
committed to onr charg!!, I feel It to be our bounden
duty to in\"iolate thOI'o powers which nre
conferred upon the court for public object•, lllld of
which, if w·c silently suffer the efficiency to be im-
paired. we abllll be lending onl"liCivcs to measures of
wbicb our constituent$, parliament, IUid tho public nt
Iorge may jWJtly com(llnin."• Sir Ric.luord  
recorded his general roncurrenoo in the views of
il!r. Lynll. Mr. Tneker, who had held the office of
dmirmllU nt the time of Lord Ucytesburfs appoint-
ment, aubtoeqllllDtly add1"881!ed a let ter to the court.
in be d£'fendt.od the character of Lord R oytes-
bury, nnd jlllltificd his own conduct. with regard to
the choice of that nobl= for office. no referred
to the diplomatic l!errices of his lord5hip, and to the
sense cntertruned of them, not only by thow agree-
ing witl1 him in politicnl sentiments, but also by
some of tho leading members of the party of the
Whigs. He shewed that Lon! lleytesbu.ry bad beeo
continued in the office of ambai!!ador in Rosm by
bis political opponcnlt; that it wM at his own ex-
press desire, made in oonsequencc of the failure of
his health, that he Wll8 permitted to retire; Md that
he then received from Lord Pnlmenrton, th!' Secre-
tary for tho Foreign Dcprutment in the ministry by
whom his lordship now displa«d., a most ft&tter-
ing tatimony to his merits and &emces. But the
CMe of tho individual, i\lr. TuckeJr observed, was of
minor considl'mtion ; the public principle in,·olt'l!d
• o;_t af c-_,.. Lyall, Eoq., 17111 Junr, 163$.
n
CII&P •
....... ,.,
CHAP.
 
36 mSTORY OF TilE
Wl1!l the chief point at issue. "An open  
he remarked, "hll!l been made to cnncel nn unobjec-
appointment, for mero p:uty purposes. By
rendering tho governors of I ndio. tho mere dependent
nominees of tho ministry holding office during plen-
lltlTC, tho adminislmtioo of tho day will ne<juiro a
power and inRoenoo which "'ill cllllblo it to nssume
n.od dispense tire ltldll patronngr of Indio. elnnciN·
tioc,ly, withont ro!pomibility. and (when L:ul men
bear away) for cormpt for the purpose of
obtaining political power in this country, iu utl('r
contempt of the provisions of the leghlrltlue, both
as they relate to Indian JIOtTOIIngt>, and to the ob·
jcets of those moro reecnt enactments which 1>rofl'18
to SCCilTO purity of parliament.
"And what will be tlre 8ituation of tbo go'·enror
who holds under this prceariouA tenure? Will he
commMd tbo anthority and inRuenoo abroad l
Ccrtninly not. Will be bo able to govern anti kll<'(l
in order lbnt lnrgo nnd m.ixed community, among
wbom oro found so miiDy elemeutrr of discord? 1
fear not. Will be not bo regarded 88 the mel'('
llllgOIUit of tho ndministration nt home? 88 tho ser-
vile instrument of its patronage 1 Will
any man of honour, of high spirit, of independent
and independent fortuyo, bo fouJrd to
accept the office, and to embark for a dilitant
country, ·when liable to bo superscdt>d, upon consi-
derations nf political conveniency, on any of t.hotw
dw.ng'(!S of administration wbich bue been 110 fre-
quent of late yean f Nn doubt the &tatioo will .. till
WIIni!H E)IJ>IBJI IN INDIA. 37
be the object of dl!!'ire to the mcroon.ary and run-
bitious; but not to lhO!C eminent aud disinterested
mt>n, who alone ought to be tSCiootcd for so great n.
nntion11l trust. And whnt "ill bo the cousequcnco
or this uttcm pt to introduce tbo distinctions of
party into IndiB f What will bo cflect upon the
public I!Cr\"llllls, the Europcnn community, and the
nnti vo population, which is mpidly acquiring Euro-
p<'&D notions and habits f Our at•n•ants, much to
their honour, have hitherto looked to distinction
:uul promotion BS the rewnrd of merit and u_oeful
fiCr\'icc. Tlwy have known no party. They were
actuated by llU ru:dent desire to promote the public
intcnosb!, well ll!lsured that tboir political opinions
would DC\' Clr be questioned or thought of. They
acted together with ]JCrfect cordilllity, to promote
ono gt'Cllt end, the publio good, without reference
to political principles or party connections in this
country. India was of no party, lllld the Court of
Directors were considered to bo perfootly inde-
pendent of all political inftuenco.
"13ut we ure now to introduce the badges of
party into India! The EurOJ'Cllln community is to
be broken into those factionil wh.ich so often agitate
the public mind in this country, which so often
breed dbcord and disturban04.•, and cause poblic
principle, tho poblic inteMrio, and the feelings of
patriotism to be sncriliced to pnrty objects. That
union which hiUI hitherto colllltitutt:d our main
strength nnd sup&iority in Intli!L will be :tt nn
cud; nud our nlltive   will learn to placo
CIIAP.
Xltl't.
()IIAI
1

XXIX
38
BI8TOll Y OP Til£
confidence in Utclr own numbers and resources, ns
thoy perocive tho foundations of our power to bo
shaken. Promotion in the 110rvice will bo eougbt
as the reward of political subeerviency, and distinc-
tion and office will bo bestowed tn purchase tho
base IUld &Ordid services of poUtical partiso.ns in
Engl:wd. That high and independent tone of eha-
rncter which hns hitherto distinguished our service
w!U degcnemto into sellil!hness; while the business
of mnnnging ndve1'8e pnrtles will be supemdded to
the multitudinous and arduous duties which alrct.dy
bear so heavily on our governors, and which seem
nlmos:t to transoeod tlte ordinnry pow(!TII of mao.
Grently must tho difficulties of tht' &ituntioo bo
aggravnted by the WIUlt of pormnncncy in tho
  tho want of confidence on tho ran of
tho public-by the dituinution of tbat influence
which independence n.sually be>otows; and fiCrious
will be tho injury to tho public service if the high
fuoctionnriea of India, feeling that their !iitulltioJU
nrc held only from day to dny, should be dil;cou-
raged from undertaldog those extended works of
improvement which require timo and persevering
labour to bring Lhem to maturity." • In eonclu-
aion, Mr. Tucker defended himself fJOm what bo
regnrdccl na a chnrgo of having com promlsod tho
rights of the Court of Directors as to the appolnt-
mrot to tho offico of govurnor-genernl, by permitting
tho pre5eribed period of two months to
• Utter from R. St.. G. Tucl<er,Eaq., to tho Court or DU<:<·
un, 9th July, 1885.
On the 29th J one, tlte attention of tho Hot180 CJW>.
of Commons wn.s en !led to tho question by Mr.
Prned, who, on tho motion of the Chancellor of A. D. tw.
the Excbet1uer, tbllt the order of the dlly for tho
committee of supply bo read, moTod an amendment
r.alling for lbe production of any communication8
that had pn.ssed between the Bo11rd and the eourt
on tho subject of the revocation of the appointment
of Lord iloytesbury. After narrating the circom·
  of the c:u;e, tho mover of tho amendment
inquired, whether there were any reasons for the
objection made to Lon! Hf.'ytesbury-wbether the
presidt'nt of the Board would sny that bo did not
coo.s:idor tho go'feroment of IndiA would be safe in
tho lumds of Lord Heylcsbury-wbctlwr he thought
that tho cotnmRDds of the go'-ernmeut, here, would
not bo obeyed by the noble lord in India.. Ue ad-
verted to his JordBhip's diplomatic sernCOI!, and to
tbe approbation which they had received from the
government; he argued that tho power by which
tho 011pointment bad been annulled wu not a
matter of pure prorognth·e, but wns given by
statuto, nod that the ob.-ious purpoo;e of tho !Rw
under wblcb it was exerciBcd, and the a.vow01l
intentions of its fmmcrs, proved that it ns not
designed to apply to snclt a oa8e u that under
t•tmsidomtion. He referred to tho famoDB contat,
on Indian &liAins, the two gretll political
l)llrtiett, which torminot.cd in tho triumph of
Pitt and the p88hlng of the Act of 1784. " The
HoWle," bo ohiicrved, " is tiuniliar with the cir-
CRAl'.
xxrx.
40
IUSTORY OF 1"BR
eumstances under which Uu1t Act wns pas:sed.
Tho grcnL ditrcronce between the bill of l\ir. Pitt
and that which had OC'C!D prc\"iOllhly introduced by
Mr. Fox m15   the latter went to vest the
whole patronage of India tlirectly in oommlss:ioncrs,
while the fonner placed it in the hands of the dirce-
tors, subJect, however, to the control of the Crown
exerej,ed by the Boord of Control, in cases whcro
nny abuse might exist. If a mere change of mini ....
tcrs iu this country wero to justify n clmnge in tho
goTemmcut of India, bow absurd W1l!l it to lenYc to
the Court of Directors, a body separate from ami
i_ndepcndcnt of ministers, n concurrent shore in tho
choice of the person by whom the government of
India ijhonld bel administered. The Aet of Mr. Pitt,
which gnve to the Comptmy n concuuent ill
the choice, eould not posably contemplate a chango
of tho person chosen for reasons in which the Com-
j)Uily hnd no conccm.n In iJilll!tmlion of tbe spirit
and object of tho nmln!!('ment of 1784, lli. Praed
quoted tbe foUowing oxplrumtion, by 1\lr. Pitt, of tho
powers of tho Board. " The principal powen; of
the Boord would colk<il t in directing wbat political
objects the Company's servants were to pursue, lllld
in recalling such ns did not pay olx>dience to such di-
rection.s, or gi1·o Mtisfactory reuoru. to lihcw that cir-
cumstances rendered disollcdienco n virtull." "ThiB,
then," eontinned Mr. Pmed, " was the power of
revocntiotl by the Cro11 o. It wns to be
only in eal!e of of ordcl"S, or
for gro--.. abUSI): and thia po•·cr "&!> coutinned tn
DlUTI.SU E!IPffiE 1!1 Th'l>U.. 41
the Cm·wn, was also the pntronnge or the direc-
tors coo tinned to   by U1o Act of 1833. II it
II"Cre dcsirnblo tbnt tho extrnordioary power thus
Tested in tbe Crown tihould be
tmdcr tho Act of "1784, much more tlesin1ble Wll8 it
under Ute Act of 1833; for under the Act of 17M
the Company existed ns n tnuling company; under
tbnt of l 833, ns n political body only. Jlo·w """i.e
is it to interfere thus arbitrnrily witb the goTem·
mont of J ndia by the Compnny. just when wo hnvo
to mAintnin the OJril!tence of the Com·
p:my solely for the Aake of its u.tiUty in tho govont-
ruent of Indin." Mr. Praed then refened to the
mpposcd precedent afforded by the c:asc of Sir
Goorga Dnrlow, which ho nmlntniood wns in fnct no
precedent, the cireumstance:. being diJI"crenl. l11!
point.cd out tbnt when tho awoiutmcot of Sir Georgo
lla.rlow hnd been npprowd, it wad upon the under·
stnn<ling that it wn• to btl tcmpornry, not!, further,
thnt it wn.s tho mmo government which bad 6DUC·
tioncd tho appointment Cllu.ed it to bo
revoked. "The nppointmeot," tillid tbc bonournblo
member, "might bate been judicious or h3Sty-tho
revocation might have lJeen proper or unwis<.>; but.,
nt all events, since tbu orpointmeot und the rmoco·
lion pi"OCCI:detl from the 64Dle mini•lt>n>. tberu wns
in tbot ca.<e no such nttompl ns hM OO(IU mntlu in
this, to moke tho continuance of a gt>Ternor-gcneral
in station dependt-nt U}I()U tbo contiuunneo in
power or the politienl purt} by which be was pl11tt><l
there." An irregular ba,·iog Jx,·n oOcrcd
CIIAJ' •
.xxrx.
CRAP •
.XXIX.
42 »lSTOllY OP' THE
across the House, to the eJfcet that Lord ReytesliiUJ'",
not having nctually assumed the was
not " in his station," Mr. Prncd proeeedcd thus to
it:-" Tho appointment was com11leto by
tbe Company-the approval wu complete by tlte
Crown-tho forms bad aU boon gono through-the
expense hnd aJJ been incurred.• U the mere want
of JIOiiUcaJ sympruhy with Lord Heytesbury mnkes
him unfit to hold the governmcmt of India during
you.r administration, it wonJd have you in
recalling him from Calcutta; if it do not make bim
so unlit, it does not wrumnt you in preventing bim
from proceeding thither." He then reminded tb.e
Honse that tho power of :rcvoention by the Crown
was not limited to tb.e office of govnmor-gl!oeml-
tbat it extended to aJJ subordinate offiCC1'8; o.nd tllat
while it wns oxeraised with rcgurd to tho occupant
of tbo highest office under the CompliDy to-dny, it
might to-morrow be employed for the removnl of
tbe most bumble of their senant.l. Alkr refer-
ring to tho injury likcly to rosult from tho course
taken by mioisteno, to ilie jU!It influence of tbe
Compnny in Indio., nnd its c:fficioncy as nn instru-
ment for go,·eming that country, bo quoted the
rcroal'ks of various members of both I [onscs of Par-
liament, all bclooging to ilie political party oppooed
to Lord Heytcsbury, but aU mnintnlniog tbo impor·
• A oum proportiontd to the high otation or the office ia poid
to Ill outgoinr     ror outfit. Tbia hod hem
r.m...t ""' expendtd-the pu.,.-e ol ila UJ1<'1'dic.ue
rruall'llkd, lhe .,_, .,... ClOIII<qU""tly loot.
BRITISD llXPili.E IN lli'DI.A.
43
tance of upholding the Company on the ground of
hs freedom from party feeling.•
After some personal l"Cm&rkB, to which it ill un-
neCCEsary more pru-ticulnrly to refer, Pmed thus
• Tho liut quotation wao from a apcoob or Mr. Cborloa Gnlnt,
duriug the diJocuWOb ol 1833, iA which be ooid, " But tbmt Is
lllotbor IDOit important oonJidorati011 in connection with the
renewal ol the cbarm. By the inc.,rpoaition ol the c-p.ay
bonr<m the gG'C!atlllmt ud lbe people or (nella, tho latter ....
pmmuci from boinlf expoetd to all thooe continued ricdoi!Ddes
or political leelill£l and partif:a to which they mutt ha.., booo
aohject bad they booo UDder the direot domuli011 ol tho C.O... ol
llaalmd. Bad tbit been tho ._, I bclp rodinlf that the
otate or political .. citoment which would bo o= rimed ... uld
haft led to diaatrow c:orutqu<ucea, that milcbJcLa ol all kind!
,..uld ha"' entoed. aod would hAn 6mnecl m inmrmouDtable
borrier 10 the od...,oo aDd impm\'miOIU of tho I Olllnot
ooncein ••r t.hing .,.,. cliaadi'IIDrageou• co the people tlwl thrir
heine mode tho aport of potty pualooa and polltical fcoliob"'
whlob lake pl ... in this ooulllry."
Mr. !'ned'• IOCOIId wu r ..... a epoeoh mode oleo In
the year 1833, by tho or Lantdowne, who admowl<dpl
tho adnutageo thtt bod ",...u}ted fro01 tho adminJ.tntiDD or the
Compnny io keeping the interoall or India excluded iD asreatu
dtgteo lhoo they olhmritt CIOCIId bano beta from tho --.1
chow ... and cbaogu or J>IU'ty in tbio oonntry. aod ..... itlt<r-
..,.;ng body iD the     or patronogo which 'II'OUld othonrioe
be .....,bled (or by the gladiators or p<uliam<Dl."
i1>e third aod laot qOO!abon .,... r.- aiJ*cb ol Afr. Afk-
aulay, ddi.-....1 in Uoo -• y01r with <"- prerioutlr quo!A!d.
It ..., u (olio,..:-" Sir, what we .....,. io a bodJiockpend<nt
or the Crown. llld no ""'"' than indtpeodcnt : wbich ahall be
neither the tool of the miniatry- ol doe Oppoojticm. It io not
-1 in a country liko tbit 10 aucb • body: nooe I ba.e
board avggemd would be bodr: tbe Eat-Indio Compaoy.
•lnoujse aa ito eowotitution may appear. Is ouch a body. Wbale<u
cbaraeo Dilly be brougbt .po.t it, wbcthcr it doeo ll<'t rigbUy ,..
wn>agly, it doeo not ..t !'rom poUtlall eouald.,..riou."
CflAP.
X:.\.IJ:.
CIIAP.
XXIX.
UISTORY OF Till!
concluded:-" When Jlublic somwts nro Rent to
Indin, it is uert to impossible, from the nature of
their education nnd their h11bib, for them to judge
of questioll8 coDcerning the Indian !;(Wcnunent ex-
cept upon looal infontUltion. It is, therefore, tho
duty of 11 government to send out tho m09t unpre-
judiced men, nncl not to add to the ignornnce of tbe
stranger tho zen! of tllC On the 5nnlB
principle ought tho Hoo'*l of Commolll! to act in
ps...,ing tltoir judgment upon offiaiol nppointmeni:!l
to tbc go,·cmment of 1 mlia, or otherwise it will
a COUJ'I!C which by genarnl ndmis;oion rnll!lt bo
most dctrimentol to tbe public interests."
Sir ;r obn llobhouf'l!, tl8 might be expected from
his official position, took the lend in defending tho
conduct of the ministry in oupel"'t.'liing Lon! lleJtes-
burJ : und after declaring his intention to rofuso tho
popen1 moved for, maldng some nn:ruuk.., acconling
to tbe prncticc of oil on such occtiSioos, on
the incon•·e•Iiencc of producing papen;, and quoting
the nutborily of Lonl Grenville on the mbject, pro-
ceeded to st.1to tbo ground on which the C!lbinet
hnd ILCted; tbnt gruond being, that Lon! Heytc..bury
did not   their coolidenco. " Tho King's go-
vernment," said tho right bononrnble lxlrooct, " bad
to consider wholhor it would be tu1swen1ble for J,ord
  government in India or not; and, not
wishing to he nnswornblo for it, the cou n.o it had w
take was simple nnd obvioll!l. 1 l'eJ.eAL then, tbat
oot only were we jw;tificd in viiCilting !lis nppoiot-
menl, but wc •·ere t·all"d upon by the COill!Utulion
811ITISII J!MJ'lltJl INDIA. 45
to do 80; Cor it is one of the first principles of the
constitution, that there shaU in all cases be respon-
sible o.dnsors for e¥ery act done. This is the real
cause of Lord lleyte$bury's not going to I ndia.."
Proceeding to   the right of tho Crown to re-
call, or c:ancol an appointment, be ngo.in referred to
the authority of Lord GreoviUc, 11nd quoting a dc-
clarntioo of tbnt uoblemllll, that it was alwaJB in-
tended by the Act of 1784, tl1at bis Y!Vesty'a
ministt'rs sbould b&¥e the power of recall at
tiort, be asked, "Now, iC the honourable mcmlxor
admits thi.r-if be tlo not meao to dispute that his
Majc.ty's ministers have tho power to recall at their
o-wn diocrctioo-whnt just cautiO of complllint bas
he to 111Ilke, becauso they now, nt th!'ir diocrction,
b&vo V<'ntured upon tbe cxerciBO of it rn Sir John
ITobhoUBO noticed, ns t10 uopropitiout for the
mo,·er of the nmcndrnent, that lu! met with no sym-
pntby from tbosc connected with Imlia and iot<'r-
eslcd in il• welfare; more tbo proprie-
tors of Ea;.t-lndia stock.• lll' admittt.o<l that what
bad been done might operate inroovcniently with
regard to the nutbority of tho Company; but he
mlliutained thnt it would be a fnr wor>te that
tl1e fooling of cordinlity, so to be sup-
ported, between the bead of the Indian government
and tho cabinet at home should be destroyed. He
• The 11UbJtct bod - u thOl time boo> broaaht before tho
but at a B<JI""'' 0011rt h<>ld • llhort ti.,o ait"""'"'-• a
IXI<Itioa wu made. and alti-toly ..m.d br the lai!Gt. Cor tbe
proclacticQ ol doe popm1 wbicll bod bem reCuood by aoioiotora In
JlUtiaa,a.L
CIIAP.
XXIX.
cnu.
nrx.
46 OlSTORY OJ' TilE
quoted an opinion of one of the direcUin. of thP
Enst-ludia Company, to the efloct that the goveroor-
gcneral of T ndia had ahmys been a political cbame-
  ~ of distinction connected with U1o government at
home, and tbllt ho mll!t por;sess the confidence of
the national government.• AI!er llODIO remarks on
the flCJSOillll topiC!! introduced by :Ur. Praed, Sir
J obn lf obbouse passed to tho allegation thnt uo
corrcflpondence blld taken place between the Board
&nd tho court. on this occasion, in which rCI!peet the
case 'Vied from that of Sir George &rlow. The
answer of the president of tho Doanl was, that such
correspondence was unnecessary, innsmuch ll5 it was
indL")lutablo that Lord Heyte!ibury had not tho con-
fidence of his ·Majesty's ministers, &nd it was quite
imposaible for tho court to convinco them that he
~ it, and be added: "To delegate high 110d
import4nt duties to men not politically or personally
attached to us would bo on the ]lClrt of miniBt.crs
ll feeblt'neliS, not only fooliSJ, but fatal. For &fter
hoving yielded in tbe ontbOt of the oon.test to a diffi-
culty of our own creating, and which a due regard
• The ditoetor alluded to wu Henry St. Goorge Tucker, l'.eq.,
who, in a Ieee..- wlrido be ...J.qumtly ..sm.-.1 to tho Coull ol
n;....,ton (part of \fhieh it quoted in pp. 36-38). vindieat<d him·
..U rr- whai bo ocmc:ciYed au injuriotal · Tbe JlUI"'&$ in
Sir John HohhOW!e's opottb ""' quoted by Mr. Tu<kor &om the
.-.port of • dAily ne•tpopor. t.Dd doa uot precilely oo.,...pood
with wha1 ia IUtod in the u.xt, whieb il foaDdcd oo tho noport in
<be "Mirror of l'arllllnenL" 'lbe worda of Mr. Tuclu!r. u
quoted bJ bimod( ....... poporo ..,.,....w br him. nry Alilcbr.ly
&om tho rq>ort ot the " Mluorol l'arliamooJ>r.'· but "K1 mauriaiiT
[rom that of tbe "'""'l>"f"'T.
Dllll18II Elfi'UIE lN INDIA. 47
to onr honour nnd interest told us that we ought, at
whnte\or risk, to irumr, we •bonld have droppod
from concession to concession, tiU at last losing e•ery
rernnnnt. not only of power, bot of dmrncter, we
8booJd have fallen, lllld desen·cdly f&Lieu, covered
with the bitter scorn of our and tbe con-
l<'mptnous pity of our fricmls." In eonclu•lon, tbc
prC'lidcnt tCJl<'llted tho expression of biB determinll-
tion to withhold tho papers.
Mr. Uogg• replied to the arguments of Sir J ohn
Hobhouse, nod referred to tho circumstances under
which, in 1784, the power of ncating the office
go .. cmor-gcn<'ral be<'n ,.o.11ted in the Crown, ns
proving tbnt this power was nc,·er [IUlallt to bo
cxc.rci...OO but in cases of gros;s misctlnduet; that it
WIIS novcr designed to be eruJlloyed for pnrty pur-
JI<I"eS. He referred to the ('850 of Lord Min l(l.
llJIJIOint<'d under n Whig ndministrntion, nnd per-
mitted by a Tory ono to retain hi• office unmolested:
n.nd to the still en.sa of Lord William &n-
tinck, who, hMing been appoint<'d under tho at!mini!l-
tmtion of ll!r. Canning, Wll8 allowod to retain bit
arpointmcnt by two fUCOO"'ife  
Ooderich and the Duke of Wellington- altbongh,
like Lord flcytesbury, be bad not embarked fnr
1 ndia., and Ill though, with rcgnrd to tbe lAtter of the
t1ro ntlrninistrntion.., tllllt of tho Duke of Welling·
ton. Lord Willi:un Bentinck its confidence
• bo I'"'P"" to notice that Mr. now a dir«tor
or 11oe E..t-llldia c-pu
1
...... 1101 .., u the or thu

CIIAP.
XXIX.

TllSl'Oli.Y Of TnJ'l
to no gi'Ciltcr extent than did Lord II eytesbury
that of lho cabinet of Lord Melboul'llc. He con-
cluded with an cmph11tie warning, well de'<On;ng
of being quoted 110d rem em bere«J. He snid, " l shnl l
beg the nttcution of the Houbo for a few minutes
to the consequences in India of making the go-
vcrnor·geocml a politicnl nppointment. Having
resided in Calcutta for &evontccn yours in n situation
wholly nncoonectccl with the   • I bo
pcrmittccl to lx.'llr tatimony to the merits ot' thnt
&en ice; nrul I will venture to nBlil.lrt, that in no
country wns there e\"Cr n body of public scrv110ts
more for talent, intelligence, integrity,
ami n higl1 f<Cnso of honour, Limn tho ch il nnd
military 8Crv&ntti of tho Ea!.t-Todia Company. 'fo
what, Sir, do 1 attribute tbe great cfliciency of that
M"rvi\'e? mninly to this-that in Indio. patronngc
hns hitherto purely 110d justly distributee!, fn>e
from all and political inllucnce. Men hnvo
lieen appoiotod to public oRices from their stnudinjr,
experience, and fitncst', ";thout reference to poli-
tics; and you han,, therefore, had ablo and dl&-
tinguisbcd pubHc scrvams in India. Wbnt, Sil', mu>t.
be the conscqucnac, if tho appointmenL be con-
RideJ'C(I a political one; if a Whig government mu•t
ha..-e a \ Vhig govcmor-gencml, Blld n Tory govern-
ment a Tory governor-geneml? The per"'il !10
named will carry with him to India his political
• Mr. flogg held au uJDce oC high lniit in the Sormae Court.
a.o eotablithmtnt with which ...W1<r the Court ol DirectoR aot
tbe IDeal g<>ftmmeat hno ""1 COIUI«tioa.
,
BRITISH EMI'IRJI IN fHr>rA. 4!)
feelings nnd bias, nod will there his f'll•
tnmago fur eiL-etionlocring nnd politieal l'"fll'W"'-
witbont reference to tbe merits II( tho lndiviclnal•;
ruul tho public interests will tbus he Mcri6ccd and
mined."
Sir Robert Pl'CI took tbl' llame oidc. and "·itb re-
ference to tLc ndmi,•ion that, if Lonl HeytCflbnry
ball bc<>o in I111lia, the new administmtion .,.·ould
nut hn•·o rt'<'alll•l Lim. l1e jutily inqnirl>d, " Why
not ? If a wont of confidence in Lord I leytesbnry,
grcundt!cl on differences of political opinion, jU!!tifies
tbo rcvoe.\tion of tho noble appointment,
would it not nJsn jUBtify removal from the govenl·
ml•nt or Indift, Ruppo.iog he had 11$0U11100 it 1" The
material for clebato had, however, oc'l'n so eomt•letely
exlmu•tcd by preceding •pcakcrs, lbat neither Sir
Robert reel nor tbe mini•terial leBder, Lonl John
ltu•oell, by whom be wu followed. could do more
tluln piUIS agmn Ol'l!l' the trodden groWJtl, nntl
YOUr, by some additional illn•tmtion, tn giYc au ap-
penrancc of ncn-dty to uld. • and  
the mcmbcn alreacly m<'ntioncd, Sydney
Herbert nod Mr. Cn'OO!Ctt Pclhrun h(>Okc agnin•t the
and Mr. Cutlar Ft-rgu""'m (•ho bad ju•t
  thl' nffiet• of nn Eot•t-Iutlill director fur
a mini•terinl nppointment), Mr. SilL: Hod.iogham,
Bod Mr. t'emou Smilb. in lhl'ir faYonr. On a dhi-
•ion, tl10 motion for tbl' production of tlw JIOJlC""
Willi lost
The •tne.lion "'hith fnnnetl tbc "ltl!iocl of dcltAie
VOL \'1.
CHAP.
XXIX.
fHAr
xxn.
50
DJBTOilY OF THE
hns been so fully • in 1\ former place, • tltnl
it be to add any thing here to the
ample whicb hnvc been rondo to the nrgu-
mcnts employed by tho controTer!'ialist,., both in ond
out of rarlinment. The ro'Voeation of the nppoint-
rucot of Ltlrd Tieyttl!'bury Will! an act of similar rhn-
rarter to that by which the appointment of Sir
George Barlow wu.s nnnuliNI, but the impropriety
was of a more aggravated nature. lL wu one of
the strongest on record, in which 11 )lOwer
WM exercised within tltc strict limits of the law,
but in 11 manner altogether nt 'tarirulce with its
It \1'88 ono of those t\Cts by which 11 political
party loses fnr more in chnracter than it can J>ON-ibly
gnin in any other way.
Lord William l3ontinck, wh0110 re-
tirement hnd led to the   and dioeLJ&<ions
which have been narrntl'(], quitted lntlia, ruJ nlrendy
noti fioo, early in 183.), awl Sir Charles )letcnlfe
succeeded, by Tirlue of his pro,·i·ionalappoiutmt•nt.
to tbe chief SCllt in council. His 1\dministmtion was
mort, nud \\liS distinguished by little tlesen-ing of
e.-pooial record_ Il will chicRy llC romembcre<l by
ono net, "hich can t;enrcely fnil to hnvu a powerful
cfi'('Ct, either for good or for e,-i], upou the iutcn"'lS
of I ndia, nncl of the Dritish go,emmcnt in thnt
country. This act l\118 the remo,·al of tho restric-
tions to ·which t bo pu blie prc:;s In I udin was l•rc-
,·iously subjooted. For n long period preceding the
• Vol i•. p. 96.
nRm&lf EMl'lll£ IN O.'l>IA, 51
year 1818, the pre...os h11d be<!u   to n ce.n-
sonoltip, a roeallllro firt<t l'l'SOrlcd to during tho war
with Frnnce, with a 'icw of pravcnting tlw emis-
saries of the .enemy in T ndi11 conveying intelligence
derived from tho newspapers published th.ere to the
French crulzers in tho l' udion sens. The i\lnrqnis
or Hastings was indncctl to iutrodnce A diffi•renL
system-pn.rtly, it mny ho presumed, by the influ-
ence of one of his ruling passion.o, the of J"'P"·
lruity, but pnrtly, nlc:o, by nnother motive. Tho
editors of were gt>nemlly EuroJ•Cans,
and disobedience to the orders of the Ci!osurnte wao.
liable to he visited witb clCJ>Ort:ttiou-thc Com-
pany's ha•·ing at that period tho power
of removing, from all pnrt:l! of Jndiu, any )lOISOII, not
nath·e born, whoeo residence tbl'I'C was con•idered
An A ngh>-1 ntlion • uditor, Bt length, re-
collecting that this punishment could uot bo opplied
to him, sot the go•emmenL nt defiance, and n•fnscd
to bo restrniued bJ tho directions of tho censor. 'l'ho
govrmment then made & merit of nece-•ity, and re-
moved tbo ccnsol'llhip, but sul;qtitutnd n set of rules
to \\biclt they tho ('ODduetors of
press to confonn.t Tl1is wns regnrdctl as <.'lju.i-
,·alcnt to the establbhmeot or 0 free ri"('SS, nr at
leru;t it WAA Jnofe..-cd to he so regarded by lhosc who
.. to commit the • to n
meru.ure, ns well ns by tho gonnlor-gt>ncrnl himself,
• A man or ElllOpelll deterDL, but born i.o India.
t Eriden"" oi C. Lu.bington, Eeq., Wore ..Jed ol
Rou,.. ar ComliiOII&, 1832.
CHAP
XXIX,
('114P.
:\XIX.
52
81STORY OP' THE
who hunrlnted iu the public congmtulotions pourod
in upon him with refcrenco to this
exercise of libcmlity. The press, ind1:ed, wos rr-
lion-d from the ccn"Umte, but editors Wt're l'll•
joined to comply witl1 the rules introduced in d•1•
place of that more direct check upon publientiou-
thl'y were mbukcd by the government, of
t.ht> Mnrt)uis of Hastings wns tilt' hco.d, tho
mles were disrcgllrded, nnd reJ•roof, nn ocrn-
eions, wns not untninglcd with reference to tl1n power
of infiietiog summ:uy puni;;lunent upon Europcon
oflcnrlers. Tl•o govornor.gent'rnl, indl'Cd, \tho b:ul
eulogized a free pres!l, 1111d taken c!'l•dit for bestow-
ing this boon upon Indio, coultl not with 1lceency
be 11 pnrly to thl' infiictiCln of punishm<'nt for
using th1• prinlcgt' which he hacl profc-,ed to grout.
flis immediate       r. Adnm, wnR not
1111d an editor who nficr mru•>
Wllrnings, in pnssing the bounds proscriber! by thu
ml<"', was ordered to quit tl.Je (•ountry. The 1\nthr>-
rity of the Supreme Court wru; ijUbsequcntly obtnined
to the pOSiiing nf mnro stringent rule... anti unflrr
thC!.O rolll!l ono or two newspnrer., wcm
The nbo,·o wero the cltnnges to which the press was
Fubjl'Cterl in .Ben!!lll. At :lln•li'IIS, tho censorship
brul IJeen nbolb·lwd. At Bomb11y, tho regula·
lions of the Marquis of iut rodurl-d
by l\1r. Elphin.stono, nnd tbc nbnudone<l.
The more regulation!!, estsbllihed in Bengal
under tho government of Mr. Atlnm, were
quently 11doptecl at hut, os the 8upreml'
JJRJT ISTI EMI'IR.e IN lNl>lA. a3
Court rcflbCd to register them, their efl"ect
timitt'Cl. Sueh mLS the blate of the pres- wbco Lord
William Dcntioek nrrh·etl in India, nnd his lord>bip,
though nn ostentnlious upboldcr of liberal mcusures,
WAde no change. During bis adminbtratioo, indeed,
little or no interfercnoo with tho pres. tO<lk J'laee;
C•ilher nono "o.s needed, or Lord "\Villi am Bcntiol!k
''as from principle BH!rse to   or it might
be tbnt tho Jli'I!S'i ..-n;, for tbe m<>ot part. laudatory of
tbo and bif! m4.'lll!ures. Some at-
Wmpts were mrule to induce him to toke 11 more
cided coun.c, nnd 1m lordship nn'wcn.'CI, tbnt tbc aub-
jcct wa;, under eolliidl'rotion. Coru.idemtion,
wns :UI it received, nml it wMlofl to Sir Cbnti('IJ Met-
to 1'\'np tbe hnn·ctit of JIOpular spplau><e con...oe-
CJucnt DJ'OU remo,;ng all restraint upon tho publica-
lion of Of!ioion. t:mler his brief and temporary
admioistrotioo, nn Act wns ptlSsod repenling tho ox-
ioting regulations, nod giving to lho pre;;s, in regard
to the puhlication of political 1-criuilimls, a greater
tk-gree of freedom than is enjoyed in Englnml.
On mcnsu:rc, 1\8 mny he ouppo!OCI!. 011inioru<,
hotb in India am! at borne. widely dilfen.-d. By !oOJJJO
it wo.s eulogized for ils libcrnlity-by otbcrs con-
tlumnucl for its iiDJirudcnce. Of this )ntlt•r C)URiity
it .eeDll! imp<ISSiblo nltogctber lo acquit it. Whe-
ther the rer!CAI of all n.o<triction!l on the ('1"1:'' ..-ere
or not good in itself, S<·rious objl-ctions by
against tho time cuull('n tor eill>ctiug it, ruul tile cir-
  und(!l' "hich it wBS accompJL.hl'd. Sir
C'barlt.,. M l'lcnlfe hrM tbc reifl!> of government but
Cllo\r.


CIIAP.
X lUX.
54
UJSTOR\' 01' THE
as the robstitutc for another. He wns nwnrc, not
only that his wns tempornry, but tbnt
its term "ould be He hnd roa.son to bello..-e
that ltis successor wns on the sen, and he kuew tb11t
\lith tho nrrhnl of that surcesor his authority cntled.
He might rrodily imngino tbut tho expoeted go-
\l'mor-gencral would oo in pos.ession of the views
of tho homo uutboritiC$ on so important n
which Sir ChuriC$ Metcnlfe Cl:rtllinly was uot; am!
this ndds grcntly to the llDlonnt of his imprudence.
Uo knew that, in setting free the prc.-<, be "as
biruling tho govNnmcnt to au Act which could
not oo recalled \\itbout multifold inconvenience.
The homo authorities had lndl'Cd the legal power of
re.cimling the 1!1 w, but a step ""ould have bc>en
attendetl by collSL'qucnccs \\hicb, ton mind so ucute
R8 tbnt of Sir Charles Metcalfe, could not filii to
present thcmselve.•. He ought not, therefore, to
ha\·e placed them in a IJituntion which nrtuallytle-
privell them of tho power witb "bich the law in-
ve&ted tbem. A governor-general permanently np-
rointcd ought DOl to have thus acted-still less
should such 11 course have been taken by 11 govcmor-
gent'ml acting only provi!!iollJllly. If be thought tho
preAA ougbt to be free, it wns his duty to    
llis opinion to the borne authorities, and to ask their
l:lltnetion to the of an Act to give to that
opinion elrcct. Tbe great dnngcr with regard to
govemmoulq nt ll di;ttnnce fiom tho supreme power
nt horne ;.., that they •bould become in pruetire.
if not in theory, nl;;;olute ami indcpeutlout. The
BBI'T!SR EMPIQ: IY IN'DIA. 55
t-vidence of history illustrates this prin·
cipl<.', orul o,·cry nthauce, iusucl! a direction, fihoulc.l
bo carefully re;trained.
Thl>se romnrks llll!Jiy especially to tho (IO'Iition of
Sir Cb!U'I('q Mctc.lfc. The   whether or
the press, in a couul ry situoted as lndi11,
thoulll be free ill n11t perhaps "' easily ..,,,,..cre.J.
It may readily bo conceded that in Englanc.l, anc.l
iu ewry country •ituatt'tl, tho pl'mill should
4!njoy perfect lib.,rty-tbat en>ry iodhidUAI
bo.Ye the right of pubJi,hing, without control, what-
ever may 11lcase him; nud that. nftcr publication, bo
shoultl be linble to no lcgnl in ca1\C8
"here be may ha,·c offcmiL>d ngaio·l the l.w!l of
momllty, or ght-n ulternnco to that wbicb is ful110
as wcllns ;candslou3. This much may be! granted.
but thl•u follow tbc tlucttlionA-Lo I ntlill in the some
>itnntiou with Englnnd? and, if not, l'8ll lbc same
d<.':rreo of lioorty "hitb mny bo safely enjoyed in
Eoglnud be! conceded to Iodi:1? No nuc "ill
answer the fomu:r qol>!'li(JU in tl1c affirmative, and
be foro replying tClthe lnltcr it woul1l be \H'Il tu bear in
mind the mnny preuliaritics of our JlO<itiou in L1dia.
A llundful of foreignc!'l' ext,rciso n1la on!r millions
(,f nnli<es-6011lll of them of warlike hal•illl--m&ny
of cxcitublo We !Jold our dominion
by 11 nathc IU'DlJ' com)'<..ctl of men 83 b:ml
ju.t bc!eo dt-scribed. 'l'ho J>cOplu cf 1 ndia too, it
•houlc.l bo remembered, h11vc ouver been aceu•tome<l
tn tho u...c of 11 fmc pl'e"'.., nor to any frco cool-
nnmit·utinn of opinion-they hn'e uo experience
Cll
XXIX.
CUAP.
 
66
Tlll>"rO.RY tll filE
of free institutimu at all-iuc:b institutiom bn\"ll
not, as with the great Saxon communities, gro\1 n
witb their ns n JlCOI•Ie 1111d gntlwrcol
from their gradual clnclopmcnl-thcy nre
in lndin exotics, and, like other exotics, nro in
oluu
0
rer either of pcrishlug from oegloct, or, from
culture, of running into wilt! Wld ra.nk
exuberance. If there be ono institnlion uf which
nngli5hmoo nre justly proud, it is tlmt of trial hy
jury; but trinl by jury Cllllnot cxi.<t, to any bmwll-
excepting iu .-ouotries where n scn.-.u
of justice and n spirit of indcpcnileocc nrc gencrnlly
o.liflixscd. All enlightened men are scn•iblo of tiJc
nol\"nntsges of •   go.-emmcnt; but nn
mnu, who!IC opinion ill worth tliiJng. wouJU roy thut
represEmtlltivc go.-crnmcnt could be introduced with
beudit. or C\eD with o,a!ety. into Iodin in it• pr<'·
condition. therefore, exceptions exist with
ro
0
'11J"d to in•titntions unqntll>tiunobly bcndicinl In
.-ouutrie!O prerlOJ"ed to usc them. why should it be
thougllt that there ron bo nu exceptiun to the
liberty of the press 1 Yet it nppcnr8 thnt there nrv
thll"e who tllU.!! think, for tbo of nn Ull·
I"C!'tricted pres.• in hulin seldom attempt to def@d
it by nrgument; they content lb!!msches do-
rlAmatioo on the natural right of tDJUl to publi•b
hi:. thoughts, on tho ndvnntnge; of knowll'dge. the
tymnny of the free eommunicntion of
opinion, an•l topics of the liko description. Among
thu more cbBDJpious of the fret.,lom
of tile Jli'C>b iu lutli11, is to oo rl'ckonetl the author
BllmSn EliJ'IRE TN lliDIA. (ij
of the mensure hy which it 11'08 Sir
Cbarlcs !lictcalfu him-elf. Tltc inhabitantq of Cal-
cutta lllitlressed him iu tonne of coogrntnlotioo on
the occm.iou, and Ito rrplicd in n mnnnor wlticb, if
out Jterf•'Ctly suitl'<l to his !rtntiou as gofcmor-genl'-
ml of 1 odin, mb di·tingniohl'd by tho talent and
energy of nn nble nnol &1ngninc advocntc. Sncb au
:ulvocntc, more espccinlly when   in hiB nwn
i• entitled to IJe beard, and justice n.'<Jnim<
tho chief nrgumcots of the libernl g.n cmor-
g.•ncrnl should be prc•eotcd. Tho following moJ
be con•idcrl'd to be the foremost in imrnrtonce :-
- To all 11 ho doubt th<' expediency of tbe lilocrty
of the pi'Ce!, I wouhl sny, thnt they lmvc to !>hew
that it 111U8t necessarily cnuS(l imminent peril to tl10
public safety, ruch II!! would not witbuut it,
and be averted hy «alutal) for other-
wise tltcro can be no doubt !hilt freedom of
discussion, \1 bich is nothing more t!Jnn tlw freedom
of •realduif llloucl, i• a right to the peo-
rlc, which 00 b&iJ II right IU llithhoJtJ.
lt with tlwm to show, that the
catiou of knowle<lgc j, a euN.', nnd Jllll a hcuclit.
aud tlmt the cs:;ent'<' of good go•crnmt>ol i;; to COH'l"
the lnnd with dnrknc ... for othor11 ise, it mu•t bt.o
udmiltetl to be ono uf tho moo;t impemti VI) duties
of a gmcrument to confer the iucakulahle bless-
ing. of lnowledge un the pci)Jtlt!; oncl hy
meanR t•nn thb ho dune more ollilctually than hy
lbe wtnl•lmincd liberty of publiculion. nnrl by tltu
11hit'h it gill'3 lll the l""'c"' of the ruincl (
CIIAP,

CRAP.
XXIX.
DlllTORY OF TilE
If tbcir argument be, that the spread of lrnowledgo
may eventually be fat:1l to our rule in India, I
close with them on that fl'liut, nnd maintain that,
wbntever mny be thn CODW(JU\'nce, it is ou:r duty to
communi en to the IJoncfits or knowledge. If ln•lin
euuld only be preserved tiS a purt of the Jll'ilish
emJ•ire by keeping ilq inhnbitants in n. state of
ignoronce, our dominntion would be n curse to tho
country, nnd ought to «<Ik.
"But I see more ground for just apprehemion in
ignomnce it;;elf. I look to tbe inereasc of knnw-
INlgo nith n hope thnt it muy strengthen our empire;
lhot it may romo,·o wftcn and
n rntionnl conviction of the benefits of our
gmcmment; that it may unite tbe people :tnd
rulu., in ; and that the differences "bicb
&o:pnmte them may 00 j!TRdunlly noel ulli-
DIBtcly annihilated. Whate•cr, however. bo the "ill
of.\ lruigbty Prmitlencc "'"peeling the future govt>m·
mcut of India, it is c:lcnrl) our duty, as long as tho
oo confided to our hnnd11, to execute the tru.>t
to tho best of our ability for till' good of tbo JlOOI>Ic.
'l'ho promotion of know letlg(}-Of which tho liberty
of the pMS is one of the mo•t instruments-
i<l an )lllrt of tbat duty. It cannot
I><.•. that we :u-e permitted hy di•·ine authority to '"'
here merely to collect the re•·enues of the country,
pny the establishment llecc&!:lry to kee(l p05Sl'<>'ion,
nml get into debt to supply the deficiency. W <'are
t!oubtless hero for higher purpoi!Cll; one of
to pour the   knowledgl• nnd cirilizntiou.
BRJTillll F.liJ'mF. IN 1!.-DIA. 59
the nrts IUld sciences of EnroJX!, over tho Jnnd, nnd
thereby improve ll1o condition of the JlCOJIIe. No-
thing, surely, is more likely to conduce to these
ands limn the liberty of the piUS.
" Those who object to it are further bound to
shew that it i3 not •nlutary for the government and
its functionaries to have the chock of n frcu press
oo their conduct, 1tntl t.lmt the uxcreiw of nrbitrnry
rower over a rc.tricted pre!!! is preferable to thu
control of the over tL free Olll!-il...,umption•
wbioh cnnnot be
After dh•erging, to pnss a lofl:y pnnegyric on Mr.
Ad:un, by whom the !!('verer the press
were introduced in thl' year 1823, nnd conj<"Cturing
-{)U what ground docs not   bnd LIUlt
gentleman been alh·e. nnd nt tho bc:ul of the govern-
ment in 1&35, be would bnvc been the foremost to
propo!!e tho nllolition of l1is own lnw, Sfr Cbarll!S
?.letcnlfo thus :ulvcrtcd to the difficulty of lt>gU;Iating
00 the of tho :-
•• You have nlludcd most the difficulties
lhnt beset the fn1ming of n law to restmin all ex-
and injuriC" which may bo committed by
menns of the pre' , On tbb point. I f...ar, leghla-
tion is nl definncc. We cAnnot apparently enjoy
Ute liberty of tho pi'(..,.. without l!cing cXJIO!!cd to iUI
licentiousncs.o. We muH mhmit to the attendant evil
r.1r th<' Mkc of the prf'llominllllt good. Although the
hoondnry bctwoon liberty nod liccntiotlBliC'iS is per-
ceptible onough in prncticc, it CAll hMdly be defined
CIUP.
XXJX.
CIIAI'.
l<'<IX.
60
IIISTORY OP Til£
by lnw witbont tho dnnger of cocronclting on useful
  The of Eoglnud hnn• utterly fi1ill•l to
prc,·cnt the liccntiou.ne..• of the press, and yet, per-
hap..'!, could hnrdly bo mnde more efficient without
en•lnngcring its freedom. Much, therefore, ncces-
snrily depends on tho good sense n:ntl good tnsle of
tho-o "ho uield the power "hich tile pl'e!'lt confers.
The wont enemies of the pre nl1' snell of its co:n-
dudors Ill' dcsLwy its influence by prostituting its
use, for the grntificntion of bMC passions. Whcu
public measures nrc fully nod fi'CC!Iy diocm<:ed, nod
cellSllred or nppro•·cd, as may be, in a epirit of <.'ll.o-
dQur nud justice, tho in!luenco of the press mnst b6
groot und beneficinl. .But when mcadind tbcmscl ves
the olljl-ct of gro pel'l'an:U !<t'urrility, without 811)'
rofcn·nce to public mrosllJ'C"', or real charncU,r and
conduct, they JIUl)' IlL llrst pniu ; "because
moo, 1dth benevolent di;TJ10hltiom nU
their ... , grieve to pcl't'eive Umt they
rum! rancorous fOil'<, bu._.Uy employed againbt tllcm.
but lurking m concculment, tho l'llw.e (lf "ho"" en-
mity tboy know nol, nu<l wrnth they IHtHJ no
power to IIJ>pease. But they cannot teSJICCL the in-
at:rumeut of unjlllot viruleucc; they must lrnow th3t
snell nttncks proceed from jl(li'SOnnl hatred or wantuu
rualiguity: nnd lhoy must lenrn to despise calumny,
which CIIJUlOt be gwudcd nguiust by nny
of ruCSOtll'l!'> or nny corrcctnet>o ur eonduct. The
ri'(•INlr ittRueocc nr the rre:<" is tlaus destruyc'll ; IIIJII
ultimntely, just cen•ure, which would otherwif'C INl
BRITISII ElU'lll£ 111 ll'oliiA. Gl
respected nnd drenrlod, is disrogrtrdctl and  
nod being confounded with the:> mass of indiscrimi-
nate nbu<;e, loses itl! due ctfc:>ct."
The rcmnrkR of Sir Chnrll"' i\lct.calfc huvc been
quoted more freely !hUll miglrt llll\'C nc:>cell-
l!:ll'Y• in order that his own defencc of hi• own
might be cxhibiwd with degree of fulue:;-; rulll
romplcl!'DCSS. Ou fl111t reading, it i• nnt Ill ealrn-
latro to impose on the (l!ll' of all, and to carry nwny
the judgment of thOI!C who nrc not nccu•ton1ed to
bject rugumcnt, or that which iB inteuclcd to pn<•
for argument, to liD.)' rigomu• l'Xllminatioo. To
readCIS of a dilfcrcnt class. it •• ill appt>ar littll' moro
than a string of plaw;ible enli>rtc<l with a
degree of JlOmp nnd nn ostentatious show or com·k-
tion which may c::ont'Cal the utter mmt uf
Jllc:>ci•c manift..,t thronjl'hOill. but wlcicb C8Jlllllt
supply their plncc. Tbc fin.t fnllncy tu he nllticc<l
is, thnt of ronfouncling word I.Jcing
used ..;tbout qualification or explnnntion-wiUr
politiml dkcus.ion, politktll tlcclnmntion, 11ncl I"'"
liticnl invective or nbuse. wns ngnin•t '"'" -
that the l'C!!lrictions on the wt•re mainlJ
operath(', and ngain•t them only, ina•much ..,.
rntcrod into political in which go,·ent-
ment might be intcre.qted. Now, thnt 11 !ddt
forbidden tc be l'ublisbed not lroowll'IIS'C bot
opinion, tbc only exC(>ption being nlfordt•l by tbr
prnhibi tion, during the wn.r, nf JIUblii'hing unutirnl
inteUijtetlt'P which might have hcen nvnilnblt' to the
u<e of th(' rnl.'llly. It WIJ,l; the Jmhlit'lltion eof nl'inicut
I: HAP.
lliX.
CllAP.
XXIX.
62
IUSTORY OF THE
thnt "'llS in ordinnry eases rt'f'tricted, nnd tltnt ni(Ule.
Wbcre, it may be confitlcnt ly &liked, are the in·
stances of go' interfering to check, in any
deb'l'('e, tbe dillusion of thnL which mny be prof'Crly
called knowled!,>e, whcthc.>r ltislorical, phyRical, or
abtltrnct? Tbt> rolers of British I ndia ha'e done
much to nid the spread of knowletlgc•-nothing to
impedc it. The warmest ntlvocntl.'!! for tho dlllusion
of knowledge, in India. may don bt tho expediency of
e:xpot!i:ng the minds of it• people to the inRuencoe of
politicnl ngitntors, nod they arc not, therefore, bound
to sbow   tbc "essence of good gon•mment is to
CCTer the land with dnrknc,...," though c,·en dnrkncss
is preferable to the fnlso nnd clnngerous nwtcor
which shines only to betmy. The nsscrtion that, "lf
India could only be preser'ed as a. part nf the Britb·h
empire by kCt'ping its inhnbitnnts in n state of
iguortmcc, our dnmilllltion \VOuld be n curse to tho
country, and ought to CCik"<'," is n striking inqtnnce
of the loosencss nod .-agueue.s which per.-:tdo tbo
entire composition. II England coni• I only maintain
her T ndinn empire by koc11ing the Jl<lOJIIe in igno-
rance, and Wl!l'{' di")>>Sed 110 to maintain it, how docs
it follow tbiiL her domination would be a cnr8t', and
ought to cease? To mnko this nppurNtt, it muRt bo
• Tho But-India C.ompo.uy and their govorommt bavo not
obtaiMCI tbe clqfrft o( <r<dit, in !hit ,..poet, wbidl they doorl"t.
Tboir olforu to diff..., a lmowl<dge o( ocience, and more ..,.
pocially ol tbo .. dol"'rtml!llu, u mtdicine and ourgur. \\'hicl< t.n1
mo•t cloecly callll{'Ct<d with the wcll.hcing of mankind. buelxm
g.Ht.. lbough from the and u-tatinut "'""""'in which
they bat11 btm made, they ..... ottmded little notico.
DRIT!SO ElO'tltl'! IN INDIA. 63
thnt, hut for the domi1111tion of Englnod,
knowledge wonlcll/0 ndv!lllccd nnd extended. Cntdd
thi!! be hoped filr fi'Qnt thO!iC into \\bOSl' hands the
I(U\'emment would fall, were tltu power trnn<fcrred
fi'Qm the \\bich now holt! it! lla,·e the :-.athe
powers of Tndin. been genemlly <liotingui.hecl w.
cncourngers of knowledge, or is there nny rntioual
ground of llopo tbnt they will soon become "ut•h f
It it<, indeed, our duty giH• to Use pcoplc, in tbe
mca.ure that thl'Y arc prep:tred to receive   the
ndvnnt.ages whiclt we olll'Sch·ea c•uoy; but if we fnil
of the just pcrfortnnnce of duty-if we render
tbo conclition of its people no better than it would
be under their Natil·e mlel"'-it mnnot jt15tly be
laid (if we make it no worse) that onr domioation
i8 n curse, and ought, therefore, to cense.
So ognin, the tl.!l!lertion thnt, if wo <leny
to btl nn evil, we must ndmit it to 110 one of tbu most
impomthc duties of go\'ennnent to confer its bll.,.;,-
inga on the people--this is one of those swecpi ng
IUII!umptions which require to be cmts:idernbly qunli-
ficd before they be either admitted or dunied. 1 n
n country, like Tudin. requiring no external im(lui"C.
it i.< dtsirable thu the government Fboold lll'ti>d)
encourage the extension of krum k<l!::e. 'fhl·re, n
mnxim which btL• b1..>en laid down for the government
nr kingdoms, but which is mo"t nnt.uited to tho
htnte or Eoglnnd, is strictly nr•rliroblo-to tlo ever)
thing for the reorlt'-little or nothing by them. In
Eugl:wd, 1111d couutril"l in tbe like !iltu.ation, \\bcre
n portion of thl' bnvc nttnined a very high
CRAP.
XXIX.
CIIAl'-
XXIX-
IH
WSTORY OF TIIF.
stale of mental culthation, an neth·e intl'rf<'l't'nre
on the prut of go.-enmu•ot is to be deprecated.
l(IJltling rnthcr to than to nid lbe pmgru,.
of kuowlcdgt-. But it ill rcmllrkablc tbut the po•ition
la.id is not consi<tent wilb thnt which
and which i'l, professedly, intended to point out the
UJt)IUIS by whirh govern mcnts llrC to " COli fer tlw
hlc<•ings of knowledgt>'' on U1e go1·enwd. One ouly
is 11nd tbllt io, lbe penni"ion of an •· wt-
liberty of puhlication ;" iu cfti!ct, n total
abstinence frtml intorfrrencc of nny 1<intl. The
coUllDuniCAtiou of knowledge to U1c peoplo Mated
to be one nf 1bc most duties of gol·t•m-
mcnt: nnd if an inqnirt'r demnnded how
duty to be performed, tho nn•wcr ill, by tloing no-
thing. IA!t thi> mode of de:iliog with knowledge
be applied to thllt which is unquc<tionably one of
tho duti£.'8 of government. It is the tluty of gol·cru-
mcnt to pmtoct life and property by ln1rs,
mllde, and jmtly nnd efliricnUy administered.
would be thought of the statcm1nn or lt'gi•lntor,
who. in to lbc quc.;tiou, in whttt mnnu(•r mn.y
!hi• 1luty be be<ot should sa)·, b) ah-
from all interfl'rt'DC<' with the peoJtlc. nn•l
nllowiog lh!'m to scttlo their !li,Jlllll.'!! in their own
way?
Rir 'lctcalfc, it ";JJ b..• ohsen·C<I, <'X·
pl'C!.>cd grent npprebcnFion of tho ellocbi of  
null'<>, nnd grrot hopcH•f tile gootll•lll.-ets of tlilli••ing
kno\\ ledge in lndin. IIi• nppn.•h1•n..<illn• will. tn
many per;{)n• of eoun•l 11nd <;ob<·r judgment, RJII"'Ilr
BRmSll Dfl'rRll rs ISOlA. fl;j
dtimrri1•nJ ; bnt his hopes are thooo• \1 hi<'b nll good
men would desire to chcri•h. lie b11d,
pro' iotL,Iy tAken much higher ami gT(IIlnd
as the chnmpion of knowletlgc, by thni,
though its diJfUl!ion might, ovcnlunlly, provo f11t:nl
to onr dominion in luclin, our duty wns ll10 same ns
though oo hnCh results were to be looked for- and
this i• tho jlltit mode of l'l'garding ibu matter. We
nrc not, from selfish moth·e., to \lilhbold from lJulin
thnt "bieh it.. people hue M good a right to enjoy
M our O\rn. 'Ve are to t-oufer on India all tbo
good in onr power. W o a.ro to Ill! ow truth free
course, without rogMd to personal or untionru ron-
S(){JilOnoos. Tit is is plninly our duty; nml it is to bl'
IAntcnted tbnt it should be obtoeurcd, or rendered
cloulJlful, hy being mnint.ninL'Cl in Jnnguagc and upon
principk"' borrowed from a bad "Cbool. The sneer
iu which Sir Charles indul(.ted, in reminding
!tis auditors tbat we wcro in India for other pur-
po;,cs tlllln merely to collect the rcn•mtc;., pny tho
cstnblishmeuts, ami get into !lcbt to supply the
defiuioucy, might hBvc been     for no one
knew better thnn himself thnt other pnr-
liOl'CS hnd been kept in ,;cw, nod great sacrificCj
Tlltldc til promote them. And ncnlr, Jl<:rhll(ll!, clid
thero occur a more striking in,sllwce of begging
the que-tion, tlum in tho II! orumption, that no-
thing wu.q more likely to conduce to the or
"lht> cnllgbteoed knowledge ond t'ivilimtilln, tbu
nrtlo nml sciences of • .,,.,. lndin," thnn
11 lir<•ntlous ond uobricllcd politicalpn.·••·
\'01.. VI.
,,
CII.\P.
XXI').
CIIAP.
XXIX
DISTORT OF 'rHE
Those who object to the acting goTemor-gcneral's
'iews ore required by him " to   thot it io not
&'llutnry for the go'crnment ond its functioMrics to
bnvc the check of a free on their conduct, nncl
tbnt lbo o.xerciso of t\l'bitrnry flower o,·er n re5trictetl
is preferable to the control of the laws over n
free o11e-nsromplionJ "blth," be sayl!, " cnnnot be
This lru;t a.o;scrtion is remarkAble, scc-
that. in some <;('USC anti to !;ODlO they
mw.t have been mniutnincd by those who e.tahJi,hcd
tho restrictions which Rir Metatlfo S\Vl'flt
11wny. Dut p11S8ing O\'llr this strange instance of
oblh·ion, it ill evident thnt the wcli·!Qon!ling Fcntcuco
jnst quoted n fnllu.cy not less gross thnn that
Jlroviou•ly detected. It tho fn.llD.cy of e.s:.-uming that
"hlch is good in part.icuJnr ca.te", to Le goocl in o 11-
of hroo.dly laying down ns univei'SOlll)" ju•t
and true, which, mtb ccrt4in C(lnditions nncl under
certain circumstances, aro just nnd troe; but which,
under other conditions and other circumstancC". nrc
(lrroncons. It is most •nlutnry thnt go,·emmcnt nn•l
ita functionaries shoulo.l l1nvo the check of n frco
press on their conduct, in n country like Englrmd,
"'•ere nil existing in•titutions are free-where a
large portion of power luts been for centuries H'•tc<l
in tbo people-where tho people arc doily ealletl
upon to Ulke part in tbc ailmini•trationof the laws-
where tho public, though coo1prising the advocalct
of nntagonist principles, nnd of \1l.fious modi6cndun5
of those nro yot ono nation, go,•crncd by
rulers of their own moo nod country, l1y
BRITISII E:M:PIRE rN INDIA. 67
soldiers and senmen who are their fellow-country-
men, nnd held together by the bonds of 11. commu-
nity of origin, of lnngnage, of political rights, and, to
n. grent extent, of religious belief. It would be
worse th3D idJo to Mk whether tho situation of India,
bears any resemblance to this ; nnd, where eTery
thing else is dift'erent, why there be tmi-
formity upon one point, and one only ? Would Sir
Charles •   or any other advocate of tho un-
limited freedom of the press in India, be willing to
commit the interests of tilllt CoUJJtry to a U ouse of
Commons chosen by nod from its people in the
snmo miUlllcr ns is that of the United Kingdom?
W on.ld it be advisable to iS8Ue mits, eulling upon the
clnsses of persons who, in IndiA, mny nppear to possess
some degrco of resemblnooo to the forty-shilling
frecboldtlr8 of our counties, nod the burgesses of our
towns, elect the memhers of n House of Parlia-
ment to bo assem blad in Calcutta for the  
with regard to India, of the powers by tlte
l»dy Lbns elected at home ? Such a fonn of govern-
ment may, at some futuro time, become safe, nod
when safe, it will be expedient; but llj,"l!S must
elapse before India is prepared for institutions as
free as those of Britain. l!ione will t;ay that India
is as yet prepared for them; and wbUe it is neces-
sary-avowedly necessary by the comiuon consmtt
of nll- to l\dthbold from the people of India some
Q[ the more solid and valuable privileges of our more
1\dvanccd state, bow does it bnppen that it
be nbsolntely nnpnrdonablo to deny litem tho plea-
1' 2


CUAP.
XXIX.
6R
IDS1'0RY 011 'l'UK
sure of unlicemcd now11pnpcrR 1 who
object to n freo press in lndin nrc not IJouml, as Sir
Chn.rles Metcalf!' wouhl cont('nd, to abcw tbnt it i•
not salntnry generally: it is enough tl111t, like many
other of tbc like kind, it iq not fitted for
T nclln in its pre•cnt stnto. •· 'J'ho frceclom of public
  it Slid, "is nothing more thllD the
freedom or spenking nloud," which, it is nddc41,
•· is a right belonging to tbe JlCilplo which no go-
has n right to withhold." Hero, ngnin.
is loO&'ness in ilie use of worils, llnll n ron•!'·
qllcot confmion of things \l'i<lt>ly different. To S.'IJ
tlull the freedom of public discussion is nothing mort'
thlln tbe freedom of speaking nloud. true, "<> lnng
uml di11<mssion mcont; but it is not in the SCilN."
in "·hit-h the mu•t h:1ve intcndl'tl to u"C the
words; for by pnhlic discussion be mu"t bam mc:mt
discuseion by meoll! of tbo press. This dificrs from
om I in moro tl1nn ono point. It i• unim·
portnnt whether n government bas the right of with-
holding from no individunl tbc right of
nloud. bccnuse, whctbcr it havo or not, it has nnt the
ability, without depriving the lll4ll. of the power of
spcceh; so long ns he rctn.in tlmt, be mny give utter·
1111ce to \\bntevcr be may please. You may pllllisb,
yon cnnnot prevent. This is not the cnsc \'lith tbe
You mny interdict or limitits use, and you
hn. ve the J>Owt!r of cnrrying your into
cR<>ct. Again. tho influence of tbt.> JlT<'"!! iq much
-wi•lcr than that of epcech. A man cnn bnt
n r<•IIIJlBrtiUvely tounll circle, when r('atrictcd to th<•
ORITIJH! Eli.PI111! IN INDIA. G9
Jl('lSOnal communication of his opinions. By tho
introJuction of the pre-s. his poll·er of di!Tu,ing thl1lll
ill rendered almost unlimited.
H appears that Sir Charles Met<'Rlfo was aware
of tho Btteudiog his favourite measure, Bntl
that he knowingly risked those dangers iu carrying
it out. Alluding to the difficulties of fnuning a lnw
to rvstrain tho exc(lliSC& of tho press, he exprc-..00
his belief that, on such a point, Legislntlnn Wll.l< set
at defiance-that the enjoyment of rho liberty of
tho press involved the necessity Of ooiug OXIJfl<ted
to its licentinusucss. The     iu Englnnd, be re-
lllll.rkcd, bad failed io pte'l"l.'llling tho liccntiou•ncss
of lho press, ond ho intimated, though with some
appcanwee of doubt, tbtlt tb<>y could not bo mndo
more efficient "itbout endangering its freedom.
Tbc expression of doubt was 1!Uper8uout. Any nl-
lernJll to gho to the l11w additiorutl lllllAJlS of
ing the licentiousness of the prCiis would, eerltliuly,
destroy its liberty, nod, iu England, wo mUFt, in the
illuguage of Sir Charlt'B ::Uotcnlft>. "submit to tlte
attl'ndnnt evil for tho !ltlkc of the predominant
good." But here the good is prcdominnnt. A man
in robust hc:allh may iodnlgo iu exlli'Ci"EEI ..-bich
1voulcl be injurious to nn invulid, Md mny derive
benefit from them. A mM of untlll1l age and com-
petent Jmowleclgo mny direct, to bis o\01 benefit nnd
that uf society, those powerful elcmeuta or Jlllluro
which, judiciow.ly emJiloyecl, become u..ocfnl mini._
ters tn the wants of ruao, but which, in the of
n vhild or of one Ullllcqunioted with their truwagc-
Cli4P.
=
CRAP.
1."(1 't.
70
ffiSTORY OJ' TilE
mcnl would produro nothing but mischief. The
child, in time, may become quAlified to guide them
aright, o.nd lndin may, in lime, bo prepared for an
extent of freedom not inferior to that enjoyed by
tho nat.ions most favoured In tbis respect. 'But
time is wnnting. Tho freedom of Englishmen is
the growth of centuries. Why should it bo thought
that in Indin rcoulls can bo suddenly
tAined by inscribing words on a piece of p11pcr or
parchment?
In all colonial communitill'!-or commnnilict
"b ich. lltongb not 6lrictly colonial in their origin,
nrc in tho position of depcndendes--tho cbnmctcr
of lbo p!'e'<s is far inf11rior to that of the ronrcnl, or
protecting country-inferior in to.lent, koowlocl_gl•,
and high prindple. Local squabbles--for it would
bo wrong to give to such a more dignifi(•d
uame-fomi5h a lugo proportion of lltcir  
and local libels supply the place of better
of excitement. • This diiTcrencc of Sir
• In lndin, perhapo, tlli1 i• oo much the ...., aa in oowc
otbtr 1!1aoe•. :But inotnn""" might reodllr be nddu..U to lltaw that
tbo mDIII'k is not inapplicable e..,n thrre. For examplo-tl>t rc·
....,t claputol about the mode and cireumo1:1Ju:6-for it weo only
the mode and citeumttan........,c c:art)'ing ou moun eommonica-
tlon lx:l'trem 1rulia and England-uot oaly adlod forth a dqrree
oC Mot cli!propmtioned to the ...,...;on, ood a di>plaJ oC IIUIC"i·
b)IICilal wuoit..t 10 IUIJ .,....ion, but ,..,.. «<Dd...ud with a
o(lirit oC pmoaality oi"moift to s-J and, alto;;tthrr, in •
mannu u ddcient in digulty, u 'lt'tre eome oC the qucstlonJ dil·
pul<d about in lmportnncc.
'I'br oC (>IU't or tbt lndlan pr .... -· after the period
"htJJ it wu thought ..     10 oet it CJ"Ct'. it thuo dtoc:rib<d br
nJUTmn CO'DU: umu. 71
Chnr1Cll Metcalfe to hnvo p!ll!!led over, for bo
conld not bnTe been ignorant of it. With him, n
free pn:-• was a blc,.qng not only whaten::r mlgbt be
the or tbo   !Jut, apparently,
whatever mighL bo tho cbnmcter of tbo pres-. lL
is tmo that, in tho counre of his addre-o, be did
nd\"ert to tbe po"'ibility of being autL"C<I,
und lhnl he rend the editorial world n lecture, by
which, it is cbnritnbly to bo ho1l0d, tbey were edi-
fit-d. h b true, IH• wnmed them, tbnt by tho abu<e
gf the freedom of the rn.-ss .. its proper iullucnce"
was dCl'trovcd; hut it docs 110t seem to bnvo oc-
curred to him that it Etill might ba\-e an ioOuenco
which, though not "t•roper," would bo wide :md
powerful-powerful for cnl, though feeble for good.
lie O)K'nrd the Jluod-gntel\ and tlten conj1u-cd tho
water to flow· sofily. •
ooe or UIO a>Oil rupeetabto of tho lndion jouroala :-" Tbe 1Jt/4i
Ca:ttte annoUnct'l the retirt:mf:D.t o( tbe rditor c.I thAt J""JlU in
eo1Jl10<1Uc11Ce CJl the Yic.J4nl ODd nature or tM attock or
the -"fl"' £:u..... w. thWk the- or t1oo Matu.oil j.....Jo
lllwvtla -h other ill 'ftry diKrulilabl• w the P'"'• ODd highly
prejudiahd to itt beat lnttreetl. Nobody un"nhng 10 • nw a
muck ' thould underluko tlte office o/ editor beyond tho Mob·
ratto clitcb ; withm it .. do now and tb.J> ioduJr ia a  
tometim ... rather bri•k J>U""&" or ....... : but - bnthrm or
the AJo(u.,iJ _.,to think it the gnot obje<:t o( their editorial
hlo to b .. pattor ead> othu with mud in """l' number ..r their
rHpeetiTe joum&ls."-lk>ol"/ ll•r/ain, AJurlt 19th, 1836.
1'hc.c   _, to """' boon linlo '-liud bJ bit Chlrleo
M<1alk'• couc1 odner .
• In comparing the eoLlolal p ..... with that ar tho motha
cuuotry, tlJo rew foul wd lUthy printl which ailt in tbelattu,
lo the diJsno<e alike or their ('OJldunon ODd tbnr rftdrn, art
or ......... n<iuclol !tom C'CJIIOiclerali, Tho cbon>cttr Mlipotl
tUAP.
XXIX.
CUAl•.
XXIX.
A.D.
A. D. 1834.
72
Thc celcbrotcd .Press T.nw was on the 3nl
of Augmt, noel on tho 6th of Jllnrch following, tbc
authority of Sir CbnriC!t Metcalfe was SU]lCrsedml
to the ..- of tho United Klo;dom is hued OD that of tho clally
JDOI'Ding and .....Ung papers of tho m•trvpolis, and tho""'"',.,_
opectable of tho weekly papert, togetbtr with the grt'llt m ... of
proriocial J1rium, which, fur tho moJI pari. ooalrlbuto to main-
tom the of !he pn:oo bJ following tho bonaurable ex·
ample oet by their metropolitAn lendc,..,
Tho opinloG ola 'ftr'J Wgb aothorit)'-pallllpo, the <rry higbeot
linng aolhority 011 Indian afl'air.-apon the fmdom of u •• ludial
P"'&f, c:nnnot fail to he both inotructi•o Md intcrcoting. In hit
..... u LD o ..,;... of queotiant ciroulat<d by tho !loud of Com-
miuionrn in ljj3'.}, -of which relakd to tho P"'""· tho H....,.,...
able Mountttua.rt: Elpbill.!tone. Wttr nclvcrting to the rCIIlricrtio.n,
th<o oi!bnr. th111 doclaml hio nowa ,_ .. It mty be tokrD for
gnot<d that it tbe European P"'"" be(,.,., the noti<e""" ...,.ot
lang he olh<rwioe. tr nU he fn!e, we t!WI he lo n J)n!dicamcnt
Reb oo DO tt&Lo hot ytt expericuced. In other rountriot tho we
of the preu hu gnduolly extended along with U.e impro•<m<nto
of the go,·cnuncnt and tho intcllil!""oo of tho peoplo; bnt we ahnll
ha.-e to eoncmd at 011ce with tbc moat tdnod theorieo of l!1m!J!<
and with tho pt<jndi'* and fanotieiom of Aaio, both rouden:d
doubly formidable by Ute impcrl'cct education of th...., 10 whom
et'<!)' appeal will be   -n.-, it .bouW be ,_..,.
bered, oro tho ocntimento, DOl or a bigolcd oppencnt or imprott·
mcnt, bUJ: of " olat.,.moo of 1artrc and cnligbtcned .;.,.., wbMC
came R ifttepe.rably •IIOCliltcd with the eame ol ,.,m .. .;..., in
India-a COUIO or which h" W01 the eamat adYocato and .........
petn>o.
It ia that Sir Charlet Mctcal!e, who took adl-oD·
lage or bU tnnporary oc:c!UpOtiOD of tbe OIJiCO o/ sonmer·S'""""
raJ to n!lieve the P"'"" from all nstnUnt, not liWiyyears before
eor..-J bi....tf with oome oc the in<onv .. ieu«
ori•ing f<em tho proecedlogt or gonornment finding tbetr vray
into the 'l'bia wa1 in n minute reoonled by hhn on
the I bth of CXtohtt, I L>30. to loto thaD he y<art afc.mrartl> be
depti<L'<I tho nt of all po..-cr ..t I'"'' tuting tb< nil of
whicb be OOIDJ.tJaillecJ.
  I:J(p!RJ: IN rNDlA. i3
by tlto nrriv:U of his successor, T.ord Aucklo.nd, who
had sOJno months before been nominated to the
office by tbo Court. of and eonfinned in
it by tbo approbation of tho Crown.•
• m. lordthlp ..... the - or - or tbe -l lteody od·
'-ta or tbe odminiJtfttioo or Mr. Pitt. IUid<r wbida bio ...
.,;.,., wrra by 1 P"<""!!"- Ho &eqoiml diorinctioll u 1
diplomllth•t, and a.L.o Ill u atati&riml and ecunomioal writer. Hi•
ooo tho poU<ica or hill family and ollzlclu:d hivudr to lbe
Wbigputy.
OHAP.
JUU.X.
Cll \P.

A. 0.1831.
llll!TORT 01' Tfl&
CLI \ PTER XXX.
Tnc in which Lortl Aucklnnd nrrii"C<l iu
In eli a was complctud 11 ithout tho oocurrenco of nny
event puffic:i<'Utly rentarkablo to rcquiro notice,
nod the 6:n;1; half of the eusuing year p:t$8(.'<1 with
CfJUnl trauquillity. 'rbe ettlm WM tben iutcrruptccl
by some violent lll"()()('eclings in that perpetual soot
of trouble and dill(}uict, Oudc. These conse-
quent u110n the dt>ath of the King, of whom, it is
not too moab to that, low n.' is the ortlillllry
slruulnnl, wbetber of mind or momls, nttnlnod by
Basten• princes, ho fell fur below it in both rt'IOp<'cb!.
One of the mOit prolligate, he was at the I'& me time
one of the most wonk. His crimcs and his cxct.,.-es
woro tt•nninnted by dcutb on tho 7th .Tuly, 1837.
Tho Britisll resident, Colonel Low, on learning tbnt
the life of the King wa. collliidcred to be iu danger,
wrote \\itbont delay to the commanding
iu Omlu, to bo.vo n thousand mon in reBdlncss to
march at B   notice. Unving dl'!'pntched
the order, the rc<oitlcut proceeded to the pnlnc:o witl1
two nfliccrs, ono of them tho rt."'idency f8\-'0n.
They fcmml the King dend, nn<l such prucauti<)J\l! M
wen' nl tlu: mmncnt nvnilnblu immediately
BRlTISR E:.!PlR£ I )I IS DIA. 75
taken for guarding the pa.lnco nod protecting the
property which it contained. More eRbctually to
provide for these pui')JOSCl!, a accood order was
despatched to tho brigndier in commnnd, requiring
him to ofl' finl compnniNI in advnnco to tho
palnce, nod to bring do\vo aU tho trooP">
both infnotry and artillery. In tbe moon time mca-
8uro8 woro tnken for investing tho   rrefll{·
nizcd by the Briti•h govenunrnt with 1·xh·rnal
ensigtlll of sovereignty. This Jlrinoo WBS an WJele
of tho deceased King, nnd thl! grourulo DJHm "bich
he was supported by the Briti•h go•·ernmeut
these. Sarulut Ali, the grandfather of the monarch
Just departed, had ten eons, tho eldt'!'t or whom,
muned Onzoe-oo-dot'n llyder, him. Ga-
l:ce-oo-dron had only one son,
Hyder, tbo unhappy prince wbocc death bad led to
tho uec01-•ity of making pro1·i•ion for tho ,·ncant
throne. !'iussoor-oo-dcen had at one tint(IIICknow-
ledged tu·o "'ilS, but Ito b.'U! •ubfocquentl.r di..arowed
them, nn•l their pretensions wero b.r tho
Rritish authorities to be Tho right nf
aucce><•ion would, thereOJ>On, have passed to tho
seeond or the son' of Saadut Ali; but bt- b11<l dil'd
pre,iou"ly to !'11!>-;c('r-oo-deen, nod, bytbo ;\labome-
dan lnw, tbe denlh of nn bdr oororo hi$ right to
•ucceed bl\1 occme<l nuUi6es tbu claim or hi8 chil-
dren. :\o claim tr:w..qnfs..iblo throu8h onl' wbo
hllll hirn"'tlf neror enjoyed .,. .. or tho thing
daimed. Tlte wcee••ion. tlterofore, Jml"'OO to the
third SOot or Saaclnt ,\li, a J'rillc.'O namNI /'iu,..-.eer-
CUAP.
XXX.
CRAP.
XXX.
.\ D. 1!131.
16
rtlSTORY OF TTitl
ood-Do"·Jab, and be it was whom it was proposed to
olovnto to the vncnnt mosnud. This intl•ution WIUI
not carried into effect without n struggle. Tho
rc;;ident nppnilicuded thtlt the Polbhtlb S..gum. or
Quoon Downger, might ullompt some movement in
fn,·our of one of the pretended liOm:, nnd be bnd
(lespatched o.   enjoining her to remain at
her own residence, situate nlxtut four miles fo·om tho
regal pnlace. Tbe found tho Begum's
ready to advance upon the nnd re-
l11n1cd to communicate tho intelligence to the rcsi-
<lent, bringing with ltim a ,·nkcel from tho Begum,
ootrollting that abe nright bo ponnitted to @00 tho
corpse of the deceiU!ed so,·ureign. lit tho met10tinto
tho new King hnd been conducted to tho palllce,
where ho nrrivcd about tltree o'clock on tho mom-
i og of tho 8th of July. IJe was o. man advanced in
years and in feeble health, ond whilo be indulged in
n. short repose before entering upon tho futigne of
being enthroned, the resident ood his nsillit10t8
retired to n.rrnngo the ceremonies with which tbo
ovcnt WIUI to oo nccompnnied. Tbeir confcrencu
wns dioturbed by the arrival of intelligence thnt the
lkgnm's lrocJ16 were nppronching tbo city, nnd were
close to one of tho They were quickly oo·
fore it., and upon the refusal of Captain l'nton, a
British officer in o.ttendnoce on tho J'Cjjil.lant, to
nllow it to be opened, U1cy teliOrlcd to tho strengll1
aud 6:1gacity of the alephD.IIt to ell'l'Ct an cut:raDCC
for them. Tho first nllimn.l which mntlo the nt·
lempt fnlkod; a l<lCQnd, ,;goronsly urged on by an
EXPIRE r!l INDIA. 77
nclroit driYer, in dll!lbing in ooc leaf of
I he gnte, Cnptrtin Pnton nnl'rowly escaping ooiug
Crtll'lted by il:!l fnll. An OJK'niug bcing thuH efli.-clod,
tho Begum's followors rushed in, Paton
being knocked d11wt1 by them and Jllllde pri!<>nt-r.
After n few minutes spent in the insurgt•nts
Jllll!hed on for lho t>aln<•o, '' hlcb they  
Further o.,Jcrs tlirccting tho nchnucc of tho Driti•h
force had been prepared, but the Ucgum'e followc"'
hn1ing of too gntcs, both of tho palare
nud the city, there wns no opp(lrtunity of di!!<Jl(ltch-
ing them, and tho rCl!idont with hi• few  
were, for n •hort time, virtnnlly prisonCJ'I!. Tho
l>rclendcr, whn bnd arriYod in company uith tho
D<-gum. -.."39 formllliy SClded on tbo limlnc. Tbo
• 50111C difticnlty, obtAined ndmi.ssion tn
tho tllnce where tho ceremony wllS perform('(!, nnd
nfter some fruitless endl'nYours to pe=ado tho
Jk.gum (who wu present. in a ro•·ered palanquin) of
thll otter hopelc«oe5S of the nttt'mpt in which Jbo
hlld he huccecded, by tho .Ud of onll of Iter
in escaping, tngetbor with hill  
Cnptnin Ptrtnn hnd previou.•ly bcon rei"!IIICd from
clumnce by a ;;mall party of the British dc-
lnrhcd for the purpol<C. The! fi<o ntlv:wced COID(on-
uics s01111 :mivod, nod were followed, nner a
intcrvo], by tl1c rcmniode:r of tho Dritish forcl', 11lth
r.omc gtmF. between lbo J•Rrti<"'
now took place. Tbey ended "ith nn intimation
fmm thl! n"!ident. t!Jat if, uitbin a qnarkr of llll
hour, the ll<·gum clid not ourrcndcr, wd repair to
CRAP.
XXX.
78 UJSTORY OF 'TIIFl
tho place where ho was etanding with the gullll, an
attnck would bo commenced. The time expirerl,
and tho Begum ditl not ,,.ail herself of the opportu-
nity offered for averting mischict: A fire of grape
Wall then opened, IUld a party of Drili'h lrooJl9 pro-
cecck'<f, by wnys, to eJfcct nn cntrnncc into
the building, in which tho King, with tho
Degum and her followers, were ncting their
tivo parl!i iu tho pageant of tbr court. Tb(l insur-
gents were soon di!>lodge<l. anti the Begum, with tbe
unhnppy boy who hnd nfl"orded tho for tho
  were made prL<oncr<. Between thirty
and forty of tho Uc!,'"llm's followers were known to
bo killed or wooncietl during the assault, and tho
unmoor of wounded w:IS probably grooter, sinl't' some
in tlilif stnation may be 8UPIJOei('IJ to have csl'aped.
A few of tbc Britkh scpoys suRcred, but the rc.ident
bnd the sntisfCICtiou of finding tbe now sovereign
and his family were safe. No time was lo.t iu
gi\·ing to l1is title all lbe slrcugtb it could
derive from tlte di•play of his J>O&-«eSSion of the mus-
nud (n point of grout importance in E3Stem states),
and as soon a.s tbe ball could be clenrcd of tho
prunful evidence of the affray nflordetl by tbc
bodies of tho sluiu, Nussecr-ood-Dowlab wns
lemnly placed on tho throne which the pretender bad
scan.'ely quitted.
Tho outbreak, thus temrinated, IIO('ms to barn
been, from the commencement to its conclusion,
ill-judge<! !Ultl hopeleo..o. With a band of
followers uot con•iderablo in point of number, and
BBITISII Elll'IIIJ: IN UoDIA. 79
who, it nppeors, might be regnrded rnthor ns nn
armed mob than a regular force, the Begum ,·cntured
to opposo the Briti!h government, wbo-e fmw,
t!Jongh numericnlly 'rcak at the time, WM cupnhle of
being incrooscd, within n short period, to n
degree of strength wbich l'l!lldcr wece;;sJul
resisumce impossible. When in of the
pnlnce, t hu insorg!•nt.s seem to hM·c bnd no settled
plan of oeliou. Tlu.•y placed their puppet on
throne, nnd app«U' to bnYl! OO.,n contenL Tbe King
wns in their power, but they ncitbcr attempted to
remove him tlJe -reach of Briti•h niol, nor,
what perhap• more to be expt-c:tcd. did tloc) seek
to get rid of his rlaim by tho ucrifice of bia lire.
This, perhaps, wns owing to f<-'llr rnthcr thnn to any
better feeling; for though thoy nb,tninocl fttom any
nttempl on the Ji\'es of the King nnd llli nllt'nclants.
lhcv tr<>nted them with insult, and Tentod thcir
llntrod in awngger!ng, threatening lnnguagc aod nc-
tions. ll is to be lamented that the Briti.Ji force
"n5 not nl the first &ufficicotlyatrong to bare  
n wed tho insurgent"' nod detern.'<l them from enm
coterWning n thought of rcsi.tancc; hut it nppcnrs
that tho \\bole Briti.b force in tbe city amounted to
cmly two companies and a half, one company being
cmplO)'CII ns tho trorumry gu11rd, lullf a company ns
the goo! gunrd, and tho rcmnioing company M tho
honorary j!Ullnl of the resident. From tbo two
former dutie>! few men conld of course bo
nnd iliO!lO thnt conld be tnkcn were rcqui red nt
other points "here Jllunder Willi to be nppreht>ndcd.
CIIIU'.
xx.x.
80
mSTOilT OP TirE
I t eooms extmot'dinnry indeed, after allowing fllr all
tbctoe circun\Stances, tbaL the Begum's party should
so bne gained rulmission LO tho palace; but
it i8 to oo remarked, that tho defence of the pnlace
wns in native hands, and it is probable that it waa
not merely want of cotD1lge, nor want of vigilance.
nor want of nUiiLory skill that led t.o tho result.
The following pa.s&nge from a paper drawn up by tho
eec:ond-assistant to the n.'Sidc:nt may elucidate tho
matter:-" Tho smallness of the guard at that outer
gate, there being no force pl11ced on the ou!hido of
it, liS the minister posith·ell dcdal'CS bad beet•
ordered by bim, and as \\"aii actnnll y done at.
of the others wWch were p!Lc;sctl by Lionten1111t
Sbnkcspear on his road to tho N11waub Nu,.,...-er-
ood-Dowlab; tho sopioenC!'S of many of the palaeo
guards and ser'I'IUlls; the J>em:>roion of orders sent by
tho miniater on II liferent occasions ; hiij dcelllTIItion
8inco, that thoro wore mauy traitors in the palaeo-
all tend &trongly to induce the suspicion that the gnto
was left p1ll')lOSCly wlgunrded t.o the attack of tho
Padsbnb Begum's troops. Tho latter, however, bGT-
ing onco within the palace walls.
could, from no position, have been so hapJ'ily
expelled witlJ le$ loss t<l our own troops and more
disgmce to themsoh'C!l, tban from the Durm-dorree, •
the scene both of their   triumph and of
thcir 1•rompt and well-descrved puniabmeot."
Tbo residence of tbo Begum nnd tlto pretender
to th!' throne, in Oode, being found likely to 4.'11-
• The boll the mlh,_,.t took plot>o.
IIRITlSI[ Elil'l'rRB Tl\1 h'IOIA. 8J
danger tho oontluuaneo of the public peaeo there,
they WC!re remo\ed into the Company's territories;
tmd tl1is put nu end to aU nttem1>ts to OIII!U.iJ tho
authority of tho ruling prince by force. IU. title,
however, wns impugned by Y cmccu-ood-Dowlab, tho
eldest son of ShutiJB·OOti·Dowlnh. The person last
named was tbe second 1>011 of Sudut All, arul the
elder brothl!l" of lil15liccr-ood-Dowlab, the prince
whom the bnd recently plACed
no the m"'nud of Oude. Had htlJJL"--Old-Dowlah
his nephew, tho decen..OO king, be would
uudoulitedly bn,·c been entilled to succeed to tho
throne; but, dying before him. he could COD\ I!)" no
right tc bis children; the MnhomN.no la'•• ns alrendy
explruned, not admitting the doctrine of rcprescn-
llltion. Of this, no one, having even a ac·
quaiutance with tho subject, is ignomnt; yet Yemcen-
ood-Dowlab set up a claim upon which,
though recognized ns vnlid by tbo Jaw of England
and runny other eountrios, are rcjucted by tl1o inter-
J>rclen! of the code of Mahomet. It iB but jubt,
bowever, to stnto that, on an intimation that hla
clnim wns iuadtniSI'ible, he ru:quiesccd nt once in tho
decision, and mndc no attempt to pllih his pn:tcnSiom
further. A new cWmant thereupon tll'O>C in the
JIW'SOn of one namod Akhul-ood-Dow lab, alleged to
be tbe second sur\ h;og foOD of   lab,
but CliJiiog hlmbUif the cldcat. Tbis pcn;ooage,
uuder European nd ,;ce, proceeded tc England, and
there addressed the Court nf Directors of tho wt·
ltailia Comptul}. '!'be foll) of undertaking a long
0
CUAP.
XXX.
CIL\P,
X-U.
82
DlSTORY OF T([E
voyage to a cl:rim known to be
and undoubtedly btld, an<! with a certainty of its
being rcjocted, JWed not be dwelL upon. What
profit the advisers of the derived from the
e:q>e<lition cannot be l.'llown ; but they were fully
awllre that none would accrue to the person on wlto.;e
behalf they aiTI!Cted to act. Such occurrences are
not,   uncommon in lito history of British
India; and they will probably never cease altogether
until nallve l>D"'ers acquire su01oient ocqunint-
ance with the of British poliry to pre-
Tent their becoming tho duJleS of unprincipled
ad,·entur()J'S.
The origin of a very eventful of operations
should now, according to the order of time, be re-
lated; but, to noid noodlcssly breaking the con-
tinuity of tho nlliTIItive when bl'gun, it is postponed
for the purpoie of directing attention to certain
proceedings alfcctlng tho throne of Sattarn, which
strikingly illnttrate the remarks forth by tho
idlo and ridiculous claim of Akbul-ood-Dowlah to
the throne of Oude.
IL mil be recollected, that tbe fuljah of S:t.llara
was the nominal hood of the great l\fahrntta con·
fcderacy, but that, for a long period before tbal
confederacy 'vas broken, aU power had froiD
his bands into those of hill usurping officers. WbeA
the Marquis of Hastings overthrew the Peiuhwa,
and held lit hla own dispot;al the forfeited territoriet
of that chief, be, with a:n unwise liberality, drew
the fUI,jnh of Sat tara from the aituntioo of n capti.-e.
BJU'I'HB Eli.PmE IN I!<I>!A. 83
and restored to him much of Uao dignity and &Orne
of the power which h<> claimed to posses.", but bad
never before obtninod or   Credulous, in-
deed, mw.t be be who relics on the gmtitude of
outive princctl. The Marquis of Hulings 11rofessed
llO to rely, and, pcrhaJ"', he "u sincere. In the CL"f!
or the RJijab of &ttarn the result was thnl whicb
bll8 llO frequently occurred, and which might reason-
ably be looked for. Tho &jab, at length, became
lltspecfed-ioquiry took place; it WliS
that, in contravention of the treaty to which he o..-ed
his power, be Wll8 habitually carrying on C!OJTeo-
&Jlondence with varioUll parties, &Orne of whom "·ere
enemies of tbe Briti•h gonmmeol-that he was
fomenting bO&tilitie& ngainst tbnt governmomt.-and,
further, it "'US alleged, lUll! to tho sntisfnetion of
many proved, that be had attemptA!d to &educe &Ome
n&t.ive officers of that go,·ernml'nt from Uacir alle-
giMec. I t Wll.'l pronxl thnt be had, for 11 long course
Of )'Cil11!, carried 00 ll comlllp(IDdeoce With tbe
Portogul!"e authorities at Goa, the object or which
was to them in an alliance again.-t tbc Dritil!h
government. Portugnl was to funaish an Mny to
recover for the Bajab the Mabratta territoriCI', of
\vbicb the confederacy had been c!isposses>ed by the
English ; noel when tho task WM completed, they
were t-o recM'ivc a doe rewvd in money or territory,
or both. It is ob'fioll! that tbi.'IO dl'Jiigns wero too
wild, ridiculolll!, and extravagant to be entertAined
by the most ill-informed EnrOjX'IlU ; but tboy were
0 2
CIIAI'.
xu.
I'IIAP.
XXX.
IUSTORY OP TilE
not beyond tho lJClicf of nn Oriental prince, who in-
dulged in Collies which entitlctl him to be raukod
amnng tbe wellke<rt of his im!K.ocilo orMr.•
With Appn Sahid. the infnmous ex-R.'ljab of
Nngporc, the Rnjnh of Snttnra nppenrs for ePvernl
yl'nrs to bnve carried on n treMherons inlt>rcourse.
Tloc fnt't of tampering with bOidiers in   British
1'001115 hardly more doubtful. Certain nfttiTe
oflioc"' in tho Cnmpnuy's service professed to have
TC('Civt>d from a Umhmin eommunicntions intlicnlive
of 1\ powerfully hostile feeling to\\1ll'ds tb!' Briti•h
Thc.;c comnounications being reJ>enled,
tho coRicersrcported them t() their superiors, and wem
inijtructc<l hy tbenoo\8 the courdC they wcro to pur-
Tbey were su!J..equently admitted to pre-
sence of the Dcwnu. and. ultimately, it was to
lhnt of the fujnh himself, w·bo.e lnngungc, at the
inl<'nlew, was to lhnt whiclJ hntl rroviou•ly
been held by the DewlUllUld the Bralnnin. IL cannot
• "That the Rajab'o miud luoa boc:ocue wed to on --
dinory ,r"b....., it but too evident in hit llo b .. botdy
(onnetl &. company or women, arming them with muakets. and
e.-<a drilling them to tho o1 cut ond mounted
upraaly for the pa,_. w""""' ""' olio tausbt to
elorhuto. to ort u tbobckn. ..-It, !e. £my dool,-m"'
pain or Coqueer, oll'cring bit ..mea to propiti&te the gods
in favour of bil wiahc•. is a.ttended to t and. at d'it tirne, three.
of Brahmin• are 1JHfonning IWAOitan cnt·monin. At •
hoary upeme, to t«are the dtpartvro ol a g- IUJ•pooed m
bonot the Jill-, ond for otbt'r equJJr ohourd ond coa·
mnj>tiW.." -L<un from Colonol l.od.rn-k, rftidcnt. t.o !fa IW-
bort Oront, gm-moor of lloroboy, Uth St:ptembu, 1836.
BRJTUUI EKPIIlE m L-IDIA. ljij
bo denied thAt upon tho fnco of it of tha nbove
statement is improhahle, but though the oppor1unity
was nflbnled him, the Rajah was unnblu to shale it;
ond tho improbability iB grmtly IC!I!K'netl on
lcdiog the "eal.: and wiltl cbamcl(•r of tlw r•rincc
:tgainst "hom tbu cbnrge Wll8 mndt•. 1-'urtltt·r, tbe
of disbelief RJIII<'ar to ltc greater o•·en
thnn those of belief. Part of whnt was stated was
cerlll.inl) true; and though it bas lot'Cn nllt'gl'd that
the sobome wns intended to odvnnoo tho interoot8 of
the brother of the Hajnb, nt hill eJqtrnoe, no rt'UOu-
able bopo of promoting wrb an end by <uch IDl':lus
roold Ill the timo bn•·c   eot.crtained; indc..'l.'<.l,
the po<lbibility of connecting them would Jmvo lxocu
almost incoucehable, and tbi! new of the math·r is
moro incredible tbo.n that which implieatt'!l the
Rnjnb. But whether he "ore guilt) or innoct•nt of
the last ctwge, he had unquC!'tioMbly deprived bim-
of nil claim to plood against the English gon•m-
ment tbc obligntions of tho trenty untlcr which be
bad exchanged the condition of a titk'CI sla•·e for the
exl!l"ci!>o of actual aoveroignl) ; for tho condition" of
that treaty he bnd notoriou•ly urokon. Still, there
was a disposition to view bis <'ausc with fawur, and
be might prtoserved the )tOWer which bu bad
nbusod, if he bnd not nnbnJlf>ily followed I ho oxnm-
ple of other weak and inmtuntt.>d l ndiiUJ prinCl.'f'. lie
dbtrusted lbe .Britj,h go,·en1mcm, but he gave credit
to tho profcs:;:ions of certain Europ.,nn 11dvkef&; to
them ho committed hlmself llUc.l bb ruul it
will be seen "itb "hat success. There \\atl the be&t
CIIAP.
x:u.
Cll.\1'.
XXX.
A.n. um.
SG IJISTORY OF TBE
disposition to trent him with kindness and iotlulg-
eoce. At tho time ..-ben it became necessary to
dll'pose of tho Rlljuh's CMe, n now nrri ved
at Bombay. He Wll3 n man who in former years,
when employee} 118 n servant of tho Compnny in
diplomatic duties, bad established for hitnllelf the
charnctcr of being eo•inently tho friend of nntivo
prinees and of tho native community. No man ever
enjoyed greater popularity in Indin thnn Sir Jnmes
Cnmac, who bad now retnmod to take the chief
plneo in tho government of Bomblly.• He nrrived
there on the 30th of   and on tho 19th of J nne
be recorded n minute oxpres«lve of his OJ•inion oo
the case of the .Rajnb of &U1.rn. This paper com-
meocecl with on avowal that the criminnllty of the
Jtajnb bad been clearly proved, and the goTemor
then proceeded to inquire bow, under lhe c:ircllm-
lltanccs, the offundcr should bo dealt with. Three
modes of treating the case wore pointed out : !il'llt,
by subjecting tho Ra.jnb to a formal trial, and after
inquiry mndo and 8elltence passed, visiting him with
npproprio.te punishment; secondly, by proceeding
in the mode by which "·rongs between indepcndCDt
st4tcs are nvonged-commenciug hostilities, taking
of the RajA!•'• territory. and acting IIi
circumst:mees might justify under tbo right of coo-
quest; thirdly, by bringing the Rajnb to a sense
• It it Mid that intellig<nt oati...., wbo m11tmbc:ml the virtu ..
of Major Camac. wbm reai<l""t at &JOda. exclaimed, ao b<ving
that be waa r<tuming In the higbu chua<trr of go .. rnor of
Bombay, •• AU will be wdl1101r
lliU'IJSR CO'llle IN INDIA. 87
of his errors by romonstMlllco, 11nd then gh·ing him
amnesty for the past, in the hope that hiJ futuro
conduct might bo more wonhy of his station IUJd hi!
rnlatiou to tho BritiRh govommcnt. To the adop-
tion of tho first course aevernl objections existed.
There was no ordinary tribunal to which tbe Rajah
could be made amenable, Md a special one most
ba ve boon created for tbo purpose. Again't such a
tribunal, however constituted, clamour would be
loud. " I lmow, n said Sir James Canw; " that
from tho civil and military services of I ndia there
would be no difficulty 'rhatevcr iu selecting com-
missioners who would perfonn tbdr duty without
regan! to any thing but jnsticc; but I need not add,
tbnt in the conduct of states, as of indi vidualt, it i5
most important, not only to nvoid wrong, but to
make this &Toidanco apparent, and to plaoo the clla-
racter of the state for integrity !Uid good faith beyond
tho possibility of   Further, tho compe-
tency of such a tribunal might haTe bee-n plaUBibly
quC$liOned. By a;;•uming the JHn<·er of aubje<"ting
tbe Rajnh to a lt:tgnl tcinl, the Jlritish g'O\ emment
""ould hn,·o placed hiru in tho eituntion of 11 suhjcct,
"berens he bad alwaya been as a l'OVt'l'Cigo.
The poo;ilioo of the princes oonnoc1ed with the
British government like the l tajub of SnttArn i!,
indeed, anomnlous, nod perhaps incapable of being
&ettlcd, with reference to the principles of national
In w, with 11ny degree of preci•itltL But, from tho
lllll'mpt to dcnl "itb the Rujnh as with lltl onlinary
•ubjcct., the min.ts of many honcal and enlightened
CIL\P.
X.'tX.
CIJAP.
x:u.
88
HISTORY OP Tllf:
men would ha\"0 recoiled, nnd ronny more, neither
nor enlightened, would hn.vc pretcnoJcoJ to
recoil from •ueh a counoe. All, "·ho-e malignity
tho British government bnd been inflnmcd by
disappointments; all, whose hope of eubeistt-nce. or
of wealth, might rest upon tho exercise of their
talt'nt in taking nch11lltftlro of the ignonmcc nnd fC('(]-
ing the prejudices of nntiTe prince!!, would haoe
11Rbctcd tho horror of virtuous indignation, nnd have
lent theh• voices to swell the cborm of pity for an
injorod prince, nod of wmth o.gni118t his poworful
neighbour. I t i!l, indeed, the part of wisdom to
disregnrd euch ebullitions (they being gcnemlly tho
product of !'elf-interest, and not of c•en mi•tn.ken
philanthropy), but it is tho pnrt of wisdom to be
cnrcful not to ntlord to those who mise them n
decent protenco. " This point," Sir J nmes Cam:te
observed, "would, I fear, be tnkcn np by nll w!Jo
have any feelings of hostility to the British go.-em-
roent. Wo should be of degrading n.
150vere1gn from his acknowledged mnk, of offering
violence to his feelings nnd dignity, and of ll!;l!uming
a right of superiority to which wo have no jU8t
claim. It is not neces.ary to lll!k whether tbel!O
"-ould be weU or iU founded; it is suRicicnt
thAt they would be made, and without necessity the
British government ought not, iu my judgn1cnt, to
incur them."' If a ho<tile course wel'C inentable,
the governor deolnred tbnt he shoulll umoh prefer
the I!<IC:Oud of     the
Rajah as a prince l>ouod by treaty, but who, hlfing
IIRmSH Elll'UU: IS INDIA.
9
violated the c:onditions of the engagement, was Rt the
mercy of tho other pnrty thereto, wWch pnrty WM
Rt liberty to t>nforcc ill! rights by Wl\r or ot!Jcrwisc.
But tile n('CI!f;!ity for extreme nH'a.•urcs he thought
did not exist. The Rajah, be remru-ked. c:ould not
be regnrded as n very fonnid11blc foe to the Dritisb
CmJlire, nod tlmso   whom he bad been con-
ucded were as little fonnidnblo as himself. No
results, it wns obocned, bavo followed, " execpt the
tranoforof money to agents. and ad¥enturers"-thlll!e
standing C1ItSC'I to Indian The &jal1 bad,
indeed, as WIUJ 8tnt.ed in the minute, mnnifllllted
gt'ellt nml no inconsiclomble portion of in-
patitude; but it wns added,   nothing to
fear, and we can afford to act with
Under ilieioftncnc:o ofiliesc Tie,.11, Sir James Camae
gn,·o n decided preference to the mildest of the
lh roo courses of proct.>eding, and ho suggested either
that the resident should mnke a fitting repre-cota-
tion to the IUjah, or tiJat this duty should be dit-
by the govamor in person, tbe latter c:onn10
being, in his judgment, more adri&o.ble. This being
done, and the ndmonition duly rcwived nod re-
t<pOndcd to by tho IUjah, it wM intended that bo
be frMkly forgino.
On the follomng dny tho rec:ord,od nno-
thcr minute, descriptive of tho modE' in which tbc
inlcnlions of tho goveromenL townnls the Rlljnl• of
Snttara should be carried into cOi.>et.. The spiriL
in "bicb it wu proposed to deal "itb the oflimding
Haj:ili may be understood from the following fl&l"'88t'•
CUAP.
XXX.
!10
n ISTIIRY OF TUl:
which oecUJS ncnr tbe commencement of lbe mi-
nute:-" It will be iocooEi$tcnt with our prop<lsed
lllllnl"!lt y for the past, to make any d1!JD11Jld which
cnn ju,tly be l'Cpnled as n puni.Junent; BUd under
this impression I ot once nbomlon tbo mcuure
whidt np)lCBl'l! to have been thought of by tbe
go,'ernment of tho late Sir Robcn. Grant. • of re-
quiring tbe Rajah to maintain a contin.,"Wlt of hon!l!
for thu service of the British government. Our
deuttmds should bo limited ns much ns pos!libl(>, nod
lihoultl be ronfinoo only to tho.o which will again
pl1tt0 the Rajub in tbe preeitoe situation intended
by tho treoty of September, 181!1, and will insure
tbo mosl efficient protection to all persons wbo
ba ,·e lx.-come obnoxjous to him in COOBeqUence of
the pru-t they huo taken in recent  
Tho '·iews of Sir Jnmes Carone were ndopted by
tbo other mem lx-rs of tbe Dombny government
(though, as to tho hnportant question of bow the
Rnjah should be treated, opposed to their and
the guvemor-gcncrnl in council b11ving fanctioncd
tbc grant of nmncsty to tho Rajah, tho proposed
condjtions of the grant, nnd tho visit of the go-
of Bombay to &tUlro, Sir James Caroao
set out witb a s.'ngujne hope of re,cning the Rajah
from Uto dnogcrou8 position in which. be bnd been
plaeod by the o'·il counsel.s of dllt!igniog men, nnd
of re•toring friendly relations between biru and the
Dritish go.-ernment. llo lll'rived at Sattam on tbe
• Pr<doce.- of Sir J•rues Cll1UIC, and wb011e death k<l toth<
•JIJIOinttMnl of \ho Iauer.
IIIUTISJi lrnPlnE L'l lNDIA. 91
22ml of August, and on the 23rd had Ills Jlrst inter-
view with the Rajah. He explained in Jlnn but con-
ciliatory language U1o position in whlch the Rajah
stood, and the intentions of tbo British government
towards hint ; and among much admirable advice,
not the least, valunble portion wns that reforrod to
in tho following of the report made by Sir
James Carnac to his council on tho subject of this
interview:-" I recalled to Ws recollection the
wnrn.ing long ago given to him by his friencl, llf r.
Elphlnstone, against placing Ws trust and confi-
dence in vnkeels antl low nml intriguing agent;<,
and earnestly urged him to discard from his coun-
cils the nomerous agencies be had established."
The conditions of the intended amnesty had been
embodied in " memorandum drt\"11 up iu tho ?.Inh-
ratta language for the inibnnation of tl1e  
md this was placed in !tis hands. This paper, n.fter
referring to the infractions of tlte lre:lty
by the Rajllh, declared the readiness of the Driti:;h
goremment entirely to overlook them on the con-
diticms which follow- that the Rajah llhould nnw
bind bimaell strictly nod in good faith to net np to
the articles of the treaty of 181!1 ; that he
ngroo to certain specified arrangements nftecting the
intru-estll of his prother: that hellhouhl tli;unU;s from
his councils nod exclude from his territories no of-
fensive nnd minister, who wns named, nud
<l()oJlrm a. gunnmtce of snfety gi,·en by the
government to certnin parties. These were t!JC
whole of the conditions demanded from the Rnjfth
llfiAP.
x.u.
92
lnSTORY OP Till:
-and tbeso he rejected. No Mcriflce Wl\8 required
-no penalty inRicted-hut the &jab, with a per-
verseness rnroly equalled, 8Jlumed tho friend•hip
which waB tendered him on terms ueitbcr burlkn-
some nor <lishonournbl<'. Ho demtuldL'!I in "bat
particulars be bad violated the treaty of 1819. and
ou the throe points being stntod-the intrigues "ith
the Portuguese go.-ernment at Gon, the holding
treacherous iutereoun;o with the   of Nag-
pore, and the tampering with tlte troops or tbe
British govemmont- l1o made no romnrk on either
tbe first or third, thO! tacitly admitting his guilt
on those poiuts. On the second, be took n coun.o
'1\"hich \Toold bavo been \·cry proper in an advocnte
defending n client on legal and teclmicnl grounds,
hut which were scarcely with a conscious-
ness of innocence when adopted by n princip11l io
11 conference not partaking in any way nf the nature
of a legal inquiry. Some lntcrcepted letters from
the ex-Rajah nf Nagporo to him being ad•ertcd to,
he clid not deny having been engaged in corl'C!'pOnd-
cnce with that pcrsoo, bot dwelt upon the f3ct of
no :mswers from him being produeeable. A second
interview took plnce, bot with no better rt'Slllt. The
Thljah decllU'ed th&t be bnrl tbree times rclused t<l
sign tho originttl treaty, which, whether tn1c or uot,
WM by no means inconsistent with probability.
£,•irlcnce existed to show· thl\t so far from being
grntcful for what t11e bounty of the Briti>b !,'(l'·em-
ment ltnd conferred on him, he diss.'ltit.fied t1u1t
Ito bat! not nJCeiTed more-t hal be bad L•pired to
BRITISU EMPIRE IN INDIA. 93
J'C"tore the throne of and bad &!Tected the
title of King of the Hindoooo, to nbich hi,. ad-
bad openly asserted his claims, and bad ac-
cused the British go\"cnuucnt nl' injmtice in not
  them. 'rbnt tho iutlolibility of Mnhmttn
clo.ims sbonlcl hnYe been Rcrlott'lly nsscrled nntidst
the prostrate thrones, Mnhomctnn nnd llindoo,
"l1oso fl'llj,'IUents o\"erspread Asin, iJ indeed c:nleu-
lnt<'d to excite astonishm<'nt, more especially when
tbO"c who undertake their maintenance are nf
Euroll(>(lll birth and education. Nathe power,
though occasioruilly accompanied by a barbarian
mngnificcuce, possesses little to tnptimtc the ima-
gination O\'eo in its splendour, and little to excite
tho feelings of the scntimcntnliot in its declin<'.
But of nil tl1e powers of India, that of the Mah-
rnttnB ia the least calculated to call forth honest
5YJnJ>atby; and 11 foreign apologi.lt c:w scarcely be
listened to ";th patienec, bccanao it is scarcely pos-
sible that he should bo believed to bo sincere. If
the misguided princes of the East, who lavish l.ugc
sums iu tho purchBSO of European agency, Wlll'O
nwn.ro of the precise valuo of tbnt agency, they
would @0011 withbold their usolt> libcmlity, nnd re-
tain in their cotft!J'S the wealth wbich for the most
pnrt tl1ey so de:trly prize, but which. in in-
slanCCot, they dL"J>>IDSS so fooli£bly.
The Tiajnb, afte.r 3 short int<-rnl, sijl'llificd a desire
n.gnin to Yi&it the go rem or of Bombay; 11 third in-
terview granted, and it Wll8 the lost. Tbe
olltltimwy nf thl' Jlrinl't' IPd him 'ltill to
CIIAP,
X\X..
CIIAP.
LXX.
94
HlSl'ORY 01' Til£
• the tenus offilrcd him, nllhough lbc main con-
dition.iru.isted nn miS only a promise of nclhercnee
to the treaty by whirh he wa• previously bound-
the wnaining articlct being of comparntin•ly trh inl
import. It wall, huwcver. in nil Jlrooobility, that
fil'!it nrticlc, though it onforood no nPw obligation,
that constituted the chief ob<tacle to an amicable
cooclul!ion of tho diRput«l, for he ob!Wrved-not to
the governor, but to lbe resident-that by SSO('ot-
ing to it, bo should be to the condition
of a mamlutdnr fanner, a mn11nger of 11 dislricL
Well might Sir James CnrnM exclaim, '' Wbnt,
may I 115k, wns this, but a fonnnl renunciation, and
on the 11.1Vah's p3rt, of 11 important condi-
tion of the ex-iRting t.rcnty 1 And bow is it po;;sihll.'
for us to maintain friend! y rcl111ions wilb a Jlrince
who so mueb mistakes his real Jlosition, ru1d tiJinkJ
so lightly of the obligations which he hns con-
tracted, and under which ho holds his territories!"
According to his own lltatcment, be must ha <e re-
garded himself a.q 11 nJcre of 11 district unrler
the treaty of 1819 ; for euch was his of the
effect of the liNt article tendered to him in 1839,
"'hlch only required him to signify his of
adhering to lbe fonncr treaty. His po!iition,  
farc, had ucvnr been thnt which be thought it ought
to bo; nnd this feeling will account for his intrigues,
tbongh it wiiJ not ucuse them. Ho was dcslined
to pay a Bcverc pe11nlty for tho indulgence of his
infatuated chE'rl•hed, as they bod been, by ad-
'ise"' far more culpable than himself. Tbe goremor
URITil!B EMl'lRE lN INDIA. 05
saw him no more nfter the inteniew whlcb has been
lnst notice<l, but U1c resident, Colonel Ovnns, wnited
on him to receive hls 6no.J decision. Thnt decision
was oonfir:mlltory of hls previous rt!SOlution, and tltc
necessary result was, thnt the l4jnll descended from
tbe throne, nnd took up biB rCI!idcuce within the
British dominions; his brotlter being clcvntcd to the
plnce whlch he had quitted.
'l'he Rajah was the victim of interested pnrnsitef!,
1!01119 of whom seduced hlm into acts indicatiYo of
hostile feelings to his British protectors, whlle others
eocoumged him to persevere in te)Jclling th.e hand
of !orgh·eucss stretched out to save him, by mnking
professions, ""•hlcb they kuew to be fulse, of power to
enable hlm to defy the locnJ government, nnd by
holding out expeetntioos of success in such tL course,
whleh they 1..-new to be fllllilcious. Of the amount
of the money cspended, in enrichlng these  
no llfOclse account can 1.Je given, but it must have
becu very Ja.rge. The number of hls agents WJS
almost incredible. lle had European ngeots and
native agents-agents nt Bombay-agents nb Col·
cutta.-ngents in two missions having been
dlspatched thither. The locnl press was freely em-
ployed to revile the government nnd support the
Thljnb, nnd EngllBbmen did not beslt{lle to U.ke tho
unhappy prince's money in pllyment for exertions
directed a,"'linst the interests oftbeir own country,
and the safety of its lndinn domiulllns.•
• Tlu! p!UJll!er of the &jab by ogenta of ..no .. kiDd&, .,d tbe
pnu:Wod on him by r.booe ponont, are lArgely illu>-
CIIAP-
XXX.
CR,o.P.
xx:t.
96
BlSI"OR\' OP THE
The cnuse of tho futinb Wll8 tAken Ull in Englt\nd
wilh muuh wnrmth, nod "ithont doubt from different
moti.-es-motinltl ,·arying from those of tho  
nud most hooournblo cbnrncter to those of tl1e
mctlllcst nod lllObt dcspicnble origin. But wchcn
tho resources of arguntentntion were cxhn.usted, it
could uot be shc'vn tbnt tho llajnh hn.d not 'io!Atod
the treaty by which he beld bis tluone. The only
qucstion tbnt could "ith be rnisod
whether or not he ebould be forgi.-en. Upon dlis
point, bowe,-cr, the ad\oelltcs on both sides might
hnvo suspended discussion, for tho Rajah obstiuntely
refused to be forgil"l'Jl. Sir James Camac left Eug-
lnod imjuesscd with a desire to ndoJlt the mildcwt
of nil prncticnble modes of dealing with tho delin-
quent Rajah, and, it is rcJlartOO and beJic,·ed, nno(ld
with full authority to oorry his into efl'ect
On arrhing in India be recorded his inteution.o, and
lost no time in seeking to fulfll tboru. lle required
nothing from the Rnjalt bot that he eboold adhere
to engagements concluded many years before, and
the Rajnb virtually renounced those ongagllm!lllu.
The new governor of BombAy, it is to be ob.en·ed,
ttaled in collection o( pepon on the aubjcd. printed in COD·
Cormh:y with a reoolution of tho Proprieton of Eut India Stock.
Amoog <KMr diiburoem.,.,.. of thia dncriptioo ,.... an•, about
65,000 rDJ-, for the pu"'bnsc of a thip, (or the JIUrpooC, it -
oaid, of ktq>iog open a oommunieatioo with England, but which
obip, otrungoly coougb, wu employed in tradiJI,s with China.
llo• the llajoh imoginc:d biJ inter'Cito ,...,... to be promoted by
oueh •mployment of the ohlp, 11 i.o impoaiblc to au-; but be
•J>pe<on to hue bom • ...., o( &he fitct, fe>r be &bUrod Sir Jamoo
Comac:, wllh mw:b gnmty, that tho .....W.g .her 10 Chia-
•• no ho.tile intent."
BRITIAIJ E)(PIRJ! INDIA. 07
&toocl alone in lndiu, in maintaining that the Rajah
had not olfendcd l;cyond the I'I)RCIJ of forgivcn(•!JS,
ft'Co, generous, nnd full. His position, io thill 1'1.'-
spect, is thus dc<cribcd by biolb(')f :-" Wbeu, tlwrc-
fore, I becunc an advocate for a lenient
being adopted toward!' the Unjnh, I was opJ!Oo<.'ll to
tho opinions of the following high authorities: first,
by the entire of thf.' Into Sir Robcn
Crnnt, whoso   were adhered to by the
go\·ernment of my immediate t•n.-dece--or, my pl'l.'-
t'lll respected collengue. l\lr. Fnri•b: 8Ce0mlly, h)
tho righL honourable tho golwm•r-guuerol of J mlin,
nud litis is tho mure important, bccnu•e, io the lin;t
his lordsbiJ> was di"JllSCd to 1iew tho JU.inb
of Sattnrn's conduct, a. I did, as beneath -erious no-
tice, but was ultimately conotmint!d to change this
vi ow by the i rri)i!lolible weight of I be evidence ad-
duced ngniust him: thirdly, by ull the mcmbeN
comJIOSiug the govcmment of 1 odia. These high
authorities* in opinion that the charges wcro
undeniably Jli'C\'C<l, nud, although $orne \'&riaticm•
nl'(' obsermblo in their sentimcntll in regard to tho
prllQit!C mode in which the t'W<Il l!hould bel tionJly
di•posed of, nil concurrecl in thinking that the
• About the time of Sir Jameo ean-'• amft! at &mbay, a
letttr ,..,.. recei«d at that pmi<kaey (rom the t<Crelar}' to the
gove.romc:nt of ludla, t.rau.uuitting copin o! JPiuutes of the la.tt(t
ptrnment on tho S.u.ara all couturrlng in the eone:lusioo
that tho Rojah'a pi bad boeu ..W.Iilhcd, and that his olftOCti
ol oo ..,. •• and Rrioos a-u r.o biA depwiboo
and the .!!!!;,.rian oiiUo ctomWnn• r.o the Brilillh empire bl;hly
txpcdla>t and_,.,, .. .., enmple to the whole olladia.
VOL. VJ.
CIIAl'.
XXX.
CHAP.
ux.
08
lliSTORY Or TUE
Rajah's trnnsgreo!!ions were too heinous to ndmit of
their bcing o..-crlookcd 11Dd forgin-n. I particulnrl)
notice thnso fnct.ll, for, nltbough 1 do not apprehend
thnt tmy one wiU doubt my they are of
themselves nn llrnplo guarnntee thnt l must bnve
earueatly and conscientiou•l) cndl'a..-oured to suc-
ceed in my cxcrtiolll! on th<' Rlljob's bebnJf, nnd
that the fnilore, and his dowufal, are
eolely t.o ho oltrllmtt'd to hiA omo infatuation anti
pervon;e o!J.,tinnr), and to tho pem icions   of
interc&tcd :md d<'8igning men."'* nil these
authorities the new go,·ernor of Boml>:Ly bad to
mnintain his own eonnt•tion, aided, as it ill believed.
by tho wnrrnnt of thc:> home flo did
maintain i4 and \\1\S ,·anquisbed ouly by tho per-
verseness of tho mon whom be WIUI so noxious to
protect.t The Rajah \1'115, indeed, to n certain ex-
• Minute. •lh &pwabor, 1839.
t It thlt the ltajah wulboYictixn of a <GD'Jl'tl<1·
but W1 R!o.l cbarac:tu and view& bod long been known to lboae
who bad I'"" 1 1 td opportwlitia of obeeniog them. Sir J-
0..,..,, in th• minute alreody quotecl,a•yo:-" I could oddu<e prool
upon ptOO! oltbe Rajah's ambitioo, and of tho f .. t of bii reotlas-
n.., of intrigue being oot unlmown llWif fNri ogu to the mi·
dtnti t"LIItioned llt. hit ac;u.rt. "·hic:h it C'Onclu•ive ogllnat the eup·
pooition that the that ban: hom undu inquiry duriug tbe
lut throe Y""'" ore tho fruit of on intrigue of tho day apirut
bi01.. OK IDOI'O, .bow.....,., will •uffi<e. In o lctUr datrd the ht
FebruAry, 18:18, Colonel O..no oboorTeO, Colonel Brigs. in hit
report to go•"mUneDt dated the bt J•nuary, 1827. rdero to thc
ambitiowo feeling u lilcdy to be the Rajoh'a ruiu. iD .,.
mar !cable aotl pRiphetio word.:-· Re i.o, howeYer, ttnacWua of hit
prerogaliT<. ond will "<rf day """" and moro remt our ....,uaL
He bat lall'ly been !attoml by • him into ao ail",_
BRITISH flMrtRE IN INDIA. !)9
tent misled by others, lJut his nd1<iscrs dicl hut
minister to tho e1i.l dispositions of his own heart.
His native nclviser!i were labouring in their ordin11ry
voeAtion-a very common one in Asia-that of
practising on the wcakness tUld credulity of the
wealthy, in the hope of deriving advanUige From
tbair misguided bounty. But of the of
those Europeans, who excited hopes which they
knew could uot be gmtified, and fostered feelings of
enmity to the country of their birth, it is ito possible
to spen.k in terms of ndeqon.te severity. II nppily, it
is unnecessary to seck for fitting   in-
dignant contempt which all honest minds must
feel for such conduct will spring forth without n
prompter.
We pnss from tho fortunes of a petty l>rince-tbe
feeble representative of 11 robber dynasty, which rose
from obsctrrity to grandeur, and thl'l! declined into
insignificance with meteoric rapidity- to events of
greater clignity and greater intere!o-t; evoots im-
portant in themselves and in their widely extended
relations. To render the uarrotivc intelligible, 50me
eotimntc o()!I. own importance. lUld be hu olcudy .. iuood otroog
.inclinntions to extend hQ co:oneetiooe beyond the limitt pre·
a<:nOOd by htolty. It W111 bo fortunRII>, perbopo, for 1m high ... ,,
it eventl alford tbe go-romment an early opportunity "'gi"' him
lilhcly wuming of the chmgtr he is iDCnrring. or I lhould be nry
oppreh""ai<e that ho may ••,...a iD lovolring bimiolf in .,.,..t
cotnmunicatioJU with tb01e who may at 10me futllt'e period pro·
TOke tM mentment of gun= mont. when it is likely a dnclop•
me.ot of .. or inlrigue with bi. biglmeu IDA}' tllkc plaoo,
which will altogether abake our confidence. and may lead to his
nltima.te ruin: H
JJ2
CllAP.
XXX.
CRAP.
lUX.
100 HIIITOR\ OP Tiff.
reference to trenties nnd negotiations of earlier date
will be requisite.
The o-tfety of British I n11in on tho west wnrd hnd fro-
qucntly been an object of grcnt to its mlcn1.
ThccouutriC>! inl.l'rv<'ning betweenPcrsin atul the I n-
dus were   by & rode and barbarous but withal
n warlike population, well ealculatcd by their prcdn-
tory habits, their poverty, and their to
esrito the olarn1 of 11 eomp:uuti..-ely opnhmt neigh-
bour. India had more than once felt lbc e'•ils of
their viSitations, und tbe Affghons were remembered
as men wbosc tmdc wus war, and whose
dhisions formed the only elfectnal check on their
mnbition and military tnste. Some yearl' before tile
termination of the eighteenth century, an Aflj(han
chief, nnmed 7.enanun Shah, h11d begun to thrt'nten
the Briti•h frontier, and tltose thr<':W! were pcriodi-
e."llly repented nnd witbdrnwn ns circumstnoces die-
luted. Tho nttcntion of the Marquis W elleslcy was
directed to this source of danger at an enrly p<'riod
of tbc administmtiou of that distinguished noble-
man ; and nn attempt to lnvnde India, which might
hnvo oec:l5ioncd mueh both of trouble nnd
if nothing more, was foiled by the nlann of
Zcmaun Shah for the safety of bis owu dominions.
At this time dnnger to British Iodin was appre-
hended from the of the French; and
to nvert evil from either quarter, it wn.q de<"med
1lesirablc to 1\raw Persia iot.o n cltlso n!Jinnco witb
the British government. Tl1is W"ll8 olfectcd. In
1801 a treaty wv negotiated by Sir John Malrolm.
DRITlSB EMrll!B JN lNDL\. JOJ
by which the Persillll Shnh engaged to exclude U1c
Frllllch from satlling in nny part of his dominions,
nod to hold the AJI'ghnns in cbook in tbe e\'8Jlt of
their attempting to invncle India.
The latter cause for apprehension was sonn re-
moved. Zem:mn Shnh was deposed, nnd, according
to AsiAtic custom, blinded, in the yeal' in which tl10
tronty with Pelllill. was concluded, Zemaun Sbnb
having treated in the same mnnner his elder brother,
Hoomayon, whose throne he bnd usurped. The
con•Jueror of Zemaon Shah, and antbor of his suffer-
ings. wns another brother, named Mahmood, wl10
speedily found himself engage(! in n coolCRl for the
throne with a folll'tb brother, named Shoojah-ool-
Moolk, who finally triumpbecl; but, with UllllSUll!
clemency, abstained from in.nicting on the man
whom he bn.d vanquished tho Jlennlty of blindness.
The country, however, contiiJoed tom by fac-
tions and dhi.siollll, nnd Shoojnh-ool-Moolk tottered
on his throne from the moment thnt be ns-
cendcd it.
While Alfghanistnn was thus ceasing to be for-
midable, P elllia was   in ber 6deUty, 11nd,
finnlly, eYen the affectation of good f.'lith was :.bon-
doned. The Persian sovereign, in 1806, sent n
.mission to Napoleon, tben in tlJo zenith of his
power, and with nil Europe, England excepted,
p.rostlilte nt his feet. Two years llflel'wnrds a. Freneh
mission arrived in Persin, with the I\ VOWed object or
cstnblisbing such zelations with tllnt country as
might nid the views which N npoleou hnd long
OIIAP.
XXX.
CIIAP.
).JOt.
1112 HISTOJtY 01' 1"1Jlt
cltcrisbed, of striking a blow nt the British power io
India. nnd it WM rcc:eh·ed with
of fa.-our and distinction. Lord Minto, a wntcbful
nod excellent guardinu of tl1e groot interests com-
mitted to his cho.rgt>, iliereupou prepared to connler-
act ilie designs of the French Emperor. The
allinncc of Persin had pre,·ioUJ<ly belen eougbt to
check tUJtl oppost' a barrier to Frnncc.
A similar connection with \<OS oo..-
meditnted in order to oppose the comWnctl etlorts
of France nud Prusin. J>mdent in policy, Lord
Minto was also happy in tho cltoicc of an
for carrying it into ollcct. It was rC!IIllvcd to tle&-
Jllllcb a mi<;Sion to Cabool, and the charge of it
was intrusted to the Honournblo Mountstuart
ElpbiDEtone, then a very young man. but •iuce
emiucutly   by mJWy importb.Ut scr-
  • Mr. Elphin.,tone was cordially received, and
concluded a treaty with Shoojab-ool-.\{oolk, by
which thnt prince bound himself to resi•t any at-
tempts which might be made by tbe Frenclt and
Pcrsions to ndvonco through his territories upon
Imlia.
While prepnrntlon wns thus mnde Lo tlae
enemy in AJI'ghnnistftJl, should they nppronclt, mcs-
liiUC!I to brenk ilie eoofedcmcy were uot ooglecled.
  wore mode, both from Tudiaand from
home, to the bnlcful wWcb the
Freucb had acquired in Pcrsin, nod to dt•tocb tbat
country from its connection with Eng-
• .U ,...;dent wllb thr Pm!ura, gov<niOt of Bombay. &c.
BRrriSU EliPffiE lN ll!DIA. 103
land's bitter and irreconcilable foe. Sir Jobn
1\lrucolm . auived o.t Bushire, com:missioned by the
governor-general of In din, almost simu lto.neously witt!
the lllTival of Sir Harford Jones • in J>ersia, o.s pleui-
potentillr}' direct from the British Crown. The
former met with rm nneourtoous reception, was
refused permission to proceed to the eo.pitnl, o.nd
directed to communieo.to with inferior authoTities.
With this he declined to comply, and ba,•ing remon-
strated without success, he returned to Calcuttn with-
out effecting any thing, ur enjoying an opportunity
of effecting ruty thing. Sir lJ.nrford Jones ml't with
better f!>rtune. He ndYnnccd to Tehran, and entered
into negotiations which tenninated ill the conclu-
sion of a prolimin1111 tTeaty, by which the l'cntii\Jl
morutrch declared all treaties and agreements which
he hnd previously mnde with n:ny of the powers of
Europe null 1Uld void from the date of the articles
then concluded; and thnt he would not permit any
European force to pnss through Ws country towards
India. In the event of Pentia being invruled by any
European power, Groot Britnin wns to fum:i:.b. n
military foree, or, in lien thereof, " n subsidy, with
warlike ammunitions, such ziS guns, muskets, &o., nnd
officers to the n:mount that may be to the nd>•nntngo
of both J>arties, for the expulsion of the force invad-
ing." Tho oumber of the forces to be furnished, or
the nmoUllt of the subsicly ond contribution of n:m-
munition, were to be regulated by' lbe definitiYe
treaty   ~ which that under notice " ' 11!1 preliminary.
• Now Sir Harford Jonea l3rldgtl.
CRAP.
n.x.
CIIAP.
XXX.
104.
IJISTORY OF TIUl
One immedint.c elf('ct of the conclltllion of Lite trcnty
wRS the dLqJJiss:Jl of the French A treaty
based 1m prcliminnry arrnngemen& Wll!l subqe-
quently entered into by Sir Gore Ou<elcy, but, the
Briti!IJ go,·cmmcut requiring cert.nin the
trenty nctnniJy dC:'!Cning the nome of definiti.-c WRS
not concluded till November, 1814, when it reech·cd
tbe signntnl'CS of Mr. nud Mr. Ellito, on the
rart of Grent Britain.• In this trcnty the rcnun-
cintion of European nllinnces was somewhnt modi-
fied, being confined to nations in a stnte of hO!'tility
with Great Brit.nin. No indi.-idunls of SU('h Euro-
JtCAD nations entcrt.nioin!f n de-ign of iu,·ndiug I ndia.
or ooing at enmity -.;th Grent Britain, were to be
permitted to enter Pc,..ia; and if nny Europ(•an
power should seek to invade Indi11 by way of Kbo-
ra<:m, Tnt.nmtan, Bokbara, !;ntllllJ'('&Dd, or other
routes, the King of Pen:in WnR, to tho extent of his
power, to engnge the kings nnd of lh(>'le
countries to opposo such invnsion, " either by the
ff'ar of his or by conciliatory mea>ures." The
King of Grent B ritain was not to interfere in dis-
pules between tb!' Jlrine('!O, nobleg. and chiefs of Per-
sin ; ami it \\'llJl fu rtbcr consid!'mtely provided thnt,
"if one of tho cnnU:nding pan:ics shottld e,·er offer a
pr<,vinee of with 11 view of obtaining  
• The poetical eommtruletnent o( thilo lmlty aftOnLo a perfo<t
•pocimeu cJ Penian in tl•c coastruetion of otooto papers :
" '"-bam loa ... are o """"P! plucktd from tiM- th<>ml<to
pden of eoneonl, and tied by the hondo of ll•e plcnipotentianu
ol the two cr-t •1:1- in the fnrm o( o d.ebitil"C tn&ty. iD whidJ
the orticiN of fricndahip and Ollllt)' are bl<n<led."
Dll.mSIT EMPIRE IN INDL\.. 105
ance, the English government shall not agree to snch
a   nor, by adopting it, roosess themselves of
snch pnrt of Persia." It was laitl down that tho pu:r·
pose of the treaty was strictly defensive-that it was
concluded only fo? the purpose of repelling nggres-
sion- !lnd that the word "aggression" wtl8 to mt'ml
an attack upon the territories of nnotber state. This,
with ?Oferenca to the ?Olnth·e sitnntion of and
Penlio., fanned a very proper introduction to tho
mention of the fonner country, and tho mode of de-
terro.ining the respective limits of the two. This it
was pl"OSCribcd should be eO"ooted "according to tbe
admission of Great Britain, Pe?Sia. and Russia."
The amomt of snbsidy to be paid to Pe?8in, jf in-
, ·aded from Europe, was fuced at two hundred
tb(lnsnnd tonmuns annun.lly; but it 'ms not to be
paid jf tho war were provoked by any aggression on
tbe part of Persia; and, ll8 it was granted solely for
military purposes, tbe English minister was to be
satisfied of its being duly applied. The Persian
government was to be at liberty to employ European
officers to discipline its troops, J>rovided such officers
did not belong to nations nt war or enmity with
Grant Britnin. If nny European power should be
engaged in ""IU" with Persia while at peace with
England, the latter state was to endeavour to esta-
blish a friendly understanding between the bellige-
rents ; bot if nnsuccessful, wtl8 to Msist Persin with
troops or money, in conformity with tbe preceding
articles, for so long a time as that country should
continue nt wnr. The to be )13id early,
CIL\P.
XXX.

XX'-
106 lllliTORY OF TIU:
to eDAblo tho party entitled to roooive it to adhere
to what wns &tated to be " the custom of Pe11<ia."
tho practice of paying tbo troops six in ad-
vnnce-CL cttijtom the prudence of 'II hicb in general
cues may bo questioner!, though its liberality oouuot
be denied, boL whic:b certainly differs 'II idely from
tho ordillllt}' custom of At<iatic states, that bciJJg, not
to pay their troo(>S •• six months in ad Ynocc," but to
suftcr the I'GY to remain mnuy months iu arrear.
The tn:!aty contained two articles rclntillg to All'-
gbanistan. By one, tl1e Peraino sovereign engaged
to send an army ngninst the Allgbnns, should that
people bo at wnr with tho British   tho
OXIMlllSO to be dofmyed by tlmt government-the
extent of assi<,tnucc, mode of aJfording it, and man-
nor of pnymcnt, to bo nrmngod when the ocCllSion
might arise. By the other lll'ticlc, tho British wore
restminod from inltlrfering ln tho cnse of war be-
tween the Alfgh:tnS and l'ersiniL.o, except their me-
illation should be solicited by both pnrties. Further,
it wns stipulated that, if any " Per<inn subjecl of
distinction, showing mp of htltttility nod rebellion,
should take refugo in tho British dominions, the
Englisl1 goY<'mment, on receiving tm intimation from
that of should (in tile nervous IMgua,ae of
tho treaty) " turn him out" of the country, jlud if bo
should refuse to JeaYo it, llrl'eSt nod send him to Pel"ia.
If, pre,iously lo the nrriYnl oflbo fugitive, tho Dritiob
sl1ould be aware of the wi!b of the Pcr-
nntbori:t.ics that the stranger should not bo re-
ceived, his entrance w:tS to be prohibited, and if t be
BRITISH mll'TRE IN I !fill A. 10 7
prohibition were disregarded, the pMalty denounced
against disobedience in the former case was to be in-
curred. 'fhe obligations of Ibis nrticlc were declAred
to be     In tbe la&t plnce cnme an article
pl'Ovidiog lhnt the British government should MEist
Persia witlt ships and troops in the Gulf, i.f required,
and if convenient and prncticnble; the expenses of
such ships nnd Ll'oops l:Jeing defrnyed by Persin, and
the ships being restricted to certain ports, to be spe-
cified, for their anchomge. Such 'VIIS the trenty
which, :Ut.er five years of negotiation, Willi concluded.
It remained in force, without alteration, till 1828,
when the court of found itself in tbc condi-
tion not uncommon with Oriental states, pressed by
demands which it knew not how to meet, and relldy
to sacrifice prospective o.dvantage for present relief.
Persin bad been cnguged in a disnstrous war "With
Russin, and had been nmerood by the lntter power
inn bcavy fine. 'fhe British govet11ment had
inconvenience from tho nrtlcle of the trenty by
which they were bound to nHord military or pecu-
ninry aid to Persin when engaged ln war, and this
nppenrcd a fitting opportunity to get rid of it. An
overture for that purpose wns made, and the Pe:n;im
prince, in coosidemtion of receiving n sum of money
to aid in discbnrgiog the claim or RU8Sln. reluetnntly
consented to annul tho fourtb article of tbe trenty
under which the oblignlion of the British govern-
ment arose, ns well ns the preceding nrticlo which
reluted to tbe booJtdnries of RuMia and Persio, nnil
gnve Grent Britain a voice in detenniuing them.
CDAP.
XXX.
CIIAP.
XXX.
108 II!STORY 01' TOE
A few years more rolled on, during which Pcn!i&
booune gradually weaker, and RussiB gained a pro-
portionate increnso of strength. Indeed, the rise
nnd   of lhc Russio.n empire nrc nmong lhc
most remarkable £1eu of modem timCII, or even of
any time. Tho foundations of tbnt empire were laid
by Peter the Great ns late ns the eonoluaion of the
&e\·enteenth century. Before this time l\lu_oeory
wns n petty princedom, obscure Ill! it Wll.!l lxubBrou•,
nod not recognized ns n memkr of t11e community
of civilized and Cbrutian states in the west. Sineo
that period, the course of the Muscovite poW'cr hu
l;ccn, with occ&l'ionnl iotcrn1ptiollll, n CJnrecr of
aggression and conquCFJ:. The Czar Peter was a
man of extmordinnry energy, o.nd ns unscrupulous
ns bo wns energetic. In every rliroctiou he saught
the meBDS of extending his territory, wealth, and
power. Or his wars with Sweden and Turkey it i8
foreign to the of this work to &Jlenk; but his
designs upon Pema and eventually upon the trade
of lndia-for beyond the po$Cb8ion of its trade e\·cn
tho Mnguino mind of the Cznr could at tbnt period
hardly have speculated-require some notice. Peter
sent an embassy to Pcrsia, and l!eCUJ'Cd a monopoly
of the CXJIOrt of silk from that country. Tho Penlnn
dominions were then falling into ruin under no
imbecile mler, and Peter thonght the opportunity
fnvournblo for obtaining territorinl as well as com·
lll<'rcinl ad\'Ulltage&. Under tho pretence of nssisting
lhe Shah against some rebelrmbject;:, be entered tlto
country, liCizcd &OJllt' 11f its mQ'It dist.ricla,
BRITISH EM.PffiE lN fNDJA. 109
and retained possession in spite of lhe attempts of
the Pen;ians to regain them. Having nchio,•ed this
measure of success, he returned in triumph to Mos-
cow. The Sultan of Persia was now 11 prisoner in
the hands of the AflgbrulB. PeteT undertook to
relieve him, 1111d, in considE!I'Iltion of this service,
obtained n formal cession of the provinces which he ·
had conquered, as well as of several others. Tbo
treaty was not rntilled by tho sovereign of Fersin.
but PeteT, notwithst1111ding, held it goorl so fur 011
it g-ave him li title to ki!€Jl pos.oession of tho provinoos
thereby ceded to him, though ho entirely p:JS..<ed
over that portion of the trenty which imposed on
him, ns lhe considemtion for what be gnined, tho
duty of rescuing Lhe Shah from lhe hnnds of his
enemies. The situation of Persia was tlow wretched
iu lhe extreme. The AJfgbans were in possession of
one portion, the .RussiiUls of 1111other, und the Turks of
a third, when Peter died. Bot this evllllt brought no
ch1111gc to the fortunes of the unhAppy country, for
after his death the :Russ:inn and Turkish governments
proceeded coolly to settle the boundnries of their
owQ dominions, o.s well as of those of the Pcrsirut
monarch, wit bout callitlg the last-named power to nuy
pnrt in the discus;rion or decision or thenllltter.
The next step b\ken by Rw•sin was remarkable.
The rulers of that country had been unable to esta-
blish their authority iu certain provirtces which they
clnin1ed nuder the treaty which the Shah hnd dis-
avowed. They now transferred their right to thoso
provinces, StiCh as it was, to the head of the Aflghnn
C R ~ P  
XXX.
CIJAP.
XXX.
110
OISTOilY 01' Tilt:
invaders whom tho Ru%inns were bound to expel,
nml lUI the condition of U1e territorinl made
to them, and in eoruoidcrntion of the sncri6c:c, if it
can be so cnlled, tbcy obtained tbe concurrence
of tho Affghans in their retention of the remninder.
But the dcsigtlll of Husain soon afterwards received
a eon<idcrable cheek. NadllT Sbnb arose, OXJ>I!Ucd
the AfTgbans from P<'rsia. nod bcalme its monnrcll.
lie claimed tho whole of tho ancient po;;sc,.<io11s of
Persin, and Rus•in, not deeming It prudent lo coo-
test his clniro, quietly abnndoned all territory south
of tho Caucasa'!. But a dominion wbieb re-ts on
the porsoonl clmrnctcr of the sovereign is oecc <llrily
UllSlable, and tl1e donth of Nndar Shah Clpcnccl again
the field for the exercise of Ru'liUlll ambition. Ithal
princes of GcoJ'Itin, an old of Persia,
sought the OS!'istance of llosloin, nnd tbnugb none
wns nll'orded, a series of proceedings of elngulnrly
insidious cbarnctcr followed, wbich ultimnH•Iy led
to the absorption of tb4t province into tho leviathan
empire. The IUcc:etiS of Ro,..in ngninst Turkey
enabled bcr to command tbo Sen ; this
olfortled additional rue!UIB for fulfilling the de!!igns
long cutcrtnined against Pcr,;;ia; and those" ho ba.-e
learned with what Russia pursues ita
  of 11ggressioo wiU believe thnt they "ere
nol neglected.
Tho eighteenth century doeed upon the publi-
cation of an ukase of tbe lfOvereign of Rw.oia, •
formn.lly annexing to his empire the pro\'inee of
• The lunotlcl Emporor l'aul.
BRITISH £Ml'lltll IN L'<DIA. 111
Georgin, which hnd been for some time under the
protection of his predecessors. Tho spirit which
animated tho Rn••iau government when th11t pro-
tection_ wns first nftorded-wbicb indeed bns no>-er
ceBSed to Mimnte it, nnd never -.ill cease liU tho
nnwicldy fnbric of the empire shnll fnU to pieces-
was o,•incod in ll1c instructiollli given to tho officer
l;y \\hom tbe province WM brougbt under the yok!'. •
Unlimited auUJority wns given to him to recche the
submission of any nntious th11tmigbt desire to become
subject to Hnssin, nod certain conntries nnmedt
liS peculiarly fit to be ndruitt<.1d to this priYilege. which
countries, like Ch1orgin, were deJ>endenciee of Persia.
'.rhe nnoe:.mtion of Georgin, by Emperor Pnul.
'VIIS iu defiance of n settlcm<lnt of the crown of
that conntry solemnly mndn by his imme1linte pre-
decessor, the Emjlret>S But a scrupulous
regard to obligations, however Rtringent, hilS never
been nnmbered among the weo.knesses of Russian
rulers; and an imperinl ukase is bclil to be nblo to
eff'ect nny thing 'lithin tho limits of phy!!icnl JIOssi-
uility. Mom! considerations ent.er not into the
cnlculntions of the statesmen wlao "·ield tho scmi-
bnrbarous power of Jlussin. Pnnl soon afterwards mat
IJjs dentb- in lbe mnnner common to his mce.§ B.is
• Prin"" Pot..mkin.
t Badkoo and Dubl-nd.
1 .By the treaty wbioh braugbt Oemgi• ondu tht  
of RII$WI, the Emp,.... ttipu]Auod Cor hu<elf md her m.......,...
lhat abe would maintaiJl tho reigning pduae, bill beira and JlOI·
tmt:y, oa the throne.
i Thill a Ru .. ian prince obould die a natuntl doalll might by
the supentitioUJ be "'garded u "" alarming portmrt.
CUAP.
XXX.
CHAP.
XXX.
112 WSTORY OF TUE
successor, Alexander, con finned the Georgirut ukase,
and proceeded in an nmiable spu·it of lilinl piety tQ
carry out the views of ltis parent, b) 11dding
grclill to lhe imperial po!sSessiou.s.
The Ru!sSians and Pen>iaru were !SOOn to com<'
into netunl confliut, but it wns not tho long serk'S of
already noted which wns the •
occasion of it. Tbe conflict could not fail to come
sooner or Inter, but it was preeipitntcd by the con-
rluct of a rebellious     of tho Persian King, who
held tho government of Erivan. Tho Sl1nh ruJ •
.-ruacingmth an army to n.>duce thiB person to obcdi·
encc, tho lntter solicitefltbe aid of n Russian force,
which was promptly afl'onled him. At this time, it
is to bo observed, 1lus·it1 IUld Pcrt!in were at JleRCC;
but thiB circumstnnce formed no impediment to tho
grant of the required n.-.istnneo, seeing tbnt it wns
attcuded by t.bc prospect of nggmndizemcut, tbc
rebel bnving promi,ed to deliver up to the Ru,ilaos
the fortress whicb he comtl'landctl. Bofore arriving
at Erivan, the R u,.,;an nrmy met and defeated that
of the Shah; bot on reaohiug the plnce, the surrender
of '1\>hich was looked t.o as tile fruit of their , ·ictory,
it was found thnt from somo cnusc tho rebel go-
l"ernor had nltercd his mind. He refused to admit
the friends whoso visit ho hnd solicited, and they,
being unable to mAintain the siege, were compelled
to rctin.>. ThiB wu in 1804, nod the wnr thos com·
menc:ed by the Russian•, without nny Jlrovoootion
but tbe lost of conquest, continued to oo carried on
in n desultory manner lllld with '!triable socct'88 till

BRI'I'ISH E)ll'IRE lN INDIA. ll3
1814. It was during its continuance that the
diplotru1tie contest for tbe fricndshlp of Pe:rsia took
place between the Englisb and French, nnrl
in the trinmph of the latter. These ten years of
sluggish war in the East were producth'o of great
events in Europe: Napoleon, having brought to 1rlB
feet every European power but one, guve law to the
entire continent. Could he have been satisfied with
what he hnd nttnlned,-enougb it nrigbt have been
supposed to sntisfy any measure of IID)bition, be
might h11ve died in possession of the \'Mt power
which lrlB sword hnd won, nnd hllve transmitted it to
a $UCcessor of his own race. But it was uot sufficient
that Spnln should be a depemlent kingdom anless
its nominal rnler were of tlte family of its actual
sovereign, and to ell'ect tbis, Napoleon resorted t.o n
pnltry   tbe pOrJ)Clrntion of whinh was not
C?nlY a great crime, but, according to the code of
political morality then prevnleut in Frnru:e, that
which is much wol'l!e, a great ulundor. The
trencherous abduction of tho royal family ()( Spniu,
the attempt to force tbe brother of N npoleon on tho
people, tbo resislnnee called forth, tbe nid nffordad
by Great Britain, and tho brilliant results which
followed, shook the newimperinl tbrooc to its fouru:ln-
tions; and to cro'm :ill, Napoleon, in an cru hour for
himself, projected tbe in vnslon of RII.SI!ill. Tbe terri-
ble details of tbe fnilure of that attempt ueed nut
here be repented. Nnpoleon, bereft of one of tbo 6nest
armies ever collected, fled t.oWilrds tbe seat of
government, which u few months before be hod
VOL. VJ,
OllAr.
xu.
ClUJ'.
XXX.
114
JDSTORY OP TllE
quitted ";th burning e:rpcctations of fresh ,·ictoriet
and further conquest•. ne had WIU'Cbed to RDS"ia
through the tenitoriCII of oils('quious friends and de--
pendents. He found tlmt hisrotum wns to be nuulo
through the country of   A II Europe WM
now nrrayed agnimt him. ile wns hunted !acme-
ward like n common loo of mankind, :md though nn
somo occasions he made n stand worthy of his mili-
tary reputation, Tictory, when it attended him, 1111t
but the prelndc to retreat. At length he entered
Fmnce, and so did his punuent, and in that capital
whore be had defied nil cartbly-perbnps it would
not be too 1nuch to ndtl nil hcnvenly po\\·er-ho
divested himself of tbnt crown which he n few yCAI'II
before had oompellocl tho reluct:mt reprosentativo
of the once mighty, but now fnllen, H.omi!lb
bicrnrchy to place upon his bead. It is needless to
follow him through the few montb!l of feTerish ex-
citement which followed, or tho years of compei'II-
Uvo solitude which be sub5eqoently passed on a
remote rock in tho Southern Ocean. Nnpoloon h118
tao clnim to notice hero, except in ns far ns tho wars
which he kindled in Europe withdrew the nttl'ntiou
of Russin. from any vigorous prosecution of her
designs upon PelSia.. ThC!Ie wnrs account for tbo
feeble, lingering, and indecisive character of hl'l'
measures in adTOncing tboee designs. and tho re--
storation of general peaoo accounts for the m"(!Cn-
sion of them. Tho course of European politics had
brougilt Great Britain into close n)lianco willa
Russia, nod on ground, 118 well 118, it m&y bo
DltlTISO EMPIRE IN INDI.A. 116
presumed, from n desire to prevoot the addition to
the Russian empire of the whole donrinioilll of
Persia, the Brit.i!ili ambassador in the lntter country
interposed his good offices to estnblish the rehtions
of pence. It wns indeed an extraordinary faet, lbat
Great Britain should be subsidizing no ally for tho
purpose ofmnintnining wn.r"'lith anotbu uJly of the
connt.ry furni!!hing the subsidy. By the trenty thns
brought about, Persia surrendered to Russitl a vast
extent of territory, and ongnged to mnintnin no run-y
on the Cnspian. The conduct of the negotiation
WIIS bigWy cbamcteristie of Russian policy. The
bnsis proposed in the treaty was that known in
diplomntic lauguago as the "uti possidetis." This
would hnve given to the RW!"ians tho right to a district
wbiolJ. for special rensoilll the Persian govemmcut
were most noxious to rescue from their grii8Jl· The
Persian plenipotentiary aecordingly declined to llC·
ccpt the basis unless Talislt wcro excepted. The
RUSilian negotiator declared that his imtntctions
did not nllow him to vary or modify the basis; but
to induce the other party to accept of it without
quallfication, he promised to procure from his court
the restitution of the disputed district ns an act: of
gmce and favour. The bait was taken, the treaty
was aigned,-the Pemau government then looked
for the fulfilment of thellnssinn plenipotentiary's
promise, but it is needless to EaY thrtt they looked
in vain. 'l'he British nmbassndor at St. Peters-
burgh remonstrated; his remoustrnnces produced all
tho effect that might be expected, and no more.
I 2
CRAI'.
x   · c       ~
CIIAP.
XXX.
llG
nlSTORY 01' TTl£
From this time nn uncMy st11tc of feeling continued
to exist between Ru&oia and Persia, until, after the
lapse of wmc yean!, it terminated in open war,
a wnr most disastrollll to Pers:i:\-tbnt country being
comtlelled to purchnso pence by tho sacrifice of fur-
ther JIOrlions of territory to n grc11t extent. linv-
ing gained thns much by war, the Russian gon•m-
mcnt, according to its nceustomed mode, rcsortt'd to
the usc of the moro insidious nnd not less clllcicnt
modes of aggrandizement nlfortled by the nrts of in-
trigue. The ad\11nCCS of Russia hn1·e ever been like
those or the tiger-wary, c:roochiog, and cowardly,
until tho moment arri1·es for mnking the fntnlspring;
With ponce and friond!!hip on tba lips of her emis-
saries and bland Emiles on their countenances. Rus-
sin has succeeded but too often in disanning ap-
prehension and discournging precnution, \llltil tho
obvious certainty of her objects Jcrl no plueo for
apprehension, and precaution lll\8 no longer a,·nil-
ing. IIaving laid do\m ber anns for a season, every
eft'ort was made to C!lmbtisb tho influence of Russia
Porsin and beyond it, and her counsels were
not less fatal than her sword.
Tb060     became an object of alarm to
Great Britain, and most jm"tly. Imbecile or trai-
torous must be thnt go,·emmont which slumbers
wben Russia is approaching tho border of any of
ita pro'rinces, even though the approach be slow,
nnd the distance between the invader and tho object
of his dcshe, 118 yet, great.. 1Vho thnt hnd acco the
Russian empire as left; by Peter the Fint roulri


'
BJUl'JSil ltM:PlltE IN INDLL 117
have anticipated its present extmltf Who could hno
imagined that, after being deprived of the talent
nnd energy of its founder, it sbould yet continue to
roll ou incroosing with every variation of polltical
events, and spreading its bnloful inJiuence even
whoro Its nctnn.l power WM sllll   A writer
who b!lS bestowed much attention on the subject thus
opooks of RUSEia, and the eR'oc:ts of it$ ambition:-
.. A rdcrence to the map will show that RUBSia bas
o.d >11llced her frontier in every direction, and eTl'll
tho Ca.pian Sea, which appoorod to present on
impediment to her progres..., sbo bas tnmecl to ad-
'IIDtngo by BJlproprillting it to herself. It will be
lbnt t.he plains of Tortury have excited her
CUJlidily, while the civili2ed stotos of Europe m1d
Asin have been dismembered to nugmcut her domi-
nions. content wit.b this, ahe b!l8 crossed into
America, and there disputes, in direct violation of
her engagements to EnglAnd, the right of our mer-
chnuts to navignte the rivers that deboucbo on its
western const. It will bo scou t.hat the BCI}ulsi-
tions hllB mode from Swodoo nrc grcntcr t.hnn
"hilt rcumins of that ancient klugdom; thnt her
ncqui•ilion!l from Polood nrc na large M tho whole
Alllitrio.n emJlire; thaL the territory she bas WTCStod
(rom Turkey iu Europe is equal to the dominions
or Prussia, exclusive of her Hhcoi!<b provinces; o.nd
thAt ber tlCquisitiens from Turkcr in Asia are eqlllll
in extent to nil the smnller stntea of Germnny, tho
Rhcni8h provinces of Pruss ill, &lgium, nod llollnnd,
tll.kcu together; that tho country she bns conquered
CJJAI'.
XXX.
CHAP.
=
118
UJS'TORY OF Till!
from Pm-aia is about the aWl of England ; that her
acquisitions in Tartary have nn nrro equnl to TW'kcy
in Enrop<', Greece, Italy, and Spain; and that the
territory she bAS acquired within the last bixty-four
)"00'1'8 (since 1772) is grentnr in extent nod import-
ance than the "'hole empire she had in Europe IK>·
fore tlutt time. Theie o.re frults," continues the
same writer, "which rest on no doubtful evidence.
yet they are such u may ..-ell every think·
log man who bBS not pre\'iOIIllly reflected upon
them. and such tl8 no ono who <lesiros to J'CIIliOn on
the present state of Europe or Asia ougbt to dis-
regard. Every portion of these vnst
except perhaps that in Tnrtary, bas been obtained
in opJ!O@ition to the ,-iows, tho wishes, and the
interests of E ngland. The dismemberment of
Sweden, the partition of .I'oland, the conquest of
the Turkish pro• inces Md of thote dissevt-red from
Pl'l'llin, have aU boon injurions to British interests;
and though some of them fonnd favour for n tim!',
and ful' a price ghen at Vienna and Berlin. cvPD the
kiugdomJI that hu.vo s.harcd her spoliations can now
regard them with no other feeling tbnn nllU'lD. Tho
power and rt'SOUI'<!es of Jlussia lie in the countriea
to the "'est of U1e Volgn, not in tho wilds of Siberia,
and her empire in EuroJI(' has IK>eu nearlytlonhled
in little more thnn half tl century. In rixty-four
)'t'lll'5 Rho bas advanced her frontier eight hundred
and fifty miles towards Yienna. Berlin,  
Munith, nnd.Puris: she has opprnndwd fo11r hundn'•l
and 1ifty miles IIC'.Il'l'r to Corustantiuoplc; ebe h..,.
BRITIIIll Dll'UlE IN INDIA 119
poesessed herself of tbe capital of Poland, and bu
advlUlced to within n few miles of tho capital of
Sw1.-den, from which, when Peter the Fint mounted
tho throne, ber frontier was distant three hundred
miles. Since thnt time she bas stretched herself
forward about ooo thousand miles townrds India
nnd tho Sllrno tO\I"llrds tho capital of PertlCL
Tbc regim('J)t that is now stationed at her farthcr<t
frontier poilt, on the western shoro of the Ca.•pino,
hos ns gront a distance to moreb lxlck to Moscow
os onw:ml to Attock on the Indus, and is actually
lfirtbcr from St. Potcrsblll'Sb than from Labore, the
capital of tbo Seiks. Tbe battalions of thu Rusoian
imperiAl guard that invaded Persia fonod, at the
termination of tho wilT, l.hnt they were as nenr to
H11rat as to tho banks of tbo Dou, tbnt they bad
already ncoompliBhcd hnlf the distance from their
oopital to Delhi, and that l.herefore from tbcir camp
in Persia they bad as great a distance to marc.b beck
to St. Petcrtburgh ns onwnrd to tho cnpitnl of Hin-
do<!tan. Meanwhile, the 'AI osoow Gazette' tbreatCII!
to dictate at Calcutta tho next peace with England,
and Russia uovcct ceoscs to urge tho Pemn11 govern-
ment to accept from it, free of alJ cost, officers to
discipline troops, nud IU'l1lB nnd JlTlillcry for ita
soldiers, at the IWUe time that her owo battalions
are to DUlTClh into Persia whenever the Shah,
to whom their servicat nre Creely oO'ered, can be in-
duced to require tbl.'ir assistance."•
• " Progreoa and Pooltlau o£ Ru11ia in tho &.1.."
s-..1 odirl<ro. 8ro •• 11!38, pp.    
CIIAP.
xxx.
CUAP.
XXX.
120
IIISTORY OF TIJ&
This is 11 true picture of tho progress Md policy
of Russin. Md no noun try enn view wit.h indiRereuce
the ad.-ancc of the frontier of thAt nation to it.a own.
Apnrt from the interests of nny particular people,
the overgrown tymnny of Russin must be rognrded
8!l inimical to tho best interc8ts of tho huuuw moo.
When Rome gradually advnnced its conquests till
its power tho larger part of tho
known world, the position of tho conquered wns not
one of unmixed evil. n is troo that nntioll9 lost
independence, nnd princes crowns, bnt the con-
querors were for tho most part fnr more enlightened
nnd civilized thiLII tb060 whom they subdued; nnd
in communicating to their lrlhutnry provioces n
portion of the adTlllltngcs enjoyed by  
they made some compens3tion for the evils which
they inflicted. When the bnrbariM hordes of the
north ovormn the fair provinces which the trcm bliog
sc('ptre of Rome wns uo longer able to control, the
ilTllption Wll8 ntil'nded with circumstnoci'S which
rolic\"e the pictoro of some of its dnrkor sbBdli$.
The idolntrous victors embrnccd tho purer religion

of tho people whom they di!Spoiled, nnd lnid the
foundatiom of 11 state of society which has rivalled
the brighter !Llys of Rom:m gmndcur, nnd far 8Uf·
pnsscd those of its decline. But the inrol\ds of
Ru;:•ia nre destitute of nny countervailing good to
check tho mass of c•il with which they are attended.
The Ro!liians on thetr victims nothing but
chains, nod receive from thrm nothing but the
ordjnsry rewards of tyranny nnd iojustico-the
DRlTI811 IIi lNDIA. 121
emotbered hate which chaios only can keep from
bunting into open h06tility. The progrees of Rus-
sian dominotion or is the progre88 of bar-
bnrism. The witltHpi"C:lding tyranny of Napoleon W&S
as un fnvoumble to moral nnd intellceturu elemtion
DB to civil freedom; but it would be grossmjllSlice
to compare it with that of Ru..<sia. The Fn:nch
pOSSCI!Sed litemture, and wero proud of ond if
the fine arts bad not flourishL'<I with them, it WllS, at
least, not for want of cnltirntion. Frllllce, too, bad
some rocolloctions calculated to softQil tho mruinCI!S
of remlutionary anarchy and gild the of
imperilll deepotiml. While tho remembrance of her
ancient cbivnlry Mdwed, Frnnco IJnd something to
remind her whence hod fallen, nnd to wMn ber
to retrace her steps. Russi!\ bas no recollections
but of dungeons and whips-of public o11trngo and
secret crime. Its common people have ever been
the basest of nnd its paiiiCI!S the abodes of
sangttionry violence nod unblushing llcentiousnl'fil!.
Rus.ia hns no litoreture; and tiJoagb its rulers ba vo
long eoogbt to attach men of science to their
ebariot--wbecle, it bas boon only that thoy might uso
them as instruments to rivet more closely tbe fetters
oftyrntiJly. Where Ru&siiW aggression iatriompbnnt,
tho result it aomething more than a mere chnngo of
government-it is a reduction of tho unhappy peo-
ple "bo fnll beneath its yoke to the lowest state of
degradation in which IDIID can e.xist.
To what extent the incubus of Rl156ian  
macy i• dcstlucd to ovcrtil'retld tbe civilized "orld it
CllAP.
lUtX.
CJUl'.
XXX.
122 IUSTOR 11' OF Tli.E
is not possible to crueuln.to; but llll sagacious nnd
prudent statesmen will wnt.ch its movements mth
the deepest nnxiety. At the time under notice, the
Persinn government WBS nltogether in the hnnds of
that of Russin, nntl tho intrigues of the latter to
extend its influence beyond Persia, in the direction
of India, were notorious. Some brief elCplnnation
of the of the intervening country will
here be necessary.
Mention hBS been mnde of 11 prince named Sboo-
jab-ool-M oolk as having succeeded, in opposition to
his brother, Mahmood, in establishing hin1self on the
throne of AJfgbnnistan, nnd who ruled, or professed
to rule, tbnt country when it W/15 visited by t he
BritiBh mission under l\fr. ElpblnBtooe. Shortly
nfter tho departure of thnt mission, Sboojah wBS
compelled to yielll to the better fort1lne of Mah-
mood, who esoaped from confinement, nud nsserted
his e1ainl in nnns. Tbe ilefeatell Shoojnll Oed to
Lahore, wbere Runjcet Singb bim cor-
dially, plundered him unscrupulously, nnd n
strong desire to rctnin JlOS!>ellSion of his person.
Shoojah, after u time, escaped :into the British do-
mluiolls, where he was received in a IDJllille.t becom-
ing the character of tbe government.
But Mahmood was not to enjoy without molcstn-
tion the throne   ho bad rogninecl, or rntbcr
which h.1d been regnined for him. lle moinly
owed his mccess to a chief nnme<l Futteh Khan, of
whom, on account probahly of tbe sen'ices which
be had rendered, Kamnm1 the sou of Mahmood. a.
liRITml Elii'IRI'J IN INDIA. 123
m.nn of dark and cruel chnmotcr, becruno joalous.
The vindieth-e prince recommended that Futteb
Khan should be nrrcsted t.nd 1lcprivcd of sight.
Mahmood, with tho measuro of gratitude common
to Oriental despots, t'Omplied with his son's request.
The chiof was Jrubjccted to tho infliction •uggested,
nod sul)fle(tnently WIIB mmdcred with ciroumstances
of ntrocious cmelty. Such occurrencesiiJ'(l frequent
in tho East, but though frequent, they lli'OUEO tbo
DAlmal feelings of hnman and th011e by
whom tboy are perpetrated ollon find they
have prepared a 110verc, perbapJ 11 bloody, retribu-
tion for themselves. Futteh Khan left oohind those
who were not slow to avenge Ilia death; who p:ro-
bahly, indeed, were glnd of n pl'Qtext for sbflk.ing oJf
their nlll'giance to an ungrnteful lord. A rovolu-
ti.on, cfl'cctcd' by tbe brothers of tbo munlered
minister, deprived .\lahmood of tho lnrger portion of
his domiuiflll!!, tutd drove him to llernt, where be
I!Ucceoded in ma.iotaining hiJ authority over a
limited extent of territory. There be died, leanng
his diminished power to his heir, Kamram, tho guilty
autl10r of the   nod dC!Ilth of Futtcb Khan,
and tbo ill-fortune which attended tho
bouse and throne of .\Iahmood. Tho dominiollll
lllien11.tcd by the revolution woro divided nruong tho
brothi.'J'b of Futtcb Klum, one of whom, Dost Mabo-
med Kbt.n, the m06t able and acth-e t.mong them,
reigned in Knbool. A pnrt of the country wns held
iu 11 sort of common sovereignty by other brother<!
residing al Kandahar. Shab lwit't'. nn.suc-
CHAP.
=
CUAP,
XXX.
l24 BISTOIU' 01!' TJIE
cessfully attempted to recover the throne from whlch
:Mahmood had been expelled; but Runjeet Singh
succeeded in wresting Peshawur from the grnsp of
the rebel chiefs, nod ru:wexiog it to his O\VU do-
minions.
Thls dismemberment was not the only one to be
nppreheoded. Pe.rsia, encouro,aed by Russin, pre-
ferred certain claims, and prepared to Dlllintn.in
them. The nature and even tho ex.tent of these
claims were somewhat vague. They seem to bavo
rested pnrtly on pretensions originnting in the con-
CJllests of Nadnr Shah, partly on the payment of
tribute to Pel'llia on certain occns:ions by Krunmm,
the mler of Hemt, and pnrtly on certain engage-
ments entered into by that prince while the llrillce-
royn.J of Persia had been employed in reducing
Khornsan to obedience. Upon these latter grounds
the Persian claims would have been limited to Tierat
and its dependencies, but according to the first they
extended to Kandahar and Ghuznee. With refer-
ence to the dependency of Persia upon Russin, it
wns obviously not for the interest of Grcnt Britain
Umt these cln.ims shoultl be pressed to any, even the
smallest, extent. The danger is clearly stated in
a memorandum drown up in the month of January.
1836, by l'tfr. Ellis, the British minister in Persin,
for tbe i:nformntion of his government:-" Tho
Shah of Persia lays claim to the sovereignty of
Alfgbnnistan, as fur as Ghuznee, nnd is fully
determined to attempt the conquest of Herat
in tho spring. 1InfortnnateJy, tho conduct of
BRITISH EMPIRE IN TN'DJA. 125
Kamrnm in violating tho engagements
entert'<l into with his royal highness tho late
Ahbns Meerza, nnd in Il(lrmitting his Vizier, Ynb-
Khnn, to occupy pnrt of Seistan, lw
gi,·en the Shnh 11 full jWitifiention for commencing
hostilitiCl!. Tho BllCC:CSS of the Shnh in the under-
taking is wiW<'d for by RllSSitt, and their
minioter here docs not fail to pret.s it on to l'flrly
execution. Tlle motive cannot be mist11ken. Bernt
once annexed to Persia may become, nccording to
the commercial ln.'aty, the re;>idcnco of a Rw;sinn
consular ogent., who would from thence pnsh bill ro-
senrchos ruul nvowod nnd secret,
throughout AJfgbanistan. Indeed, in the present
state of the relntiollil between Persia nod Russia, it
be denied that tho progress of the formnr in
A.lfghnnistan is tantamount to tho ad..-noce of the
latter, and ought to receive every   from
the government that the obllgolions of public
fnith will pennit; but while tl1e Britil,h govcrnnumt
is £reo to assist Persia in the assertion of her eo,.e-
reign pretellBions in Affghnnistnn, Great Britain is
precludctl by tho ninth article of lho existing trooty
from interfering between the Pensinoa the
A.lfghnns, unleM cnlled upon to do so by both par-
ties; n.nd, theN' fore, as long as the trenty remnins in
force, the British go•emment most submit to the
approach of Ru,.icm influence, through the il181:ru-
menta.lity of Persian COJiqucsts, to tho very fnmtier
of our Tmlian rmrire."• War bt-twi'CD Perola and
• Corretpondenco rclaling t<> Pmiaand pi\'Mtlted
t<> both H..,... or Puliament by oommAIUI or her Majelty.
CllAP.
xu..
CRAP.
XXX.
126 IIISTOIY OP Tll1l
Hemt followed, under tho atL'Jlices of RUS8ia, and
the anxiety of the Dritish authorities was collS<'-
quently incre3Sed. Ru••iB. intleed, nffcctcd to dis-
claim the shnro imputed to it in originating tbe war,
ancl copies of !leJq>ntchcs from the Russinn
in Persia to his government were furnialletl to dill-
credit the report. But nre fmmcd ";th
nrious objects :-Tbero aro despatches framed to
info=, and despatches framed to ; de!'-
p:ltebes to be kept secret, and despatches to be
publicly paraded. RW!Sian diplom:Uists nro alll'pts
in oll the mysteries of emit, creditnblo ruul
otherwise; nnd, in all CMes in which their Rtate-
ments nre queslionnblc, it will be ilie snCcr course to
judge of the truth from circumstrulces. In this Cl.®
circumstances suflicil'ntlr indicated what wero tho
vie\\8 of the Rnssinn go•enunent. Whlle its minis-
ters were ll131lufac:turing di!S}J8tcbes to disann
the jealousy of England, thor were not only inciting
Persia to war with Hcrat., but nctually engagiug in
tho contest nnd niding its prolongation by ndvnneeR
of money.
To connternct these cRort.s bccnme a matter or
prtliSing importance, lltld tbo practicability of con-
\"Crting eastcm A ffghani•tan into a barrier for the
defunce of British lndia--e project   en-
lcrtnined by Lord Minto-began to be serioWJly
comidered. With a view of clfectillg this oliject,
or nt least of ascertaining whether or nnt it could
be effected, a miSIIion, profC'!scdly commercinl, wM
in September, 1837, dispatched rrom India undor
Captain AIC!XADder BllJ1lel!, who bad 'lOme
n:amsJl ml.l'mE IN INDIA. 127
ncquaintMce with country nnd]ts rulen. When
Cnptnin Burnes arrived   Knbool, in the mcerciso of
Wa functions, be fouoil Persi:m :md RUSI'irul intrigue
nctively at work in AJfglumistan. Communiootions
wcro pns'ling between Knndnbnr Md l'er&n, nnd
further, between the cWcfs of tho funner plnce nnd
the RussiM ambassador at the Pen-ian court.
These latter eommnnictd1ons, it is said, origitutled
with n fugitive from Hemt, who, at Teh.mn, bO\.'IllnO
lite guest of tho Russian ambassador. TWs person
possessing some influence with the Knndnbnr clJief,;,
suggested to them tbaL it would be for their nd vnu-
tage to address the representative of the nutocrn.t.
lt is stated, that they did to ilie effect of expressing
a strong desire to enter into n friendly connection
with Russia; of representing their grievnnces, more
especiaUy the occupation of Peshowur by Runjoot
Slllgh, nnd of soliciting poonnlnry nssiBt:wce to
enoble them to expel the invader. It is needless to
say, thnt the ambassador !lid not nlford them the
required a.id, but be expres..oed great joy nt tho
receipt of the commnnica.tiou, treated the messenger
who brought it with extrnordinnry dlmuction, nod
dispatched n courteous allSWer with tho wruo.l
Oriento.l accompaniment of presents. The epistolary
Invonrs of tho Russian nmbas..oador• were not con-
fined to Knntlabnr. Hn addressed n letter to Dost
Mohomed Khan, tbo cbief of and this
nppenrs to ba\'e been unsolicited.t Dost Mnhomed
• Tho titlo o( t:hJ. indefutigt.ble fuDctioruuy ns the Count
Simonicll.
t .OO.t Mnhomed lwllfOlll• time belon! cfupatched a m.....,gu
to R'""'i• by war of Bol<hara.
CBAl'.
:LXL
CIIAP.
XXX.
128 lliSTOBY OF TU:E
bnd sent 11 messenger to tho Slmb of .Porsin, for
tho purpose, as it nppoors. of asking assistnnco
llgaiWit Runjeet Singh. wh06C occupation of Pe-
Ehawur was, by 1111 the bmtbnrs, regtu'!led with
CJttrome aversion. It does uot seem that nny over-
ture was made to tho Russinn o.mbassadnr, but this
did not prevent that personn,"'l from his
sympntby with   "The ll.ussi:m
ambos!indor, "·bo is o.lwaya "itb tho Shnb," writes
tho servant of tho chil'f of Knoool, "has sent you o.
letter, which I inclose. The substance of his verll!ll
to you ill, that if the Shall does every thin!!
you want, so much the ootti'r; and, if not. the
  government will furnish you with C\'ery
thing l\'alltiog. The object uf the Russian elchl-e•
by this message is, to have B rotlli to the Englisb,
and for this they nre very nn:cious. He is waiting
for your anll\\"er, nnd I nm sure be will SCf\'0 you."t
Tho road to the English which tho Russinns wi!<bed
to have was, of coun.c, B rocuJ to India. True it is,
that this is only n rop.reseutBtion of tho views of
Russin nt second hnud ; but for what object did the
nmbnssador of thnt country, who was "nlwnys with
the Shoh," seek iutcrcouno with the chiclil of
AJI'ghanistan? Tho object of tho British
mont was obvious and wns fnir. They aougllt to
establish political influence in thnt country for the
J'U'liOI'C of protcc:ting their Indian possessioDJ<. But
RussiA had oo similnr object, and could hBvo none.
• Bo\'0)'.
t Con .. IM'""'- relati"' to AB'gfwWIIID laid bdort Pvlia-
_,1. No.6.
BJU1'ISB £Ml'IRE IN 129
1'\o one apprehended that the Englbh eTcr eok'r-
ulincd any of invading Ru..ia from India
through .AJfghanL-tao and Pcn.ia. Tho objects of
the two governments who were thus contending for
inOnonco were nltogether dlflbrcnt; with one it was
deft>nr<', with the other nggresfoion,
A new agent soon appetu'Cil in the 6el<l, in lbt>
pei"''o tof a Russian emi•;;ary, • "bo tnme to Kabool
amtud with credential. frum tho Count Simonich,
the ambassador at Tehran, nod recom-
mended by a letter from the Shnh. 'l'he communi-
cation• made by tbh! per<on wore justly
by Cnptuin to whom they reported
from two but tmstworthy   as "of n
stnrtling nature.a He informctl tho chiefulin, at
whose court be appeared, thnt he "as colllJJlissioncd
to the sincere sympathf of the Ru"'ian
gowntmcnt with the dillicnltic, under which Dost
  lul.ooured; tbftt they wcro "illing to a..i-t
in Nt>clllng Runjeet Siogb, woultl furni:•h a swn of
mont•y f<>r the purJOO!le. ami rcncu it nnnonlly,
pt!Cting In rotum the   good ullicos. Even
tho moans of Tewittnnce "·ere othcrted to, the
Rwc•ian goYcmment undcrtnking to the
treasure to Bok.hara, whence Do.l )(alwmcd \\115
cxroe(:tcd to 6nd hio owu means .,r H i3
• The aame of this pmoo ,.... Vi<kori<h.
t Aeconling to a ota!zm<ftt mod• by ooo of the Sinian ol
Kandahar to an Eogli!h ollieu, C.ptaio !.tub, this Ru..i.m
All""' tnriohed W. commW1ieationo by •llim•ing that, though the
Englltb had preceded the Ruul11111 for 101110 genontions in
VOL. \'1, K
CHAP.
XXX.
('If I P.
'\XX.
130
ln'!'MRY OF TITF.
not nccc;•aryto belicvt> lhat there miS:my intention
of the money thus profferetl. 'J'ho promise
would the JlllrJIOSe for a whih.\ nud in the
lh111'1l wns opportunity for oonsidcriog ()f
<orne new device.
At Kanduhnr tbe combined intrigues of Russia
nud Perua in eR"ccting the conclusion of
n treaty with tlul Slrdnrs, which prnvilled for the
to those n1lel'!! ()( lho territory of llernt. It
is t n10 that it 11'11!' yet uneonquorcd, bot fact
11pJX'Ill'!' to lun·e heen no ol..,tnclc to tlH! I'Dect"-• of
the negotiation. Tho treaty wll8 gunrnnteccl by
Count Simonich in the folloll'ing bigh-souodlng
LemJ•: " J , who n.m tho miniKler plcnipotenlinry of
the t>xnltcd go.-cmmcnt of wiU b<' gunrnntee
that ncitbt'r on the pnrt of his mnjl'•ty llw Shnh of
Pemn, nor on tho )lllrt of tbo powerful Sirdlll'!'.
8hn11 there OCOIIr nuy tlo\'iBlioo from, or vlolntioo of,
tllis tlotirc trenty and these Agreements."
While Uu.c;sian inRnl'nce wns thus iu the IISCCJitlaot.
the mission to lhe Persino court WIIS httb-
jecte<l to treat.ml'nt as c(lmpclll'<l its chief,
Ur. )lcNeill, to wilhdraw. At Ru.qblro and other
plncc..., lhc scrvnnts of the British go,·emmeot were
exposed to iusult aod   1111d t!Je continunnce
c.f friendly relations betwemJ Great Dritnin1111d l'er-
sin becoming d:tily ID()f'O uncertnin, it wns
civilizatiuo. tho latter bad now ariJen from their o!oop, o1ld .-ere
etelcing (or roreign poacmon• and .Ulan-: twd lhnllh< F.ng!WJ
... .,.. n<>t o military aotioo, bot merdy tM mm:banll of Europe.
BRITIStl Elli'JRt: IN IIW!A. ] 31
to make " dcmoostrntiou in the Gulph: lllld, accor-
dingly, tho island of Kamk wns occupied by 11 British
force.
Captain Burnes continued nl Knhool, but hi!
lall01111l did not Dost Mnbomcd Kbnn
wns, obviously, playing oW the BritiBh and Rlli>"iian
mh-.;ions cncli other, ant! cndcavouring to
S.'leertain from whlch party he could tho
1><'5t torms. The Russians bad,   tho advan-
tage in on!l respoot-its agents did not scruple to pro-
mise any thing and c.-e:ry thing that Dost )fahomod
desired. 1'hc servants nf the British government
wcro moro I!CniJllllous ; and, being able to promiSG
nothlog but thnt wldch it wos intended to (lCrfonn,
lhey in a very unfllvournlllc to
u c:ompnrod to tb11t of their rh'llls. The
of Pesbnwur wllS great object of detiiro to Doot
Mahomod. Yickovich. tho Russian usent, promioed
lhnt his government interfere, for the purpose
of gmtif};ng him. CapUlin Burnl'S could mnko no
such pron1ise ; and Lord AuckliUld, in a Iotter to
the chief of Kabool, ilistinctly intimale<i that tho
n .... torntion of PCIIhl\wur \IS.• not to bo CJC(lCCtcd.
Thill seem1 to ha .-c given the finishing stroko to the
hope of conducting tho negotiation to o successful
i."illc; it "a.' protracted for some time longer, but
it wus evident tbot nothing was to bo loohd for from
continnance, and, finally, Captain Burnes left
tho country.
The influence of • hrul thus defeated
Rritigb poliq in Affganisltln as weU ns in Penoia.
K 2
CRU.
XXX.

132 DISTORY Or TRE
Capt.nin Burnes l1nd. some time befol'l" hls dcpnrture,
nncl cxpre•,ed \ ' ('ry clPcided !>pinions on tho
of Russian influence in   nntl the
coJlllcc]ucnt rlnnger to the Dl'iti•b On
one oct'IISion be addressOO to the
tho follo1ving remarks;-" Ho.>'ing thus laio.l before
your lnrdshit• tbe<>e strong on the
llllft of Rus•in to interC'lt hel'>'olf in the !tllitirs of the
country, it will not, I feel "'ltLoficd, be presump-
tuous to state ID) most delibomte conviction, that
much more ngnrous proceedings than tbc go,·em..
mt'lll might wish or eontomplnte oro necessary to
tonntcrnct Ru..<;eillJI or l 'cr<inn intrigue in q1111rter
tlann hnve bceu hitherto cxhibitec.l. By one elii!IS of
politicians, c1·cry thing regarding the ck,.ign• of
Russin in qnnrtcr beou with diRIJe-
lief. By :mother, the little wlaieh hns tmn•pirecl hns
oxcit('() immediate.', nml, in couqequcttcc, "hnt may
be tenned gronndle!"l nlarn1. For the ln:.t six or
seven I b11vc.• bn•l my nltentiou direete<l to
these eountril!!!, nnd I mJ'iCif to be one nf
those wbo do IJelicve thnt Ru••ia rntertnillll tho de-
sign of CJrtlmtling her inRuenct! to the   and
betwe<>n her dominioos and India. Witl1 bcr enm-
mcrcinl operntionk, !!be has inmriahly SJlrcad tbc
report thnt her dC!'igos were ulterior, and the Jnn-
gungo of l10r ngents hM lately bcN1, that, ns the
affiti1'8 of Turkey and Pel"'io. nrc adjn·4cd, •be sought
l\n extension of hPr inRuencc in Toorkiotnn nnd
Kabool. Such reports would dl--crve littll.'
if unsupportccl by lmt a.""istctl by them. thl'y
llRITI•D IN L'iDL\. 133
gather lligh nnd exhibit viC\\& which,
but for the greate..t ngilancc, might
ootico for years to rome. There being, t berefore,
fncts before in the tmu.."'lctious at Kabool,
it lieelllS impossibll', with any regard to our >nfety, to
look on longer in bilence. If tloe. not enter-
tain inimical feelio8ll diroctly to the Dritislo in ln!\ia,
a' ows tbnt she for tbe good office< of the
chief's nn our frontier, and promiSN! them her own
in return ; bO tbnt it is   to eonCl'&l from onr-
oclves that evils must Oow from such oouncctions.
It i•, iucleed, cnstiog bcforo us n cbn.Ucnge. It i• n
true nuu:im, that Jlfl'vcutian L• better tbun curo, and
wo now luo vo ooth in our hAnds. W c might certainly
wish to delay a "!tile longer lx•fore acting; but it is
now in our )tower, by tbu and immedillte
ext'rci<e of our already ("tabli•hccl iuOuencc, to coun-
ti.'I'IICL every design to m-."• At a Inter
period Captain Burnes \1 rote: " With to
ll.OS!iill, her proceedings ore OJlCn to ..o much fl'matk,
after Count     disa,·owals, tLat I pre-ume
sbo muMt either disnvow Captoin Yirkonclo 11nd ll r.
Goutu;t as ber emLosari'"" or be made
for their r•roCI'edi ngs. I bn'fo only ogniu to rl'JI('Bt
my most ddiboratAl ccm,·ictJon, founded on mueb
reflection, ri)!,'IU'ding tho (11\.'lSiog e,·cuts in Central
Asia, tb11L consequcru:cs of tloo serious nature
must in the end flow from them, urtlcss tbc Briti.b
• Lotkr 10 Lord Aurltlaxod, 23rd I><cmot..r, 18117.
t Anutlotr ltw.ian llj;l'llt. • in cll'ecting the truty
with KaDdohor
CUAP.
XXX.
..
CIIAP.
XXX.
131
liiSToii.Y OP TTl&
govemml!llt applies n prompt, nrtive, nn<l decided
countemction. 1 <In not oll',•r these as opinions
fonnded on the periodical publiClltioos of all Europe
(though the coinoidtmce of sontimcot in 1111
does not want il!l \\'eight), but l\8 formed on tho
of their intrigues, ond it is my duty, liS n
public &ernmt, earnestly to thCJn to my supe-
riorP." •
Tl1o above rcmnrks require little oommc11t: but
l11cro are two or tbreo upon which obecrvn-
tion may not bo a'!\'1\y. In a<lt'erting to the
effect of Russian intrigue upon two dilfcrent cln."-•es of
politicians, Cofllnin B11rues 6ll)'8 thnt, upon nne, "the
little which h!J.• transpired hiiJI immcdin.t.e.
:llld, in con._-equcnce, what may be termed groundlPSS
The mcnoing of the writer appear!! to be.
that tho alnm1 Wll8   so fnr as it nssumed
that tho npprcbonded <IWJger Wll8 imme<liut<'. 'fbiB
is perfcctly trne in l't"'JJCCl of any incipient indication
of Hu;.,ian policy. To the purrnit of their ambitious
course, the mlel'!l of :Muscovy have committed few
blnmlcno, WJtl mrcly any resulting from imJJrudcnt
hll8tt'. Heasonablo \igilance would usually lun·e been
Fufficieut to countcrnd tbeil' de-igm, but rt'L"'nAble
vigilnnco hns too often been wnntiog. Insntinblo am-
bition without <loubt tbe lend lug ciL'lntctc•·istk of
tbe RuJNian dC!'JlOliqu-:m iuton._"' hatred of freedom
in MY ab3pe is I\Oothcr, SCIIJ'CCiy iuferior-11 cun.tant
eodcnvour to win opinions nnol11dherents, by bribes.
by llaH(!J'y, WJtl other motlc, fimllll a
• Ltuu toW H Mornagbtcn. E"'·• 30th AJ>rll, IH3><.
nRITISII £."P1111! IN l:flliA. 135
third ; nnd Lo thllftC must be added a degree of
  rurely exercised either in public or prime
alfuits. is pc1tient., that • mny be eecure.
The PIII08a,"6 next to bo noticcrl ..-ould seem defi-
cient in tbe good ICIISC to be expected in a JK'fSOD
intruAted with such important dutiell Wl WB8 Captain
Humes, unless tnkcn B8 pol't'ly hypctbcticnt not u
referring to a state of which ooul<l for a Jru)o
ment be deemed to bn,·e at'tual "If, ..
511)'8 the writer, " RUBSia docs Mt entertain inimical
feelings dinJCtly to tbe Briti.b in India, •be a'"n"11
tbnt .tie wi!lbes for the good of lbe on
our frontier, nnd promi8C'tl them lu.•r own in retnm."
Now for what pnrJIOSc, CX<'t'(lt for one inimic:1l to
the interests of Great Britain in lndin. coul•l Rnssi11
desire the good offices of n &et of bnrb:lrous chicfil
mling a barren, ill-cultirnted. ami coun-
try on tho Briti!lb frontier, nod tender her own in
NJtum 1 What bas Rll&!ill to bopo or to fcnr from
S\ltb persons, if Britain's rich JK>!N.'I!@ions in I odia bo
put out of the question ? J f a notorious robber be
found lurking nbout n place "here great treasnre is
depo!!ited, endt'tlrouring by all the mean• in bis
power to ingratiate bimi!CII witb lbe poo(llu around
it, and to CJt(!ito thcir feelings tbc Jlnrly to
\\hom t.bt> lreasure belongs, it would c•·in<'t' the pos-
SC!!Sion of n most of charity to
nt•qwL him of oil c•illlcsign, and to bclic•c hi" pro-
tcstntions that be bnd no new to the exercise of his
•nca.tioo. Whot bu•iul"''! bnd HUSFill in Alfghnn-
istno ?-whnt "nslbo of her tbcre ?
CIIAP
XltX.
CIHP.
·ux.
136
lll.STOR Y OF 1:DE
The-e are que!!tiom "hirh could not bo batil!fnelorlly
ons,.·cred, ontl orcordingly tbc Ro-.ian
took another rounle, which "ill immedintcly be
noticed. Captain 'Burnes obsen•N.I, Umt Ruosirt
mn•l eitl1er di<ni'OW her cmissnrics or be rundo re-
SIHliL•iblc for their proceeding". She cho-;e the fonnt>r
cout'!le-Yicklllich, the Rlflllll, 'vho \\1\8 ao ncthc nl
Kaboc>l, mto, upon reprt•;.{'ntntiom made from the
go"emmcut,   Count Simonicb, "bo
hnd tnken the lend in directing til!' war
l lcmt, nnd lutrl guarnntccd tho trcnty for its
to Kaudabnr, "as recnllcd-or. nccording to tho fiOft
rcntlcring of the RIL..,inn gon•mrncnt, period of
IU!rvico hnd expired, it hnr•1•cning mo>t opportunely
that when the remnnhtmnco of Grcnl Britain was
reccin'<l, anoth('r officer bad been prc•io\1$1)' IIJI·
pointed to "Up<'I'!>Me tho rount-:md the Em1M'ror
refused to confirm the gunrantce 11hicb bnd been
gi•·cn to the treaty with Kandolulf. Such ho.• Cl·cr
boon tbe cmulltct of Rm.,.ia when nol
strong to c11rry her purpoi!cs with a high bnnrl; her
ngenls are lluuwn over, anti their master, wilh an
affectation of libcllcd innocence, dl'Ciares tbaL they
hnTO acted contrary to his wi;;he«, and poOl'S forth
much virtuou! &entlment on the duties of nntiou.s
tow!lnls each other, n.od own cxcmpl.'U')' resJ>l'Ct
for the rights of other powers.
Tho Briti&h minister in Pcnrin, Mr. McNeill, rut able
nntl indcfa:t.ignblo ser\'rutl of the go,•ornmcnt which
be l>t'n'ed, bad ronstnnlly pointed out the injurious
tendcnc.- of tilt• l'Oill'lie taken bv Count Simonich.
. .
BRmSH Elll'UU: IS J:NDIA. ] 37
What the conduct of the Ru. .. ian mjnk-try?
'fhcy denied thnt Count Simonich luul acted as was
imputed, and alleged that the Uriti·h ministeY was
'!'Iilli ullegation W(l.ll refuted. Other
dicnts were then • to and JX'I'SeTI!'I'OO in as
long as they were tenable ; when nil resources of
th;s natrue were e:dJRILoted, the amllft.•<ndor was witb-
draw1l nuder arrang<>ments pretended to have been
mndo some months before. The cool audacity
which characterizes Rossinn diplomacy is JM!rhapll
ouo of the olem(•nts of its    
r;onu!times cxce..><l their imotruetinM. and
nJtt•nts mny err in tb is Wll)' ns" ell as otbcn1;
but in all easel'" here CXC('SS oecurs, it on the hide
which the believe will bo ugrocnblc to their
employers. Tl1c nnture of the inst:rnc:tions given, if
not their preciM.• extent and   mny ahvnys
be infc:rrcd from the conduct of those who (IA.-e re-
cehcd them. Out furtber,-lmtructioiL" e«pcein.lly
such ns arc dictated from St. Pctcmburgh, are often
meant tn con'"oy more than mrets tht> eye of o.n
ordinlll'y reader. Wl1on pl'()<(uoeol, they rony appear
harm ll'l!S, t11ougb de..igoed to be far otherwise, or
they may bo illustrntcd ily l•ints nml iolimntiona
whicl! IM!O tho light. The tCJiolntioo of
Rus;;il\ warrants the indulgence of ewry
tbnt falls within the nwge of po.ojbility io explain-
ing the conduct of its diplomnti:;ta-excepting,
indeed, one too extra\'1\gnnt for belief-that of iiB
nell.'<! in good faith. ln lbe proceedings or
Count Simoruch tbero is one proof that what he did
CIUP,
XXX..
138 BTSTOJlY OF Til£
Wll8 with tho opprobntion of his go•·ommenl, which
is too slriking to be overlooked. ll e not only ga•·o
couusol lO Persia, but be ad •·nnced money, nod it is
to be t>l'llSillllOd tl1nt neitl1cr his personal love of
Persia nor his personal bntred of England wu
strong enough to induce him to disbmse his own
fundi for the purpose of a&listing one and injuring
the other. The money, it cannot be doubted. wru<
lhnt of his mnster the Emperor; 1U1d though, ns
event! tamed out, it was not spent judicio!lhly, it
ru!lht be bolioved lO hove been spent in nccordnnoo
with the po!!itive instructions or mul<!r8tood wishElll
of him to whom it belonged.
Tho RussiOJJ government, in nccorchmce 11ith its
usual policy, wns feeling its way to the frontier of
British Indin. Its rninistertl knew fuU wt•ll th11t
time, OJJd much time, 111lS nceessnry to enoblo them
to pn..-<1 or even to opproncb it; but the object ..-as
to be kept steadily iu view us ono of which tho
realization, though distaot, w88 to be looked for with
confidence. To this object nU their metiSUrcB 11itb
regl!rd lO tho intervening countries wore directed.
There were not Wllllting those who alfceted to doubt
of it.--perbnps there were not wnuting ijODJU who
actually entertained the doubt, for the .. m, as all
experience ebews, hns n powerful influence upon
the belief. But the views of R.us;.iD. were scnrcely
concealed, for Count Simonich talked publicly of
the proboblo cllect in Inclia of the news of the cap-
tore Clf Uorat, :1nd a\·Qwcd hi• opinion thnt it coold
not f11il to cause disturbances 301ong tbe ~ t   h o
DRITI!H EMI'ffi& lW INDIA. ] 30
mctnns of tltnt country.• Such dlscoui'S08 were
addre...OO to Persian and lnt4!Jl<led to Jlrodure
imprcS!'ioos Cll!culntcd to ndvance tho interests of
Russift. The reputation of good fortonl\ is powerful
cvcrywhem, but pcculinrly powerful in tho Enst.
At this time the interests of Bpfx.vcd to lie
ndvancing cmd thllilo of Gr011t Britain to be on the
decline, and though the Impression Utnt Jruch WlU!
tbe fnct reoohed occll!!io0111ly some slight check, the
gcnernl current of event.' wos Cll!culntcd to cn·
coumge it. Thli was circumstantially pointed out by
Mr. llfcNeiJI. Adverting to till' procC(ltliogs of tho
Russinn ogeut Vickovich to the of PersiA,
ht> "The bOJil' of receiving tho submission of
nil AllghBnisum will be a very induet:meoL
to tbc Shah to persovere in the enterprise in which
he At tbe <;arne time it may be feared
that the disn.J•pointment wltic!J the Bernt govl'm·
ment must e:q>ericnre on lt'anling that Kabool and
Kanrlnhnr arc to nil B(lJII!BmiiVII combined with
l'crsia BUd Russin ctgainsL it, 1111!1 thnt cren no un-
ll!'«<t.ult hilS not forced tho Shah to raiao
the eil'g'l', may depress tho !lpirit of tho gallant llc-
  of H orot. :md lend them to mbmit to 1\•rsi:L
'J'bnt would now certainly bo followed, if
it h.'\8 uot been pm:eded, by the of both
Kabool nod Knndnltlll'. On lbo other hlll1d, tbc
nrrival of even tho smnll force which h&!! occupiccl
• Lctc. oi Mr. Ml:Noill m Lord l'abmitoD, 18:17. Cor·
"''pondtuce Wd bofon: l'vliaml'11L.
t 'l'lu! oitge ol H.,..t,
COAt'.
x.xx.
CHAP.
XXX.
140 IUBTORY OP Tllll
Karrnnk has caiL.oed llgrt'Rt sell..'<lltion llll over Persia.
Tbo intelligenco of that event must already hr\Ve
arri..-ed in c:a:mp, direct from Shiraz, and the 1<>"8
by the Perman army in the assault, e«pe-
cially U1o loss of its most efl1cieut nnd bra,•cst
ofl1!'ers, may, perhaps, prepare the Shah to at-
lend to what Colonel   instn1ctcd to
state to him; lml I run not sanguine in hoping for
this remit; tho fnilure of the from tho
ludinn government to Knbool and Kaodahnr, 110d
the success of tho Ru«Siao negotiatiODJi with tho
chiefs on our ..-ery frontier, mu<t give the Shah a
more exalted than even he has hitherto
entertained of tho superior JIOVCr of Rns.-ia 118 com-
pared "itb th:t.t of Englllnd. He bOOS an unknown
cnptain of Cossncks fro111 the banks of tho Volgn
or the Elba ride up to Kabool "itbont pomp or
retinol', nud be 800ii lrim apparently driving out of
AJfgh:utistan tho agent of tho govcmor-gonernl of
India, and that n{!Cllt Captain Bnn1e5, who enjoY'! a
reputation as high and as c:cteotiivc as any officer
who could hnc been CIDJlloyed upon thnt ;luty."•
Shortly aJtermuds Mr. McNeill expressed himself
thus:-" At thill moment tho unit.ed inOocnce of
Persia nnd Russia. would appear to be established in
all the Alfgban dominions "ith the iingle exception
of Hc.roL; ond tbo existence of lhnt influence in
those coootries, Tiewcd in conjunction with tho
course which these powel'8 hn'"e recently been pur-
• Letter (rom Mr. Mc.'lcill to Lord l'ahllcrltoo, 31ot July,
1838.-Correopcm.--.
Bll!Til!B DIPIRE IS INDIA. 141
>niog o.od the measure;; lbnt ba¥c resulted from
tl1cir joint diplomatic exertion•, is 1'10 obviou8ly il•·
compatible with the lrnnquillity of lndi.1., nnd even
with it$ H'Mirity, thnt M measures can be more
unequivocally nwusurcs of self.Jefonre than llw•t'
"hicb the Driti b go,·crnment is t'311ed upon to
adopt. for the purpose of couotcr8cting tho
with whkh lndin jq threatened. Pcrsin hns no pro-
¥ocation to complllin of. The courre pur<Ued hy tho
Brltillh government toWII1'd• thiA go'·ernment bas
been one of uniform friend•bip nnrl forbe:trnnce; and
it appears to me that it would be an inefficient a.•
welt as n hazardoUB and costly Jino of policy to ndopt,
were tho British o.oy longer to pormit
Persia, under tho • of her trenty with Euglnntl.
to opon the way to Tndla for another and far more
fonui1lnble power ....
To check the approach of tbnt "more formidable
power," tho British government sought to estnbli.·h
•uch rolntions with the ruling   at 1\abool nod
Kandnltar WI should be suOkicnt for tho f'UI'f>Ose;
but tho attempt fnilod-thc.> •· cnptain of Co--..acks"
Wll.!l too strong for the Engli-b functionary with
whnm be was brougl•t in opjlO•ition. tmd Russinn
influence '1\'lU! obviously pn.>domio&Dt in tbo-e •t.:atcs
as well as in Pcr"ia. Th£> then, to be
decided was, gbnll countries be cnhnly given
up to tho encmicc of Englnnd. or sluill some other
mean.• of t"'tablbhing Briti.W inOoenee in tht'm bo
• Lctttt from Mr MeNclll to LoTti Pal menton. 3ni

crt,.P.
nx..
CIIAJ'.
x..:x.
142 IIISTORY OF TTl£
resorted to! The government of Tndin determined
on tho latter course ; nnd u the most oll\·ioll!!
method of promoting the end in ne..-, re.oln'C! to
lend to the expelled Allghnn prince, Shoojnh-ool-
Moolk, i ts nid in another nttempt to   his
throne. In judging of this mo t important mell.!!ure,
ns of all of similar chlll'llCter, two questions occur
-will! it just ?-and if just, wns it expedient 1
Tho tenure of sovereign ]>Ower in the is for
tho most part so frngile aml inJ'OCure, tbnt fnr less
attention is due to hereditary rigbt than might
properly be required in Europe. Csorpntion is so
common, nnd mectuuch J'lllldy IIClJUioscencc, that the
posscAAioo of 1\Ctunl sovereignly is genemlly regarded
liS n mfficieut till<', if the person in be
<trong enough to maintain it by the only conclush-c
argmneui-tlint of the sword. Tho family of Futteb
Klmn, who bnd W<Urpcd tbe SO\'Creigntyof tbc greoter
part of   bad no ,·cry reopectublo title
to bonst; neither could their thrones be regarded
118 po68e&;ing any unusunl degree of st.ability. Yet
they were tre:Lted IJy the British Indinn govern-
ment 118 the rulers of the eountry which tll(IY hnd
3Jlprnpriated ; nnd aa the English wero not bound.
like knights of old, to enter tbc lists of ntortal eom-
bnt in defence of nU who bad hccn deprived of
their rights, they were justi6ed in recognizing the
nnthoritics (such ll.!l they were) which were found in
cJCistcnce without any very nice inquiry o.s to their
origiu. 'rboy (]id thuR recognize them, tlllcl 1ought
to catabli&b l'l'lntions of friomlohip and nlliaucc.
BRIT180 F.lll'llll'! IN INDIA. 143
Tucir overtures b()ing rl'jt'ctcd, there wos no ol>lign-
tion to continue to profess n"pect for a nrry bad
Iitle, or to nhstain from aiding lilly one who hn<l n.
hetter in J!CCking to ghc it eJfed. Shoojnb-ool-
Moolk ht.-1 • better title, for ho Wl\8 n member of
the £1mily formerly ruiJng in Alrghat•istan, 110d re-
rt•ntly expelled IJy n violent revolution. No one
ron be ho•l not n right to enforce his cloim:
nod if this be so, those who n.idcd him could not be
11 rong nnle!IS they wero in.-oh·cd in 60mc  
""ligntion, which preduded them from lnwfnlly
nlfording him llll'<i•t:mce. Thc> Engioo "t'ro oncler
no such obligation, for the rei!,rn!ng chiefs of Knhool
nnd Kond:1hnr, when the OJIJl<lrtonity bod
dt'<llin('cl to bring them within the op(!rntion of uny.
It crumot be urged thnt tbe Dritilili gc.-cmment In
l nclia J>recluded from in W.pule8 rc-
ln.ting to tho J'O":<OSSion of 8cwereign nutbority in
other conntrie-;, for it lq certain that the !,'Ovcna-
mMts of Europe clo interfere on such subjects. nncl
that in our own times many in•tanct.'fl of o11ch intcr-
forenco have occurred. Ferrcotly i, hoped that
in all C3SCil wbero interference takl"' plncc thOBO
who cxcrciso it luwe due regurol to the of
right; but it cannot be sopposccl tl1nt in any CMO
they nltogethor overlook tho.ir own intercet in the
aruccess of tbe canso wbicllthcy eBJlOuse; and it is
not too much to believe tbot a regnrd to this is
gt-oemlly tho chief mntiro for intl.'rfering. The
govr>rument thought it for tht'ir interest to
interfere in the of Atrgbanistan for the
CHAP.
u.x.
CllAP.
Xlt.X.
144
UISTORY O.F TlfE
of Shoojtlh-ool-Moolk ; but it mmt not be  
tbnt his clnim to the tbroot' was not iodi<:pntnble.
Mnbmood, "ho like hntl been
wo.s his elder brother; he lefi o. son. who was
rci!,'tliug nt Hernt, nnd f\8 MnLmoQd bc<'n in
actnnl possession of the ll1roiu:o, the title of hiK son
"'l -.ras valid. As against Kamraro, therefol'(',
<he title of Shoojoh was not unassailable; but in
state. whlch would it to be
\lith the wild and la\llc-. tribes nC A.Jfg!ulnistan,
Stith occurrences M the prercl'('uce of n younger to
no elder brnncb of tho roynl house occnsionnlly tnku
place. In Frnncc, n 11rincc who bns been tbuR pre-
ferred sits calmly on the throne, nod is ncknowledgod
by C\'ery llt:lte in Europe llS the lllwlhl moOIIreh or
tho country o,-er which bo bears rule. In Ru••in,
too, which pretends to bo a einli&ed state, the
ordiMry rule of was departed from when
lut emperor Alexander pemhcd ciUJdleso. Tht.>
brother next in 11go wns StunmariJy set (ll(ido (for
every tbing is sun1mary in Russia, oven tho death!
of ita 110veroigns), nnd n younger brother substituted.
Ae the title of Louis Pbilippu WM good against nll
but tho elder brnncb of IUs bol18e-as the title of
Nicholas was good n,nalnst all buL Con..""tantine, I;()
W&S that of Sboojoh-ool-)looiL: agaio.ct. e\'ery one
but and tbe Briti>h go,·cnunent were not
ca.llcd upon to support n prince who sufl'el'('d bis
claim to slumber, and up[ll!ared to n.cquiesce in the
diminution to which his dominione bt•d bello eub-
jccted. U dlallletcr wrro ndmittcd as nn nlemont
liiUTISII IOIPUIB INDIA. 1<!5
of choice, that or Kamram, it may bo observed, wn.s
by no moons calculated to 11ttrnct. Dut   or
not the cla.im of SboojAh was valid agailllt Kamnun.
w&'l not the question to bo settled-it W&'l good
agninst tho ad .. enturers who bad poot..es._oed them·
of tbc larger part of AOgbnnilltnn, lllld that
'ms enough.
There \1'88 no lnju.qtiec. then, in di!IJKll!Sellting the
usurping rulers of Afrgnnistan in fll,·our of 11 memiM.or
of tho Hou..."' wbich they hlld bopplruU:ed. The
British government was not indeed bound t.o dis-
possess them. but neither W&'l it bound to abolaio
from niding nny nttemrt for tbnt purpO!!C made by
a :puty armed with a better title; but there is yet
a question whether existing relalionR with other
countries did nut them. The only eountry
with regan! to which this can bo flrctendcd "'liS
Persia, nod tbe only t.rticlc in the tn'aty with that
country on wbieh any Jlretencc can bo fnundoo,
iB thnt which that, in ca-e of wsT botwll<'ll
the AJfgbans and Persinnq, tho EnA"Ii b
mcut should not int<1rfere with either pnrty, unlCM
its mediation to eiTeet o JlCSCe Moulfl be oolicitetl
by both. The inva.9ion of in fnvour
of Shnh Sboojab 1138 been charged as a
breach of this article ; but if the ei.rcumBtllnCCS OX·
i..iting 1vben the tnmty 'lr38 concluded be
together with tb081' pn:YIIiled wilon the
alleged breach of it tiJOk plnce, it will be IK'I'n tl111l
the chugo t•ann<\t be mainta.ined. When the article
was drawn, AJ18'banistnn was one state, undtl the
\'01.. 'fl. L
OUAP.
XXX.
CHAP.
x:xx.
140
lll'ITORY OF TUB
or Shoojnh-ool-Moolk. H wns now
divided into a number of <oe(lllmtc stat("', there being
ono goremmcut nt Hcmt, another nt   n.
third at Kabool, nnd there bad been n fourth nt
Peshawur. Now, bow 6hall an article drown with
reference to the former of AAghanistnn heap-
plied to a so different RS that wb6equem1y
pre,•Riling 1 Pt>rsin wns at war with Bernt; but
H<'mt was not the whole of Alfgbnnistan. The
mll'IS of Knbool nud Kaoulubnr were not nt wtor with
Pe.,ia, but were roady, if sufllci(!tltJy bribetl, tn co-
operate with her and fuoA•ia ngninst Ilcmt nnd the
Driti•h nation. Further, the restriction from inter-
fe:ronce could not extend lx>yontl tl1at to which it
wns limitt'd. Tbo Persians not bciug ot war with
KM<Inhnr or   the Briilih government were
not restnlincd from interfering wilh tltOIIO slntes. But
there wa, another article in the troetr which descr.-es
to bo adverted to. rr tho English were at wnr wit11
tbc Allghlllll!, tho same tcm1 being used, ltis
Persiru1 Mnjl'!'ty bound to semi an army ngaj&t
the Iotter "in such force and mnnnl'r ns might lie !'011-
certed with the English govemnumt," by whom the
army was lo bo paid. lf tho Parsinu noouarch had
been cnlled upon to fulfil this condition by marching
an nrmy ngniust Kcmclnhnr nod Kubool, would he hnvo
complied? He might have alleged, indeed, that the
stnto of was nltogcther nltcrcd lllnce tho con-
clusion of tbc treaty, nnd that the nrticlo referred to
WM oo longcJ" applicablo. This would barn l;ren
true; but if true ngaimt tho Englil!h, it wns not less
true against tho Pc,.ians. Tbero wns one part of the
DRITiliU EliNR£ IN niDI.\. 1-17
treaty, of tho breach of w bicb by Per-<ia tht• Engll•b
might justly complnin: it WNI llu;- following:-
" Shoultl any of thc European power• wish to in valle
T ndia by the road of Kbarism, Tartari.tan, Bokb:ua,
SllllUU"CilDd, or other routes, his Persian Mnjcsty cu-
gllg\-'!l to induce tho kings audgo•·omon! oftho..e coun-
tries to oppose ouch invasion as much all is in his
!'Ower, either by tho fcnr of his arms or by cunciliatory
WC3Sill"CS-" The I'OIIUU"kablc U'rms • in Uois
nrtialo CllD1tOL l!liCOJlC oll'ICrTotiuo.   wii.S not
merely to re«lst any actual nltcmpl to infftllC Indin,
b11t to discourngo to lite extent of her power
en•n tho wish. The Sott!l'eign of .Persia and hi•
ministcl'8 know full well wbnt Will! .. the wish" of
kuow to what ohjcct Ru••i;tn t'OilD•cl•
wore •lirecte.l, nod wb.ithor they were tending; yet
tbcy rt"<i.<ted them uot, but gaw to them all eorou- ·
rngemont. So hostile, intlood, bud boou the deJIOrt-
ment c•co of Persia itself, that the Briti..m glWem-
mcot hnd beuu compelled to employ force in tlefcncc
of its interests and honour, and in protection of tbo
ofllccrs which it employetl. Puniill hnd otr l;:np;-
laud, an bonebt and friendly po"er, ruuJ takt>o refuge
with tl1o power which sought but to • anol
  bcr-to employ her :tS an instrument for
own purpostlS. nod wlum w.•rc 1\Jl!SWt•red, to drnw
her within the baleful girdle wbicb encompn.•..es tlw
dominions of the Cmr.
Persin indeed bas somctiml."! claimed suprenL1C}
tho whole of Alfghnnistan, ill
ridiculom; 1111d it altogt>ther uotl'nahle with re-
L 2
CILA(• •
. 'I:X.
CRAP.
 
148 nnn'OR T OP 1'1IE
ferenoo to the trenty with England which recog-
nizell the 1\ ll'ghllll8 ns n E!epllmte nntion, with whom
the Persians be at war, not as dCJJendcnl•
w host> resistanoo woultl be robt'llion.
Tbo qul'lltion of breach of treaty in its morol
bearing was nbly discu"Sed by 1\ir. McNeill in one
of his o11icial to tho SC("retary of
Stnte for tho Foreign nepnrtment. Ad.-crting to
tbe treaty Pen in lllld K 11ndabnr, tben in
process of   nud to tho J>ossiblo full of
lfemt, be says, " I therefore continue to bo of opi-
nion thnt tho full of Herot would destroy our
tion in All'ghanistrul, nod plnoo nll, or nearly all, that
country nndor tho inRnt>uc:e or authority of RUMia
nod PersiA. I not'd not repeat to your lnnl-hip my
opinion as to the (•ffect wbich hnch a of thlub'!l
wonltl necet;flnrily on the int.cmnl tranquillity
and security of British Toilin; ond I crumot ctlll·
rcive that nuy r.ronty tnn bintl tl!l to permit the
pro54lCution of schemes which th:roolcn tbo stability
of tho empire in the East. Tho evidence
of concert lletwecn Pel"in and Ru..,in for purpo..es
it\iurious to Britiah interests is uncqnh·ocal, nod
the magnitude of the c,·iJ with which we aro tbrrot-
cne<l is, in my IJ!;timntion, imrnon.c. and such ns
no power in alliance with Great Britain can ba,.o a
rib""-t to nid in producing. Ou:r connection with
Persin bas for its real and a>'o\n'd original object.
to gh·o additional to India, IIDll it hilS been
maintained for tbo Jl1111""'9 or prolt'Cling us agailll'l.
•IC!!igns of t he only Jl'IWt'r which threntened to dis-
llRI'flSD l!lbU'IRE JN INOlA. 140
turb IJS in th11t qUJlrter; but if the proceedings of
Persia in concert with that very power nrc directod
w tho destruction of tbc security and tranquillity
wbieh it wns the sole object or the alli:Lnce with
to maintain, anti If tltoy obviously tend to
promote Qlld fucilitato tho desigm wbicb tbe allilUJce
•m' intended to countcruc:t, I confess I cannot be-
lien• th:Lt we nt·o still bound to net up to the Iotter
of n tn'41ly, the Bpirit of wbiclt hw! been so llngrnntly
'iolnted ....
Il may be granted thnt the Dritisl1 government
bad n right to 6U)>J10rt tbc dnims of Shah Sbooja.h
to tho throne of .<\   but tho question
wltctll(lr it wore wiso or pntdcut to exurciso tlto
right remain.. Into this qoCbtion. how<'vcr, it is
uot 1•ro1wsed hero to outer nt length. It mny be
more fitly determined niter pursuing tho progrcos
of events. h mny be obsen-ed, that tbo
genoral tenor of lbe information received by Lord
Anc:klnnd led to the conclusion tbnt the Jl(l"'cr
of Doet Mabomc:d rested on nry i.nsct-ure
foun<lntious; tlutt birl capitnl hnd been the soot of
broilllnnd commotioM; that brothers were pro-
Jlnrod to eombiuo for tbo <n-crtbrow of his nuthority,
nnd tltBt tbo J'Opom nRont of bis popularity as woll
as of the ellicicucy of his lli'ID)' were greatly t'xag-
gcmted. In rogurd to the probability of Sbab
Sboojnb's success, the I!O' 'croor-l!oueral Willi un<ll!r
the belief that bis failu"' ..-u lrun=ted by lhc Aff·
• &om Mr. MrNoiU lo Lon! Pt.lwe,.ton, lith Ar•nl.
l
CDAP.
XXL
CflAl'
XX:\.
l ;,o
U ISTOilY OF TUB
gbnn people, nnd tbnt 11 strong in his fnvour
exi,ted :unong all ci&O<("'. "The gnvem-
rncnl," snirJ one of those on "bose inforrnntion thnt
go•·crnrncnt nctcd, • " oould employ
"""ithnnt offending hnlr-a-•lozen indhiduals. Shnh
Sboojah under their nn9pices would not cveu en-
counter op}'OOtion; nncl theAmeer,t and his friend•,
if Il l' ha,·e nuy, must yiC'Id to his terms or hecomo
  Another I'CC(Imrncndatinn of
Shah Shonjuh wns this-pointed out by tho
antbority. " X n llch·ant3g<'. were Sbnh Sboo-
jnh nt the bend of go•emmrnt herl',t would be,
thnt from his re<idenllC nmong Euroj>enM be would
view their in tbe«o countries without
jt'!llousy, "hich ctumot be expected from t11c JlTC·
Ecnt mlen; bot after n lnog period nnd until hcttcr
nccJunintnnco mny rornovo their distru•t.'' Further,
it was SUited the numbers of the Bamkzces-
tbo tnoc to which lbe rulers of Knbool nml Knn-
dnb&r belonged-bad been much omrmted. nnd tbnt
tho rest of the Doornnccs would bo indignrutt nt
seeing the power of tho British goventmeot exerted
to <"'tahJi,!J tbe of tbc Bnmkzl'es
over the whole country: thnt f!llc:b IUl net would
bo to injure the reputntion of tbe Briti•h govern·
mont nmong n people tenllCious of indcpendcmce,
• llr. )!.,...,.,, • Britith tubject and o !rnm itt oe'·
.;..,, who h•d pwed mueb timt in Alfghanilt&n, and"'"" b<lirv<d
tu be ..-.ll 0«1uainlt'd not onl; .;th the couotry, but wilb lbo
babito ODd in<IU.ation ol the rcople.
t Do.t M•bomed Khon.
l In /Jfgboni.,.n.
,
BRlnsll DIPIRJ! IN INDIA. 151
and )Cl alh-e to 1ho of hereditary
horlours nud nMicnt institutions. Another ]JOint,
by a distinguished scr,"Ml of tbe Britbb
govcmmcnt, Captain \V ndo, nnd which indL>ed wns
too ob,·ious to Cf!C:Ip<l notice, was a considemtion of
the of nn nlly, HunjcN Singh; Cnptnin W ntle
!lllid, " Consid(•ring the f<•eling>< of bostility \\ itb
which tho lliltumjnh vio"s Dost :\lnbomed. tuul
that he is now I!Cllrcoly re!tminod from prooccuting
tho war ngainst the Amecr, his highness will not,
in my opinion, be p(lrsundod to obnnolon biij hostile
defigns on KaOOol without desiring to obtain tcnn11
of from il8 to whlch tho
g<ncnnncnl would not wh,b to become a pnrty.
From the«o und other motives, Rwtjeet Singh would
be brought with difficulty, l think, to ackno ... ledgo
the clerntlton of Dost :\fnhomed Khan to the sovo-
reignly of the Alfghans; while, should the consolid&·
lion of that people become o me&."UJ'' of inilis]woo-
snblo ueec.sity to the e>.inblisbmcnt of security on
the frontier of the l odu., tho l!lcvation of Shall
Sbonjtth would only bo in fulJlhnont of tl1o L"Om·
pact "hicb was fom•crly made with him and would
oxact no new coneessioll!!.''
0
Thu pnodentiru Jl'lrl of tho que.lioo ruay be
bricllJ sta.lccl llli rollows :-the attempt to
friendly with Doat Mahome<l Khan, the
• ,. infOf'llllltion """ .. hkh decm»iutd ll·• -
of the Britiah g<!Tl'mm<nt ,.ru bo found in tbo Pvliamentory
Paper., !olo. S. 1'bo: atroet ol a t.u.r &om C.ptain Wade to
the   of .,t.ic:b JM1rt ia abo'll! quott<l, aad IUlOlh<r
part abolncled. eoa>ll><.,... at JMII!" 19 and <Ddt JMIS"
tiL\ I'.
XXX.
CHAP.
XXX.
152
fiiBTOR 'r OP TII1I
actual ru lor of the chief Ftato of .A ffgboniston, hod
failed. The espel!cd prince \HIS I"C'Gdy to enter iuto
terms of ollianco "ith tho Driti&b government, nnd
it WR!' wd. whether nec:ul'lltcly or not, that in addi·
lion to tho sonction of n better title thou bill ri'·al
posscll!>ed, he bnd o.1so the reeomn•endntion of a
greater degree of J}(lpulArity. Bei<idt>8 this, if Sl•nh
Shoojnb were rcstort.od to the tbrool', tho clnims of
Ronjeet Singh to 11 part of A lrghanirum would form
no bar to aroommodation. ·wore Dost J\1 tiliomed to
be mniotnined by tiJC Briti&b gov!!rruueot, the arbi-
tration of hi;; difJ'erences "ith Runjt>et Singh would
be dH!icull,-indoed, to nU llJIIlll3J'UUCe, impoesiblo.
On these ground$ tho go,·emmt'lll acted.
To facilitntc the objeett of the uwditntod o.xpl'lll·
lion, n tripartite treaty \ffi!l eouclutled, the partil'1
thereto king the British go,·crnment of lnditJ. tho
henil of the Seik state>, Runjeet Singh, and the princ;),
who was once more, under the nmpices of tho great
Enrope:m po·wer of Asia, obout to ntte1npt the
quill!! of his loot dominiorl-, the Sbnh Sboojnb. Thi!
tn>aty was partially tho 80Dle with one roneluded
raJ years bufurc, • bet ween Rnnjcet Singh an !I
Shoojnb-ooi-Moolk, the e:u:eotion of the pro,-i,o;ionli
of which bad been SUi}'(!llt.llnl, " for rertniu rensons,"
as "·ns   though 110roo"bat indefinitely, inti-
mated in the jlrL>runble of the new trt'llty. To notice
the chief stipulnlions of this trcntr will be 6Uflicicnt·
Ooo of tho mo•t importllllt Jl41'ti t>f it WB8 a dis-
claimer, by Shah Sboojnb, on behalf of hid
heirs, tUld SUC<'t'1!&0r.>
1
of the tcrrituriCB on ciLbcr
• lo
BIUUSII EliPlU lH INDLL 153
bank of the ri vcr J odus, then posse5$Cd by Uunjcet
Singl1. Tbesc, including and its dependen-
cies, ll·erc " con•idcred to be the property IUld to
form the eiltato of the Maharajah ;" tbo Sbah 1!0-
lernnly declared, " tbnt ho oeitbcr luul, uor would
ha,·e, noy coucero with thoro:" but tbnt they be-
lougt'tl " to tbo Mnltnfl\iab and his from
generation to generation."
Tl1e prejudices of tho 'lrt'rC propitiatOO by a
stipulation, to tbe that, when the III'DliCil of
the hi o stntea and Labore) be
IU!liCmbled at the same place, the slaughter of kino
not be (lCI1lliitl'd. The trcnty contained
some commercial pro,;•lous, some stiJ>ulntions M to
  • 1111d points of ceremony, othCll! relating to
tho to be afforded by t be &Ilk'S to eacll
othu, to tho payment of subsidies in comideratioo
of military nid, nod to the dlmion of booty. Shah
Shooj:lh renounced all clailll!, territorial IWd JIC('U•
ninry, upon Sindc, on coniiJUon of receiving n sum
to be determined under tbe mediation of the Briti•h
government; ho bound llim.sclf to absmin from mo-
lesting bis nt'llhOIV, tho rult'r of llcrat, to refmin
from ontering into negotintions witb any foreign
stnte without tho koo,..Jedge twd coruoent of tho
British :md Scik gtnemmcnt., and to OJIJIO$C, by
force of arms, to tho utmost of his ability, nuy penon
ba'l"ing a desire to inwde either the Soik or the
British dominiollllo Thill treaty WIIS oignt.>d 11t Lnhon.>,
C:IIAP.
XXX.
Q1l tho 26tb Juno, 1838. A. o. I03e.
To )ll&e:e ooo of tl1o partiee to the treaty iu Lbo
CIIAl'.
XXX.
15-1 lliSTOUY OP Ttm
position to which he aspired, nnd to which his rigbt
Wll8 by the other parties, wM n tnsk yet
to l;o performed. The military prepnrntious
quent on the diplomatic arrangement. eoneludt-d
by the three powers wPxe on n scale commcn-
Rurnte the magnitude of the obj('('t8 in view.
Bengnl and Bombay were each to fumi'b n portion
of the British force, nnd the command of the wholo
wns to be iolrus.tcd to Sir Henry .Fnno, command(lr-
in J ndia.. From Bengal were pro.-idt:d two
troops of bon;c and three eompnnies of foot nrtillery,
lho wboJo under the commllnd or Brlgnrlier Gmhnm.
Tho Bengnl brigndc, under Brigadier Arnold,
"ns formed of the 1Oth lancers nod tho 2nd ancl 3ru
light cnvnlry. Ont' diviBion of infantry, compre-
hending three brigrules (1st, 2nd, nod 3rd), were
wmmnndcd by Sir Willoughby Ci!tton; nnoll1cr,
cousisting or two brigades ('hh nnd 5th), by :MnJor-
Ocncml Duncnn. Tho first brigade wna composed
of blnjcsty's 13th light infnntry nnd of the Hlth
nnd 48th n:Ltive infimtry; it wns under Brigadier
Sale. The sceond brigade, commanded by
Ocncrnl Nott. cont&ined tho 2nd, 3ltit, 42od, nod
43rtl regiments of ontivo infimtry. Tho third, undC!r
Drigndier Dcrulls, eomprebcnrlcd tJ1e Dufls 110d the
:?od and 27th oati\'e infnntry. The fourth brigade,
compo!!ed of the B(lngnl Europcnn rcgimllilt nod tbe
3oth nod 37th nntivo iofuntry, was plnced under
Brigadier Rnbcrts; and tbc fifth, compri•ing the 5th.
2dtb, nod 53rd regiments of n11ti\"e inruntry, under
Brigadier   An enginrer dcpnrtmcot, onder
nnmsu EMriRB IN INDIA. 165
Cnptnin Georg<' Thomson, w:u; pt'O\ idcd, together
witb two companit'S of and miners, nativo
S!>ldicr.!, with European non-commissioned ollirers.
'J'lte equipment of fol"l'e WM eompletod by n
siege train of fo11r 18-ponnders, two R-ineb and two
Gl-incb mortnn<, with two spare lrowitzen, one 11 24,
the other a 12-pounder.
Tho Bombay force onder Sir John Keane. the
eoromruuler-liH'hi<'f at that presidency, of
two troops of boroe, and two companies of foot
artlll4'ry onder Brigadier Stephen'IO!l ; n brigade of
Cll\1llry, composed of two squadrons of bcr
4th light dmgouns and ht Dombny light cavalry,
under Brigndier Scott ; ruHl 11 body of inlimlry, I.'On·
•ieting of her ::'\Jaje-.·ty's 2nd and lith, and of the
lith, 19th, nod 23rd native r<'gitnents, under the
command ef Major-Gener.1l Willshire. Tho PoonA
nuxili!UJ horre were to accompany this forcl', which
al-.o brought into tbe ficld an engineer department,
a demebrnent of snppors aod min!lr!!, and a
lmiu consisting of two 18-poundt:rs and four
9-pounders.
Lnw ho;; its and so has   •
The forec of which a dctnillod account bu been
given, tboup:b, in fact, intended for tho eonqut'1!t and
occupation II( .iffgbaniAtan, Willi r<'gnrrled only n.s an
auxiliary fol"("e aiding the operntioru of the Shah
at the bt•nd of his own troops.
U ndor the sanction of tbt> an
nrmy bad, indeed. been raiacd, ostensibly for the I'Cr-
vice of the Shah ; and tbl-. 8J! a point of decorum,
cnw.
li..'U.
166 HISTOllY OF TilE
wu to be reganled a.• the c:bicf illl'trulnent by which
he wns to regain JIOS!'<'•"ion of his dominion•. Tho
Shah's nrroy consisted of n troop of native Lort10
nrtillcry, two rogimontR of cavalry, nnd livu of
iufnutry. Mojor-Oenornl Simpscm, of the Bengnl
nm1y, wns appointed to tho command of this fore!',
for "h.ich n btaJf and cmnmi•·•:uiot were tlnly orgn-
uizcd, a military chest c:stnblisbed, nnd satisfnctorily
pro.-idcd.
The whole of the   forte wns to advMrc hy
Knndllhnr on Kabool. Another force, in
PC!ibnwur, wns to advance on Knbool by way of the
Khyber Pnss. This wns enllod Lhe Shazadn's ormy,
Timur, tho SQo of SIJO<tinh, having the nominnl com-
maud. It consisted of About 4,800 men, ortillcry,
infiwlry, and en\'lllry, obtninrd from ,·arious soUJ'CCS
-llriti!b scpoys and adventurers raised for tho
occuion partly regnlnr, partly irregnhr, nnd armed
with almost every concch-able ,·nriety of ollhnsivo
And dufensi"e weapon-sword, shield, Dllltcb.lock,
mnskot, and riJle. With this force acted the Scik
cont iugeut of 6,000 men, u1Hlor Gcnurul V entunL •
The whole of this cembinC<l force wns under the
commaml of Colonel W ode. Another Seik force,
under one of Runjccl's nni.ho oflioors, wns posted on
tho frontier of Pesbawur, as au unny of obscrY-
atiun.
The views of tbe BritiBb goTcrnment were
S<lll'mnly uuunciatetl in n proclo.mntion il:;sued by tl10
governor-general from Simlu, under oJatc of tbo hi
• 0... ol Ilw>J<elliiugh'o Freuth o11ian.
:ORITTSJ1 DlPIRE IN INDIA. 15 7
Oetober. This paper commenced with a dceiMitino
that his lordship having, with the concurrence of
the council, direet.ed &Memulage of a
British force for sen-ice ncro!l!l tho Indus, be deemed
it proper to publish no CX)l06itioo of the
which bad led to tho meatlure. llis lord•hip, ac-
cordingly, proceeded to ndvert to various evmli
which bad produced this step ;-to the treaties
entered into by the British go-vomrn<'ut "ith the
Amoors or Sindc. the Nawauh of Bbawlpore and the
l'lfablll'njo.h RonjL>ct Singh, with n viow to npening
the mnigation of tho ; to the commercial
mission of Captnin lo Kabool ; to the diA·
putal between Dost Mahomcd 1\ lum and Runj(lj't
Singh, and the otfcr of British medi11lioo ; to the
nttnck of the Pemnn• upon IIcmt, And to the in-
trigues to extend to the bnnks of the lodus, and
(lV()Ll beyond it, tho inllwnce or Pcr.<ia (for tho
proclamation was silent 118 to the arm by which
l'ersin '"liS propelled); to tho   lcrmiioa-
tion of C.'lptnin misoicm, the profcrenoo
@hewn by Dost l\labomed Khon too Pcrsinn o>"er o
Driti·h alliAnce. nod h()fjtile tovvds the
Anglo-IndiAn to tho affront by
the court of PcM'ia to the DritUh minU.ter, nod to
the remllil which had followed ; to the
mnnifcstcd by tlJe chiefs of Kandahar the
nriti·h government. and to the assi•tiWCe which
lbey had extended to P<'Tlrin in tho operation•
agninst Hemt. In the cruis which hnd ari..en,
was added, lhnt the gDvt'mor-gcncrol boo fult tho
ClllP.
XXX.
A. O.llU8.
Cll\P.
XXX.
158
HISTORY OP TilE
importance of t.tikiug immedinll• mew;tuell for llrresl-
ing tho rapid prognl!>:! of foreign intrigue and ag-
gression towards lho tcrritoriC'I under his admin6-
tmtion; IUld this led to the introduction of tho name
of Slmh Shoojah, ns" a monarch who, when in power,
bad cordially necedl'<l to the llll'3SllreS of united rt'-
sist:mco to external enmity, which were at th11t time
judged neceasary by tho British goYerunumt; and
who, on his empire bciug tlliorpctl by its present
rulers, bad found an honourable asylum in the
DritL.h dominions." Tlte disunion Jlrc>'niling among
the Bamkzcc chief.• wns noticed, ns well as their
alleged unpopularity ami tbeir cOII!'cquent unr.tul15l!
to become uo:eful allies to tbe British govcmmcut.
tlti., it was pointed out tbnt hO loug
as they refrnined from procceding9 injurious to its
security, tbcir authority -wllS nckuowledgod rmd re-
spected; but, it wos observed, that a dilli:reut
policy was now moro than ju.tificd by the conduct
of those chiefs, nnd was indeed indL")>CllSSIblc to
the safely of the Britiah dominions. "The "clfure
of our possessions io the Eruit," continued the
governor-general, "requires thnt we should bnve
on our western frontier an nlly who ill int.er-
ested iu resisting aggression and l'tltabliahing tmn-
quillity, in the place of chiefs rongiog
in subservience to a hostile power, and sec>kiug to
promote chemes of ccnquest and aggrandi:r:cnll.'nt."
From these prcmi.cs it was infl.'m-d to w just,
politic, and necessary, ou tho po.rt of the Brilizill
• Dolt Mt.b--.1 Khan ....t luo  
DRITISII I'!Ml'UU'! IN ll>'DIA. 150
go¥ernment., to I!S(lOUSC the CAWIO of Shnh Shoojnl1,
" wboce popularity," moreover, a throughout Alf-
ghnniiitnn" was stnll'd to btl rc "been proved to" the
governor-gcneml "by the strong IU1d umLnimous
te«timony of the bt·•t 1mthoritie>-." The negotiAtion
with Runjeet Singh, the conelo•iou or tho tripartite
treaty, nnd the effocts of that treaty, were then no-
ticetl. "Various points," it "all deelru'Cd, "ha,·o
hccn whil'h had been lbc robjl't'ts or di ...
cussion between tho British goHlrmnt>nt nnd his
Wgboess the Mnhnnvnh (Rnnjoot Singh); tho iden-
tity or whose intcrc;ota with tho-e of tho Honour-
able Compnny bas now been made mppan.-nt to all
tho RnrrountHng stntcs. A guarnnteed irull·p<•ndence
wiU U(lOD fnyournblo conditionM be tenderc:d to tho
Ameers or Sindc, and the integrity or I lrrn' in
the JlO!"C"•ion or ito present ruler will he fully re-
tipoeted ; while by the meMUrcs     or in
progtesi!. it mny re:lsonably be hoped thnt tl.to general
freedom and security or comml'rce .,.iJJ be promoted:
that tho nnme onll ju•t influcoco or tho Britil;h
go,·ernDlClll »ill gniu their proper footing lUliOng
tbe ontioos or central Asin; thnt tmnquillity "ill oo
estnbll-bcd upon tho most important frontier or
In(lin, ruul that 11 lMtiog h:Lrricr will be MLised
hcr.;lile iJJtr!guo 110d <'ncroachml'lll." Tho
Dlll&Di! hy "bich these objeda to btl achie.-ed
were then Jlropoundt'd. The rel11the po..ilions o.-teo-
Ribly n.•signetl to tho mw !evil"! or Shnll l:lhoojab.
and the fine nrmy by which they were to be accoru-
pnnied, have been already intimated; the p&ao:&ge in
CH\P.
Xll.
CIIAP.
XXX.
160
Dllri'ORY 01' "l'lm
which they were dclcnnined mn thlll!: " !lis Majt"'ty
Shah Shoojah-ooi-Moolk will enter Alfghnni•tnn
surrounded by his O\I,J troops, and will be &upporlcd
against foreign interference nnd fact:ioll!! op]IOHtion
by n British army. Tbo govemor-genernl confidently
hopes thnt lbe Shnh will bo speedily rcplncetl on
bis throne by his own subjects nnd ndbereuts; and
wb11n once be shnll be soon red in power, and the
independence and intcgrity of AJlghnniRtan e«tall-
tho British anny ..,·iJI be witbdrnwn." Tl1c
dcelannion con<'lnded with earnest professio!lll of
moderati011 nnd Jiheanlity, ruul of the desire of the
British go\"cmtnl.'Dt ID promote tho wclfurc of
AlfghaniJWI nn•l of ibi people without exception.
ContemporancoiU!If with the iS!fllc or this deolnrn-
tioo, Mr. William lilly   Willi appointed
Bnd mini-ter on the p:ut of Lhl' go.-ernmont
of India nt the court of Shoojnh-ool-Moolk; nnd
political appointmcnlll under 7\lr. :\f'Naghten were
bestowed upon Captain Burnt'!!, Lieutcn:mt D. E.
Todd, Lieutenant 1!:. rottinger, I,i(lutt•nnut B.
Lcccll, Md ?11r. r. n. Lord, ft medical officer.
The force destined to TCSf'llt Shah Shoojab on hu
according to tho official version of il!l
duties, to &id the Shn.h's troops in eRecting lhnl.
objcet- was to be cw.Ued '"lho rumy of the Inc!a .. " •
Dy the end of Nov('mbcr, the whole of the Bcngnl
division WM encrunp<'d in the neighbourhood of Fc-
l'OZ('(lOre; and here a series or intcrvi(l\\ took plnre
• Thil d .. ignatioo hu not Wljunly boco Aid to be ,-.tb.,. "l
Ia Napoleon.'"
&.VPTRF. Ill INDIA. 161
between lbe govemor-gm:rerul and tho " Lion of
lbe Punjab." Runjeet Singh • Matters,   of
more importance thno pl"OOClo•ions, exhibitions of
dancing-girl!!, or 0\"00 show-inspections or troops,
occupied some portion of lbo time and thoughts of
tbe gnf<'mor-geocml nod the cornmander-in-cltief.
'rho Pertoians bad miscd the of ffcmt, and tho
irltclligeuce of this fact led to a chMgo in the
amount of preparation for ;n•adiog ARgbanL•tan
from tho eastwartl. Less strength th!\11 hnd been
nssign«.><l for the ohjeet wns uow rlecmcd suffieiaot,
nnd orders were i direeting that a part only
of the force a86('mbled at Fercupore flmuld go
forward-that part to consiijt of the cnmlry, onu
troop of horse &rlillery. one batwry of nine-
pounder<, nnd lbe artiDery of the park ; tbl' sap·
nnd miners, &nd three brigades of infantry.
The remainder of the troops were to nwait fur-
ther orders at Ferozcpore. The selection of lbe
• n.- m«tings ........ "'""""' by • gmt dioplay o( magai-
&_.,., on both lidel. A .-.ry pictnreoquo account of tho!m ..,11
be found io tbe .il>lnJir Jo.,.ool for MArCh, l/l39. Runjtet Singh
....,. to h..-e irululg<d on tbae nec:uio .. to his heart"• cleligbt
ill potatioot of • fiery IIJ'irit clhtiJJ<d ill tbo COUI!try ; but ... bkb,
a1tbougb tht "Lion" uncouillgly imbibed eopiow draD£blll of it
for forty yoan. Ia too potent for a Eurnpan ..,..titwioo co boar. for
.,.. .. a Ytry bri•f JM!Iiod. Captain HA\·dook .. ,.., .. tho bardeit
clrioker m the British <llllp oould oot in it for oiJ; ·-
.;..., nigbca. •• .. o1 war u. upuu.w.. ""· 1. page 78.
llnn_;..,t Siogk did DOt njoy perf<rt .. omponicy:• for. to bio
folldnt'U lor thla atimulant he owed. p<rhapo, the origm, ..rnUnly
the aggro,..lloo. of tho ponlytic untler whieb he Ia·
bonnd.
VOL. VI.
CliAr.
:n:x.
lb"2 llJS'l"OltY OP TilE
troops to bo employed in thu C."-peditioo 3,"1lin•t
Affgbllllist..tm hod been modo hy Sir llcury Fo.uo
with reference to tbc re;ults of his l"'r;onal in-
spection. Whore all were thus emineutl) fitted f1>r
the service, it •vns dillicult to del(!n]JiiiO
wbnt l"'rtioushnuld be left behind. Thc wu
intrusted to cl1unco ; lotH were cast. nml tho fortune
of lllJU'Cbing onward fell to the follvwing portions 1>f
the nnuy :-the lil'lit, ICCOUd, Md fourth brigrull'l> nf
infllJlll·y, the AOI.'oull troop, second urign1lo of hon.o
:utillCI). thc camel balll'ry of uine-pouudurs. Tltu
tlis3ppointmcnt nf the remniudcr 1ra.s 60\lthecl by thll
most flattering   of npprobatiou from tho
• A further ch:mgo affecting
thk di•tiuguiohetl nfficer resulted from the roccipt
of tho iutdligcucc respecting 1 lcrnt. The brolth of
Sir Henry Fane wns mpidly foiling, tl1o ordinnry
influence of nn Iudinn climate hn nug ne<.'elerntctl
the cll'ccts of n long cnrct•r of acth·e tuililltry  
lie l\"!11 about to proceed to l'urope when tbe
dition ngninst Allghanistnu was rl''lllved upon; nud
in taking the oonun:md of it, he 64Crifill<'<l ton scn-o
of duty tbc grnti6cation of a strong d, .. ;re for ttu
immediate return t<l hill own country. 'l'hc cb(UigQ
of eireutustruu.•co hnd rendered bioi retiren11·11t JlrnC-
ticnblo "itliout di.:,cre<lit, nod be o.milL'<I bim.-elf of
the opportunity tO seck that t'C!jlOrotion of bculth
wllicb, in 1111.\,illtic climt<IC, be cuuld uullsnpc for.•
• Sir llcllf! Fane wu inductd aulk-cqutntly to continue
what loogn with tho lleogal rome' "" iliJ ""' """"'" the attual
It WM ncoonlingly TCO<lll"ed thAt the comm:md of
the ndv:mcing rlctnchmrut. shonltl be MStlmed by Sir
Willoughby Cottnn; nnd thnt, on the junction of the
&mhny dhi•ioo, tl1c c:omm:md <bDultl dt>vDhe
on Sir ;r ohn Kenno. •
Enrly in Dccemb<'l' the army of Shnh Shoojal1
mDl"Cd from Ft'mzo(lMc, the pri of prec.•tleu('('
being thns given to the fort•o which, nccordiug to
offic-inl was to be tbc principnl nrm by
which the c:onqae><t of Affglmttistnn was to be
effected. Tho Bcngnl dh-isinn of the British nrmy
mttrcbcd a few dar- &1\erwan!•.
On tho l Gtb of Jnnuary th\'   nnny ftl'rhcd
on the bank1 of tho followed nflcr n •wy
short interval by the Bengal column. The mn"h
of tho Briti'h force WM performed with little 105>1
except of cnmels ; great num of these n110ful
:mimnl• b:u'ing been llttnckcd by disetL.'<'. attributed
to chango of fornge combiuOll with fntigne. The
Shalt's lli'Ill)' was cqunlly fortunate, with the exttp-
tion of some desertions; a 'cry brief ClC(M!ricnco of
tl10 lmbits of n solditlr's lifu lJCiug found in mnuy
inotnnca. rofficieot to the curi .... ity of thl'
newly enli•tetl wnnior11 of "llicb thnt   wa'
eamawld, bot """""'P""iod it in tho c-opocirr of OOIIImander-in-
chiof in India. Hr qnju.d tho (...,. Gil tho bonk• o( tho toW>
in Fcbru•<J• 1830, died at tit. Micltacl'•· or MIU'<h,
18-10, on hiii'"'""!!C hoTll<'.
• ·n,. 1W1 o( a port of tho Bon!:o1 f...u 01 F......,.... lccl to
..,..,. other <hanp , Bripdier Graham. .-ho wu to <Om......t
tho artillery, 1'\'r..Uncd behind, and tlun port whieb od\'IUIC«< -.
ia <'OOIC<juti>Ce OO(lltDIJ\dtd br Major Pew.
Ji2
CIIAJ'.
'tU.
A.U 11138.
A. n. ••3?.
ClJAP.
XXX.
164
IUSTOnY OF 'fiTE
composed. The Shah's nnny crossed the ri'•cr in
boats; and though but few croft could be obtruDed
for the sanice, the piiS'Inge, through the good
mi\Ilngement of the officers 811perintending it, wBS
eRected in less tlum seven days. The British force
wns to take posseHsion of Bukknr under a con-
vention concluded by Captain Burnl!!j with tbe
Aroeer; but some <lelny took place, partly in con-
sequence of the non-4ni\'l\l of tho ratification of the
convention by the govornor-geneml, partly from the
habits of systematic evasion common to Enst11m
princes. The keys were nt lengt.h obtnined, but
deceit was yet apprehended ; and in tho prow of
one of the vessels com·eying tho party about to tllke
possession Wll5i placed a quontity of powder doomed
lrnflicicnt to blow in tho great gate. • J twas, however,
not requi;ed; neither resisti\Ilce nor further evnsioo
wns attempted, and tho British fot"Ce mnrched into
Bukl-ur ll8 calmly ns they would have perfonned an
ordinary evolution on panule.
Tbe advance of the Bengal column towards the
point where it was intendecl to act was here arrested
by intelligence relative to the situation of the Bom-
bay force, ond the cotll'!le of the negotiations in
Siuda conducted by Captain Pottinger. This iu-
temgence appeared to render it expedient tbnt the
III1U"$ of the column should be turned t ~ w   r d s
• The fomcn of Buklrur U. oitoated on an Wand in the lndu.o,
bc!tween the towtu of n.,- oo the ea.•tem baok, and Sllklror oo
the 1<t>tem-the tlllt•m eb.umel, boing tb.t which oepornt .. it
from TWrte, ond by whlcll the Britilh fa""' app......bed, io about
four llundtod )1Ud!o in width.
DRffiSB E-VPIRX IN IN IliA. J 65
llydrobnd in Lower Sindo, 11nd it accordingly
mo.-ed in that direction; but its progress was
ch<lCkcd by further infonnntion intimating tbnt a
change of cin:umst:mc:cs had renderotl its npJlrOACh
towardJ llydralmd nnnc:cll88nry. • Tbo column nc-
cordit•gly returned to 13ukl.:ur. wboro
hllll bc<>n made fol" crossing the ThiB was
eRected by n bridge or lJoats, over which tho troop11,
  and cattle "'ere pa.-.ed without a
single nccident. Previously to this event tbo army
• "' C.plllin HATOli>ck, t.bio lat!u in!atmatlon wu
utmndr •• ........,.,. Be .,... "At tltia period tho apirila of
"•TY ooldi•r in tho lknj,'tl continb"'"' were bu0)'11Dt and hip 1
Man: ,. lar HfdRhod-it wu lmown to contain tho O<l<WDU·
laled ...-..Jth of the """'' alllumt u ...n u po.mful of tho
bnwoheo or tho Toolporo fwnily, amounting in tpecie, jowd. and
other ...Juableo, ""d iDgolll of pd. 14 eigb> ....,.... of Seiodlan
woll told, or oot leu thiUI eight milliont mrlinr. Soda
a pri.te il not often io a in lrutia-pre5mted to the
I!"'"P of o Britiob llllDy.''-Namuift, Tol. i. poop 151. A f<w
J"'l!ft .rtrrwant. be .,.. .. Ia • .,.,.,.,, .u - ....... of glory
and booty won: dltpollod....Jt Willi annonootd to •• thot the Am...-.
wore at kagth lm>urbt to • ..,... of their impeadlog dAmp. ood
that, compelkd to tbel • W.. doyo would,
to cnlc:ulation of twma:n pntdenQ(!. depri\·t them at once of
lbeir in<l<poodcD<r, their oopltool, and tho O<CUIIlU!aled .......,...
or y_., thor had occepled tho oonditioot of tbe
t:raty laitl bdoro them byColontl Pottinger.'' -Par 155. " V oinlr
,..J.uu.,g, at tbe clwl,,... in .,....., whicl> hod giTm
this amoll tum [tea loot) to tbe •tate, ofl!lldowing tbe
army with tight ororeo, itt ot!icen and men, with l4th1 pun.
and '-TY hnuu. ......,.,.J their hocb oo Bydnbod. Irma whl<h
lber had hoped llOftr to I'Kt'de until hod ..SO itt _,
their own, 1111d put 14 a atcrn proof thot BoWoche ..Jour •hich
hod eo loudly nuled illl power to onoot thdr (urtbe.
ood fix on tbe boob of the lodua tho ...., wbich thor had ad out
n:oolvcd "'carry into the eontre or   157.
CllAP.
XXX.
CHAP.
XXX.
A.D. ISJ9.
166
fllSTORY OJ' Tll£
of Sbnh Sltoojnh hnd ntl •·1111ced to Shikarpoor, whence
11 detachment \\'1111 tli.spnlcbod to take pos:;es!rion of
Larkana, 11 pluce of some importnncc, being n grt'llt
mart for rice, nnd rusQ Lhe depot for the nrtillery of
tho Ameers of Sindc.
On the 20th <>f Fcbrunry tho hentl of tbo Bengnl
column Willi nt Shlknrpoor. Up lo this time tho
ll11llY distinguisbod us tbnt of Sbnli Shoojo.h mnin-
t.uinetl tlte plnce to wWclt it wns enti Lied in vil'lue of
being considoretl the principal force by which tlte
exiled King wns to assert l1is titlll to reign in l l ~
ghnnistan,-it lmd taken the lead, being followed nt
n convenient tlistnnce by tho .Bengal furce, regnrued
ns nn nu;ocilinry. Su!)scquCJldy, howc•·er, thu order
of fltnrch was changed-the British troops led, tho
Shnh's n.rmy liJUuwetl. • On tho lOth of Mnrtb Lhe
Lentl-quartCJ'll were ut Dndur, 11 town sihmte llt>IU'
the eutrancc to tlte Bolan Pass; through this tha
uolumn mn.rohcd to Quettn, where it nrrived on
tho 2Gtlt.
It wiU now be convenient to revert to the Bom-
bay forte, tho compooitiou of whloh bii.S tiliendy lleeu
olctniled.t The fucWtit'Sllllonlctl by t lte OJlJlOrtonity
of \mtcr lrnlll'port were resorted to, nnd the force
• The following ia A-hjor Hougb'a aceowu. a! the change, and
it awoot be deemed that it I. qultu lllltWoctory :-" Thaugb bis
Mnj .. ty took the l<md up lo Shlkarpoor, it wu de!ir•d thilt tbc
llriti•h ti'OOJlil !hould mo..., in odVllllCt, IHi•g brllt'r dl• to ropll
ttiiA •• .,...,,. Rod any ch..,k been si= tu lbe contingcut,
mi...'tl but re«otlr. 1t might Jta\"C bl.cen at:tioUJ; wuJ. belidu,
we &hould Jan'- b<.en dtpri<od o! t1t: beot u! !Ia• Utile !W'Ilo"" ••
CXpcctcd, And \ft! bud more r t l     ~ LU J!OJritle f ~ r ••
t See po;,"' 1 Jo.
llRITTlm f:)fl'IJlE IN INDIA. 1G7
s.'\ilt'll from &mbay in Xovcmber, 18311, anti it• clis-
Ptnbnrkation wns effcctctl iu tho uf Yikkur,
in tho <:UDe mouth. The of "'Cl'O to
have mntle for providing cnmel, lllld
• bnL they bntl made nron!'. In c•mtsequunco
tho army was deb.incol at Yikkur until the of
Dcet•mber, "·hen it cnmrnenct·•l mnrc•h for Tntta,
at which rlnce Sir John Keanu arrive1l uu the 2Rth.
II ere tho nrmy wns further tlctninetl fnr n con.•hkr-
n hlo period.
Nurninally in tb<l t<'rritory of n frit•n•lly power.
the llritL;,h force in Simle • little of ne-
ti\'0 Tho Amet>rs c•f Sintlo htul alwnyg
mnnif!'!'ted j!T('at <li•inclinntion tQ tho fonnalinn of
any intimate ronn!'Ction with the Britbb
UJ!'Tit; but 119 a more Att.ing opportunity "ill occur
for into th1• at i<:CUO het,<"cenlbe
attention will not in this place he distraett'fl
from the mniu of tho uarmti\'l•. Jt will
suflico to <tate, lb3t diJfercnc"s • ami tlont
grent difficulty wns fliUDII in nrmnging thco1. The
of thc>sa tlillbrenei'K but! occll>ionecl the
lll'ngal army to del'inlo from dii'N'l route for
tho purpose of nprroachlng nn•l tho
nccommodntion wbi1'11 wns     ocrn.•iont:'<l 118
n-lum. The drerul C'reated hy the ,-icinity of t"·'J
British undoubte<lly led to ttao pacifio con-
cln•inn which terminate•! :1 S<·ri('S of pmoeedings in
which the extreme l'I'I'J,'l!Of ho-tilily approada<'tl.
Tl1c Homhny ttrmy n•hnnCl'<l through 8intlc; nutl
CflAP.
 
A. 1).
CHAP.
XXX.
A. D. 1839.
lGs HISTORY OF 'rilE
on tbu 4th of Mnrch was offioinlly declnrcd to bnvo
l.tecome part of tho "nrmy of tho Indns."
Previonsly to this, n rcscrvo force onder Brig:uHm"
V al.inut had been dispatched from Bombay to
Sin de; it was composed of her M ojeoty's 40th
toot, a body of native infantry about two lllon-
snnd two hundred strong, consisting of tho 2nd
grCillll.diers and the 22ud and 26th Bombay regi-
ments, a detail of pioneers, nod a   of
artiUery. At the desire of Colonel Pottillf,''CT,
Sir Frederick J\1aitlancl, the nawll couuunnder-
in-chief in India, proceeded to Kurmchec in her
Majesty's ship Wellealcy, hnving on board the 40th
and tho detacllment of rutiUery. He arrived at
thnt place ou the evening of the 1st of Febru-
ary, and wns there joined by the Bqrcnico steuruer
nncl the Ercplwaies, having on board the 2nd grenll-
diers native infunby. The fort was summon!!d,
and 11 quarter of nn hour allowed to the conuuand-
ant to decide his course. Upon his declining to
surrender, five companies of the 40th were landed,
and a position taken up by them in the renr of
the fortress. The broadside of tbe Wlflll!sf<I!J was
brought to bear on the opposite fnoo nt n distance
of eight or nine hu!Jdred yards, nod these prepnrll-
tions having been made, a second summons was
•ent to tho commRildnnt. A second refusal foUowed,
and the diaehnrge of n gun from the fortress an-
nounced, nJl]mreutly, tho intention of those within
to nmke n dafence. Tho lire of the Wtl(ulcy was
ORITTSD Eltii'IRE lN INDIA. 160
immediately opened, and 1\ith such elfect, that in
less thtul an hour the entire f11ce ngruru,t which it
was directed Wtul a heap of ru.ius. The who
bad bceu landed then entered the breach and took
pos&"'Sion of the fort without resi&lllDce. It turned
onL that the gnrrison consisted of ouly twenty ruen,
and bad fled, seeking shelter under the dillS
on tho CIJflOSitc side to that Gt \\Web the British
party entered; they wero Ill I made prisonrrl!. The
fort being occupied, tho authorities of the to\\n were
required to give up military possc-.;Jon of it to the
British, ond \\;tit this demond they thought it Jlru·
dent to comply without My delay. Tho capture of
Kurracbce took place on the 2nd of February. at
which time tho final cou.n;e of tho Ameen! wll8
rutogotber matter of doubt, and it had certllinly
some offuct in aidi.ng tho negotiations in progress at
IIytlmbnd.
Tbo Bomooy column of the "army of tho I ndus"
  its march to Dadur, and eventually took tho
same route to Atrghani!tsn that bad been pursued
by. tho Bengnl force. On the 1 Gtb of .April, Sir
John KCIUle. commander-in-chief, c..tablisLcd his
bend-quarters at Quetta, \lith the ad\·ance column-
that of Bengnl-the Bomi.Nly column being Ee,·crlll
m:trches in the rear. The advance of neither column
wu mnrked by events worthy of being dwell upon.
Botb portions of the nrrny rulfered grent primlions
for WGDl of adequate supplies; both were subjected
to grt'llt inccmeniences from the deficiency of heasl3
of burden; bctb \\ere coutioUillly Blllloyed by rob-
CII.U'.
XXX.
A.D. W9.
CUAP.
xx;,-:.
A.D. 183il.
170 llii!TORY OP 1'!IE
Jnrgo ])()rtion of the population nmoog which
tbcy wcro moving   no ocoupntion but. pluntler.
These persons pursued their lmdo up to the very
verge of tho encampments of the "British force, nnrl,
though the punishment of dent h wns in some cu..<es
summarily inflictctl, no clfe"t secmF thereby to have
been produced on tho o.ssocintes of those who
Blllfcred. Indeed, was not probable that nny
slJould be producccl-they woulcl regnrd the lo.-s
of life ns an accident common to their profes-
sion-n insepnmblo rrom tho e;ocerciso
of it.
'rho tl(lllgerous and dinicult Kojnk Pnss \l'oli
tmwrse<l in succession by tho two columns, :m<l on
the 20th of April tho henri-quarters wero ut J<nu-
dnhnr. Tho Dombny column nrrh·etl at that place
on the 7th of May. The city was occmpierl without
opposition, tba Sirrlnrs haYing taken nlnrm aml He< I.
On the 8th Shah Shoojnh was solemnly enthroned.
The united British nrmy of Bengal and Bombay wns
dmwn U(l iu line in front of the eity, to the
of se\·eo thousnnd five hundred men. A plntfarut
"'OS erected to nnswer lhe purpose of a muSJl.Uil, to
wllich tho Shah procecatlecl on horscbnek, through n
line of troops of his own contingent. On his np-
proaching the J3ritisJt lines, n snlute of twenty-one
guns wns fired, nml on his pni'Siog down the line
there was n gcuerul salute, nccompnnicJ by the
lowering of colours in honour of his :\lnjt'Sty. On
!tis nscentliog the throne n l'lllvo was dischnrgecl
from n hunclrc•l nod one pieces of artillery. Sir
BRITISU llll INDIA. 171
John Krone and tho other principal authorities then
ntll!zurs; cnre Lt•ing takeJJ llmt the numt.er
of coins presented in ove.ry cn"u lxl :m uuovt•u
one, Ibis circumslll.llce being an omen of goo< I luck.
the ·• RMJJy of the Indus» nmrcbed muml
in review order iu front of ll10 nud thus tho
ceremony concluded.
'fhu mnrch h1 Kruulnhnr •rns o great military
triumph, though no enemy, tlcscrYing the nnnll', hntl
lxlcn cncounlcreol, lmt it Wll8 altcuolctl by grcut 8nf-
fering :mol great lo .. ·• It be   "4)11
CapuLin lln\'elock, "lbat hitherto onr t11>k has been
l!seortlng, oot cnmpnigning, lout this pn<•iliu duty hns
bccJJ performed under arduous circum,tanet'-0; ami
the exposure to the vici,.itudes of climatt•, the
futigne, unol the deficiency of foml 111111 water, "hich
tried tbo !itreugth aJJd of our be-
t ween Quett:l nntl K:wdnhnr, ns well ns the nrti \'C
hostility of tbo IJreJntory I ribc!;, ought never to be
as militnry cllilicultiel'. llow glndly would
our amty have cxrbnngcd them for the mtll!L tle-
termiued oppositiou of the Allgbnns in tho lido!!
lion oftl'.ll did our ofliccrs long for n battlo to rube
tho 8(lirils of the wldier nwl make bim ft.'CI
that 1111 wns uol labouring nn•l sulfl)ring io vnin.''•
Somo concl'ption of tbu J<rh·ntlon• omlureol mny
be fonncol from tho recitnl of n few (nets. When
the llengnl column rl':l!'bcd Knnolnhnr, the lrt•ops,
EuJ>opcnn and nath·e ramp fotlowl'ro, out! mu•tcred
.... tnl.oli•blllcot!', haol b.:-.,u for fM'riU<I• 'arying from
• Nlltrutil'e, vvl •· pogu 331, 333.
CIIAl'.
''"·
CIIAP.
XXX.
172
DISTORY OF TRE
twenty-eight to forty-eight days on dimhtisbed
rations. Money nllownnces to meet the de6c.iency
had been made to the   both combntnnt and
non-combatant, bot there Wll8 scarcely an oppor-
tunity of expen<ling them, for provisions were not
to be proanred. The sufl'erings of the n:rmy for
want of were still less endumble. Referring
to a part of the period during which the :&ngul
eolrunn were sobjeotecl to the above severe priva-
tions in regard to food, Captain HMelock snys,
" The plain on which our camp ia now pitched Is
not, like the level of Sirinb, wntered by deep and
well-supplied knhreezes, • carrying coolness aiHl the
promise of ferl:ility dowt1 their slopes. A anuill cut
through whlch we found water, Oowing from a
spring-head in the monntruns, bas alone supplied
us with the nseful clement since first we advanced
to thls point. This little channel, tbe Knndnhar
sirdars have caused to be drunmed up ncar its
source in the hills, and behold two bold brigades
and the levy of the Shah reduced to the greatest
stmits. Horses, nlroody half-starved for wnnt of
grain nnd good grass, were throughout day
panting in nil the agonies of thirst; and in the
c.-ening a few drops of water could not be ob-
tained enn to mix the medicines of the sick in
our hospitnls, or to SDJlllly them with the refresh·
mont and comfort of n few 11poonfuls of ten. All
J11llks have been t41ugbt to understand to-clay, how
liltlo prized when plentiful, bow outrageously ile-
• Subt...,..,.,.., oqurdll<!u.
BRITISO E11l'lll£ IN INDIA. 1 j:J
lll11ndcd when scnrce, is that bounteous
for tho WllDt.s of   creature<, water! Weary
of the delAys which had kc•pt l!O long at Dundi
Oooii\Co, we moved fonmrcl on tlw 21M. • into
the ph1ina which we hiiJl sunoyod from the s\lmmit
of tho Kojnk PB..os, recognizing nil tlw distinct.i,·c>
of tho scattered hills whirh we had obscn·L-d
from that COIIliDilDding height. W c saw them now
msgnificd as we approached them, and casting a
tiAtl ibade o..-er the plaiM which they o.-erhung.
An:.ioU8 look!! were f.rom lime to time cast tomuds
groon eminences, and their bases were eruoe-
fnlly scnrehod for any small strcnlllB which might
8UJ1Jlly tho want& of n thl"'ting force." Tho
search, it appears, was .-nin, nnd Captain Havelock
thus continues:-" It was not YCry piCliSnlll to dis-
that this day, too, we muat depcn<l for a supply
of the iudispcns:tblc element on tbc &tream of a
smallllUd imperfect kllbreez. Ita water was braclr..i.hh,
llDd flowed iCIIUtily and sluggi•hly. Tbou.qnd! of
bi'IISil lolfls nod leathern buckets wero 8000 dipJ)ed
into the little channel; runl though J>n>()(lr regula-
t.ioll! wcro (Jromptly established, onc-bulf of the foreo
had not been watered before tho8t'areity comnU!Dccd.
Soon diluted mud alone could be obtAined, and
wbolo rcgimi'Dt.., under a buming sun, with patthed
liJli', sighed for night to cool them, aud then for
momin!f. that tl1eymigbt mo,.c on to a happier EpGI:.
Tl1c troops were buoyed up townrds evening with
f.'llJnciOUB hopes or the wntors Of n epring, nctu:tlly
• April,
CHAP.
   
174 IDSTORY OF TilE
discovered in tbc hWs, being brought clown to their
relief into the plains; but up to tho JJ.onr of early
1l1Jir'cli uo stream land t.cgun to llow into the dry bet!
of n nullllh,• on wlliclt many ware gnziug i11 hope.
'flte suJferiugs of the aoldicm, both Enropenu nud
nath<'., were for some hours so groot as JJenrly to
tempt some for a morucmt to forget the restraints of
discipline; and never do its principles ncltieve n
greater trinmplt tbnu when troops nre seen obedient
m1d respectful, nnd trying to be cheerful, under this
form of privaticru. At Killa. Putlooll3h, oAicru·s of
the highest muk wel'e brnugltt to acknowledge tlte
value of this sim)lle oletncnt. This was no time for
tho lu:xu:rions ablution.• which, under tho snn of
Ccntml Asi:t, 1•reservo beultb and restore strength ;
uo time to waste 11 single drop of the precious fluid on
nny bodily comfort. or for :Uty purpose but Jlrepuring
food or slnkiug n rugiug thirst; nnd thousands folt
day lh3t all the gifts of that God, whose public
pn\ise and ordinances were forgotten on this Sub-
bath of unwilling penance, would hn.ve been wortb-
les<i t<l mnn, if in Iris anger he had withheld the often
despised blessing of water. 'l'he kiiiUn(l!IS nnd con-
sidemtion "ith wbich some officers of no low rnuk
sha.red tho little portion of the much coveted flnid
"'lricb they could obtain wilb tbe privates around
iliem, 1ms creditable to their Immunity, nnd ought
to bnve won tho confidence nnd affections of those
whom they comlllllJlded."t On lbo following <my, thu
• Artificilil
t Narrati'n!, •ol. i. VP· 319-322.
Dl«nSH E!U'UU: IS INDIA. 1 iS
column, nftcr =bing ten mi!Cl', wns compelled to
}lrt)CL'(l(l further, from no npprehcn,iou of lite wnnt
or llntt•r. Cnt•lnin Hftvelook dL-srribes its pro-
:-" Forwnrd the bt·i&•tulo moved, 111 fiuish a
second mnrch of tan miles, their bo.,cs droJ•piog
from olrought uml e:dmn..tiou ILi tbt•y toilt'tl on, :10d
leaving iu tho mountain pssslJll melancholy traces of
tlti. ola) 'a •ufil!rings and pei"'Crcrauce. When lite
CAI"alry hGol thus got OH!r fil·e mile·, in the course of
"hich Uriti.b dragoon;, ruul 1111tin! troopi!IS were
cngwly i<hnring with their chargt:l"" muddy :10d
f..etid '' ntcr druwu from pudtlles nL tho !Jde of the
road, tho ,·cry sight or which would, h1 J!indostun,
hnn: C!Junlly &ickoncd ull to '' lwm it 1\1111 o11"ured;
they •truck into n by-rond on their left, nod wind-
ing their way by a nnrrow !'nth through an opening
in tho undulating   found thcm._-el.-es to-
wllrt]• evening on the bnnk. of n plentiful btream.
The rw.lt of unbridled iodulgcnco of the troops and
borscs into its wntcrs, nil the privations
of tho morning, may fnirly bo dC!>Cri bed a.; om·on-
lroll•tblo. Whnlmodemtion wM to bo o:XJtt>Cledfrom
mnn or bcru.t brenking forth from the rcstmln!Jl of
n n•o dnys' unwiUiog (' •
• NAITiltiT<!, vol. i. pp. 3-n. 324. ftt(.-rri"'f ID lhio occar·
'"-• Major Hough UJ'I (DOt<! oo Jlll::<t 92 of Nano.tin), " tbooc
who'"'"' I'"'-' dac:ribe tbeoeeoe u moot apj'Qllillg. '!"be 1!11).
mcnt tho bo.-- eaw tbe ""'"· tJ..,- mado a oaddtn nab into tbe
,;, . ., u if nwl ; both mcu Md hbrteo dmnl< tiU they aearly but><
theuuet•.._ Olticcra de<;lare that their d<'ti>"W to the roof•
o( th<ir muutbo. 'l"bc \I'Oter """' very bnwldoh, wbieh induced
them to drink the more."
Afljor !Iough ooncludc1 with tbe obe<rfttlon, •• no ofticer
• ..,, Oftr W>tnQocd ouch a ....,. of dittr-."'
176
Uli!TORT OP TITR
Tbe&O sufferings endured by men, not fresh
f'rom a l!tnte of repose or of ordinru-y exertion, bot
worn with the of a. march of ronny
mileto, parts of wbich Jay through tractiil of grenL
difficulty. TbPy bad been Hubjccted, nlso, to
far oxcceding the ordinary roeru;ure of military
labour, in proof of wl1icb, the march through tbn
Kojuk Pass may bo ref<>rrcd to. Through a por-
tion of thi3 defile, the battery and field tmin of the
Army bad to be dmggcd up and lowered down by
humnn agency, the sitUAtion rendering improcti-
wblo the employtncnt of bensts for the
Tbo duty was COillJilqnently I>Crformcd by (lt\rtics or
Europc8J1 iofnntry. When to the pressure of oon-
rumiog hunger, maddening thirst, and the mOt<t
exhausting fatigue, added the irritating annoy-
ance of constant alarm and frequent attacks from
hordes of cowardly rob)lcr'l, it will be obvious that
the =h of the British force, though uumnrkcd by
nny conllict deserving tho name of an action, mndo
n far severer demand upon tho spirits nnil soldierly
qun.lities of those by " 'hom it wns performed, than
many a brilliant. cnmpnign, tho events of "·hich glow
in the page of the historian, and are cmbn.lmcd in
tmditiolllll reeoUections. The t.nsk 'll"8S not IIC<'om-
plishcd without great sncrificcs. The loss of ben.•l!<.
  wns enonnous. Useful and valuable bog-
gnge Wll8 in somo CIISC8 abnndoned from tho dr-
ficinncy of camels for itA trousport ; those p11ticmt
nnd enduring animal" having perii'Lod in incrcdiLl«'
number!!. loss of hortiCII wns tlllllBUally groot.
Tbe Ben!(lll anny IO'!t not fewer than three hundred
BRmSfl f:ill'LRE IS INDL\, 177
nod fifty-nearly ono•oeventh of the entire number
employed. Tho Bombny column was rather mora
fortunate, but the 101>:!, wns rou-
sidornblc.•
At Knndnbnr tho nnny enjoyed n brief interval of
compnmlhe rest; but beyond tbl-. little CL.,....ntion
of its difficulties wns oxperimtcL•d. Provilsiur11 still
continued scarce, and robberies were ns fn.'<}ut•nl ru1
before. Some ren.<ons for doubting tho alleged
flopularity of Shab Shonjah bnd by this timo begun
to No wns shown in
joining his stnndard, though ho Wllll now hy \UtoO
of ilic British in possession of one of the chief
cities of Affglumistnn, rtud wtl8 nbout to march upon
the otiiCr with the best prospects of succeoq. It
was tho cll!>tom of the prineos of A:lfgbo.nist.:ln,
wbcn they required tho services of a clan, to send"
bupply of money, for "shoeing tho horses"
-actually to provide nil oecessnries; to do which,
in most c:n..-cs, without such aid, would bno
boon neither within tbe power nor c:on5onant to
tl to will of the parties to whom t!le aJlpcal wu
made. In conformity 1rith this custom, Shah
Shoojah 6<"nt ten tbouli3Ild rupl't.'S to tbt• Gbiljit!
chinfs,t in the hopo of iutluoing tbcm to join him.
'fbe aid, in accordstu•o witb established precedent,
  nccomp:mied by a copy of tho Koran, on which
• Nllm\tive. p. 102. Outnm'o Rougb Not ... p. 89.
t The GhiljiA> tribe io on• o( lhe moot JW>Worful ill Aft"gbani!bul.
and. albor the l>oonaeft aod the E .. wuia, probably the -
llWDm>Oa.
\"OL. VJ
CIIAP.
Jt).X.
CUAP.
XXX.
178
OLSTORT OP' TUS
tho chiefs were OJrpccted to swear nlleginncc to tho
Sh:lh; nnd this ceremony, combined with tho
retention by them of the book, would ha,·c been a
pledgu of ndhnrcncc to tl1e royal cause. Thia pledge.
however, the Shnh w(UI dostiucd to recol\·e, nor
was tho withholding it the only disappointment
connl'<'ted with tho for while tbo ehie&
retnn1ed tho hook, they did nol feel the necessity
of nctlng in the sumo manner with regard to the
money. The l11tter they kept, though they rcfni'Od
tho pledge which it was intended to purehiii'O.
From K:mdnh11r a detachment \1118 "'D!t to take
of Giriskh, 11 fort on tho Holmnnd, situ11te
about so,·enty-five miles distnnt. Tho duLy wns
perfonned without nny difficulty except that OJ>posed
by tbe rher, which that period of the )cat • is
deep nnd rapid. It was   by moons of rnfts
of en1pty cnsks, nnrl the fort hll.\ittg been
e'-..:uated by tho bo•tile authorities, tho British
party hnd nothing to do bnt to pllu:e SbAb Sboojtlh's
garrison in possession. This was nccomplished, nnd
the pllfty returned to Kandnhnr ufl;er n very brief
absence. The British army 'll"as detained there,
chiefly by the difficulty of procuring supplies, till
the 27th of Juno : on that dny an event occurred
which, thongh not known to Sbnh Shoojnh or his
allica till some weeks afterwnrds, might ho,·o Blt.o-
gellwr changed the aspect of affairs in A.lfghanista.n.
This was the death of the Scilt ruler, Runjec'
Singh. His anny was at lhnl timo employecl i.u
• !>lay.
munsu Rllll'mE 111 INDIA. 170
Peslmwur, in support of the objects of the Tripartite
treaty. death, whenever it migl1t occur, was
expected U> lead to mnclt clmng<> and grmt con-
fusion ; nud i L wns to be apprch(l[)dod that, happening
at 80 critical n period, the event might hnvo plnced
Slmh Sboojn.b nnd his Briti..h ally in n m0t1t em-
barrnsoing position. Of tho imminence of tho clnoger
they • howm-er, ignomnt, though it \\IIJI
tbnt tbe " (,ion of tho wns sorionsJy IU.
Tho march towards Kabool wns commenced under
cironmstanees not the mMt an"picious. A lnrgt'
eouvoy of ,.ain furnished hy tho Lohnni mer-
chanlls• had been brought in safely, and thi' woulol
• The Lobnnia are a lw-ge migrntory tribe, exl<!naivdy en-
gogtcl in comm•""'· which they tAtT'f on circu,.tanCH of
romaDtie inmnt. In the winttt their r.u..m.t and bulky property.
wgethcr with tl•ciT bmlt, which ore 'R"l1 e•mm"', are left
undtr ebaq,>e of. ra .... oullicieut for thciTl"'ioet.ion in the damAn
or borda-, an almlift di.ttric:t. atntdliD!; botw'ed> the SuiUnan
and the lndna. 'l"h NOt of the tn"be tnnotl ro eolleet
mcrelnwdizo ••   uwkett which ther propooe to mit, in
OMtda ol •hiM they tollklimH prooeed as far .. Bombay and
Calc:uttt. On the or oprmg thOf reoda ....... Drabaucl,
and th('11CO adnnce 10 dhipote of thclr goodA in Contnl Aaia 0J1d
Afl"ghaoiat:an. The country wbich they ha"' to tno..,... ia liulr
llliml to the ponuit ol -· bl!iDg lolun«d by
predlltory tribol, th,...P whom the Lobaoll have to '&bt thdt
.... ,. &l the GoolairM: Put, acron the Sulimao mopnWo.. whic:h
illheirnrdiDaty roate. The Loha.oJ pcp1e are at- •
a memuu:ilc, and • warlike ,_, and their habits ""'*"" tu be
uDellanged Crom the time of tl11l' Sulttn Babor, who, in bio
memoin, - ol them.
l"l.lr OOOTOY of grain procured bJ obrphml·warrior·-·
clumtt for the Oritiob ,... not un..Wt..t by diJllculty 0J1d
1"be <OD"'f euewntm!d maeb reolawmo in tho Bolan
and IWJulc 1'11.- (by •bidl ill thia Wtan<t the LaM.oio t...l
N 2
CTL\P.
XlD ..
180 RISTORY OF '!'Ill!
l'nnbled the army to mnrch with full :rntious;
but tlte Lobnuis refused to nccompauy the nrmy,
ltrtd no menus for the convey:mce of the gmin could
bo obtnincd. The consequence was, that lhiR supply
proeetded), nnd miUly per>Ons belonging to it were wounded.
'L'he ..-bole of the pnrty were osmed, 1111d the lender. Surwar
Kh:m, i1   RS R mo1n: determined mnn. Jii.J mode of
dellling •eerna to 1ndicate tltat &uch WRI the a&!e.. Hi• owo
llOOOUnt or it waa e follows :-U he wen: plurulered. or t-fl!"D if he
"'""' rellllled grnlu at any piWle, he took mOlllll without delay 1<>
inJiictiUinl!lllr)' 1111d •iguol punilhment. He unl0t1ded ood piled bill
guod.f, nnd leMing a competent guard to protect them, odmnced
with t.bc ""'t of his roUowors upoa tbe villAge Crom which tbe
offt-nc:o h•d bcco.   whic:h wu forthwith o.rul
all itl inbobttoab! who frilled to find oafcty in lliJlbt being put to
tbc sword, Ute wmth of tltc irrimted Lohona wos finally oppeooed
by the OO!nple .. dcmolitioo or tbeir plAice <1f abode. Tbie aobic<cd,
tbol<ador and llia men relouded tbeit bcasta nnd pursued theit
oourae.
The we arrival at Kandabu of the convoy intended for the
,.. of the British anny there aeenu to been endangered
Crom oou ... other than the ottoeka or tho predatory hord .. by
which the rorul wos inl'<ated; flDd bad not A party of loco! boll(!
been disJ"'tched to look out {or it. there it retwltt w believe tbot
ita datinfltlou would have boee changed. Somo emio,_..,ne. of
Doot Mflbomed Kbon lwl •••:r·erly joinl>d tbe convoy betweetL
Oueltl\ nnd Kandahar, IUld lwl cndeu.vourcd w per•Ufld• the
Lohani ebi<J' to carry his mcrcboodite to l{abool for the bofldit
of their m .. tcr. They 1lJLd auc:oecded in corrupting mlllly of tho
ioforior per110na ...,Jlloyed, and wnuld, perbap•. bovo oorried
their putpDIC, bod tbey not Leon narrowly watched. One of tbee
....,. seized and broug\lt priloner to tho Brir:Wt camp.
The >eaiiUld vigilance DIBDifeated on tbia oc:cooian by the ,.pldar
or tbt> loeal bor..,, QlUllCcl Uueem Klw>, wall •• striking, tbot
be wuo •pecially oent for by tho eoounander-iu.chief, who, after
in adequate tcrmuoknowledging his lltn'iceo. prel!eDted him with
• beautiful pair of Englith pilltols in token or his npprobation.
-See F!oogb't N&mltiro, pp. 126, 121.
DJUTISII &)[PUlE lN lN DIA. 181
-for the orrivnl of "hich tho troops had been for
liOJUC time del.'lhJed-was obliged to be left. io
Knndnbar, and tbe troops nnd foUowers to mnreb
ou brllf nttious.
Littlo occurred worthy of notico until the a.rrh'ru
of the urmy, on tue 20th July, nt Nunuo:c, stunted
ten from Ghuznce. Hero prcp:uutions were
mrulo for tbe attack of tbo latter place, which Jlro\·ed
a forlrt'S3 of co1u;idemblo and 'fli.S the resi-
dence of one of Dost :MllhoniL'd's &oWl, wbo d"llll
there in tbe capacity of go•·l•mor. 'l'be anuy
mnrdred from Ntlllllee early on tho llloming of the
21st iu three co!UllliJ8. On tho ntlvunco nrrh'ilrg
"itiJin n short distance of tbc   it wa.s per-
ceived thnt prepamtious were mndll for slopping its
The men cug:<gcd in this work were.
bowei' Cr, soon drawn from tbe open ground into the
out works, nnd the British boi'SC nrtillery guns being
brought up, a lire 11'118 on tbc Curt, with
•lunrmclls and shot, n' tho diot.lllrcc of about seven
hundred yards. Thi.!l mo•·cmcnt appears to lmve
bocn introtluoed for no other object but to ILSCortnin
the extent ond power of thl' cucmy'¥ fiN!, 11·bich 11'118
fi•rtlm itu O(K.'lled, ond caused SOIUO l'118unlties :nnoog
the Brili•b troops before they were llithdmwn from
itt rencb.
The appt.'llrunce of Ghuznoo et.>eiWI to bave un-
plcn:sautly oUI'Jlrioed those "ho were to diJ"ect. the
forco of thll Briti.b arms ngniust it. Tt bnd been
rrproscnted llS very weok, nuo.l n" completely com-
CIIAI'.
XXX.
A. D.l83t.
CHAP.
ltXX ..
182 WSTORY OF THE
mnndoo from tho adjacent hills. • Further, those
who professed til haven deep lmmvlrdge of the m06t
secret of action llJXIong tho AIJ'glmns, reite-
rated the most positive ossurnnce!! thnt noith1.1r
Kabool nor Ohuzuee would be defended, ami tltChC
asonrance!' I!C('m to have reoohed implicit belief.t
ln eonscqueuce, a small bntta-ing train, "hirh hlld
  dragged at M enormous cost 8evernl bumlro<l
mill•, to Kandl\bar, was lt>ft there, it being very cle-
6irable, on account of the I!CIJ'city of Cftttle, to ""'Clucc
ns fnr ns pmcticable the demand for their labour.
The howevar, nlforded by the aspect
or Ghuznee did not corre<q10nd with those derived
from the rcportR n:cehed at Kandahar. " W c were
very much surpmed," snya the cltiof engineer of the
am1y of the I ndus, Captain Tbom<oo, " to find a
high rampart in good 11'pair, built on a sc:arped
mound about tbirty-fivo foot high, llanked by nu-
merous towers, and 8Urrouuded by a fausse ltrayu
and a wet ditch. The irregular figure of the
guo 11 good Bnnking tire, whilst the height of the
citadel covered tlte interior from tho commanding
fire af the bills to the north, rendering it nugatory.
lu addition to this, the towers at the angles blld
ll('('n enlnrgecl ; screen walls bad been built IJcfore
tbc gates ; tbc ditch clenrcd out nnd filled wiili
water (<Uited til be unfordable). and nn outwork
• Mo:morucla of tile <ngll*ra· operati001 btfore GbiW>«' iP
.luly.
t lla•doc:k'• Nuratne, •"'- ii. p. 62.
BIU'IISD ltltl'!lll'; IN TNDIA. 183
built on the right honk of tho river, 190 liS to com-
mand the bed of it."• Snob wu.s tho impl'l'l'sion
tD11do by the llrst near ,-jew of the fortre"'l of Gbtn-
nee- "The works," Captain Thomson adds, "were
evidcutly much stronger than •ro bad been Jed to
anticipllte, and such ns our anny could not t>enturc
to nllllck in a regulnr tllllmll!r \l-ith tho means at our
disp08af. We ha<l no bnttorhlg trnin, nnd to nttadc
Gbnznoo in form a much largl!r train wonld be re-
quired than tho army ever 1lOl!eeSSed. The  
height of tho JliU'!lpCt above tho Jllnin (sixty or
seventy feet), with tho wet ditch, were insurmount-
able obstaclce to an attack merely by mining or
escnlading."t
A ncpbow of Dost Maborned Killin had quitted
Gbu:meo, and tnken refuge with tho British forco aa
it approached tbo pl8(lc, and l1o afforded somo in-
hijtWy vnlnablo to those who proposed to
attncJ, it. Tho knowlt'ilge thus acquired wft!l im-
proved by a cnrefnl and minute rcconnoiSMUce. Tbo
engineers, with an Ci!COrl, 11'eut rotmd tbe works,
nppronchiug ns near na it \1'48 prncti011blo to find
cover. Tbe garrison were a"'aro of thCI'Il pi"'X'CNI-
ings. and kept up a bot fire on the officers wbencYt'l'
they wore obliged to sbow themselves. The forti-
fications were ascertained to be of about equal
"lrenjttb in every pnrt. Tbnro were se,·era] gntt-'8,
bot all c.xeepling one, cillled tbu Knbool gate, be-
cause opening on tbe fa<-e or the fortrer.s in the direc-
tion or that city, bad, it was reported, boon dOSt.'<l
• Memon.oda ut oupra. t lbid
CIIAP.
XJtX..
CIIAJ>.
XXX.
184 II!STORY OP TH&
by tile erection of wnlls them. • This gate
'nlll deemed by the enginN'r officers the only eligible
point for the adnntnges "hich it presentt>d
were thus by Cnptnin Thomsen :-" Tho
rood up to the gate m18 clror--tbc bridge onr tho
ditch was wc:'le good position! for
tho nrtillery within throo hundred nod fifty ynrdB of
tho walls on both sides of the road, nnd we had in-
fomllltion that the gateny was not built up, a rcin-
forttment from &lbool being expected.• The result
of the obsen•ntlon of the engineers, therefore, wos a
l('port to the   " that if he de-
cided on the immediate att.nck of Ghuzuee, tho only
feasible mode of attack, and the on I) one "hich
held out n prospect of fioccess, was n clllsb 11t the
Kabool gateway, lllo..-ing the gate o}l('n by bogs of

Tho army, on arriving before   had cn-
enmpcd on the southern side of the 'J'he
report of the engineers, and tho determination or
the commander-in-chief to net upon its 111ggestions,
rl'ndcrod a cbll!lgc of position neceSljllry, nud the force
hnd not bc!'n encamped abo,·e thre!' hours wbco it
re«iTed orders again to mBI('b. It moved from the
ground first taken up, in tbe n.ftemoon, in two
Tbe marl'b was rendered 60mcwlult cir-
bJ the uece5<ity of J.eeping bc)ond thl' range
tl>c guns of tbl' fortress. The were wC'llricd
• MAjor Houab lle<'llll to doubt whotbtt &D)' or Ill...,.,., ..
....... IIID• dooed.-Sce NarntiYO, r· llSS.
t Mnaonada tupn.
BIU'I'ISB £»Pill£ IN lml!A. 185
by the llllll'Cb of the morning, and there were aonte
difficulties to be overcomt-,amoog them tbe pno-sage
of tho rh·er Logur, os well os sovl'ml I!DUl!l watltt-
coun;cs; n lofty ro.ngc of heights, lying to the nortb-
WCIIL nf tho place nnd oppo.itc to tho guns of tho
citn<lcl, lny in tho route of one column; tho
""8 nllclldcd witb gretttlnbour, nnd so•ne peril---11Dd
this the 'VIIll a'arCcly IL'III!
laooriuu• and dnngNous. · When the regiment,; of
the fil'\'t dinsion ll&d
and nrrh-cd at their gr;1und, which ...-ns not until
long nfll'r nigblfllll, tho bnJU,'llgl' and camp followers
were still fur in the rcnr, nud tho were,
conAOIIucnlly, obligl'tl to pn.ss tho iutcrml which
yet remained before the light of morning could be
<'XIII'Cted, in n of famishing and shhltting des-
titution. They hnd neither tcnlB nor rations, and
were tbus 6Cntcnccd for some hours to hun,ner and
11 bh·oUIIC. Shots Wl'rc oeca.oiouaiiJ fired from the
fC)rtrC"., b11l they produced no dtunugc, and seemed
to hn\'0 no object but thnt or bhcwiug to tho.o
\vitboul the fortress thnL those within were nwnke.
wcro displayed from tho citadel, nnd these
• to be IU18wered by the kindling of fires in
the &urrounding country. Conjecture on tbe mean-
ing of tbc.e apJs offered fuod for IDL'tlit.:ltion tO
the weary but occu('ctob of the Brilbh
lin<'!'.
Tho situution of llu' lx'fliegero Lbrougb this
comfortk't!S night ill tlcpiateol by ouc of tbcm-
•   It was kuo" 11 thu.L Mabomed l'fzul
CIIAP.

CHAP.
XXX.
18!1 HfSTORY OF THE
Khan, rutother 1100 of the Ameer of Knbool, hnd
marched dO\\'Jl from the   with the view of ue-
blocknding Ghu.znee, rutd was now close to us. The
forces of the Ghiljies, Alxloolruhmnn nnd Goo!
Moohummud, were in the field nt no great distance.
A party, nlso, of fnllfttics from the Sooluman
Kbeils, who bad taken anns when o. religious wnr
bud, ns a Jast resou:ree, been proclaimed by the
tottering 13aru.kzyes, now occupied the heights to
the enstward of the ynJfey in which tl1c fortresl!
stnnds.   on these oi rcumstances nnd ou
our want of n battering train, the glimmering of tho
lights on the hostile battlements nnd in the plains,
nnd the ClbilJ of tbe night air, oJfectunlly chased
awny slumber until clay broke on the 22nd ....
• HA'I'e!ock, vol. ii. p. &.
Oa IOUah n movement .. that described in the text, nnd of tho
r.....,oa by which it wight be jU!tifi•<l. the judgmen·t of rnilit11ty
mm mutt be !uT preferable to that of a aon-prolcuioual inquirer.
1"he foDowing not.: £rom the wocl. of Major floogh {p. 169) wiU
therefore be intauting :-'• Captain Outnqn .aya, it W115 eonfi.
dently atated tbnt Doot Mllbomod Khnu bil1lllelf marched on the
16th (of July). Tbl! diotaoce is eighty-eight mil .. (we made
""""" lllllttb .. ), nod by regular lllllttbeo he would have reached
Ghuznee on the 22nd (next day), anilas tha day (2lot) he ..-ould
ha•e been within one march, and would lmve beard the firing. ho
,...ald. it Willi to be tuppoj!<!d, pwb on ; ao that there wu A grt'llt
obJoct in not delaying in ehaogiltg ground. As in IBM. D06t.
Mohamed had moved l'romKAbool to defend Kandahar agnln•t the
Sbab, tho preoumptioru ""'"' iu fa•our of his march to Gbu%1lee.
We know £rom Do.tMobmned'• OMI nephew that two of tho three
gal.,. were bloelced up; and it ..,.. argued by oome ihal: the
ouddcn movemmt to the 1\abool gate. "hiah ,. ... uhl not to be
built up, woula put the eormy on their guard, ond cauae thAt
gate also to be _,.od: who ...... by a mardi io tho mllmiog, it
lllUTISD I!)IPJllll l!l INl)JA. 187
Tho first t'IDJIIoyment of tho welcome dMm wn.s
to rescue the baggngc, cnmp followers, lllld sick,
from tho ..-arioW! point.!l to which they bad been led
iu the bewilderment of n nighli11Jli'Cb ovar unknown
ground, and to bring them to tho place ijl'lected
for encmnpment. It 11118 wid-day before tho whole
of the bllggage reachtod tho camp. • Tho eom-
    nnd the engineel1! nmde nnoLhcr
rt'(Onnois:!anco Qn this day, ond tho result of their
obt!cnntions tended to confinn tho resolotioW! pre-
viously tnken. The clay ''"118 enlivened by the do-
scent from the bills of some fanatical opponents of
Shnb Shoojal1, with lbo intontion of ottncking
eamp. They were charged by tho Shah's ca...alry,
ond driven bock. Cnptain Outrnm, nt the hoad of
11 party of the Sbnb's infantry, followe<l them into
their f(ljjLnesses, and succeeded in capturing many
prisoner><, o.nd even the holy bromer of green 11011
white, under wbicb the horde bad been brought
tClgethcr. t
would not oppeu .., ouspiciouo. 'nle -• t .. a dolicatc
onoe. beiog a. mareh in two coluUlDI by two diffemtL tout.; for it
inYOI<td o night maroh for the reu and mud1 of tho if
not far the troopo, aa ..., wore oot to nardt till r-in the oftu-
nooo. arul tho route for bolh oolllllllll oould oot be nil known.
The maroh io two colomoo would. it wu ooncludod. expedite tho
  , bot thea thm. _,.., ...... oaiWIIIIII ol bogop to J"'-
t<ot, IUld "" could not prote<"t that of tbe colomn oo the right.
'l'b. marob of tbo at Ill that night ,.... iooon•tnicnt, and
.... goioecl CIO l:iJIIe by
• rol. ii. p. GG; Hoogll. p. 171.
t The CCIDI:!usion or tbil lffair ;. painful to ttiate. " Tho
Shb"• uoopo:...," .,.. c.peam Haftiock, .. cfawpitotod- ol
tho tlaio, anti brought tboir hooda in triumph into tho camp; •
CfiAP
xx.x.
CHAP.
XJL'I.
188 DISTOAY OF TB&
The requisite onlen1 for the nttaclc on G buzucc
were circulated nwoug tbc ccmm:tuding in
btu-bvo1D pnoctice, toe. nttuly akio to the cUit<>ma of our oppo.
u.:ntt, aud unwortJ1y of imitatiun by the aoWiera of a King acting
u the oily in the field of tho llritlih." Lint tbil inttauc. u! bot·
bR.ri.un, whicli justly c:alLt f.uttll Ute indignation oJ Captain ll1n'C•
Jock, .,. .. not the """"'· Tho J>ril<lnon takon wore fifty or 1ixty
io oumbn'. The wbolo, or port of tbtm, """' brought into the
J•r>:Kne>e of tho Sbab, Cor wh&r. porpooc il oot di.tioctly opporeot.
Acoorcbog K'C'Ount., lhe Sb-ah rqncwc:lwA tbt-m i..a
but wbt-thG" tbia 10 ot DOt, it is ada:Utccd
oo all honda tbet tho priooncn. uookr tho io!urneo of lanaticiaaa,
IIJld poo•iblyllho of groucr otimuwlta, tho prin«' with
    hit<rmea. One of them drew a dllgJ,'t>r and ttubb<d one
of Shah Shoojah'a attendanu in tho royal wbolo
porty were thereupon put to denUo I but th• circunatanc:ell or II••
... llltropbo, .. given in diJl'cront<tatemenll. ""' lnlltlted by grat
IIJld irreooncllablo variatio111; all thlt can bo done il to gi"' tho
dlll'<'n'nt atatemenll ao delivued by t<IJ>«<tablc autboritieo. Cop-
tala Haniocl< oayo-" The 11101t oodou:i..,. of tbuo [the pri·
.....,.), alter 1l'1lr1WIS* to .s.. .. t from their tn.ot<>roua
inm:tifft, wtre Clllriocl out aod bchcoded by the royal _...
tioucn."-:-larmtin, \"01. ii. r· G9. C.ptalo 0umm diamJM.
the llliiiiA:r wry brielly, u •'cll u Y<ty vaguely. After rcla ting
that one of the pri!oaon 1bWbtd a l<rV&Ilt of tho King io the
open durbor, he oontinu-" on oll'cnce r,. which IM v:holt ""'
1aid to have atooed with their lh·et."-Rough Notet, p. I 12.
Or . .Kennedfs llrlCOunt t. oot much more Lbougb (ar
more cln.'Utnda:utial. '1'hc: mOlt {ruportaot {eatutet or w. lt&te•
moot arc tho following:-'' The Kin:;. il u llrid, forthwith urdertd
tloe whole portr, u.,......... or mly .. oumbu, 10 be pot 10 dCilh.
• • • A Brititb ollittr of the Bolll'bal' oulomn ..,. •iJ to
b.., IIC'ddeotally the of theoe miocnblo
c:ratu.lft, ud bit. u i1 rw··W Wit', .-aa that tbct wuo
Luddk-d WJS<thcr, pioic>aed, ourut •iu.ing, "OOmo lying on the
ground, tome •tanding, rmd (uur ar fi.-o uecutioocre mncd witb
btuYy Affglum   a nrord and o t.!raggcr,
• of a carving-knife, t"o f<<l long in tLe blodo, bi'UIId,
aud llcavy.-nrc H'l'Y C'OOIIy, &uh.l iu 110 Jurl or hurry,
and htwiogat their nccl..t, om afttr t1"" vtbc.r. till a1J ..-t.re bt·
BRmSil £MPfllE I N L"'DIA.
189
the evening, nnd so much of them communiented to
the troop• as was Dee6._"1U')' to enable them to per{onn
h<aded."'-l"arnltin, vol. ii. pp. 3!1--11. Major Hough giYn
an M<OIIOt ••ry differ<nt from those or C.plllin ua .... lockand Dr.
Kennedy, though it may not be with the •ery gomeml
Nnployed by C•I>IAin Outraau. It it u foUowu-
.. Witll .......... to the priluoem takrn on li10 of July, on the
day of tho auaclc Oil Slah Shoojab'o comp. twmty. ttno of the
followtn of tbe fatber.in.Jaw of Doot Mahomed, who ,..... lcilled,
'"'"' brooiht to tbe King (I bdicR DC1l. cloy), who crll'<-red to
panloa them. One of tbem .,.... ...,.,. oboei"' to tbe King, and
ttabbed OOe o( hi! OW"D. W bo WU •tanding br:bind him ;:
upon which his Majeotf• attrndants nt•hed on th«¢ and
killed them, but thia """ by no onltT from Sboojab."' In A
note. Majur Hough .. ,,,it wae the ttAtemcnt gh·cn by an
omoer, a rulllliun or the en''OY a.nd rniniatt.r. "-Narmtive. p. 218.
'11tul ataodt thecae noeou.otl arc m.rioutud eonftic::tiog.
they all root oltimawy on anonymouJ authority, and ""'" lito
chaontll lhrougb which they """bed the "'[>>rten are oot
named. AU that caA he dependod upou io, that a llllmbor of
nreput to death; bat wbtthtr tJ.o ,....... part ooly, or
tbe whole of thooe talrm, whetber tbW • did aot exl:\'od
nrenry.fi,.. ar amouuted to llisty or "'""'· •brtbe< tbe ae-
cution wu the cen.o«l!Wln! of tho ddihemte onknl ol tbe Shah,
or or the excited pulion• of his adh ... oll, Otting without autho-
rity,-<111 theH pointl are lett in doubt. If Shah Sboojnh
ordered or oonuived a.t the munJer, 11 foulataio il thereby brought
on hit chatu:tc!r4 The mn.n who h.ad mndo "n attempt on tho
Ufe of tho Sbab'o attendant might jusliy bnc been pWlilbtd. but
tho oiAugbt<t in cold blood of tbe wbolo, or a part, of tbe othor
]'rilon..,., eanoot be ftl:VCied but with feclingl of ohborm><e.
Shoh Sboojah wu - in a pooitioo that """ld juolify lbt idie·
tioo of tho u.tRme poualty for •--· He bood ... tbe
dominiooo iD wiUcb, tinoe hie • • • ..,.. gm<nliDa bad
pwn up, and ht had t'ornWlr uoomtd lbt bat be
bad yet much to win, or nubor hi> Oritiah ally bad mueb to win
for hina. ln relation to tlatk tn.nuedon, thel'll is one gruund
of tlldafaction to an Englilb   il no evidence to
thew tbet it WRI ""uutennncod by any British authority.
CIIAI'.
XXX.

CUAI'.
XXX.
190
IDSTOBY OP TRE
what was require<.!.• Tile various parties of the
BritiKh force destined to tal-c part in the attack
were in position before dnyUght. The night was
stormy, nnd loud gwts of wind tended to de-
p1·h'e the besiegc..od of the opportunity of becom-
ing acquninted with the movem01Jt8 of their
nssailnnts from the noise with which tllcy were
inevitably uttonded. Within the fort n dc:\d
calm prevailed, not n shot was firc!l, and some
suspicion was entmained that the place had been
evacuated.
When all were in position, the ntt<mtion or the
enemy was pnrtlally diverted by n lhlse attack. Tbe
British batteries opened, nud were answered from
the fortress. 1n the menutimfl. the   party
were preparing tllemselves for the a.ssnult, whlch it
was anticipated won ld put the Britisla force in pos-
SQssion of the plnce. Tbe party consisted of Cap-
tain Pent, of the Bombay engineers; Lieutennnts
Durond and M'Oleod, Bengal engineers; three
serjennts, and eigb teen men of the suppers. The
• Tbe oloaity and noble 1pirit dirpb>.yed by the troops, ovon
undu circutnsblnca which migbt have excused IODIO U.cl< o( th"'"'
qualities, lll'tl TOuahed (or by oll who witnesocd their conduct.
Major Hough ••yo :- "AU the lkk in boepital c:apable o( clolng
""f auty """' put on the lruerior camp giiJll'dt: it ""'• JOOUIII
diJ!ieoll to kt<p tAr....,. i• IIMpitnl; IAI!J aU deair.d to !1•·"-Nor•
mtivt:, p. 176. Dr. Konnedy myt :-'' Oo villiting the hospital m>lll
o( her Moj .. ty'o 2nd oad 17th regiment!!, I ...,.. •urprised to Jind
them cleued of t:iclc-tbo gollont r.Jion bad oll ,.;,., in
mutiny ao tbcir •urgwoo. ood imlat•d upon joining Lhcir com-
mde:&."- N'n.rra:tift', val. ii. p. 46.
Bati'ISD EXl'lllF. IN INDIA. 1!)1
charge ordlnmily rccommcntletl to be <liJljlloyed for
blowing open gates i@ sixty to one hundred :md
twenty pounds of powder, but as it was nppn-hendetl
thnt tho enemy might bavo taken nl11rm nt Lhe np-
proach of the 13riti"b army to that hid<> of the plnee
on which the Kabool gate wn. hitu.ated, and might
thereupon have strengthened tho gate,• tbt• charge
was iucrcn.<cd to three hundred pounds.   move-
mentS of Lbe explO"ion party wcro di,;cemed from
the but tbo enemy did not penetrate their
precise object. Dluo lights were thrown up to
nffortl them n better opportunity of II.."C<'rtllining
what was in progre-.s. but being burned from the top
of the parapet instead of being thrown into tbc
sage below, they atforded litLlo assist:moo to tboso
wbo employed them. Had they been thrown over,
it woul1l, in the opinion of C11plnin hn.-e been
inlpO«sible to place tbo powder. As it was, tbe be-
sieged wcro content with firing from loop-holes upon
the explosion party, and tho!,(' by ...-bich they were
protected, :md tbt'l'e rnndom operations prodnero
lillie oOoot. The powder nccordingly WM placed,
the boso ltud, nntl tbo train Rred. Tho gat(l was
instantly blo'l\"ll away, together ";tb 11 eon.•idcmble
part of the roof of the squnrc building in which it
was [llnred. Captnin Peat was strock down lllld
stunne1l, but reco,·cring almost immediately, bad lho
gratilicntion of finding that the operation of which
be hnd been tho nrting conductor bnd entiroly
• It U. ...W lhat oome att<mpta bad '-' IDOde to J""P up t.he
pte willl booao oC O..bor.
CRAP.
ux.
CHAP.
XXX.
192
BJSTORY OF THE
succeeded. The batteries poured their fire into
the workp, o.nd the bugle sounded for tho ns-
saultiog column to push ou. It wns commnndcd
by Brigadier Sale, 111td con!'isted of bur Majesty's
2ud, Major CaYrutiJers; 13th, Major Frnser; 17tiJ,
Lieutennnt Colonel Croker; o.od the Bengal Eu-
ropean regiment, Lieuteruwt Colonel Orobn.rd.
The advance, under Lieutenant Colonel Demtie.
entered the gnte,vny, followed by tbe remainder of
the column. A series of desperate struggles took
place within the gateway• and town, and several
.. Tho dillicult.is enc:ountued in tho gntewoy are tb114 d.ocribod
by Oolaacl Dennie himtcl!. '!"be p"""'!;'! !oral! port or a letter
!tom wbieh = extraot appeared in the AliatiD J ournal Cor Octobar.
1842.- "'The JDQlt trying aod critical port or""' olfuir"11!wh•n
I found mysel£ in tbo dork ,-.ult or the gntew•y; Lbe hlue lighto
the enemy bad tlnown down became, by time we o.sccndcd
the monad or camp. orbnguiehtd, =d we were involved in total
darlmesa. Ao Crieod ooola not be cfistingnabed from !oo. and
6ring whil.!t mucd up with tboae rnl!ion• woold bn•1l boeo do.
otructiao to uo. I forbode it with all my eoergieo, sod nothing w ..
dou•but by thefto/. Tho.whing oftbe onhre and muaket, ru>d
8Cll<ible ooundo or the blow• =d •tobo-the ories and g"""" a{
tbooe aulfering nnd tnunpW upon. to ooe in oold blood woold
have been very bomd ; but oeo.oe with me WlU! ....,piM in trying
to find tb.c. gate. Neither to the front nor to the left, nor even
long to the right ooold I   one my a{ light ; but at Jut.
b""ping and feeling the wall, 1 cli!covered to the right band. high
up, a gleam of oky or ataa, and fouud a deol!e mAA of Afl"glwll
atill eloeed up tho outlet. and o........,.. the • ight.., desln:d. Then
it wu I ordered • rolley from the leading ...,lion. =d the ell\:<!t
"""c:omplete1 down fell the ob.tocles before ""· ,.,.d a c:tUJ!biDg
fire kept up by ordering • leaded ml!ll to the front' u
fut u th• leading ....:Iiana gu•·e tbcir T00ey, brought 11p, liml.
while thOi!e in turn were C!OVeml, and reloaded. "\'\"t! had oo time
to .,.,..tioe otreet-hing; but inotinotorimpol>t:>UpJilird the pia....,.
lllUTTliU I!MPIR£ lN [Nl)IA, 193
officers, omongst whom W1l8 Brigndier Sale. • were
wonodcd. As soon as tho atorming party bad well
entered tho centro eqnare, tho enemy made a general
rush, some for tho citadel, some for the hoWies, from
Wbm fairly imide 1 my front, got oil toto their pt._
that ,_ oo their lor· pft the thne d-. onlorod (u the lic-
lllll of our tho pte), and p01bcd oo at the ctwge into
the body of tho pl ... , drivinf before ua a mighty crowd. who
obowod 01 tho .... a by the way they took.''
Tbe entJy ol the main oolumn wu ret:anl<d in oonooqueooe ol
miJinforaoatim u to the •-ol the ad.._; bat tho mittal:o
wu ooon and the onward man:h of tho column ,...
owned. •
• The following oooount of tho c:iroumatanoea nnderwhich thil
ctillinpi>hed - ...,.;..a his 'OI'OWid is giTftl by CaptaiD
Havcloclt :-" One nf their uumbcr, .,... tbe falkn tim.
ben, brought down Drigadier Sale by a cut on tho face with hi•
obarp ibum-oboer (Aoiatio Tho Atrgban   hil blow
u his oppo...,t wu fallinc. but the pummel, uot the edge of his
•word. thio time tDOk dl'cct, though with •llllU1ing riol.-. He
l01t his bo-. in the dfon. and Britoo> and All'£11"
rolkd together among the l'ta<tored tlmben. Thuo oltwtb!d, &be
fint care Of tho brigadier WU to I!Witet the WOBpGD Of bit adver.
ArY; b. anatebcd at it, but oae of hilingen met tho edge of tb.
tm>d.nt bloo&. Ho qulckly witbdmr his ...rolll1dod band ODd
adnritly rq.laoed it on that of his ad1'l:l'11U')', 10 u to foot &be
hilt of hil ohum-llhoer. But be h•d an oct.i"' 11Dd powerlul oppo-
nent. arul wu bimJelf faint liom 1oaa of blood. CaptaiD Kcrtbaw,
of the 13th, oide-<le-eamp to Drigadier lloumgardt. happa>ed. iD tho
•. to •rrr-h &be-of codiet; tbe 1lrOW1ded leader m:og-
nil.ed and Clllled to him for aKI : Kenhaw puoed blo dnr.wu oahre
through tho body of tho AITgban ; b11Utill tho deapendo continued
to ltnlgglc with Crautic riolenee. A• I<'Dgtb, in tho m,...., pJl11l•.
&be bripdi<r for a n>OIDODt got up.,.._.. Sli1l rrtalniDg tho
.,..pon o( b3 ....,1 to his left" hiiDd, b. dealt him, with hil
a cut from hio own oab"', which cleft bio akull Cram the """"' to
tho eyobroWI. Tho Mabomedau onoe obouted • Ue, UllAh I' (Ob,
God!) aod n.,.... opoko or moved again." -Narrative • ..,1. ii.
pp. 79,80.
VOL. \'L 0
CIL\P.
XXX.

XXX.
l9<l
Bll!TORY OF THE
which those who gnined possession of tltc:m kept up
an annoying fire on the British force below. To tho
attack of tho citadel her Majesty's l 3th and 1'7th
regiments moved, tho latter leading. This was
tlle of the governor. There. tbe female
members of thop?incipal families bnd been collected.
and there, too, was the mngnzine nml grm1ary. A
strong resistance was expected, but nona wns ollhctl.
Tho 17th, on ani,•ing at the gates, forced its wny
in, followed closely by the 13th ; and, while those
below were watching for the effect., of the heavy lire
which it was nntieipnted would be poured on tho
assnilants; the fueliug of anxiety was suddenly ex-
changed for tbnt of gmlified astonis!unent, by tho
displny of t he colours of tho t"·o regiments on the
top of the upper fort. Tho garrison bad  
their gnns anu Red in all directions, casting them-
selves down, in some inlltances, from immense
heights, in tho hope o£ effecting their e$Cnpc. Tbo
firing from tile houses wns kept up for some time
after the capture of tho citadel. Some fannticnl
.Ailghnns, who bud succeeded in picking oO' men
from the parties employed iu clearing the street.'!,
obstinnt{!ly refused qnnrter, nnd when escape wns
impossible, voluntarily rnshetl on dentb, consoled by
reflecting tbnt t.hoy died fighting the bottle of tl•o
Jilitlt, nnd with the well-rumed "shot.s which hnd
sent so many infidels to tbeir eternal home yet
ringing in their ears. The reserve, under Sir W il-
longltby which hod entel'l.'d immediately
nfter the storming porly, succeeded in clcnrintr
DlUTISH EMl'lRE IN INDIA. 195
many of the houses which had aft'orded shelter to
eollllm.tnnts of this description.
Hyder K b ~ t n   the governor, hlld been led by the
fulso attack away fr01n the poinb where the renl
danger lay. On learning tbnt the British troops
were entering from no opposite ditectinn, be rodo
back, but it was only to find that nll wo.s lost. lfu
llucccedod in reaching the citntleJ, thougl.t uot ·with-
out being exposed to some peril : n b6 yonct passed
through the wnisthnnd of his dross, nod bis horse
roaring, he was in dnnger of fnlliJJg, the resnlt of
which would have been instant death ; but he reco-
vered himself, noel finally surrendered to two officers
of the Bengnl:mny. •
" In sieges nod storruings," observed Sir J ciliu
Kenne, in a geoernl order issued after tbc cuptu:re
of Gltuwee, "it does not fall to tbe lot of cavalry
to bear the samo conspicuous part BS the two other
nrms of tbe profcssiotl." On this occusion, indeed,
the employment of the cnvalry, in the only duty for
which it was fitted, was doh1yod by the npprehonsion
of nn nttnck ou tho British cnrnp, or on the renr of
the stonning pnrty. It "o.s U10ught that DO!lt Mil-
homed Kl1n0 might march to tbe relief of Gbuznee,
anti one of hi$ I'Ons, M ce.r U fznl Khan, with n force
of tive thousand horse, IVB811Ctn.'llly in tho immediate
neighbourhood. It nppears tbnt be hl'nrd the firing,
and wailed only for dnyligbt to learn the state of
nlli1irs iu Ghuwee. D••ylight c;unc, noll by its nid
• c-ptnin A. "'· ·raylor. of lite !at European regimen<. aad
Captnin G. A. ?.facb'l'<(!<lr. of the artillery.
0 2
CIIAP.
XLX.
CIIA.P.
xxx.
196 IDSTORY OP THE
the British flng wns seen waving on the summit of
the fortress. Ufzul Kb!UI, thereupon, mllde
his way back to Xabool with aU speed, n.bandoning
hill eleph!Uits and th.e whole of his bn.ggnge. Tho
srune light which warned the Alfgh!UI comm!Uider to
"i.thdmw, showed to tho British genernl that no
reason existed for restraining hill cn.valry from pur-
smug the fugitives.
The loss of the enemy in the operations nt Ghuz-
nee docs not appear susceptible of being estimated
"ith n.ny rcnsoMble conJldenee of upproocblng necu-
rn.cy; but it wns undoubtedly grout.• Tbnt of the
British "'ns compamtively smnll, amounting only to
cue hundred nnd ninety-one officers 1111d men killed,
wounded, nnd missing. In the 6nit class, that of
killed, not o. single officer wo.s included, but several
were desperately wounded. Among those who suf-
fered most wore Major W :men, of the 1st Bengal
Europcnn regiment, 1111d LieuteniUlt Hazlewood, of
the snJDe.
A few dn.ys of repose followed the storming of
Ghuznec, nnd during the intervn.l, Na.wnub Jubbur
• Upwuds of live hundr<d wve killed within the wall.t. About
fifteen hundred pri.oonon wen! mode, bunrith few oxcoptioot thor
wer-e   it being (iUs mppooed) incm=>iont to keep them.
Some were Hindeoo, found ill the outworlao. who declAred thot they
had boon pr .. oed into the oervio..,, Tho ciliief gunner ,.,.. a oati.""
of Hindo&tan. He su..,...Jed in making hie eocope, but euboe·
qneutly come in and gave the following ••Tw 110001lllt of hi• fee).
mg. an the OClCl8lioo ,_ .. AII!OOll u I h011Td tbo oq>JO!ion, l kocw
the gat.."""' blown open. and that \f1lUJd 1tDrm the fort
aud to.ke it without eocalade, and 1 thought it time to be ofl'."-
Hough's N.,....tm,.
DRmSB Elll'IRJ!! IN llii>U. ) 97
Khan, brother of Dost Mahomed, nrri"ed at the
British crunp with an ovcrturo for
The proposal was, that Sboojah should be acknow-
lt!dgod ll8 tho 60\'ercign, but thnt Dost .Mabomed
slaould bo his vizier. The o.oawor on the po.rt of
tho o.IUee WBB, that Dost Mabomcd would be pro-
vided for, but that be could not be retained in
.AJfghani!itan as vizier, nor be pennitted to reside
tbcro at all, but must. proceed to India. To this
condition it was replied, that Dost :Mahomed would
not on any terms collSI!Ilt, IUid the negotintion
endod.
On tho 30th of July tbo o.rmy bcgnu to move
towards Knbool. On its nppronch, Dost Mnbomed,
like his brothers at Kandahar, fled,• and on tho 7th
of August, the Shah, under tho protection of the
British force, made his public entry into his
It was graced by o.ll the marks of honour which the
British authorities could alTer, and WIIS deficient in
• Hla 8igbt wu 100n known in tho llririlb CtJDp, IUid a part ot
Slloh Shoojllb'a Cor"" d.iapatcbed in punult or him, with a IDlall
deu.ohment from lhnt of the Britlah, 11ndcr Ooptaiu Outram. Ha<l
t.bla officer enahl<d to give cft"eet to bi.o own ""- the fugi.
ti"' chid wo..!d opeedily bne been ooe:takm: but the Sbab'a
tdlicoer bad no deoire fM m:h a ..... It, ond -triftd eft"-ur
to am't iL Thlo .,.._ wu Radjea Kbaa Kabr. Be bad
nlM:cl biJolac1( livm tho nllk ot • cloaln "' ..... to tbat ot •
powmal duet, and .... .-;.- tor tho -.tili<y and inoin-
  which bad marited W. .,.,_, llo bad tmcloml bi.o
to Shih Sboojab, when the fortuna ot tbot pn-
appnrod riling, and by hiD> he 110<1 hem DOIDtnated NuuetT-ood.
Dowllh, cltfender o( tho atate. MU....ble 10111t be the condition
o( • olllte u H•djee Kll&n Kaltur on this ...,..jon
• defended tho throoe o( hit muter Shah Shoojlb.
CfU.P.
X)Ut.
A. D.
A.D. 111.\0.
l:ll.lP.
nx.
108
BISl"OJI Y 01' TIIE
nothing bot the coogrotulations of the people over
whom the restored King '\Tl\8 to mgo. • He bow-
eYer appcnred to ha,·o felt himself lleCDre, either in
tho nllectioos of his su bjncts or the strength of his
nllies, nnd be proceeded to exercise one of the fWlc-
lions of roynlty in European fasWoo, by instituting
nn order of knighthood, frnrned on the model of tho
British Order of the Bath. To the nonour of this
institution the officcrt! of tho "Army of tho Indus"
were to be liberally ndmittcd, ns well ns a few cllitin-
gui.Jled civil functionaries, tho latter being selectod
by JIJ r. l'lfncn.'lgbtcn, envoy nod minister, and tho
fom1cr by Sir John
• The reoeptiau or tho AJTshan monarch by the citilens or bi•
capltlll _,.. to hi"' boon of 1 ¥try aobor chanc:t.r. •• N"""
criod, • Olld blat him! • •• All "1'""" ., ID tbD tffect. Major
Hough .. ,.. , .. The poorle wm. •err onlerlr; thm! • ...., im-
.,...... =•ds: ......, J>l- iu tbo 101m wu filkd with them. At
the King adn.Doocl they •'* vp, ud when be po-.1 oo they
.....,.t1'd tlleiMd.-... TbiiWII Ill<' ooly of joy ex-
hibitedofl the   p. 2Sl. Captain Ha"dock'a
tcttimony it quite recondlllble with thi• :- •• We did not. heu,
on this oecaaion. witbin tho w•Jl• or K•bool, tbo noiay acclama·
tiona o( a British or an Athenian mob; but the erpre:aejon of coun-
tMancet indicatro ready -.cquictctoco, or aomctbing toCR"tt in tho
now on.te ar   ••1. ii. p. ltll. Dr. Kcnneclr
in Lbo main OGn<:Uro :-" U the Kandabarieo out loam. or brilld
OJ>d eo...,. beCon: hi! M•jaty. leao ba.-tlyar, that U>o Kat--
lieo clid not ltiDg him eithu a crutt or a oor obout a
li"'le ..-.!came that roacl.ecl mr bearing : a aulleo, ourly lllb-
miaoion to whit <OUI oat be bdj>ecl, and an eager dotenainal.lun
to malre the moot that could be madt of ••iating cittumotanoeo,
1nd tum than to acc:o>unt, apptared to be tbo general (ed;nJ CU•
Wlllin•d, with<mt much altl'mpt ttl di•guioe, by tba good citl&eno
or Kabooi."- NIU'I'llli .. , •al. ii. p. 83.
t The new io6titul< or cbinlry wu called Lbo D.>onneo •
BRITISH IO{J'IJ!E Ill L"'DIA. 199
On the 3rd of September the foroo onder Ccloncl
\Vndo• arri.-cd at Kabool. lt had mo.-ed from
Pcshn wur in May, on Colonel W ndo receiTing in-
telligence of the mnreh of tho British army from
Knnclttbnr for Ghwmee nnd Knbool. H p.roceedcd
through lbc Khyber PIISS, where tho chief obstacle
to ill progi"C@@i Will! the fort of Ali :Uw,jid. Possession
of this Wlllo obstinately coutet<Wd for 11 time; but the
nchrutciog force having occupil'd liOme bills which
the fort, the gnrrilion it.
This acquisition wos purl.'luli>C<I at the expense of
about n humlrcd nud eighty killed nnd wounded.
1'1to loss of tbc enemy is bolicvcd to hovo been of
  runount. "In such . u warfllre," roys MnJor
Hougb,t "the enemy, from n perfect knowledge of
Order. It -• that there wu a IC&J'<ity olat&B ro. the ia..,._
tinu" ol tho and lht only tJme could ,_,;,.., th-
bodp of COIDpaaiomhip, the .....Wodcr being obtig«< In be
CODiflll with • row gmciowo """" from tloe Sboh, ....
tbe atan abould be fonranlcd 1n thtm at a Cuture time. 'fho
apportiont"""l ol glmy among mllitary did not in aD .,._
gl .... IRliofaetion. Among tho dOoccmlClll<d 1vu the denth-de(yiuJ:
k•dor of lha (or-lorn Lope at Obumee, couc:croing whom Major
lluuRh hoa tho following nolo (NIUTOUVO, p.
Colond ThluJ*, O.D .. LAd commanded • brigode at one period
of tl10 OIJII.-igu. lie cumod the """1 oo tbc 2Sth October,
lt>OI. Aa major, oo Lhn Uth J>tocomber, 1824·
ill on• or the many attach ... Lhn tt«l.adea during the .Btum ....
....,., 'fhit otJi<er Jtod '1M .U..C..' at ,the ...,.,. ol' Gh-.
23rd July, 1539. He dedinod tho thinl cJaa. or tho onlu, boins
alrndy a C.B. Except roar, o.....ie bad t-Il
muth !ani"' in tho annytban tbooe bouuuml with tbe teCOnd
cJua or the order."
• S.. 1*1!'! 16G.
I NarratiV\', t•· 234.
CIIAP.
XXX.
A. D. 1113,.

Ol:IAP.
XJLX.
200 UlliTOBY OF TilE
every nook nod comer, nod every rook near t'hoir
position, would lose less than the attacking party."
The defence of Ali Musjid being provided for,
Colonel Wade pursued his course to J elnlab.td,
of which he took possession, and then, without
encountering farther opposition, to Cabool.
About the time of tbo arrival of the Sbnzada's
army nt Kabool, those by whom the Shnb had been
restored to his throne were wnrncd that !.hough this
object Wllii ncbie1•ed, tlu.1y were yet pmctically in nn
enemy's country. Lieutennnt-Colonel Henry, of tho
37th .Bengal native infantry, was marching in ahnrge
of a treasure convoy from Kandnhnr to Kaboo); on
arriving at a place c11llcd Hyder Kheil, about thirty-
five miles beyond Gh11%nee, he strolled up some
hills in the vicinity of his eucrunpmeut nccomprmicd
by two other officers, and followed at some distunco
by an orderly bavildnr and two sepoys. The officers,
who, \l"ith singular imprudence, bnd w:mdered forth
unanned, suddenly attacked by n pM"ty of a
free booting tribe Mlled Kojuks; they retreated fo-
WIU"ds their crunp, which two of them succeedctl in
reaching, but Colonel Henry fell mortfi!ly wounded.
The havildur and sepoys were not f!low :in ndvno-
c.iug to protect their commander, but the numbers
opposed to them their servines of no avail,
nod tho bavildar was severely wowtdcd. Some weeks
afterwards the party of Kojuks were attacked by a
force uni:ler Mnjor 1\fnclnren, the British commander
a&   at Kolnlo, a -villnge about thirty-two
miles distrmt from thnt place. The freebootel'8 wero
DRITI!Il DI.PUU: lN INDIA. 201
found posted nt the base of some rocky beigbte, up
which they Oed after recching the fire of the British
party. They wore pursued, and though they mndo
nn obstinate dcfcnce-makiog tho best usc of tho
'vantage ground, and plying their matchlocks with
great n.ssiduity and pcl'l!c'·ernnce-tbe wholo force
were either killed or made prisoners. The @})Oil
afforded amplo ovidcoco of the ncthity and success
with which tho Kojulrs carried on their
predatory occupation At the cxpcti.!IC of tho British
army.
N otwitbstanding this and many other indications
of the goneral prevalence of bosllle feelings, it wo.s
deemed safe to withdraw fromAJI'ghanistao tho luger
part of the fo.rce which bad &eatcd Shah Sboojah on
its throne. A part of the Dengal force was to romaio
under tbe command of General Nott and Colonel
Sale; the remainder, with the conunnnder-in-cllief,
were to march homeward, and tho wbolo of the
Bombay column were to liLke the l!amo coui'I!C. The
march of tho IaUer was aoon di..tinguisbed by an
important nohiovoment undertaken to nvougo n
  of injuries committed several months before.
During the ndnoce of the nrmy of tho lndns,
in tho $pring, :Mch:mb Khan, tho ruler of Kolnt,
a Deloocboo state, while professing friendly fccllngs
toward$ the British government, had employed :ill
tho mcaM an1l influenco nt his dispo!<al in counter-
nctiog their view& and impeding tho progross of
their anus. or lhe acts of plunder and outrage
by which tbe 11d vo.ocing army was ineoovenicnced,
CHAP.
XXX.
CRAP.
xx:x
202 DtBTORY OP TR&
Meb:rab Khan wns a prime instigntor; and his influ-
ence over tbc predatory tribes being great, bis ]lower
of inciting to mischief ronde a foorful addition to
the ditlicolties with which that nnny had to cootcnd.
IDs olfcuces had been pllSJ3ed over till the establiBh-
ment of Shah Shoojnb in Kabool, p11rtly, ns it
seems, from n hope of mnkiog him instrumentn.l to
the procurement of SUJlplies; but his treachery
remaining nnabnted Md his bostHlty unsubdued, it
was resolved to vildt his crimes by deposnl, nnd to
elevate a relation to th.e throne from wb icb he wns
to be l"mUoved. The t38k of effecting this obnnge
was BSJ3igued to Major-Geuerul Willshire, who, on
arriving at Quetto, mrucl1cd in the direction of
Kelo.t with n brigndo composed of two Queen's
regimanl:3 and one of native infuutry, two guns
of the Bombny horse a.rtillery, four of the Shah's,
and a detail of engineers. On ll)lpronclting Kelnt
the brigndc was nttacked by n body of horse, and
sltirmis!ting continued till the British force arrived
in sight of the plncc.   ~ tben appeared that tJrree
heights on the N. W. fuce of the fort were covered
witb infantry, with nve gunsJn position, protected by
81Dall parnpet walls. Cnptnin Pew, chief engineer, ro-
JlOrled lbat nothing could bo oxpooted till posse;;sion
of tl1ese heights hnd cbnoged bauds. MfUor Will-
shire immedinw!y detennined on storming them.
Tlm!e columns of nttnck were formed, commanded
respectively oy Mnjor Carruthers, of the Queen's 2nd,
Lieutonnnt-Colonel Croker, of the Queen's 17th, nod
Major Wilson, of the 31st Bengal light infantry,
BRmi!JJ EM.PIII£ TN lz;tllA. 203
the whole under the commnnd of Brigadier
gnrdt. A hill \1"118 allottod to ench column, nnd
the nrtillcry under Brigadier StepbeJUOn hn\'ing
opened firo on lhe enemy, the troops moved forward
under its cover and commenced ascending. Beforo
they reached the IIIDmlits tho (!IIemy bnd >;elded lo
the fire of the nnd fled; having made an
eJI'ort to C4rl')' on· their guus, Jn which, bowe\'er,
they failed. Conceh;ng it that an entry
might be golned by closely following the fugitives
from tho heights, General Willllhiro directed o. rDllh
for the purpose, but the ntl<"mpt was drfcnted, the
gate hl'ing cloaed before the a.'Sailiullll reach
it. Four compnniC8 which bnd been detnched under
Major Puonyeuick, of her b1ojcrty's 17th, to occupy
some gardens in tho ,;cinity of the plrux-, were now
brought up and di•pcrsed wherever could be
found, to nwoit tho result of tho opemtions of tho
rutillcry. These were opeuing n
Wllf for them. Two guns from the heights were
JKIUrod ngninst tho defences abo,·e tho lfllle, two
others wuro tnn1od ngninst the gato Itself; tho
remaining two wcro sent round by the road leading
up to tho gate, to nid Jn its demolition. The fire of
the 108t two WM not commenced till within two
hnndred yo.rds of the object at which it wasdirecte•l;
and after n few munds,   of tho gale wu
knocked i11. This being pcrcehcd by Geuernl WUl-
shire, he rode forwanl pointing to the gate, thereby
intimating that it wu open-a signnl no sooner
tJerC.:in.'\1 than ol.ouJcd by tho lli'Ompt rw.h of tbo
CRA.P.
XX)(.
204
IIISTORY OP THE
troops from their cover to tho breach. The com-
panies under Mf\ior Pennycuick, being tlte n e n   r e s ~
to the gate, were first in; they wore closely followed
by the storming eolwllllS, the whole entering under
n heavy fire from the works nnd the interior; the
enemy making n most obstillate resistru!ce and
disputing every inch of ground.
A company of her Majesty's 17th regiment wns
now detached with a body of native infantry to
secure the heights near which the sonthem angle of
tho fortress is situnted, and intercept the e!lcape of
the garrison from that side. The heights wore
rapidly carried, and the uuited dotncbment then
rushcJ on w the gnte on that side, driving a party
of the 8110nly before them, who succeeded in closing
the gnt.e, but bad not time to secure it. It wns,
therefore, speedily burst open, nnd ll second entrcnce
thus effected. The party by whom this had been
performed were here joined by two compauies from
the reserve of the 17th, and two of the Sbah's gnus
which bad proceeded by another TOute. The guns
were intended to blow open the gnte, but thnt
operation being unnecessary, they were immeilintely
placed in position to benr on the citadel, whlob still
remained in possession of the enemy. The infantry
pnrty uniting with those who blld carried the gnte,
the whole proceeded through the town towards the
still resisting citadel. An entronce therein wos at
length found, but the conflict did not tcnninate with
tho capture of the gate. The enemy continued to
light with desperate valour, and resistance WllS pro-
8BJ'I'I!IR D!l'Illl! IN INDIA. 205
tracU!d long after it could be uailable in regard to
tho possession of tbe p!ru:e. Vast numbers of the
enemy were destroyed; and nruong the tillUo wns
1\tchrob KhBD, whose death Wll8 fnr more creditable
thnn !Jnd been his lifo. llo fall at lhe bead of bls
people, sword in hand ;- ho bad lived a robber, but
be died as a soldier ; Md tl1ough lhe issue of the
eombat, in which he was laid low, transferred his
atronghold into tho bands of stnangers, it mu.st, in
justie<>, be admitted, tbst it was not ingloriously
mniotained. The ablndard wa red in triumph
over I be loftiest towc111 of Kelnt, but it wn.s not
plnntcd there without a struggle, which conflll're<l
honour on those who resisted, 118 wcll as on those
who oided ita elemtion.
It is supposed that nbout four hundred of the
garri.o;on were lcilled. Sevcrul hundred prisonen1
were taken :• a few of those, doomed likely to
be dangerous, if at large, being retained in cooftne-
mont, llll!l the mmaindcr liberated. The loss on the
side of tbe British was beovy-oapooinlly so, wiU1
reference to the fact thnt n oonsl!lcroble portion
of Ml\}or Willshire's force wns not engnged, and
to the shortness of the contest; not quite ao hour
ha,;ng elapsed from tbe fonnation of lho columns
for attnck to the period when tbc troojl!! were within
tbo fort. Thirty-two officcl'll and men .,.·ere killed,
and n hundred and SCTen woonded.
Thnt part of the British am1y which was returning
under Sir Jolm Keaoe met with mlle thllt won Ill
• Captain O..trama)'l   two lhoularul.
CIIAP.
XXX.
CR\P,
:o..x.

200
liiSToaY or TilE
Jllfortl interest in tho recital, though its difficulties
from the loss of camels and similar were
eearccly inferior to thOS4 which o.ttcuded its ndvancc.
Tho wilt! tribes, moreover. who dwell iu the vicinity
of tho Khyber Pass, caused some nnnoyanco. 'l'heso
men hnd long been nccustomed to !Mlll U1eir
Mee for money. They hnd been   both
by the Dooranee prineca and by Dost llt1bomed
Khan, a.nd they were to been mbsidizcd by
Sbah Shoojah. Some mi•apprcheusion and delay,
however, nrose; and n meeting which was meditu.tcd
between Colonel W ndo o.ud tho Khyberee cbiof;l,
from some cnuse, never took pl:1ce. Tho tribes
constnully I!OUght to rovcngo themselves on tho
Dritish force. and in instances &UCC!eedl'd in
carrying off' con.oidcrablu J•luntler. A party, return-
ing from escorting 11 of provisiOM to Ali
Mu_ojid, ...-aa atmcked, hundred camels cllr-
ricd ell; and, ,.;th atrocious cruelty, nlaimod, to
prevent their being ml\de serviceable iJ' recovered.
A regiment of Soiks tU'companio•l the British pnrty
on this occnsion, but they manifested little of tho
lion-like cbnracter clnimod by tbeir chiefs. As soon
1\!1 the nttMk commenced, they roo, o.nd, sars Major
I Iough, " ne'l'er Ftopt till they got out of the I'ass."
Their Hight threw the wbolo party into confusion.
Another party, 11 few day. afterwards, lfupatchetl to
con .. oy ammunition to A 1i i\[mjid, will', in like
mnnnor, nttncked on its return, but mnde n good
defence, 11ud drove oR' tho enemy. Terms of ngroo·
mcnt were Jubsequcnlly IK:tllcd by Lieutcnnnt
DRmSn Elll'IRll rl'l INDIA. 20i
11bckC60n, bot immediately af'tcrwo.rds broken by
tho Kh) be by nn attack made upon a detach-
want marching from J elalnbatl, onder I.icutellll.nt-
Colonol Wheeler, of the Tiongnl native infantry.
Thi! attack was chamcterned by great l11'AilhllJ'Y, as
the Khyberecs mAnifested indications of Criendly
feelinjl8 up to tho moment of rommencing it. Tho
Brititlh troops lx>haved adntimhly, and repulsed tho
assailants: tho manner in which the bayonet wns
used by some f!'JI0)11 of tho 37th tllltiYO infnntry.
wbo hncl scnrcely pAA,ed tho P<'riod of boyhood, was
spoken of in t.crms of admimllon by their officers.
Ultimately   were made ..-ith tho barbarous
hordes, by tho personal interference of 1\lr. 1\fa.c-
nBghtcn. _
A general order, dated the 2nd of JanWir)', 1840,
nnoounced the hrcnking up of the "army of tho
Indtll! ;" nnd this will be a 6tting opportunity for
noticing tho honours bestowed on thoso engaged iu
tho expedition to Afl'glumistan. In addition to tho
thanks of parliament and of the East-r ndia Com-
pany, govemor-gcnernl. Lord Aockllllul, recoi ved
from tho fii\'OUr of tho sovereign an ntll'lloced step
in the peerage, being created Earl of Auckland.
Sir John Keane W1l8 created 11 peer, and tho boUllly
of parliament adclcd to the gmce of tho Crown, by
the of n peuFion of two thousand pounds a
year to the general and hi$ two next heir'! mnlc.
1\lr. l\rncnngbten nnd Colonel Henry Pottinger
were created baronets; Colont•l W rule obtained U1c
honour of lmigblbocxl; Sir WiUoogbby Cotton ro-
Cll,\P,
:\."XX.

CIL\P.

A.D. 1810.
208
HlSTORY OP TilE
eeived the Grand Cross of the Bnth; Gcneml Will-
shire, Colonel Thn.ckwell, nnd Colonel Sale wero
ma.de lmighta commanders ; and Colonels J. Scott.
Persse,Croker,and R.Mncdonald, companions ofthnt
orde,r; while, by no extensive grant of brevet rank,
the merits of severn! other officers were recognized.•
The constitution of the :mny of the Indns wns
fonnally dissolved, and the services of many of its
officers who bad enjoyed opportunities of distin-
guishing themselves had boon acknowledged. Shall
Shoojah had taken his sent on the throne of Affgb:m-
ist&l, and the functions of government, as fur as they
were exercised nt nil, were cnrried on in his nnmc.
But thJire was a vast nmount of dissnti&fuction pre-
vailing in the widely extended territories which the
Shah aspired to rule; nnd tbough tl•e bayonets of
bis Europenn allies had driven into exile the cbiefs
who previously ela.imed sovereignty n.t Knndnllnr
and Kabool, there were spirits in every pnrt of the
country ready, at nny moment that seemed to pro-
mise a chance of success, or even without this temp-
tntion, to manifest their dislike to the restored
prince, nnd their determination not to submit to Iris
swny. In one instance of tbis nature occurring early
in 1840, the British arms snstruned e. reverse. A
refroctory chief, named Syud Hosltien, had tnk:en
• Major Hough point! out. apparently with ourp,;..,, thot
Colont! Dctmie. uotwltb.otaodiog bit long ,.,.,;.. (thirty-eight
years), hit diotiugw.bcd military cbenctoT, md .bit gallnnt coo-
duat in the campaign, wbic:b led to tho beetown! of tbe!e honours
,...d rewarda, wu altogether paeoed a•er in the diltriblltion of
them.
DRmSil &\1 r IRJ> IS INDIA. 209
up.hi• abode in a fort nllllled Pl•hoot, sitwlted about
fifty mik-s from Jc1AI11b:ld; to dislodge bim, Lieute-
nant Colonel Orchard was with n force
ooruri'!ting of a "ing of tbe 39th Bengal nntive in-
fantry, eighty men of one of the Compo.ny's Euro-
pean rcglmentll, twenty 5nppcrs, a troop of cnvnlry, a
of thl' SWill's infnntry, nnrl nnotlu>r of
prince'• cavalry, "itb tbn.'(' guns. Tbe march was
performed amidst torrenu of min. On the morning
of tho 18th of .lllDUilfy, tho gullS and troops having
been brought into position at an carly boor, the
nttru•k uommcncl'd. After n.·o hounJ' firing, n pmc-
ticabl<' breach lx•ing modo ou cach side of tlw gate.
LieotcUADt Pigou, with a sm:ill party of Europeans
nnd   odvttncod nod entered. By some tnis-
tnke, tho bugler with the party sounded llD ntlvnnce.
and, in oouse<jucncl', the storming column m•hcd on.
Tt nppcarod, howc ... cr, that there was an inner gate;
tho nrdour of tho stonncl'8 wM thcrcuJIOO checked
by au wuookcd-for order to stop and rock for co•·er.
An attempt was then made to blow open tho inner
gttte, but the JIOWdcr, lmviug bccomo wet from the
continuro min, would uot explode; and, mori'Ovcr,
its quality is su.irl to haw lx>en •o Lad. that b11d it
been dry, tbero Wll8 but little chllliCil of its being

Another att.-mpt to blow oJl('O tbe gttte was
  with no botlt'r suc('('l!to, nod tho I!OCODd f11ilure
• It ,.... or eoaniTJ ID&Dur.cturc. oad is '*m'bed by • corre-
•poodalt or OliO or the l.odiaA new 'l*P"* .. liUie boU<r .....
powde.-..1
VOL. VI. I'
CUAP.
X'O;:X.
A.
CIU.P.
XXX.
A.D. l8l0.
210 1lliTOR Y OF Till:
dl'Cided thb quC5tion of prolonging the attack. The
stock of ammunition Wilt! cxlulusU!d, and tho inner
gntc still mocked tho clforts made for its dC!ftmc-
tlou. The troops had 00<-n for se,·cml hoW'!l llXJIOscd
to a delngc of rain, and to a harassing fire from tho
fort-it wtlq obnoU£ly useless to subjctt them
further to tho•e nnnoyn.nees, nntl they wero accord-
ingly withdrawn. 'fhe att.Ack l1nd thus failed to
drive the garrison from tho fort, i' Will not
without effect in terrifying them, for they withdrew
soon nner its nol only from PiMboot,
but also from another fort in the \icinity, eonvc);ng
with them, tbure is reason to   every thing o.f
value, for nothing was found in the pl!LOOS ovncunted
but some very small !tore• of grain and gunpowder.
Tho ollieer! and men engaged iu this unfortnnote
1\ttack mani fc.ted t bc grentest nnd gallantry
under circumstances porLnps more discouraging thnn
tho ordinary aeeomllllllimcnt:s of 1\U assault. T!Je
loss was con$iderable, and the ill success of tho
attempt showed but too clearly that t he reduction
of the fort hod been undertaken with insulllcioot
meam. Captain Abbott scoms to done oiJ
thllL was pmcticable with his few guns, of no great
enlibre, and his wortblcllS powder; but with mnte-
rinls so inadequate to the work to be performed,
coW'IIgc, coolness, and military skill were aliko un-
nvniUng.
l u Jlfarch iL becnmo neooss:u'Y to attack a mud
fort, in the ,-icinity of Bamian, bclon,ITing to a.
petty chief of the Huzareb tribe. Tbe ncooo<ity
nnmsn EMPIRE llf INDIA. 211
originated in one of those apprrrontly unaccountnl>le
cbru1ges in tbc feeling of tho people, or rather in
their manifestation of it, of which so mo.ny instances
occw:rcd. Tho Brltisk commiSSI!riat had for some
time been accustomed to obtain supplies from tho
vnlley in which the fort is situa.ta, nnd apparently
these woro furnislted with perfect good-will. Sud-
denly ond   the conduct of Ute II uznrehs
cbonged, and ao application at one of their forts for
a liDlllll quantity of grain was met, not only with a
refusal to sell any, but with dt>finnce, threats, and
even personal outrage. Explrumtian wos required,
but not obtained, and, in consequence, a small party,
u11der Captain Garbett, was detached to seek, by
force, th:.tt redress which remonstrance bad fniled to
proeu re. The fort selected for attack wns situated
between four and 6 ve hundred yards from tho bose
of a table-land, tbe summit of which was crom1ed
by men armed with who kept up a bot
fire on the troops below. Unfortunately tbo gnto
of the fort was immediately opposite to this clevnted
l:wd, so thnt the British party, in nssnnlting, were
e..>:posed to a fire both ill front and rear; to acld to
their perils, a third .fire wns commenced from 8Qme
heights ou their left. They bnd only two gnrut;
one of these wos brought to beAr on tllB gate, the
othor opened o. tire of sb.rapuels n.od rotund shot on
tbe table-land, which was soon cleared, while a
charge of infantry and ca vnlry up Ute boigbts on tbe
lef't produced the like efi'ect in that qnnrler. In
tho mcanlime Lieutenant MackllllZie bnd succeeded
l' 2
CHAP.
XXX.
CRAP.
XXX.
212
Ul8TORY OP THE
in breaking down tho gate. A part)', head('(l by
Lieutenant Broadroot, entered, and tho fort wns
aoon carried. Tho gnrrisou, however, retreated lo
the tower, whither the   followed them.
mnldng repented to force their way in,
without success. AA n last I'('Sourne, tho tower wus
fired at the bru;e, but this foiled to drh·e ont its
inmates, nod all tho men were either burned or
aullooated. Tho women nnd children were snved,
having bc<>n removt>d to a where the fire had
not penetrated when the captol'S entered. Thii
oni1ir mL'! of !!!Dall importonco. but it
cord. both as lllllrking the spirit of tbc people "ilb
whom the Dritisb force had to contend, ru11l a.q
reflecting great nrcdit on tho 5mall porty by 11 hom
the achic\cmen:t Will! galnl'fl.
Further illustration of the dl'poo of repose likely
to be enj<Jyed by Sbnh Sb(){)jn.b nod hi• ally ll'llS
nOorded an outbrcnl< of the Ghiljies. This I'Wilt
wRS not ,·cry remarkable: the GbiljiCl> bRd c•cr
been a "ild and h1wk'S.'! tribe, yielding steady obo-
dience to no rull'r or dyn8l>ty, ruuL conSCtjueutly, no
deep re•crencc Cor the l"l"'tC'Ircd King was to be
looked for from them. It w!U!, however, n:quisitc l<i
impose soml' check upon thrir lllwk'SS mMetocnb,
if the authority of Sltob Shooj"b was to be any
thing more than nominaL A pnrty of mmlry, un•lcr
Captnin Tnylor, of lbe European n•gimcnt, mul
Captain W alkcr. of the 4th hol"'t', were ru-ratcbed
for the puTJ>OOe. Tb('l;C Wl'l'f' @UbseqUl·ntly joint••!
by n delnchmcnt of infnntry nnd cn•nlry, nuder
Blll:fiSTl   tN INDIA. 213
Captain Codrington, ood. at a later period, by a
r<>gimont of tho Sbnh's infnntry nnd four guns of the
hoNI' artillery, under Captain W. Anderson, of U1e
llengal artillery. On tbc l Oth of
force eucO\Jntercd nnd defentod o. largo body of the
in.urgcut8. Anoth«Jr di>patclted from
Knbool, und<·r Colonel WallAc:c, was <Xjuallysuc('(!SS-
fu l. Severo! lort$, the strongholds of tbe trouble-
Millie chief..., were blowu up ; aud if I be tribe "·ere
not thus convcrtl.-d into good nnd subjt'CI.s,
th<'y were, nt ll'ast, nwt•d into ncquiosconce, 11Wle
tlwir powcn1 of re.istaru:e were con,jdC!nlbly im-
paired.
In another qullrl(lr the British nrms mot with n
fl'llrful misfortune. Licutcn:mt W nlpolo CIJU'k, n
young officer of distinguished zeal nnd brn<cry, left
tbo fort of Knhun, whlcb bnd been occupieil by the
Engli·h, for the of pn.euring SIIJll'lie., ba,ing
with him u •mnll part) uf infantry. n fow horse, nnd
about five hutulred camc.ls. While hnlliug for rost
mul rcfreshmcut, he wn;, attncl..eu by tho Belooobees
in •·Mt uumbcn!, und his puny, ntmost t11 n. miUI, cut
un: It bas Umt lhl' onbnJII'Y result was
cau_«C<I by thc comm:mder of the drmted JoG.rly
l)(!roiijtiJlg in hnlling hi8 meu in n position of ex-
treme dangt'r, in oppo.ition to bcltet 1uh·ice. II ow
far this wns the fact cau never he known; what-
ever 1t1ight be the of committed in this
m.t«t. it wa.> not 118'l\""l'1llt'<l by any !liCk of
"b1·n the d<mger bul'l!t: for Licutcnnut Clark mnio-
Uliuud w lhu l&t lhu chn.rnctcr '' hich he had
CHAP.
XX.'{.
A. 0.111<0.
CRAP.
LU.
2l1
BTSTORY OF TBJ:
pre,•iously established. llo shared tho fate which
o,·crwhelmed tho«e whom ho led.
Another diliSStCr 8bortly followed in the re-cnptnro
of tbe fortress of Kclnt. T!Je British government
bad given to tltis plnco n new chief, n descendant of
an elder bmnch of tho house of which the deeellS()d
Mchmb Kbllll, was n member. Either from
drfieiency of forte, or from 1111 nndue confidence, th!'
defence of the ple.eo had been intrnstro to this
chief and a garrison of the eonntry. A
oRiccr, LientelllUit Loveday, wns, indeed, there "•itla
a fow scpoys. but the number was utterly inoutlioicnt
for the defence of tho place ; more C!!peeioJly Ill!, in
ndllitiou to the dnnger without, there wna far moro
from treachery within. An altc:mJlt wna mndc to
rorry the plnce by lli!Ct\lndc, the oss•ilrmt!l being
helped up by their friends in the gnnison. Tho
opportune appe:ll'Mcc of a tiiDall party of sepoys
fTUBtroted tho success of this project. Several of
tbc enemy were brought down, nod some of thO!!Q
who were aiding their cntrnnce justly shllrtld thoir
fate. This staro of things Will! protrncted for several
dnys. when nil hope of dofonding the place with
6uch a gn.rrison was given up, and the chief cnpiln·
fated. Lieutenant Loveday was mnde prisoner, and
aubtequenUy murdered.
Pl'e!'Sing bard upon this calamity came nnnther
moro   The destruction of Lieutcn:mt Clnrk
nutl hi! party, who will! proceeding to procure Enpplictl
for K rthnn, bnd remloroil It noccssnry tlult som1•
ml.'uns should be found to meet the approMiting
BRITISD Elll'mll IN INDIA. 215
tlcl\cienoy which WM to be nppreh<>nded UJcro.• For
this purpose, Major Clibbom Wll.@ tlispatehPd on lhe
12Lb of August "ith a eon my from Solcknr. Hi•
• The nob1o spirit in whkb thil! p1aco ..., defended by tho
rommenclaot, ...... 50th natift! iDfautry, io w ...
bJ ao oxnvt fn>m a printe letter wrilml by him, wbkb appoartd
in the A.U.Iic Jo•rtfol, DecM>bt:r, I tWO. " My eitnntion," he
writn, "it n<>t ao <D•ilble one, but far &om poriloue; Cor though
l ha" the •bole oCthw tn'be .,.u..tme. and arrpnol..-hor
-the Kojnkt-.... bout to join '''""'· I (<,el -sden1, with God'a
b .... i.og, of being able to bold my poet opin!t Ill= till I obtain
ftlicf. I ha"' been •   m,....C io """7 poooiLie -Y·
with diteb .. , double ....U., otal.eo, and pali .. drt My wallo,
nine hundftd yardo, ""' Car 1110 ••WIIin> for tho oumbt:r of mon
I oo that 1 ba"' .....U U...... fort to fall haek
on, in the""'"' oC bein; ......,. .. end by auperior numbon." lo
tho foUowing p...,.j,.., Captain Jlrowu adcla hit teotimony to thAt
oiiii&Dy oft\omo who had preoeded him iA haoriog "itueoo to ll>o
milltuyqualiti .. oC lheoepoy :-"Do DOt ll>iAkme prerumptaoua.
but the fiiAlt it, I have "''"""" 10 think mueb highu of the tei>OY.
lhen oome writtts in tho pnpen appear to do ; partlallatly 1 have
"""1 COI!fidmeo in 1he ,Iod ol the old ll>o cor><loet ol
the men h .. been and eootinuoo lll06t admil'llhle." The oonrity
ofll>odutyiPJl<lll from anothtr P"""S"in thel<ttor:-"Atnlaht
"""1 111&11 it OD duty, aod oacla din.ioD and mau bat a parli<ulat
poet, ...,.., follower, lilmriae, r.u. in with .. thick dab in b11
baodL The tn<ll are In ... .umt 1piritt. but,... hue hod
at it :-wcdioa aU clay and duty .....-y night, and oincl:)'-
..... oot at oru. buadftd aod lilly c:o\'ttfd ,.,th 1llcas." A
l!"'lifying Dltlltmtion or nati•• c:oumge and di>)>layed
in the teeth ol111perior aumbrrt, of a roroo aot to he l'<llilted by
inrantry ouopt in -.-. bodieo, ""- tha :-" Tbit
morning I had the pltullre of two oopoya oo the apot
(or They,....,.., out with tm or twd•o c:omcl moo clooe
... !aida the fort. oultioJ r..rar. when 61\eon boro<men Jtld< at
them. ln.-1 of bolting tbtoy c:ooiiy poUed up. let dtin ril(ht
ill to titC bontmtn' o fiDel, kDocJUng one Ot'tr; the relt mndo
tberehy u...U., the camcl men. wbo otbenrU.. malt haTe l.oem
tut up."
CRAP.
ltXX.
CHAP.
XXX.
A. 0 .1840.
216
RJSTQRY O:F THE
force consisted of about five hundred men, rnnk ani!
file (inclndiog thirty-four artillerymen), three gun!l,
two hundred iwlgu lar horse, and twenty pioneers.
On ilie 29th they oncrun1Jcd nt tho mouth of tho
Nnfoosk PBSS, in which Lieutennnt Clru:k and his
party met destruction. In tbo morning they com-
menced the ascent, which wns rendcrt'<l oppressively
laborions from being performed nnder the heat of a
burning sun. A bnlt of a few honrs then took plllce
to rest the cattle. The men obtained little or no
re(IOSC, being under anns the greater part of tho
night-a precaution   necessary by the cmemy
continuing to lire into the cnm(l. On the following
dlly lbe march WIIS resumed over a road presenting,
in an nhnost const!Uit recnrrence of rots nnd ravines,
n !lerics of obstnclcs to the plll!Mgo of the guns.
which required onceasing exertion on the pnrt of
the sepoys to surmount. A trulrch of six miles
brought the force to ground coo.venieut for co.-
cnmpiug ; but the guides reported that tlle.re wns
no water, and there was, nppnrently, no choico but
to suffer bow men nnd cattle to perish from thirst,
or to carry tbe Pass of Nnfoosk, whicb. was euvironetl
by hortlcs of the enemy. The latter wns ;resolved
upon, !Uid prejJarlltioo.s were made for storming the
Pn_o:s. The movement to n.ttack commenced nt two
o'clock in tbe afte)"lloon, wbnn the flruik eompnnies
of the first and srcond grenadiers, led by Cnptnin
Raitt, of the fonner regiment, moved forward to
storm the height,   by the remaining com-
pnnies of the 1st regiment, nod by volunteers of
the Poonn. ho...e. under Lieuwonnt Loeb. The ro:W
up the fuco of the monotn.in, ntnll timell difficult, had
be<>o rendered still more so by the enemy. In some
plnces it h11d IK.>en Altogether dlllltroyt.•l, in others it
1ulmltted nf the n< lnUJce of only one mnn at a time,
while. at other rarta. bad been raised
ncrOI!!l,   with thorn busheo. The enemy
f"rom nbovo kept up 11 h<ta''Y 6re, which told fe:JJ'·
fully; but. a ridge at the heod of
tho pru;s Wll8 gninod. At moment 11 dense mass
1'()!1(' on th<' crest of tho mountnin, and almost ovcr-
whl'lmed the &tanners witl1 dbcltargCll of musketry
and   of stones. Major Clibbom now deemed
it nt-cessary to recal the ad1·nncc conlllnnies to the
support of the guns and eolonl'$, when a large body
of severn! hundred of the enemy rushed down
the mountain, " yelling nod howling," ns they o.re
described in a prhnto aecomlt, like " beasts of the
forcijt," A lCmJlomry eonfllllion ensued iu t he l3ritil\h
mnks, but it WBS soon ovi'J'C'Omc. Th<' per-
fonncd their duty "ith tb<·ir wo11tod steo.diness
nod ruucrity, nnd tho llllClll) wero repulsed with
o;cvt'rc slaughter. The Joss on the part of the
Briti;,b wa.q toel-erc; scvernl officers fdl, and among
them Ca)ltaln Il:Utt, tho lenilcr of tho storming
p31'ty.
A scene followed more tcrriblo tbnn tb.e eonRict
·wbkh preceded it. Tho bent was intense; the
labours which the troop!! bad undergone, sufficient
to the powers of the strougest
amoug them. Tim thif'lt rroducl'd by the eom hincd
CJJAP.
JOL't..
218
R18TORT 01' TilE
of heat and fatigue, in 110me instanttt
increased by loss of blood, 'ma overpowering-but
no water wns to be had. The cries of the woundoo
and tho dying for relief, which water, and thnt alone,
could nlfurd, were n,agmvated into shrieks of despair
nnd frenzy. A guide reported that wnter wns pro-
curable at a nnllab• a short di5tnnce oft; and rul tho
animals that could be rnW!tered for the duty wcro
dispatched to bring a or tho greedily-dt!toirc«
lwcury, escorted by a party ()f irregnlar horse. Dut
tho hnpe, which, for a time, supported the spirits
of tho sull'erers, proved f11llncious: not only did tbo
luformntion of tho guitles provo fnlsc, but the gtlldos
thcmselres tnru!!d out to be   Tboy
conducted the water-party to a place whoro they
"ere tiurronnded by tho &IOO<'hees, and killed, witb
tho exception of a few, wbo cut their way through
and bore to their pel'bbing companioas the fearful
intelligence of the fniluro or their mission, and tbo
destruction of tho greater pnrt of those who hnd
proceeded on it. Wbot now W38 to be clone 1
'l'bo enemy bnd boon boo.ten back with severo 10!8.
but the pass was yet in tboir posBCSSion ; nnd tho
beape of the dead which they hnd left on the field
liCIJ"Cely afl'ected their btl"l.'ngtb, thongb the l'{'jlUI<e
tbey hnd roceh·ed might ha•e damped their spirit..
Tlwy yet numbered severn! thousands, and for a few
bmulred fninting men to 6gbt tbcir way
such " force, o\·er groun1l almost impM<mble "hen
without n roe, was obvioll!ly hopeless. Further,
• Artificial WOI«•«>"""'-
BRITI&U DIPIRl! IN J:NilJA. 21 0
could iucoeBS hnvo boon hoped for, neither the stores
nor tho guns mold Jun-e been carried forward, for
the   had been sent for water and had
never returned, while the camel-drivel'!! and dooly-
bearetR, with an Oriental instinct. of dillllrter, bad
fled, plundering tho commi-ries of all they mnld
carry away. Tburc Will nothing left, therofore, but
to rclintjuish tho hope of tluowiug supplies into
Knhun, nnd to fall ba.ek. E•·eo this $lcp. the only
one pruclicable, invoh·ed a vnst sacrifice. The !!life
retunt of the men wu all th11t the most snnguine
could hope for: gun.., stores, camp equipage, all were
to be abandoned, for the means of trii.Jlllporting them
did not ox.ist, even bad no co em y boon watching
the movements of the devoted party. The gun&
were spiked. and the melancholy m.areb in retro-
gression commenced. "We moved oR;" says Major
Clibbon1, "with ns much quietness as the fmolio
state of tho men would penn it :"- a line prcgnnnt
with ftoarful meaning. At the Pass of Surtaf. tho
retreating force wns attacl..od, and the 11nall rem-
nant of baggage which ci roumstlmees h11tl ollowed
to bo removed fell into the hAJJds of tho enemy,
who here, aL"', many of the camp fol-
lowM!. Pursuing their way without food to sustain
their fulling strength, or Wl\lcr to quench their
burning thirst, or tents to nlford shelter from tho
searching &un, the force to bait till it
re:lcherl the town of Poolnjllc, whence it was not
long before it dt>pnrted. ln tho brier pcri•>d thnt
intern-ned, it had lo.t n bnndred and oc•cnty-uinl!
CllA.P.
XXX.
CltAP.
xx:s.
220
IDSTORY OF TliE
men killed (ninety-two more being wounded), to-
gether with ull its artillery, ammunition, stores,
u.od bc:ISt$ of burden. " Excepting its nnns and
coloU1"8," says the official account, '"the detachment
is completruy   Victorious over tltosc
who bad opposed Jts progress, it arrivetl at Pool11jce
all the dis:u;tro!UI indications of defoot. "'Ve
bent the enemy," wrote one of the suffarers, "but
bent u.od thlrst killed us. "•
• ibintit :Jo.,•nl, O..,.mbor, 1840, p. 263. The writor of the
letter £rom whlcll tho obore P...,'ll" a extrnctcd n:ndoro full
ju•tice to tho conduct of tho L:adcr or thil Wlhappy expedllllm.
H.: "">"': "Major Clibborn'a coodUllt waa capital; coolnCSI
it.dl." The ClUJ .. or tbi• cJj-tor w= lm·estlgntcd by n tniJj.
truy cnmmlnino, who t<pc.ud " thot the remote nod origiDill
"""'" of tho diuaaor mtal ..-ith Lord K.,mo, hi• OJCcdlOlloy
having ro:duood tho liUIIlber of troopB, and crippled tho eommis-
tnriat, to stieh a that the formaT were not able to occupy
the pottl io aa:ffident ltJro.!! to protrct themaclvcs, tnuch let! to
oct offi:noively, lhauld ouch • meuun> become neoeJ!illl)' ; and
tbc lntte'r. from want Of means, were p-ro1ribited tho pot55ibllity or
fumi&bing the oupplieo aboolut.ely reqoi•ite for tl•dr aupport.
Owiu.g to the causes/' continues tho report of the eom·
lllinion. •• tho month of Ma)' had Arrh·.U before oven the amall
de!ru!hment under Captoin Browa wa& eatnbli•bcd at Xobun,
olthongb Major-01:11ero.l Sir Tbomu WiU..hire llad
thot a fo""' of double tho ltrongLh ohould be """t early in
Morch." The report proceeda to Clll!L blame no a great muobcr
of other officers, including Major Cfibbom; it would be im·
f><>'I'U'ble to diocuso the multiplicity of poiuto thereby roacd, except
At o which would become tedium;. \Vith regard to
Cllbbom, however, it ought to be ob&er'\'cd thnt the"""""'" nf the
coiiiiJli.!lon. wu baity. ond not WDmUitcd by • comprchonl!ive
vi.lw of alJ the fll<: .. of the...... 'fhit oppcared fro01 the adtnia·
lion nwle whcu the •ubj ... l wu r;;..,JUlderod undu the ordmo of
the p·enunenL
'l'he (ate .. r the commwiou wu •in;;ul.or and unfortunate.
DRITISB P.N!'l!U: lN IN DlA. 221
Of tbe conc1uct of 1\fnjor Clibboro, it is impossible
to speak too WgWy. I:le indeed, to diffi-
The government disapproved or the ""'i&ed "'T"''t· and mno"'<<
the pr.mdont:, Major.GmJ•hll G. R.. Jlrookt, from the commlllld
of the field force in Upper Sinde. and the nest .. ni6r member,
Brigndior Valliant, from tho command of hi> brigade. Tblo wnt
not -a ua\U\1 pi'Qeeeding; u th.e functioot of the com.m.iariau we.re
o! • gv .. i j11dio.ial cbGnlltcr, they could hurdly bo bold o<:<•ount.
able to any anr.borlfy ,..,. thcir .. crct.e or them, unl ... it could be
proved that they hd octed corruptly. A court of law, ciril or
military, may decide and erroneous are
eometimes made. Such dec:i!io01 ma.y be r.et-aside by 1upe:rior
a.uU1ority. but Lo inllic.t puni!h.DltllL Cor aitnplo error of judgmeot
\\'OUld, in ordinary casct, contidered han.h. 'When A commili-
.-Ion ol iDquir)• it twembled. it lJ ntec11arlly understood that tbf!y
M"e to dclive.r their opinion imprtrti&lly, freely, ttud
If tbey a.re not thus to act, there .eetn.a no ate in calling such a
body tog•tber. aod thcit dcliberations oertainly ought to be Cllr•
ned on in freedom from the appreberuion of being eubjected to
punishment unless they report in QJJe pnTticular wny.
One point in the public notification of the government on the
aubjec:t seema opeu to It ia !iatd to be. obviO\a, ''that
l.onl l!:eane, hoving left India in March. 18-10." could "in no
way be hcld n:tponoiblo for tho ,...olt of military openotio1111
undertaken five months •uboequmt to biB depl\l'tUro frnm tho
COtlllbJ.'" Jt may, however, be that if tbe retult oC
thoae operntions we.re at at) inftneiR'C'Id by hit arrangetnrntf', o.r
neGlect uf   be might ju•tly be held r<>pon<ible Ill
the axtt':nt by which it wu !10 affected.
Mojor Cllbbom undoubtedly merited from govor:r>mont nn
bonoumble hi• condne.t,1Uld it"'""' givO! tnMl h.mp1y
i:n the rollowing terma:-•'On a. final reviowofthcw.holeofthete
proceedinge, the bonou.rahlc the.go\"'WWor in CDUnt'il h.tu: the bi.ghctt
grntifieatio11 in thuo publioly .....,...jing hio opinion that l\lnjor
Olibbom, and the olliceno and troop1 under his commnnd, ha"'
well perl'Qrmod their duty to gonrnmcnt, ..,d that they arc fully
entitled to bt. otrong urul unqualliied ..,Jmowledgmento for thcit
aon!!pic:ntoo• gallantry and ze.Iou- devotion to ecnicc. under
oirolllllllnl1ceo of almost un!"'J1111cled difficulty and llllf.,.ing.
CJJAP.
Xl(X.
A.D.lMO.
JJISTORY OF Till>
culties, but they were difficulties which no del(ree
of energy or skill eould, under the cii'Clll11Stan001
in "hieb be wns placed, bnve 81lnllOuutcd.
In other qun.rtcrs, the stole of oll'nirs pi'()Seutrtl
but an unpromking nspc"t. British officers were
rontinually engaged in suppressing oulbreak8 of a
SJlirit of resi"t.tmce towards the Slmh, caused fre-
quently by tho cJCIJijllJds of the prince for tribute.
Thdr ell'orts were nsnnlly <uccessful, but the Dl'«'»-
8ity for them indicated but too clearly that tho
Shnh wns supported on tbo throne, not by his own
  but by that of his allies. Lieutenant-
Colonel Wllooler mLS tbu, enga.,"Cd in W uzcronco
Valley, and Into in tho month of August, n. small
fort situated therein was very brillinnily c411'i!!d by
a party under hill command. In Kobi'tnn o rcfmc-
tory di")llSition "'l1S also manifested, and Sir Robert
Sulo wn.s dispatched to suppress it. Tl1e point
ngainst wbicb his force wn.s to be directed wns 11
fort, or rather cluster of forts, named Tootumtlurra,
held by n chief reloctant to :u:J.-no\llcdgo the su-
prcmncy of tho Shah. On arriving in front of tho
plncc, be found the enemy posted in a \"ery strong
position. But the annngements of Sir Robert Sale
originating in oa.UMI beyoud bumo.n control. • • • • 11l¢
•l.,..a tak.eo by this gonnm><Dt of thftC! ... now
ha .. mrt 1M full &Dd opprobatioa "'
the '-ounhlo the go•..._·gmenl ol India in OOllllCil ;
and thot bigh authority cordially joina with tbia go.cmnlt'nt in
tho oen.e which it mtertaino, u aboro oxpt ... «<. of tho fortitude
anJ pllantry ol .t.fajo< Clil>bom. ODd ol the ....,_ aaol ooopo
u.ndcr hi:s cnmm•,cJ, U:a the adioa ol Nob.k. ..
1llllTISB EMl'IllE IN INDTA. 223
were so masterly, that a very short time sufficed to
put the e:ncmy to Hight, and to transfer possession or
the forts to the supporters of the Shnh. The cap-
ture was effected almost without loss; hut Captain
Edward Conolly,• of the 6th light cnvnlry, wbo had
joined a.s a volunteer, was shot through the heart in
admncing on tbe village.
An attempt upon another 6t:ronghold, made n few
{lays afterwards, was Jess successful. A breach,
believed to be practicable, having been made. n
storming party proceeded to <L«cend. 1'bey rawht•d
the crest of tbo brencb, and for some time mrun-
truned tbetnliOives there; but the resistance was so
determined, U1ot it wa.s found impracticable to force
an entrance, and the party were necessnrily with-
drown. The garrison, l10wever, were not diBposed
again to measure their strength with that of their
assailiUlts ; the fort was evacuated n few hours after
tbo of the attack, and the British took
possession of it.
Proviomly to the event last noticed, Colonel
Dt!nnie bad added one more to the triumphs of the
British arms. Dost Muhomed X ban, nfter '11J"ious
WtlDderings, hnrl succeeded in establiflhing nn nllinnce
with the Usbegs, under the W nlli of Kooloou, by
whoso nid be hoped to regnin the pol!ition from
which he hod been   by the British =
exerted in fayour of his m·al, Shnh Shoojnb. Tho
nrmy of Dost llfnhomed ttnd tbe Wnlli were ad-
vancing upon Baminn, :md Colonel Dennie mttrehed
• Brother to tho on!ortunAI.e olliczr detained in Bolaara.
CBA,P.
xu.
CHAP.
XXX.
224
U18TORY OP Tllll
to its relief. lle nrrived there on the 14th of
ber, nod before preparing to the enemy he hnd
ocmsion to perfonn n duty, by disarm-
ing an Afl'gllau corps, whO&c fidelity was
more thnn questiollllble. On tho 17tlJ ho receivod
information that bodies of cavalry "·ere entering the
valley: nod on the following morning he lenrurd
that they bad nttncked 11 friendly \'illagc. lie brut
intended to allow of their further adnnoo before
atttleking them, but the ciroum,tnnco 13-!ot mentioned
induced him to change course, nnd lO give them
an immcdUite check. He bad led to helicn•
that tho number of tbnsc wbo bnd entered tbo valley
did not exceed a few   Under this belief
be bad taken with him only one-third of the force
nt his di•J>O!!al, nnd he WM greatly surprised to frud
himself in front t>f nn army estimated nt six lhoumutl
etrong. This \\'8!! an embarrassing situntion. " Tel
bo.ve sent back for reinforcements,'' S!IJ'II Colonel
Dennie in his dt"'patch, " woold have ..auoetl delny
and gi\'cn coo6douco to the enemy. I t would have
checked the proud feeling that nnimntetl the party
with ml!, and gtne a!l.'lulUUce of 6UCCOSS.'' t He
accordingly resolved to engage "ith tho Rflparcntly
• 'The Volley of 8omim Ueo 011 lho ""'"" from K.abool 10
T-m.tao. IL lieo jwt ,..jthiA Alfgani..lliD, and io
u the boundary bttwecn <he mouotoino of Hindoo
Koollh on the eut, and the Ruun!h group on the we1t. IL bu
bocome etkbratcd r.- the R"l!W'bble r<li<o olaDliquity which
itmmaiu.
t Colonel Dennie 11«111$ to ha\'0 ...... in tbc apirit of a U15UD·
gui1Md oaya] authority, who oaid, • An oftic<r """ otldom do
'"ODg in I.Jinp; bB ohip ....... ol tbe • .,_, ...
IIRITISII EMI'IRB INDIA. 226
in:ulequatc force whirh had auompanied him. It
of something more limn two hnmlred of
the 35th nati..-e infantry, two hundred and fifty of
the Shah's infantry, tluw lmnclred nati.-c cavalry,
and a detAil of artilh•ry, with two fiold-piecos. Tho
ronfidencc of the romnuunler wu justi6Ml by the
event. Tho enemy had got p0SS($•ion of n chain nf
fort3 the mouth of tho defile by which
they b:ul entered, but they m11de n mi-erable dcJencc.
At Cj\Ch of the torts they exhibited a @how of making
n Hand with their main OOdy-their wings crowning
tho heights. The latter "ere di•lndgtod "ilh somt>
1-, and linally the whole force fled in a
miUl'l to tho gorge of the JXI!"'· Cualry wore ordered
in pursuit, wbo followed the fugitives nbouL four
miles up the defile, down many of them and
1lcattering the rest in all diroction-numb<ll'!l throw-
ing away lh<'ir arms, ruJd creeping up tho hills for
 
'l'l1o rerult of this attempt to ill\·ade AffgbrulistM
seems to hn•e prepared tltc way for a diSMiution of
tho nllinncc betwet•n Dost l\laboml'd nnd tbo W111li
of Kooloon. A little diplomacy complcletl the sepn-
mtion, and llost Mabomed was again thrown ou hii
O\\ 11 Tn this <'morgcucy ho liOught to
a jonctiou with his t>On, l\1 ahomed U fzul Kha11,
tu1d, in pro6C<:ution of the deaign. mo\'\.>d towards the
Ghorbund PIW!, nnd took JIO@SeS!iion of liOme Elllall
fort.o. • ir Robert Snle, on becoming with
this movement, broke up his crunJl n.nd marched !1>
Purwau. TLe fort and ,;llages were e•·acuated nt
\'OL. TT. q
CHAP.
XXX.
rnAP.
XXX.
220 msroRY or TD:E
his npproncb, nnd on rol.Chlng Purwnn, tl1o British
infnnt ry ascended tho bill overlooking the pa..os nnd
nlll'y, and cleared it of tbe enemy, who deserted
ono J!Ol'ition nftcr another, nntl ultimately Ood in the
dirccllon of the Punchshlr   AU circumatnnces
wont pro!!pCJ"OUSly nml honourably for the British
arms l>ut one. Tbe progng C>f tbc infnDtry was
greatly retarded by the guns, the road being very
unfinournble for lbo passage of artillery, nnd it wns
dromed expedient lo 150Dd forwllJ'd tlJo cn-11lry to
oTcrtnke tbe fugitivCf!, wlwee paco "lOIS {nr loo mpid
to nllnw nny other ,pecii!S of force to como up with
them. Tbo 2nd Dongnl cn\1llry hnd prcccdotl the
column about n mile, wht'n n body of tho !'n<>my's
ho111<', mpposed to be led by Mahom<-d in per-
son, came down a bill to attack them. Tlll'y wl.'re
forthwith foJ1llcd into line, nnd led on to chargo by
CnptniD!! Fl11Ser nnd Poosonby, who comnumded
the two squadron.'!. The officers pushed on in per·
feet confidence that their men would perform their
duty; but they found tbemsa!Tcs in the midst of the
enemy, IUISilpportcd by their troopers. Tboy cut
their way out. being both !l()vercly wounded, and
thou had the morti.Gcntion of seeing their men flying
before tbo enemy. In this unhappy affirir
Crispin, ndjutnnt of the regiment, was klllod, vainly
attempting lo bring the men to action. Dr. Lord,
distingni!bed as o man of science as well as a diplo-
matist, wns also killed in this ofl'air, as wns Lieutenant
Broadfoot. nn engineer officer, who accompanied tbe
adnnee. Tho officcl"!l were unusually CXJlOISed to
OJU1'lSI) IN INDIA. 227
d:lnger from the defection of tbe men. nnd they
suffered proportioWltely. V arioiUI moth·ca have been
n&Jgncd for the scnntlnloWI defection of tbe regi-
ment, but the probnble conjecture is, that lheir
ronduct wna the result of Rhecr cownrdico •-a con-
tngiollll quolity, which, like ita opposite, rapidly
• It hOt t.hauhe rtligious .;.,... a( lhe lriiOJli'10
would loool them tu dlollke oupportiag a agaimt a M•-
b-taD """"': but this r..n..,, if it uial<d. coaJ.l - be
ani....U.Ior- olthom wentlfuuJo.; aDd itmightbe..ud,
WhJ obooJd thio kelillg )Ia.., hera AO IUODi! OD this partiashr
O«:Uioo. while it """' iuop<ra!De on to IIWif ol.ben r it
wu that the regimmt wu W..tiofied becawoe one or illl
numb<r bad been o .. cuted by onler o( l.onl Koane, without duo
illJluiry. 'l'htto doeo not appear onr grountl (or tho ebnrgo. It
W1U brouj,;ln forward in tho HOUle o( Commono. aud thoro deuied
by tl •• Preoident ol the Board or Commillionon for the AJfaim o(
lodia (Sir Jobo Hobboaoe), ..rn- ecmb'odictino wu uot met by
the produetian o( ooy evidmc:e o( the all...,.t laet. The <ittum-
- out o( w!U<b the clwge a.- appsr tu have hem dae :-
On the adrauc:e 11om Gh- to Kahool, 10111e mannding WU
tommitUd. Tbe iohat.fttnta ola ntlap, t.breatroed ..-itb a Yi!ita-
tioa or this kind. implored tho or tht eomm•nder-in-
chid, who ordered tho Jll'O"Oit-auutial to place nckttea rooud
oomo liolda or com, wbiclt it wu appn:beotl.!d wouhl be tho obj .. t
o( atlllcl<. Tbe orden gi<m ...,,. tu fire. in tho firat inltanoo,
.... tho beado or the peroonoentoring the &.ldo: but at all"""'"
tu pro'"' the erope. Some   ot tbo 2nd cavaby, who
wool to tho place to pl6oder, ......, fired "" 1>1 tbo pard. aod one
lll.lll .........Jed: the .... took •• un!aYVW11ble blm, aod the
woeu><kd"'"" died. The truth thomforo •FPS" to be, that.
man ill the act ol robbing ...-.. &hoc. bel W'1tbout any inti"Drim of
hllift& him, or ot doing more thou prolKtiag tho property
attacked, and that the ....,alty wu the ,..ult ol a gencal order.
Thuo upiAlnod, it ;. clear that there io oochiog in the mmaction
to rtllect aor ditcredit 011 l.ord x .....
Q2
CIIAP.
"I; 'oX.
CHAP.
:!<'XX.
228
BTSTORY OF Tire
communicates itsalf to those around whenever it
makes its nppeamnce. The circumstnncea well
wnrrnnted the inRiction of the heaviest punishment,
nnd the displeasure of the government which these
traitors profe!lSed to serve wns intimated in tbe most
"Signal manner. The wretched troopers were not
subject"'d to any corpornl suRering!', but the regi-
ment, whi>Sc nnme they bad mntlu a by-word of
reproach, wns 8truck oot of the list or the Bt•ngnJ
nrmy. The native officers und prh•ates present on
tho duy of disgrace were dismissed the service nod
rendered incapable of ever re-entering or being
employed in any wny under government; the re-
mainder to be cl:rnfte<l into other cavalry regiments.
T he di!lmissnl of tho degraded officers nnd men was
croried into effect with nll tlla IIlJl.rks of ignominy
u..ounl on such occnsiom.
But, though mnrked by this scnndnlons instnnco
of defection, the battle of Pn:rwnn wns not only
honoumble to the British arlll8, but important in its
consequences. Dost 1\I nhomed gullopell from tbc field
of battle, nod     himself to the power "itb
which he bad no longer the meruJs of contending.
The ciroumst.noces of his surrender bnve somewhat
of the chnracter of romance. The B.ritisb En,·oy,
Sir William Macnnghten, returning from n ride
of pleasure, wban, wilbin n few yards of his residence,
a single horsuman presented himself, anxiously
inquiring for the representative of tbe British
govemment. Having been satisfied WI to the iden-
URIT!llli EM.I'lJ!E IN INDIA. 229
tity of the person whom be sought, be announced
that Dost Mabomed Khan bad nrri ved, and claimed
the minister's protection. Tho chieftain himself then
nppenred, alighted from his horse. nnd presented
hi$ sword. The sword wns returned, the chief
invited to remount   i ~ horse, nnd the envoy and
the dulhroned prince rode on rogethe:r ns tlJougb
011 an excursion for exorcise or amusement. On
roaching Lhe jJIMo wbero Lhe En,·oy Tellided, a tenl
was pitched for Dost "Mahomed, who appeared very
c:tln1ly tQ reconcile hirnBelf to his fute.
TIJo month of l'i owJmber, 1840. open ell auspi-
ciously for tlu! British arms. Tbe bnUJe of Purwn:n,
which led to tl•e surrencler of Dost )iabomed, wns
fought on the lirst of t!Jat mQntb ; on the thir<l
the surrender took [Jluce, and on the same day
General N ott re-occupied KeJat, which bad been
abandoned by its garrison. On that day, also, l\lajor
Boscnwen defeated Lhe :mny of N nsir Kbnn, sou of
the ex-chief of Kelat, who bad a few dnys before
received tm impressive lesson from Captnin Watkin.q,
lu oommnno.l at Dadur. On the lst December nn
BCtion of n decide<! obnmcter was fought. Nasir
J{ban, who occn)riccl a strong position nen.r Kotrce,
wns ntt:tcked by a force under Licut.enant-Colooel
Marshull, consisting of about nine hundred Bombay
native infantry of the 2nd greuacliers, the 21st nnd
2i\th regiments, commaruled TCSJlOOtively by Captnins
Boyd. Ennis, and Tensdnle; sixty irregulnr bon;e,
untler Lieutenant Smith, nnd two guns, under
Lieutenant rrucn. The uttack took place ns soon
CfLI.J'.
XlL"<.
A. 0. 18•0.

X.\.X.
230
IU&TOllY OF Til£
daylight dawned, and tho enemy were completely
taken by surpri..oc. So gre11t, indeed, wns the SWJ•riso
of their chief, tbnt he made his escape upon the li:rst
niJU111, nccompaniecl by only two foUowcrtl. lila
chiefs shewed more spirit, nnd ronde a long and
desperate defence; but tho disposition of the BritiMh
force was so judicious, IUld tho which penndcd
it ,o good. tluu the eAilrts e.t reiiist&nce, <trcnunus
as they were, were 111Ul\1liling. Five hundred of tho
troops of Nasir Khan yielded up their in tho
ClUJ!lll of their fugiti\'o miiSter; and in the number
of tho .Jaitl were four powerful cbieli!. The principnl
comm:mder. nnmed lllccr Dohun, with six olbors,
surrendered themMehos prisoners, but not until tboso
wh011o confidence they bad sought to BUStnin were
in fiigbt. Tho whole of the enemy's
baggage nnd a largo qUIUltity or arms feU into tho
banda of the victors. Tho conduct of those by "hom
this gallant action wu won "1lS fitly cbamcterizt-d
by their commander, who.so testimony is thus giTen
in n very soldierly Held-order, issued on tho tiny
nfter tho ougngcmont :-" 'l'ho lieutennnt-coloucl
now concludes with soying that he never wishos to
lead braYer men into tho Held, for bmver eouJLI uot
bu found."
In rutrrnting the gratifying events of this Jl('ricwl,
tbo retreat of Captain Brown. the gallant defendu
of Knhun, must not be passed over. It was uO'eetecl
by arrangements with tho through "hom
he Jlll!<'lOd Tt Is not improbable thnt
tltc loss which tbcy   nt Nooi008k bod iu
DRIT1Bll EllPtllE IN INDI.A. 281
effect In giving security to this arrangement; and
lbu.s, though the expedition under Major Clibbom
foJied of its immediate object and waB nttenclod by
  of extreme it might yet,
ludircctly, oo lnstruntental to tho security of the
gnrrison of Kahun. Captain Bro1011 arrh·ed at Poo-
lngee on tbe 1st of Octobor.•
• Tbe orutare fur ODIIITIIIg01III<Dt, by wbida the Britilh
O( Kahan Wt:re tO h.ue tefc eaudUCt., C'Ml(! (rom thu &Joocbcel,
It ...u at lint u trw:bcroat: but after the dituler
wiUcb be(d the r._ u..t.r Majo< Clibbom, there --.1 little
cbol"" but to crnbrace it. Tho ouhlequent progmo;t of the
JII!80batioD ;. tbua .--.Dod, oo the IUltborily of the galhult ..,.,..
llWidu o( the gvrioon :-" Oo tbe 23td (Sepwabcr) o -r
",.. recei...t !rom Dodob (lleloalMlO cllil!f), that be would agree
"' ur tmu i! the fort were eTKG&ted. Coptoio B......,. replied u
follow& :-• Oodoh MufTf<l, J' U gi"' bac:l. your fort on coruliriou,
vix. : tbet you giYC me Jl"1""CCDAl "'-''UU'ity (or my life arrinl in
the plaino; if-· I will n:lllllia 00.. toro _,tho loap. baoiq
prorisiona !or thAt rime.' The deputation returned, reporting
!hot Oil r<coi'riD; the oommuoicatioa, the wbole of the thida bad
-.nhled togcther, ud, after oome toolt o .......,.
ootb on the Koran tbei it Captlln B. would 1 .. .., the fort in
three do,.. they 'II'OUid prot«t !WI) &om aU oppneitiou do.... to
the plaino : ending by tbot • wlull....- hit wdbeo ......,
tbnuld be their l&w .' 1'wo honn att .... 'IU'do, a ,_;d brought "
letter &om Dodob JUm.lf, coutr.iaing u "II'-on ootb to
Captain B.'o propoool. He ll.id ho would -.1 hlo nephew co pay
W. ""J'"<IO to him, ud to - the o,gre<ment ooaformed to
br o11 bia people. ne os=t»<Dt - roti6ed by Coptom
Browo. noll without ol uucbcry. The Mmeaupicioo
iJintded Dodob ., tboir mteni<w. Tho necorio11<>a - thuo
tvtiod on:-· ''"'"bin« t.l once.' •11 Capllli;o lltown, • to ...
whether it wu to bo • treacberr or no lreiU)her,.'. I, with
F..nkine ODd £oar llllin! ........ met him oboat a mile lrom
the I .-er •• a m,.. iJI mth a fri«ht iJI my life: oltboagh
bo bad chlrt; honocmen armed to the tettb, a.od tbcro wore
oaly lilt ol .... bo --.&eel twice be(Oft Lo -"' ....wue
n.W' 01. He thought frotn our ..,.U, oleno there moat be
CHAI
1


CIIAP.
XXX.
232 HUrO!tY OF THB
Tho openiog of the yenr 1841 commenced less
ausJ)iciously. The Kojuks hrul been accustomed lo
treocbery. tllat oomo mm were hidden eomcwh<re; e.,.n after
,... bad met, be bad hit bone all ""'dy el- b7 for a atart. Do..,.
""all Ht in a am.-. 1l'ilJ -· Bia t'oll.,.....n 10
be Wl<'t'CiiD,oly well and all ""'· &Wut-bollt....,. After
..,mplimcntt, &c., tho nephew b<rn to talk 'N!ry reuonably.
Ho npruoed a boJ>O • that tl•ere would now be a J .. ting p<ace
bet'""'a hit tribe ond the Briwh: that thef bad onJr foupt at
the NoofDoolt Puo, 10 • .., their coaatry aad their !ita; &.bat it
.,.. the least thry could do ,. hen they lwl tho fille of B<jah
Khan owing them in the taco: 01At they ll.lld ncvorltilled ony of
our poople after tho figbt, 1111d th•t oil the Jltioonoro hod been
clothed, r.d, llfld ..,t &.e.' He cooeluded by •yinl thu • he ahoold
remaia ...,. the fort liD ...., ldt, to prnent any dl.uDriJeooo be.
........, hit people and mine, aod thor be would fomiob me with
trut"''Ortby guidot down.' '!'here waa not tho
of tr-'>ery.' 'l'hu.t mded thio moot int....,.tlng cankrcnee. It
will DOl, 1 thinlt, ho euily J'a<sotten by eithou J!rokiDe CX' mJ'IOtf;
oo muob drpouded oa iL-tbe .-J of ...._.,.. aad the whole of
the detadnn...,t We foutld lbeoo Sc:loob- tho moot civil and
poll to of men. Tbo oonfideru:c we ploood in their word, by ,. .. ,.
ing them in the ""'1 we did, 10 pJoue tbem much : and
from our buing boa doadl7 _,... fw jye loof; -tho, 'ft
heeamo in one bour the bat nf flimdo. No doubt their joy wu
juot u gt01t io gct<ing rid of 111 u oun wu in gainin1 our
froedom.''-dliodo J .. ,...r, 1841.
Tbe ...,......,., horne by Caplllio Brown 10 the oonclurt of bia
.,.,. doriD:; their painful amfioomcnl witiUa the woJh nf Koh110 i•
...,., 'J'he followiog puooge i.o -n 10 na<ice :-
" Trtat ltJlGY• kiodly, ana I do not tbinl< they will enr fail ••
lbe pu•b: oearly fourteen yean of unioturoptcd ro;timeutol duty,
1 think. enr:itleo ""' to «i .. au opinion on thi• pciot, oad that
loefan f........! ia ao• foUr oocWmed. An old     or
mioe, Sh<cr Boo Bbtg Boogt.., who bad ICIA>d ao guide to uo
through these hilll lut yotr, paid met. •itit. I had l1ad tho weona
of abewln; him'"""' kindneu. Dwinlf the eompaign he bad b<ell
takco pn-...... piiiDdend o( maoy bad of cattle; and r
h.o\'Uifr ohtoiood bi• rc)....,, and duthcd him, be hu r..u-....s ..,.
Jiko a obadow .. .,. •  
DRITISU &Ml'IRK IN OIDIA. 233
pay tribute to the so,·ereigns o£ A lfgh:urislllD when·
ever those princes were enabled to enforce pay-
ment. Shah Shonjnb wished to re\ire the custom;
but lbe tribo, \rilh tbc spirit invnrinbly pl'O\'alent in
the f'.M!., determined to \lithhold compliAneo wltil
it should bo extorted by nl'llll!. Tho chief place of
tho Kojuk country Sebce, llDd ngaimt tbiti n force
under L il'llteiUUlt-Colonel Wilson, of tiU' 3rd Bom-
bay cavalry, WllS, in February, 18•11, ditrp•ttched
to eff<'Ct to the Shal1'a demands. The force
con>ioted of Colonel Wilson's regiment of cnvalry,
some local bon;c, u. <•f the 20th J3ombny untJvo
infuutry, two hundred of the 2nd grelllldient, and a
troop of bon.o nrtillcry. The place to bo attacked was
strong. and the tnJJiericl. for a siege found by Colonel
Wii'Kln inefficient. The wllil , made
and bupportcd   much gnllnntry, but it nltogetht>r
fniled, and the loss in Briti•b officers W1l8 serious
with reference to the object to be gained. Colon<• I
Wil<;an wns mortally wountlcd, LiculcutuJt FnJconcr
of the 2nd gr>m4diers, and Lieutenant Creed, of
WE\ nrtillery, kill()d. The latter officer wus shot
through the heart while, with a small party of steruly
follower.!, \ninJy attempting to turn the f<•rtunl.' of
tho clay. Tho Kojuks piU'loucd on this oct'lll;ion lbe
unUStJnl-of dofendin):( n fortifiN plnN'
will• despernt ion, nml then 8L>e.kiug io Right.
In the moroiog Sehee was found ab:llldoned.
In the north, nflnil'll were somewhat more pros-
perou . thousrh tl1ere the intervention of military
fOr('<• to nphold hou_-e of Slu1b Shonjah WL•
CliU.
-xxx..
A. D. 18<1.
CUAP.
xxx.
A. D. 18-11.
234 liiBrO&Y OP TIUi
also reqnlred. It wu deemed necess:uy to coerce
A tribe inhabiting tho Xa.zcem Valley, :wd thither a
couaidcruble force Will dis(lntched under Brigndicr
Shcllotl. lt wns compo8<1d of her Majesty's 4-!tb
regiment, the 27th Bengal nntire infantry, a troop
of hol'8e nrtillcry, n dctnehmcot of sappers nne!
miners, and a considerable body of the Sbah'8 forco
of mrioWJ descriptioua. The valley, which "11S tbo
objce; of ntt3ck, W1l8 thickly Btuclded with small
forts; these wero at!Mked in succession and car-
ried; but success WD.8 dimmed by the Joss of two
raluable officers, Cnptrun Dooglll.!l, assistant tulju-
t.nnt genorul, a volunteer, nml LicuteiL'Ult :Pigou, tt
highly meritorious cogiuoor officer, who Wll8 blown
11wny by the premature expl011ion of a bag of powt!cr
applied to the j,>ale of one of the forts.
Further illu..<tmtion of the tlilliculty of
ing Sh4h Shoojah on his throne, o.nd maintniuing
him there, wns alfort!ed by the continued clibturb-
anccs created by tho Ghiljio tribe, nnd tho const.tlllt
of annecl intorforouce 011 the pllrt of tbo
British forces to supr>rcss them. Early in Mny n
fort nenr Khelut-1-Gblljio ix'came nn object of con-
tention. It was taken by tho English after &Omo
resistance, the gate being blown open with bags of
powder, au operation which, after the \\Chich
attended it at Gbuzoce, seems to bn,·e been &
llnoorite ooo. On tho 20th of lbe same mouth, &
dctnobment under C&)ltniu Wymer, JDD.rcbiug from
Knmla.fuu to Khclnt-i-G   in cha.rgo of a con·
voy, Wl\8 a.ttllcked Eclmc by 11 body of Ghlljil""
DRITISII EJil'IRE IN INDIA. 235
nmountiug, nt tho commencement or tho eDgtl80-
ment, to two thousand fhc hundred, bot swelled, by
reinforcements. to upwards of 6vo thonsnnd before
its tenninntion. On intelligence of the meditntt.>d
attack rcnchiog tile commanding   be plnucd
his Slllnll force in the which he deemed most
favourahlc for receiving the enemy; it IK-lng, ns lle
observes, impractic:nble, "from the paucity of troops
and the mngnitudo of tho convoy, for him to net
otherwise tbnn on tho defuru,ive. •• Tho Briti b
force ccnmted ouly of four compnnies of the 38th
regiment of Bengnl nllti'<o infturt:ry, a wing of tbe
Shah's cavalry, a omnll party of snppcrs and miners,
two gull!! of the horse artillery. On the first
appcarnnoo of tho enemy, which was in ono dcUHe
mass, the two gull!! were opened on them with
great precioion aud eft"cct, whereupon tho
formed into three distinct columns in order to
11 simultaneous attack on the right, laft, and ccotro
or the Britilih. The attack was met with admirable
coolncsa and gallantry; the enemy was pennittcd
to approach within n short dilltnncc, when the fire
of the infantry line wns poured UJIOD them with
eucb effect RS to indknto the necessity for & change
of operat.ioll!l. Tho enemy's force ,..as again con-
solidntod, hi!! right und centro columns uniting.
with the left restinjf upon 110d lining the banks of
tbo Turnnk rher, ncar which tbc enh'!lgemcnt took
place. This changu rendered necc.sw-y n cerro-
• Dupateh fJ'Om Lieultruult·Colonel Wymt'l" to CapUlin Grout.
ol!jciari•r .. .UWit odjaWlt·pcnl. 3lot AlAr. I !>fl.
CUAP.
XXX.
236
nt5TORY OP THE
spondi:ng one in the position of the British detach-
ment, was made with groat stell(liness, tl10ugh
under :m nnnoying fire, :md an interruption oc-
cn.sioncd, it is believed by nn impression eutertai.ned
on the part of the enemy lhnt their :mtngonists
were about to rotret\t. Under this impression, u
large body of inf.1ntry, :mned with swords, rushed
ntron the 98th, uttering u loud shout, and nntici-
pnting the speedy dLocmnfitnre of those whom they
assailed; but they bod lhe mortification ro find that
they were mistnken, and the reception which they
met   soon convinced them lbnt tho field was
not yet in tbeir possession. From this tiroe tl1e
combined cftorh 11f the enemy were devote<! in suc-
ce!lSiun to all but without their f(tlining a
Ringle ndYantnge; ant! nfter continuing the fight
between four nod five hours, they withdrew from a
contest in which they bad beoo worsted in every
nttempt which they bad made to sl1nke the security
of the British position. By daybrca.k they luul
moved beyond the rnttgc of :my intelligence
Cotlonel W ymcr could procure. The conduct of
the 38th native infantry, on this ocet\..<ion, was most
e..""templnry, and in some instances under circum-
stances where the obeolienco of the soldier
is se,·e.rely tested. Ali one titne, when they were
<'.'(posed to n henry fire from the enemy, it becnmo
DCCC$1U')' tbnt they should refrain from returning
it, and no order to tbnt e!lbct was with tbe
most rigid e.'<actness; not a shnt wns tliscbnrge<l till
the men were ••nmmnnded ngnin to comm(mce firing.
llRITISn EliPTIU! IN JNl)JA. 237
Obedience like this is runong tho best fruita of
military discipline. The lof!ll of tho British wns
small; that of the enemy eoosidernblc, but its
amount could be estimatod with nny degree of
pret'ision, as many of tbe killed and wounded, lying
at n dtqtnnco from the British (lOf!ition, wcro
oil' under oo,·er of the night.
A largo bodJ of Ghiljie!l and otbl'l11, amounting,
it is s:Ud. to six thoU81Uld, wos dl'fellted on lhl'
2nd of July by Captnin W OO<Ibum, commanding
a fleld detachment on the Tlclmun•l. 'fho -valuo
of tbe !M'nices of Cnptaio W ooclbun1, and of the
British officors and men. on this ocenl'ion, is grclltly
cnbanood by a eoosidernlion of the very indUibrcnt
instruments with which they had to work. Tl•«'
whole force "llll fun1ished from tho levies of tho
Shah, anti a portion at lenst of it could not be
With un oll'ectivo force the enemy might hlt\'o boon
pursued and dj,.lJCrsed. but prudeneo forb:lde any
attempt of the kiod under tho Clircumstances which
Captain Woodburn, in his report of
nll'nir, says: "In both a military nud politiool point
of Ticw, it would be of the grrntest importance to
folluw up 1md cliRperse the rebel., but" ith rt'fcrenro
to their numbers, llllcl tbe notoriollllly d!Balfet:tcd
slntc of tbo eountry. I do not consider that l •bould
be justified iu mo,1ng uftcr them, with a wenk regi-
ment of infantry, two guns. and ";th cavalry in
wbich e-very conndcnce cannot be   •
• Letkr (""" CapllllD W-sbum 10 Caf'l"in Polwbcle, maj<>r
July. 1841.
CIIAP.
XXX.
A. D. 1811.
A. D. IIHI.
238
IIIS1'0RY OP Tllll
Success followed tho Briti'h arms in '<lll'ious en-
gagements or &lllaller or grcntcr importance with tbc
I!Ulle enemy. In the beginning of Augw.t. a body of
GhiljiCi! were routed by some regular and irregulnr
cunlry, commanded rospecli\"ely by Lieut. Bautt
and Capt.nin Walker, u.nd fom1ing part of n dotndt-
mcut ellCAI!lpt'd in the Karrootoo Valley, under
Lieut.-Colon<'l R. E. Chambers. Later in tbo same
month, Captain John Griffin, commanding a field
l)etncblllbnt in Zcminda wur, ottncked and dispcned
a body <1f about live thousand, near Khisbwum.
They were bea;led by two chiefs, n.t1med Akmn
Khan and Akht.nr Kbllll, the h1tter having com-
manded tho Gbiijies when they were defeated, in
July, hy Captain Woodburn. On this occnaio11tho
enemy, in an attempt to form into column"- wem
broken 1111d t.iuown into utter confusion by a charge
mado by Captain Hart, mth r. ~ g i m   n t of tho
Shah's cavalry, wbo do not appear previously to
bave enjoyed o very good reput.ntion. A similar
regiment bad bt.'Cn placed on l"e8r-guard duty, under
Lieutenant Gehling, but tho mctoss of their com-
JIIIIlions inspired them with a desire to tako [Wt in
tho engn.,"Clnrn:t. They wero indulged by being pe,r-
mitted to join In tho pursuit, and bchawd well.
Tho force of tho Dritisb, though not smnll, wo.s not
oxelutoively of tho best description as to men, and it
WIIS inferior io numbera to that of the enemy. The
2nd regiment of .Bengal nntivo inf1111try were engaged;
the remainder of the force employed belonged to tbt•
army of tbo Shah Shoojah. It onmbored thirtcon
llRrriSD IWI'liDJ IN lNDI.t. 239
hundred and fifty bayonet$, eight hundred sabres,
and four six-pounclers.
The mouth of September passed in a manner
gnnllmlly tranquil. Litlle of 1111 Ojlposite nhnrncter
oc:eurrecl, e..>eecpting in tho Zoormut Valley, whither
a smnll foroc bad proceeded to enforce payment of
the Sluili's tribute. Another objed proposed in the
employment of this forne was the seizure of 801110
persoDll hoRtilo to the government, who it "·as stated
bad taken refuge in a fort in that country. The fort
wns represented ns being very weak, nncl further it
was believed tbnt no (lefence would be nttempted.
On both points CXpcetation Wn.<! disnppointed. The
fort wns defended, and it was so strong tbnt the
means possessed by the British officer in command,
Captain Ray, were !Lltogether insufficient for its
reduction. Instead of being permitted to occupy
it ,vjtbout resistance, ns bad been anticipated, the
Sluili's troops were fired upon : a few shots were
fired in return, bul> without milking any imprll!'sion
on the walls within which the enemy were sheltered
from attack. A force better provided with mnteri!lls
for destruction wns snll5eqnently   and
tho fort, with others in the vicinity, msed.
At the close of September, the country generally
exhibited greater nppcamnco of trnoqujllity than it
hnd manifested at any form& time since the entry
of Shah Sboojah onder the nDl!pices of his British
aUy. n WOI! now in n perfect state of pence. Such
a state had oever been known in   and
the gurface wns so smooth, that the belief that Shnb
A. D. Ill< I.
CRAP.
XXX.
A. D. 18-IJ.
240 BlSTORY OP To:.&
Shoojnh wn.s Hrmlyseated on the throne1100ms to have
been entertained; 110t indeed so firmly n.s to forbid all
exhibition of occn.sionnl outbreaks of opposition, buL
to sneb rut extent as to lead to n persuasion that be
might be leil in n grent degree to himself- that the
'British trOOJ>S might at nn early period be altogether
withdrawn, nud tbot tbc EurOlll'an adviser, by whose
counsels the Sbnb hnd been guided from tho outset
or the expedition, might without any further delay
be relie,·ad from hiR onerous dutios. Sir Jumcs Car-
=c ltad resigned the government of Bombay: Sir
William 1\lacnnghten hnd been appointed to the
office, nnd   on the 28tb of October, to sur-
rondcr his charge in AII'gbanistan to Captain Sir
Alexander Burnes, nu1l deport to toke possession of
ltisnew office. 'Before t11c nrri\·al of lbnt day, n great
chnoge had tnken place in tho n.spect of affairs.
Revolt and intestine war were certainly not to bo
Tegan:led as events or improbable occurrence in the
newly establiabed kingdom of A.figllnnistau; with
or without ron.sonnble oo.u.se, they were to be looked
for, llt least, for n coosider;tble time. The beginning
of the month of OctolJe.r was mnrkcd by tho deJlllr·
lure from tbc court of Sbnb Shoojnh of some chiefs
of considernble power nod influence. Their first net
wn.s the plw1dnr of a. exploit perfoctly
in aooord:mce with the prevniling code of morals in
Aflghanistan. Rumzee Khnn, a runn of high rnok,
W1lS diBpatcbed after the fugitives, to induce them
to return by the promise of redress of nny real
grievances; but ltis mission wa.! attended with ex-
BRJTISB f:MPIRE IN 11'/DIA, 241
adly the degree of SBecef;S th11t might bate been
looked for, from a fact which rl!ll't! not appear at the
time to hn ve been l'llown to the Envoy, but
which he soou nJterwa.rds lmmcd. Humzee Khan
wns   the chief instlgntor of the hostile move-
maul 11 hich be was dispntcbed to check.
'fht- n•tensible reasons for the defection of the
Ghiljie <"hict\l were two-tbe fil'l!l heing the reduction
of rertaio allownuees which tht>y received for
rcndert'd in keeping in some degree of order
tl1c pn•rlntory tribes frequenting the passes. The
reduction wns defended upon tho two gronnds of
nccossity nnd justice. 'l'he govonuneut of Calcutlll
l1n.d mnde m1my nud heavy comploiuta of the CXJleUBe
of the proceedings in Afl'ghanistnn, nud had urged
tho nccet«ity of Shah Shoojnl1 eensing to rely ou his
ally for pecuniary mpporl; tJ1e difficttlties of collect-
ing tribute were grest; to borrow, the ro-
(;C)Urllc of Enstem prinees_ wa.•, ill tbe cireomstanccs
of A flghuni•tan. not eMily rrncticable; and there
l'etlmed no cou.n;c open but to climinisb in wny
tho (•ho.rges of the gn,·ernmt•nt. The pnrticuii\J'
bend nf rbnrge selected for reduction was
which \\Ill! mnde up of the allownncl.'!lllbovc noticed.
The point "ns delicate, and the pro-poets of rucccss
not n!ry promising- . for those who unwillingly paid
n reduced amount of tribute were not likely to gi,·e
a 1·cry to tbe p11ymcnt of' o.o enhanced
llm(luut. Financial pl't.'ll80rl! undoubtedly, tho
cbiuf moti,•o wltiah led the Dritisb authorities to
acquie;,ce in the reduction. With regard to Shnh
VOl..,.,,
B
CUAP.
XXX.
242
Illll'l'OJlY OF TU:Z
ShoojBh and his native a<lvisen;. it is not nccCSS!lry
to resort to the existence of such pre..'lll'e fur 11
motive. Tho Eastern principle of wringing from a
dependent liB much as po!lllible, w1d of ne,·er obson•-
ing an engagement if it be pmctiroblo to brenk it
•rith adnml:lj,'C, arc quito to account for
their approval or the pllln. l t lllll!, however,
intimated that the plen of oeeel!:lity wns supported
ou another, grounded on a een._oe of julltic:c. It was
Mid tlmt, in romequenc:c of u rctluction in the price
of grain, the reduced nllnwaoC(!S woro subsltmlirtlly
gr<'llter th0J1 the chiefs recci ved from D01:1t Ma-
homed for tcrviC(!S similar to thu.c for wbic!J they
were now tro oo paid by Shah Shoojah, but this wn.s
out 1111 nrgumcut likely to t;atisfy t.hoso who clnimed
tbu nor, in truth. coult! the iuf<·rinr
  dl'ri'-ed by theoo under au nb'Tole-
mcut made with one mnu be very rotlsnunbly nlll·gc<l
as a ground for setting n.<ido n ngrtwment
made with anotber. Shnh Shoojnh "ould ha vc bc:cn
justified in refusing nt first to gh·c more limn his
but if !Jo llid ngrcc lo give more, be
wB.<; bound to fulfil his engagement.
'fbe second ground of discooteuL put forth hy the
dissatisfied chiefs w119, tbnL they \1 ore required to be
• for robberies by the cnstem Guiljies,
5Utb robberies might be committed. This
might be but l1ere tho remnrk •uggCHt.ed
by tho conduct of tbu Shall seems np)llicnblo to his
insurgent U tbe re5poru.ibility of wbicb
they complain('<) formt.'ll part of the t'Olllract into
BIUTISU ElO'IRlli IN J'NDIA. 243
whil'h they entered. their rcDeetions on its inoon-
Ycnieucl'ft came too late.
Other causes h:1ve been n.«;igncd, and they, with-
out tloubt, aided in precipitnting insurrection at this
particular time. Tbe chiefs saw that their
ind<'[lUndeure would be am.•ctctl nnd their JlOWllr
shnkcu by the new order of They bad ne-rcr
known any hnt a of IUlllrChy, and they dreruled
311) otbcr. Persoruilly, Shab Shoojnb i<OODJS to bn-re
lx.'Cn unpopular, but any one "ho N'C)uired <lbe-
dicnrc frnm the wild anti   • rhief• of AJfghn.n-
iijtan would lmve been unpopular all!l). B11t further,
the A Oj.:hnu chiefs and pcoplo wcro lltnhomctans,
inRnmetl with nJl tho bu..ning bigotry which scorches
the bo50ms of the sincere nut! zrolous followers of
the Prophet, nbborrin)r   more tbnn
lhl' rno•l ol3llgerons beasts that prowl for miolnigbt
prey, or the most ooxioW! reptiles that find sbclt('l'
in the jungle, and extending their hatred to a prinCj>
whom they saw enthroned amid tho huyonets of a
pooplo professing the religion whi<'b they so much
detested. All tbei'e ft:clings won'. mnloubledly, nl
work, tu coauJtemet Briti•h nutbority nnd inJlucnco
in A ll'ghanist.an. II ow mU<·h of cn.cb entered into
any ono outburiit crumot be dctcmtincd. Primo
interest, personal '":IDity, fanati<'nl e,.;cil<'meru., were
nlike enlisted the and the Shah. In
a !Qng roul"'e of years, if a <trong gurcrrun('flt could
have IJ.;,Na tllll.intaincd, their in0ul'ncc might bn'oe
hC<'n rn••hetl, hut time nod n vigorous arm were
both • for the tallk.
R 2
CRAP.
X..\. X.
CHAP,
XXX.
244 IDSTORY OF TUE
The mission of the perfidious minister, Homzee
Khan, having failed, more efficient means of dealing
with the insurgent chiefs were reso•·ted to io the
employment of a military force ccmmtu1ded by Sir
Robert Sale, which was marcbiog to Jelnlabad, pre-
paratory t{) itq return to Indil\. The first task to
be perfonned wns the forcing the pass of Kboord
K nbool, which the disaffected chiefs had oeoupiPd.
They here held n strong position, their main body
being posted behind a hrenstwork near the middle
or tbe p3S.i. wllile pnrtics occupied the surrounding
heights. >Vbila the ntten lion of the enemy was
partially diverted by nn ussnult upon nnothar point.
the troops destined for the chief attack, wl1ich was
to be directed against l he enemy's front, entered
the gorge of the vrdley. The advn.nced guard con-
aistcd of two companies of her   13th light
infantry, the flank comptu1ies of the 35th Bengal
native infantry, a detaclHJlent of pioneers nncl two
gu11s. The remnindnr of the two regiments of' in-
f.wtry fanned tbe mni.n body. AJJ the British force
nppronchcd, it was iliscovered that the enemy were
withdrawing from their position iu tho valley, and
occupying the rooky .ridges of tho mountains on
both sides. They opened n well-dire()ted fire, and
in an early of the action Sir Robert Snle wns
wounded, and comJlelled to leave the field. He
had pre,'ionsly directe<l two companies of tho 13th,
and ono of tho 35th, to a.qcend the precipitoUil
heights for the purpose of clearing them. Colonel
Dennje, who BS!Inmed the command on Sir Robert
Sale being disnbletl, brought up tl1e main colnmu
BllllUH D!Pllllt IN ISOlA. 245
nnd guns to the enemy's breastwork in the \lllley,
Md, finding it emcWlted, p11$hed them forw.trd to
the extremity of the pnss oppo ito to thut by which
they ltnd entered, where hu took up IUl e-xeellent
under cover of the walls of n fort which,
though deserted, was of somo strength. In the
meantime, the skinnislu:•rs on the heights bad
nbly performed their "·ork of clenring them of
the enemy. The iuflUltry remained at
the fort, "hich bad been token up; the Eu-
ropean force returned to their encampment nt
Tlootltnuk. As they runrrhcd bnck, some pnrtie•
of tho ('Oemy occasionnlly showN! themselves, ancl
wmo lo'!S wBS sustained in rUJlOIIing their ntt:teks.
While the force under Sir Robert Snle wns thus
divid<'CI, they were exposed to several night attacks,
in one of which the 38th butTered a,everely, many
mt'n nnd one officer, Lieutenant Jenkins, having
fallen iu the conflict. Later in the month of Oc-
tober, Sir Robert Sale, luwiug been reinforced,
marched in the clirectiou of the force feel-
ing Its wny cuutionsly through the dc6k'S, occupying
tl1c billt ou its Haulcs with skim1i-bers, nnd lenving
  for the protection of iu b:ij!"gllge sod rear nt
  poiuts. enemy WM till the nd-
\Bllee and main body luul luul.(.o<J in the Yallcy of
1'nzt·cu. From this mlky Mother tret.ches out
in a bQuth-eBSterly clirectic)ll, sod on tbc sides ami
of the mouotnillll, inclosing tbe lntter. were
ull'!<'rvrci bodies of th<' enemy; while nuotber por-
tiHn of their force preparc•l to 1li•pute the posses-
CIIJ.l'.
xxx ..
A- O. IIU.
CBAP.
LXX.
246
IJlSTORY OP TITE
Eion of a !JIDJ1l.l conicnl hill which pnrtly closes the
entrance to the branching vruley, nnd thus to bnr
the aJlpron9h of the Britilill force to n fortified spot
cnlled nhorned Ufzul's fort, of which the insur-
batl -possession. They were, however, driven
from tbe hill by the ndvllJlced guard under Colonel
Mont-eith. Tho fort WBB then assailed, nnu nfter n
feeble defenco abandoned. Sir Robert Sale in-
tended to estnbliRh hero n dejJ6t for hls eick nnd
wounded, n.nd to adopt the place ns n poi11t tf ttppui;
bot lbe continuing to occupy a nearly cir-
cnlnr range of l1cights, and even occnsionully to
descend from them, it became nooessnry to dislodgo
tbf!'ID from those parts of the mount.'lins from which
they wore able to command the   position,
and inJiict considerable nnnoynnce, cspecinlly by
night. Thls led to a series of skinnishcs, which
ended in the British commander completely accom-
plishing his object.
\Vbile the force of Sir Robert Srtle occupied this
position, n further attempt to terminntc, by oogo-
tintioo, the diSJlntes with tbe disobedient cbie.fs WBB
made under the llll!lpices of Captain lllncgrcgor.
lie was rec()ived by them with u. profusion of pacific
proft'SSiol11!, nod nn agreement was concluded, but
without a shadow of intention on the part of the
cbicfs to ndbere to any part of it. Tn proof of
this. they continue<! to barnss tue llritisb uctncb-
monl onder Sir Robert Snle on its departure from
Tnzeen. The most serious annoynnce received 11·ns
on the 29th of October, on mnrciliing from J ug-
llRmSU EAI.I'!RJ! IN fi'IDIA. 247
duluk in the direction of Gundamuek. Some loss
in men here sns!Jiineil, and n ,·ery considcmiJJe
noo in baggngo and e11.mp equipnge; but the dcmcb-
mcnt sucoot'CJL-d in gnllantly fon-ing il• '"'1· though
tho diffioultit•s of the ground, surro1mdod by terrific
mnnnt.'lins, were almn..t inmpcmbll'. 'fbe lniMouns
eucnuntered by the cletnchmcut, anti the r;pirit in
which they wore swrtuined, wi ll be illu•tmtcd
by quoting tl1e lAnguage of it11 distingui.-.hed cnm-
  who thus kl'l!llks of his men :- ··Since
ten,ing Knbool, tl1ey hn,·e been keJll couglautly on
the alert by altacl:s by night a111l d3y; from the
timo of their :1rrival nt 'fazecn they hnw invnriniJiy
bh·nuncked, nnd tho Nlfety uf our poAitioll!l bos only
been secured by nnrcmilting labour, throwing DJI
iolnmcbmcnt.A, nod very I'Qverc outpost <luty; whiM
encb ruceee.ling morning bns brought it' nlfuir -.ith
a bold and active en<:my, cminl'lllly •ldlful in the
spcoios of "nrfnre to which thcir nltPmpts hnm
been cou:finro, and anned wilb jczail., which have
cnnhled them to rumuy us at n rnngc at they
could only bo renchcd by our nrtillcry. Though
OOTnJicllecl, by tbe of my late wound, to
witnc•-s thc!!e conHicts from a tlooiJ, I must l1C3r
my uuequivocnl testimony to tltu b,aJJoutry nf ofllcors
and men on erery of contact "ith the
enemy, nncl Clt!pecinlly in scaling tbo tremendoos
!wights aoovo J ugduluk.' ..
.\t Gundnmuck tho difficultit'S of Robcn
• !.titer liom Sir 1\obcrl Su!e to <.:•plain Grant, 30W Ocwbor.
ll>-11
CIIAP.
XXX.
Cll \P,
XlOC.
A, 0. 18<1.
2-18
HISTORY OP Til&
Sale began to thicken, nncl ami!lot a vnriety of
gloom 1 intelligence which re3Ched him from
be ll'tlmcd that .Telalabad Wl\5 mennced
by thll enemy from the !llrC'Ction of r.ughmnn. •ro
l'€'Curc the of that important place, he
re!!Qin-d to march upon it fortb";tb. ne entered
it on the 12th of November, hn,·iug smtaincd con-
•idoruble ann•>yance from fJiundcrers. A party of
thMC, who bad the impn1dcnce to follow thu rear
guard under Colonel Dcmnio into the plain, wl'ro
sent abruptly bnok to tho heights by a brilliant
charge of cavalry, beaded by Captain Oldfield and
Lieutenant llnyne, before "born more than a hun-
dred of the mlll'lloders fell.
J lllnlubad WR8 found iUVl'Stefl 00 CI'Cry side IJy
horde$ of The tlcfenees were weak, l>nt
Sir Jwbert Sale with cbamcteristic vigour
to improve them. In the meantime tho oucmy
were active. They burned dol\'ll a cantonment
l'&i!cd by the English at great expense in the prc-
cedin!f year, and under cover of ti'CCil and old build-
ings, kept up n fire of musketry against the wnlls
nt a short range, by which some 10<'1 wns suffered.
To get rid or this continued SOIIJ'OO or annoyanee, ll
sortie wns mado ou the 14th of by a purty
under Lieutenant Colouel Monteith. The
was entirely   and a body or at leGSt fivo
tbou.nd men were utt<'rly dispersNI by a force
consisting of three hundred rneo of her :\(njesty's
13th, three hundred of tiJe 35tb Bengal native in-
fimtry, a huruln...t aappenr an•l minen-, t "·o hundred


OlUTISII &MJ'IR£ 111 INDIA • 24!)
of the Kbybcr COI'J"', a squadron of the 5th light
cavalry, n few irrcgu Jar and three guns.
It wns obvious that, though the enemy wns dis-
pei'!'Cd for n time, their 10pecdyand frequent return
wns to be expected ; it WM not obvious that no
early relief WIU! to be looked for by th<• Uriilih force
in J clalabnd. To dimiuieb consumption of pro-
viAiona 118 fnr as wns JH':lcticnble wns, ull!lcr these
cireum:;l.anCC"', an indi•pensablc utea!;urc of pl't'Cau-
tion; Md "itb n view to this object, Sir Robert Snlo
proceeded to dismiss from the place tho women nod
children, whOoe pre!'Cnl'<' cnuld only lx> emb:lml!lSing
to tho gm-rison. nod flllltgerons to tbem"<'h·es, ond all
the mnlo }JOpulntion, excepting ebopkcepers, whose
continued -idroco was to bo desired. This clear-
ance not only reduc()d the nmnbcr of clnimnnls for
food, but hnd the ell'cct of pqrging tho city of sus-
piciom characters, of whom there were many. The
rcpo'(l that followed tho diRpen;ion of tho enemy
mlS employed in carrying on the improvements in
the defences ";tb n.'floubled 'igour. "We have
nvniled olll'8<>1vcs of the   said Sir Hooort
Snlc, " to put the walls iuto a stnto of defence,
which "iU, I trust, enable Ill! to defy the of
any Atoiatic force, unaided by Picge artillery."• Y ct
was there enough in the cireumsbmees in which
the brnvo garrison of Jelalnblld wtiS plnced to hnvc
jUJlti6cd some 8hadow of dO!'pondcncy, hnd its uohle
commander been c:IJmble of entertaining such a
• Lotter ol Sir ltolx-rt Salt to Major Oraig!e, 18th No•cmber,
18-11.
t'll \P.
:ux ..

CIIAI',
XXX.
2ii0
JIJliTOJIY OP Tll1!:
freling. "Two regiment., nnd tho corps of snp-
pe•·s," he "do not more than suffice to mnn
these extensive mills, nnd great eflbrts nrc required
of II!!. We need rnccours in efl?ry wny; troops,
tre&slll'l', provi.ioos, nod nmmunition now, and n
siege trnin, to <'nnble us to rt'lriol'O things by nctivc
opernlion$ on the coodu•ion of the win tor.''• Tlms
did this rminl'ot ofilcer look forwlltd through months
of anxiety, de,titution, and "tdfering. with feelings
t:ingecl with hopefnlne£11, to the period when he
trosted to be ng:lin nble to tnko the field in vindi-
cation of bis country's honour.
Before reaching J elnlnlmd, Sir Robert Sale brut
learned lhllt llll wns not well ot Kabool. While
engaged in Jll't'(lllring for the defence of tho fonner
Jllru:c, he n.-cched n summons to IJUll'Ch tho troops
under his command ioJlllledlately to t!Jo cnpit31.
This ho declined to nttcmpt, and it would be
unjost to n.':ISOm in nny other than bi:i! own
  lucid, nnd fort'iblu language. •' l beg to
repl'CS<'nt lhnt the wholo of my l'nnl(l crtnipnge bns
been destroyed ; llmt tho wonnrled nnd have
increa.•od to upwllrth of tbrco hundred; that there
is no loogPr n single rlct>t'>t of on the
route, ami tbc of thu force is ool aulfldent
to bring un ono clay's with it. 1 have, Bl
tho same Llntll, [IOSitive wronnntiou tbnt the "hole
COUlltry i" iu nrnt•, ro:mdy to opJIO&c us iu lbe
dclilt!S l>4:t\<tl'U this dty and Cabool, • my am-
• Ltt1tr of !Sir llob<rt Sok w Major Craigie, 13th of
bcr,lll41.
BRITISH OIPIR& lN tmiA. 251
munition is i08Ufficient fol" moro than two C()n-
llS I ahoul<l bll\'0 to rmstnin for si;t
days at With my present mellllS I could not
force ilie Jl8SS1'11 or either J ugduluk or Khoord •
bool; nnd even if tho dlbm of my hri1111de •lid TCRCb
Cabool, I am given to urulerstlllld tbat I should flud
the now gnrriaoning it without the IIII'Bn& of
subsistence. UU<ler these dreum•truuwo, a rc,.,>ard for
tho honour nut! interest of our government com(l(•l!!
me to rulbere to my plrtn Rlready formed of putting
this J1laeo iuto n 6ttJto of defence. ond bol<ling it, if
pos5iblo, until tho Cnbool foroc fall!J bllck upon me,
or succo\lJ'S nrrive from Pcshawur or Jndin."• Pcr-
I!OunUy, Sir .Robert Sale ml15t ha,·c to
been at Kobool, for hi& wife nnd dnugbtcr were
there nnd Cl<j>O!ied to dnngcr; but he eould not
sacri6ce on army to the graliJiC3tion of hill personal
feelings.
There wns, indeed, a fearful nred of further mili-
tary MQistnuce ot Kabool ; but before catering into
the particulars of the nt'CeSftity, it ,.;o be contcnient
to su1te U1e of the furoes of tho allied
powers in the vicinity of Umt plAce The fiorce at
urul ncar Knbool, in the of Ootohcr, hat!
consisted of her l3ili and 44th fuot, the
6th, $5th, 37th, and 5 l th Bcngnl nnth·e infnniry,
tho 5lb Bcngnl light envnlry, n comt)8lJY of foot
11nd 11 Lroo[l of lmr<e artillery, two   of U1o
Shah's influ1try, n mountain tmin uf artillery, with
tome Qtbcro hclon;,>ing to the Shnb, and sumc
• L.uer or Sir ltobctt Sale w Cav•llin l'uuo, 15tl• of Nu·
t\!.mber, lt:H I.
CIUP.
xxx.
A. D. 18<1.
C'llAP.
xxx.
252
HISTORY uP TH&
camlry, both Jlindostnnco and Afrgh1111, fanning
part also of Shah's fnrt't'. Tbo Queen's 13th,
tbo 3.>th nnd 97th &ngnl native infnntry, n
&qWldron of the 5th cavalry, and some details of
artillery and M(lpers, com.tituted the force of Rir
Robert Sale ; but the 3ilh bad not gone fomard
with the ret>t of the force to Guudamuck, nod
subsequently to J clalnbnd, but had been lcf't in
JlOEitinn at Khoord Rabool to keep open tbc
muuicatiou. Tho force "hich remained nt Knbool
WM di,icled bct"\\·ceu the Bala Jli8811r, the
residence, which overlooked the town, and the cau-
tonm<'nts, lying about tbrco miles f11">m it. Some
Brili•b officers resided "ithin the t.own, and parts
of tho comml68nriat establishments were witbitt its
wall•. Much of this arrangement to bave
been injudicious, but there seems to have been nn
almost unanimous detenuinntlon to shut tllo cntil
ngninst aU intimations of danger, and indulge iu n
luxurious dream of safety equal to that enjO)Cd
within the ditcb.
A. o. IB<I. 'fue momiug of the 2nd November diSFipntcd tile
8}1(111-it broke with signals of violence nod alnnn.
The city 'fliS in a Btnte of commotion ; tbc
plundered, the houses or the British •
nttnckcd, nnd their tmr\'ants everywhere iusultt;d
and threatened. Among the first of Un! bou'-1."1
BSMulted were those or Sir Alexander Burnes and
of Cnptaio J ohnRlnn, pnyrnfl!!lcr of lho Shnll's l'nrccs.
It is   that had the Conner oflieer acted
with dt>eisiuu. the outbrt'lll.. might hn.-c been nt
checked; but Sir Alexander Durnes li>rbudtt
BRJTISR £liPIU IN rsnL\. !!53
gwml to fire on tbe iu<urgcnts, • nnd preferl'l'd
tryiug the effect of nd(lrcssing to th0m n speech.
What were tho arguments by wbicb he J;Ought to
into calmness tho excited JUlssious of despc-
rnte men mn never be known, for his powers of
morn,) fniled, oud he perMted in o parade of
mngnnnimons forbenmncl'. With him fell bis bro-
ther, Lieute:unnt Burnes, of the llombny army, lllld
Lieutonn:ut Willinm Broadfoot, of the Bengnl Euro-
JICIUI officl'r whom oil reports unite in
uulogizing, oud whose lifl! w:l8 dearly paid for by
his a.csailautl!, $iX of" bom met dCI!trnction from his
hnnd heforo it wns pnmlyzccl by dentb. Tho sepoys
who formed the guard of Sir Alexander Borne:; an1l
of tho tronsury fought Ml>ly, so soon 118 tboy w<'ro
pcnnitted to fight, nod mnnifeoted the firmne101
llUd liclelity which tho ruU.ive sulolior has 1<0 on(\U
displayed in the cnusc of tho go.-eroment whose "salt
be eats ;u but thl'Y were ov<'rpowered by the numbers
"hil·h unthrirty dclny ltnd permitted 111 accumulate.
nnd "itb their lhcs they aurronderool their trw;t,
Tba Shnh's treAAUry, 08 "<'11 ns the rl'5i!INlCO or
Sir All•xnoder Burn<", were plundered; every man,
woman, nnol cbil.l found in cithor   ; ruul,
fln:tlly, tho buildings fin-d. The "b11le city was now
in a &tate of in•urrectioo, nud it WIIS dnugerous fnr
nn European countenance to be nnywbero ,i£ibll'.
Some British officers W<!re woundod, tmd others very
nnrrowly Elflrnpcd. Captain Sturt, of Lho enginec,._
was in the precincts of tbe 1mlace, And
• Litutmant Errc'• Military Ope"'tion• At Kaboot, p. 21.
CRAP.
X)(_'{.
CHAP.

254 ntSTORY OF TliE
stabbed in tbrPe places by a young man whose dreS!I
indicated respectability of IIO!<ition, nnd who imme-
dintely e!iC:tped into an adjacent building, the gntes
of which, ns soon 118 he had passed them, were
closed. Captain Laurence, 11dlilary secretary to the
British Envoy, while riding to deliver n message to
the Sholt, was attacked by (UJ Alfghnn or ferocious
orpenrnoce, who nimecl nt him 11 furiOUij blow. The
officer n.voided it, :rnd putting to his horse,
ellcnped the {nte which bad that rooming overtaken
some of his hrelhreu in arms; he wn.• lmmedlntcly
afterwards fired on by a considerable body of the
insurgents, hut succeeded in reaching the palace ju
snfety.
\Vltile sncb events were in progress, it C4flllot
be supposed tbnt the authorities, either untive or
British, w<lre n.ltogether inacth·e. 1'he Shnh dis-
patched ono of his sons witb !!Orne AAj;:ban rctnincrs,
n Wndoetanoo corps in hi!! service called Cnmpbcll's
regiment, noel two guns, to check the immrrectionnry
movemnnt ; bot tb is force wns be3ten back by the
insurgents, and it wl\8 not without di!liculty that
they ouccccded in bringing oA' their guns. Enrly in
the dny an order IJnd been dispatched to Brigadier
Shelton, who commanded o. force encamped nt a
place on.lled Seenb Sung, n short distance from the
  to march a part of his troops to tho Bnla
T:lissar, or roynl citadel, IYbere tho Sbnb residecl,
and the remainder into the British cnntonment.
Orders were JikowL<e forwrrrdec.l for tbe return of
the 37tb lkngaJ Dlltlvc infantry, who wero postetl
BRITI!IIl &XPIRE IN llml/.. 255
nt Khootd Knbool. Brigndicr Shelton's force arril·ed,
but. as it appears. to little purpo"': "t11e day," -aJ3
nn officer on the spot, "wns sufli>rod tn puss without
lillY thing being done demonstrati'u of British energy
nud ]lOwer."• Early nn the morning of tbe 3rtl, lllo
troops from Kboord KaboolarriH'tl under tbe com-
mnnd of l\lnjor Gritliths, hn'"ing hnd to fight t!teir
Wll) fur the whole cli•tanco witb n body of wveml
thousand Ghilzies "ho hung u110n them. They,
nc\·enhcle;;s,   in pre<cr,.ing nearJy ll!e
whole of their bnggngc, ns well n• in bringing in nll
their "nuudccl, lllld ll!ey nrrh·ed nt K nhool in as
perfect order M if lhe march ·'lUll! lxocn a mere
pamde mov<•mcnL "t Bot, though lllnN reinforced,
noll!ing dcci.•inl seems to bn>·o loceo :.ttcmllicd, nnd
this day rnssed much liko the preceding one. A
f\'w dL ... u!tory ulforts were made, but no conn!'Cted
or su.l!tniued plan either for nlt.uck or defence nppcnrs
to have exbted. In COO"<"Jncn<'e tho iDSU'fi"DtB
gradually gnihcn.od strongth. und nlilai.ttt'll JIO!'<SCS$ion
of post after po<>t in quick succ..'>!;ion. A tower
occupied by Cnpiai.t1 TroYor, of tho 5th cnvulry, o. fort
within mu•kct.+bot of it, u.•01l partly :u n 8torehou..<;e
liy Ute Shah's portly n l't'f'j•lcnce
(or Brigadier Anquctil, and n bou..oe at o. •!tort
distllllco from the fort inhnuited by Cnplllio Troup,
• Eyre'o Military .. at Kabool. p. 26.
·1 Lady s.u.·o Journal, p.
Lieut. Eyre ayo. "A "'""" orderly march wu never mode
undn ,....b uymr c:ircu-. and it rd«t& the
upon Major GrlJlltlu tu1tl oil eono<mro."-Military OpcntioUJ,
p. 35.
CIBJ'.
XX'!:.
CllAP.
XXX.
256 DlSTORY OP Tfl&
brigade mnjor of the Shah's forces, were all defen-
sible post.•, and '!'ere for n time defended. 'rhey
wcro lost for wnnt of lliDJiluoition, for a fresh SU{Jf'IY
of which, pressing application wns made, but with-
out effect. A comidernble number of   "bo
remAined fuithful to the canso of the o.JJies bad
proceeded to lbo house bcld by Captain Trc,•or with
11 ttmder cl assisumce. That they were sincere is
fllaced Lcyond question by two facts. One of tho
ehiefs offered his son ns a hostage for his good
filitb, and actunl ly placed him ill the bands of the
British oflicer; and further, when nil hope wns
from the non-nrriv:ll of assistance, seveml of the
J>nrty escorte<l Captain •rrevor and Iris family to the
British cantonments. Neither Brigadier Anquetil
nor Captnin Troup was present nt lhe fort nwl
bou.se wbieh they respectively occupied, nmlthe tnsk
of defending the fort fell to Cnptaio Mackenzie. JTe
held it till he lm<l not a shot to fire, nou then cut his
wny through the enemy to tno :British lines, wbicb
he reached, thougn not withouL being wounded.*
• C.pta.in Mackenzie drteribed lltlven:turea no thd occu.ion
in ll letter to Lieutt!:nnnt Byre. pubUsbed by the ln..tter affiet!t in
hia •c<<>tmt of the military operatio .. ot Kabool, and the nccoWit
io 10 li•ely and gmphic, that • J>Ortlouofit may properly be quotod.
(or the lAke of the 'irid impregsion wttich lt of tbe ineidmts
or • retreat by night through n country ooovpied by an ....,my •
.. Before we ruul proceeded half a mile, the roar mrued tho ad-
nnoe, upon whom a the oMmy had bej,'lln to 6n>. All my
roguLmi bad cn:pt ahl!lld with the Junitoh .... and I found myself
alooe with a cbup....__ and two IUWIU:8, in the midst of • helpl<u
and ....ning orowd of women ant! cbildren. Riding on b)' my..,lf,
nlong 11 """"" lane, to try and pie1r oot the road, I found my.U

nnmsn urrore 111 nm1A. 257
It iR not ctiS.)'--pt>rlutps it DC\'er will be pmetieablc
- to nscertain precisely Uro ell uses of ths uufortUUJllO
wnnt of cncrgy which nt thU. time rcrmdccl tho
cOllll..cls Md mon:mcniB of tho Britiah. 'fbe chief
miUtnry commnud wt\8 held by Gencml El11hinstonc,
nn officer of high chlli'!U:ter, but considerably ad-
vnnr(>d in yenrs, anti &e\'crely sbo.kcn by disciiSe.
The srono npntby which hnd It'd to tho loss of the
tower tmd fort on the 3rcl of Xovcmbcr rontiuuecl
5UJTOUDdcd by • IIIUtJ' or AJTgbans. whom at firu I took
to be out JUlail<beft, IUid a poke tu tlk'tD u aucb. quid;ly
omd«:oi.-..1 .,., howe..,., by crying out • &ringhee bust,' • henl
ia a European,' IUid atllldcin,( ...., 'lri!h •.-ordo IUid lusi ....
!>purring my bo""' vlul•ntly, I wheeled cutting fro•n right
tu left, ror I (ottWIAtdy "'1 ....... ....ro drawn prniool to We
aurpritc. My blo....,, by Ood't mercy, 1..m..t tho gNOtu part or
their., aud I ...,.. lucl.1' eoough to CUI oil' hiUid of II!JIDOft
outragoou.t u..UW.ul. ln thort, aft.er a detperate strugtr, during
which I ....,.;,,.J nro flight tab"' cu14, and a blow 011 tho bock ot
my f'roru a rdww whC»> ooronl turned in hi. lwld, which
"-!.tAme half oJJ'ray l10ne. I '*"'pod out or the cnW>, pulin1
UDburt thrtnogh two roll<yo of m...ittly c.- the whole l.;.,ul.
"hich, bylhat timt, bad become alonacd, and bad turned out.
Tbcy1oun•cd me, bllt I - d»t>m«d thuo, aoooinlf •...ral
ticldo at •.-I. g1Unlng n row which I 1,.,cl•cd led round
lbe ..,...,. •nd o( lbe !:ihah' a '""'""· c:auriouoly
llloox, to my horror I 1>0reeivcd WYillth again blookcd up by a
deooc body oi AJfgtw... lw.reat ,.... iao)M*ible; oo rutting my
trust m God. I cbru'J!"d into tho mld.t o( thom, but•iog that the
weight of "'1 borte 'II'OUld .,._ ID'f way lor me, aud ,_m,g
toy !IWord cur. lor myla•t otnJ;III•. It wu W<ll that I dld .,,
Cur by tho time: !hot I lotd kno<t.:ed cm:r ..,..,. twenty 1
(.,..od that they ....,. my uwo J ...,;kbeet. U Y"" F ttpe-
'""-' ....W..o reli</ from • hid<'t!WI oigbtmart, yon moy imagine
my fll"ehap fur the tnommt . "-'"llh u,, wortb..i.. llfn-r waft·
do·rug about (ur ,., ... tiuw. ll.!ld putiug unchnllc:nl!"l by • •ILtpy
I-t oi the._,., I ..-hod tho __ ..,.
VOL. VI, h
CIHP.
 
,\.D.I8fl
('IIAP.
x:xx.
258
BJSTORY OF mr;
to reign on lbe 4th, nnd with @irnilnr disaRtrom
I'U!I11t!!. En.ign W &m!D. Of lbn 5th Jkngal DI\Li\'O
ioflllltry, who, \l;th n smrul fore..•, occupied tho fort
of the British commissarilll, reported tbllt be 11'38
  by t110 enemy, Mel that, unless reiofurced,
he couJd not long bold out. On tbc JWISSCiillion or
the loss of t1Ji8 fort dl>pended the solution or the
question whether tho Driti,.h army at Kabool
oo fed or stan·cd; yet, etrnnge as it must npponr,
the llllSWCr to Ensign Wnrreu's enmmunication wns
t11e dCSJIRtcb or n smnll force to hlm in evncn-
aling n place which it was iO to rct:rin.
Tbo to reacb the fort fnikod, as did nnotlter
made, Md both were by
lo..s. I n the meMtime, intclligrnco or tllC
iutcntion of abandoning the fort rroebed
Captain Boyd, the c\1ief conllllis:;ariat officer of t bo
British nrmy, be hiiSteDl'l], in conjunction with
Captain Johnson, who held the aitwltioo in
the nnny of lhe Shah, to lay before the gcncrnl the
rntnl consequences tbnt mu-t l'C!'nlt from such n
step, rcprll>(Onllug that the place t'Ontaiuoo supplies
oF groin, rum, medicine, clothing, and other stores,
of the vnlue or four lacs of ru pecs-LhnL tho immense
lnAA which would be I!USiaincd by the Rbftnilonmcnt
or them wns not the worst ollcct to be nJlpl'ebon<led,
but that such 1\D acl would greatly add to the eonli-
dcooo of tho enemy, while it tho
almost et>rtain de5tructiou of the whole Britihll force,
there not being "itbin the cantonments n stock of
provisions equnl lo lll"re tiWl two day.' eot\.iUmp-
E)ll'JRI! IN nmu. 2:>1)
tion, while no hopo could be cntel't:linecl, under the
c-ircumstances that of procuring supplies
<'lsewhcrc. Tlw rcpr(!!;Ciltation wns too powerful to
be llJOngb it t•nnnot but excite that
it s!JOuld IIA\"e been l'Cflnil'ed, And it was detenninro
to dircc:t the commllndcr of L11o commiliSari11t fort to
per.rist in its defence. A further conununication
from tbnt oflker ntlllOWJcod th11t biR difficulti<'S
increased-that tho enemy were preplring fur an
nttnek. nnd were, bl' engaged in mining
one of lhe lowers--tbnl tho of his glll'rison
wns bad-that of bis men bAd mrulo tbcir
CSCtlpe OfCr the wall, and that, wilb refcn:nce to all
  be could not mniutain hlmsclf runny
hours unless reinforcc<l. Tho nnl!wer to this com-
mnniC".ltion "-as, that be be reinforced by two
o'clock in the morning.
Tbo gnto ot' tho commissnrlnt fort ''"lli com-
manded by another fort enllcd Mnhomed Shurecf's,
and tho possession of this latter Cort ,..... conse-
quently, deemed r.,qni.•ito to ('lll<UlC SUCCC!II to any
attempt t<l relieve tho former. Some informntion
as to mcaus or defence was ohviou.•ly t!Obirnble,
1\Dd a man was to gnthcr surb a.. ha>ty
observation might furnish. On ltb! retnn1, bo re-
ported thBt about twenty men were scntl'd without
Mahomet! Sbureef'8 fort, ;;mo!Jng and talking; bot,
from wh:\t bo conlll ll'Bm, the force within was W!ry
nnd nUBble to resist B Tho
lidiugs brought by this produood no ro-
l!Ult but a dctenuinatioo to IIClld BtlOlh<'r, who,
8 2
CHAP.
XXX.
<CRAP.
XX.".
260 HISTORY 01' Til&
"returning, corrooornte<l the report of his predeces-
sor. Still nothing wns done--consultntiou nml dis-
cussion consumed the hours, nlbcit 11t best too few,
which remnined for nll'ording etrectnnl succour to
Ensign W arran, nod snving from the gmsJ> of the
enemy his incalculably va!Ullblc charge. At Inst it
wns resolved that in the morning 11 det.ncbment
should lie sent ofl'; but, just as it wns on tho poinL
news wns received that Ensign 'V
hntl nuhcd in cnntoilllllmts with his garrison, ha \ing
abandoned the fort, and by consequence surrendered
nil Lbc melllls of subsistence on which the anny could
rely. Tho enemy hnd set fire to the g11le, and the
gnrrison were led out through n bole in the wnll.
This was n blow nt the British cnuse in Knbool
before which it reeled. The lro.in wns fl red, and an
coultl not be f.1r dl-;tnnt wWcb 1night be
expected to imnhe in common min those who bnd
entered Affghnnistnn in pride and triumph, to chango
it.s rulers and its laws, and him wbo owed to their
nnns a dindem which now trembled 011 brow.
"It no sooner,u .S.'\}1! Lieutenant Eyre, " becnmo
gencmlly known thnt the   fort, upon
which we were dependent for supplies, bad been
ubandoned, thnn one nniversnl feeling of indignation
per>·ndcd the garrison ; nor cnn I olcscribe the im-
patience of the tr(IO)li;, but especially the nntive por-
tion, to be led onl for its rccnptllr&-:t feeling thnt
wns by no UK'ftu8 dimillislled by their seeing the
AJlgllans cro5s:ing nnd rccrOSl!ing t he roru I l.letwecn
the commiss.'ll'iat forl nntl tho gnte of the Sltnb
ORm8B EMPilUl Ul UIDIA. 2Gl
Bngb, lrulen with the on wbich ha1l de-
pendetl our nbility to mm.ko a protracWd defencl!."•
W !'U, indeed, mi!(bt illdigunliou nnd impntiooco
prevnil; nnd 80 strongly Wl!ro they tbnt nt
last it wns J"Cjj()l\'ed to mnko nn attem11t against
homed Shlll'(.'Ors fort, tho pmcticnbility of capturing
which had occasioood 80 much solemn cli£iCtl>o<iou,
during wbich all the wcro lollt. •rwo gwco,
uudcr Lieutcunnt Eyre, wore tn open a fire on thu
fort, under co.-er of wbioh 11 JlCIJ'ty, uoder Major
SwaiJte, wns to ad vnnce nncl blow open the guto
with a bag of powder. Tho guns opened their fire,
and it until their supply of anllllullltion
wns ncnrly cxbauoted; but, from some en use, tho
(ldrty which was to the gate remained •till,
without attempting to perform their nllotted t.usk.
nod the whole wcro rccnlled into oontonmcnb..
"   remnrkB Lieutenant Eyre, " the eocmyt
enjoyed their triumph nod grcnt wM
tho ro,."'l of the sopoys of the 37th native illfnuuy,
who bad crinced the utmost cagt'ml"'l to bo led out,
at this disnppointmllllt of tbl)ir hopes."t
• L\liliblr}' Operatiow in Kabool, p. 58.
t Mili1ary ()ptntiaaa in K.abaol, p. 59.
l '11llo movem<DI. apintl Mahomed tibure\'l't fort ti.uily n:·
eollt ID the mind the faot pu£vmed by the King of Fran..- ud
bis limy or forty tbaulllllrl. iJIUDortalize.l in • Camiliar distidl.
LicuCA<<Wll Ep1! •I'P"'" to lAy the bbune oo the oflkw in <Om•
mond of lh• •IDfming pnrty. He oarw :-"Major S'"'T""· in•IJS<I
ol ruobiDg .nth hJo m= u bad been ..,....t. bad in the
rtmalncd Jl4tion•ry. un•lor ..,...,.. ar the wall by the
.--1 •ide. The c-n1- •bo - watdllng ow from
lhe g•li"' .. Y, ob....-iAg tbOI lb< suo-amrnunltu.a ..... raGIIiDJ;
ab..rt. - dal the '""""' bad Eail.U "' take Ill"""""' o( ""' bo.c
1;11.\l',

262 IDSTORY OF TB:l!
On the following day another n.ttempt WIUI made
TI)JOn the em bn.rrnssing fort, which would seem to
have bctm for no oUter purpose bot to con-
fuse the counsels and baflle the oJforts of the :British
force. At nn early hour three iron nine-pounders
were brought to bear upon lbc north-east bn.stion,
nnd two ho,ntzers upon the contiguous curtniJL
The -firing wns mllintalned for n.bout two hours,
during whjch the nrtillerymen were e:xposed to tho
fi:rc of the enemy's shal]H!booters stntioned on a
couple of high towers which completely commanded
the bnttery. A prncticnblo breach ooing effected, a
stonning party, consisting of three companies, ono
of her M:tjesty's 44th, one of the 5th ruttive jufnntry,
and one of tho 37th nnth·o infantry, mBrchod fo.r-
"'ard and sreeilily carried tho place. The death-
throe of this redoubtable fort wns lilr less violent
than might bnve been o:xpootcd from the degree of
tenacity to it. About one hundred nod
fifty moo BOcceeded in Jllanting the British flag upon
it; bot it is to be lamented that the gall:wt officer,
Ensign Uabnn, of the Queen's 44th, who first wnved
it on the sumntit of the breach, wns shot through
the heart while in the net of thus diS}IInying llto
sigunl of his countl'y's tcinmpb.
The cavalry pursued the l'ugith·os from tile l'Joce,
opportunity for adl'llooing. noallcd 111 into cunlonmmt>." Lady
&!e. 00 iw:mnP"Wtl mllitary critic, though or the gentler ..,.,
  on the otltu hlllld, to attribu"' tJ;• cltiol' blame to tb
goru:ral. She YY• :-"The troop• retired by onlOT of Genernl
Elphlru!tono, to my DO suuill ourprie. Cor 1M eru!mJ lwl begun
to run out from a broken OO.tloo; but when they found our llC<IJ,Jc
retreating, lhby took ClOW'I{,'"' and no ll10t1> leCt lhc fort."
lliiiTISB £lO>ml IN lNDlA. 263
lllld the bills were speedily c:overod with the enemy's
bon;o issuiog forth for their A severe
encounter took place, but the enen1y threw out
such nst numbt>rs thnt no serious impression could
be mnde on them, and as the dny clo;;ed, both parties
retired from tho
For some dnys after this nll"rur, shot and &bdls
mlre thrown from the B:ua Hbf<ar into tho town,
but with little effect, beyond tho alarm which they
were calculated to create. Plan• were suggested
for rccnpluring tho fort, o.nd 10 much
of the stores ns yet lt'rruUnOO in it; tboy wore
• • only, not ncted n1•on.•
Tho enemy 11p(ICllrctl on tho heights in grcnt
numbers, ruul with grco.t boldness, nnil littlo wo.s
done or attempted that miS to chCI'k
this in them. Tho ,·ery debilitated of
Genom! EIJ>biostone'a health, at this time, rontlcrcd
It that he   hAve tbe of 11
ccln•Jjulor, posst'SSCd of gronter bodily vigour, ami
• In the limy md ...,....;..., ol Lody Sole. tile
luOowJng JIUI8g8 ocoun:-••Paton [....-i,buu. qu.rR'rmut.er
4
£Ul<RI) llld 1ldlew [deputy uoiolant qUIII't<riii&SUr-gontnl)
in t'Ouncrn with Sturt [lttr ton·in-law. and cbid office_r ol
t11ginron] , at niae. "'""' nuiago, at our bowe. 'fo.<Jay [Gt.b
No\'\'mber] aiTOJl!l'ODICl1tl wm IIIOde for earryinr tile Sbah'•
prdrn and tbe oonu•iuariat fort by doybrcalc, .. -.ry tl1ing being
10 cl<tlrly ""t•lnintd, that ... ., I aadentoocl it u well u bl:mminJt
the bandkerthlef I ...,.. cnAking. • • • l'l1lnt """"' tltetehed,
ODd aU the miaaO.. 'll'1'itlaa out,IO that tho B<"eral might baTe oo
quation• to .,Jc. It ;. oow ud no reply ba OO.o
I<'Qt (,_ hiJII, thJIIlrb ll\ - 'II'U to have come to Mf
whethtr tbe wod.   be done or FRIID ouboeqwlll
1-.ugts ia tJ.., journal. it ........ that tlae smma1 baitate<I-U>en
•tlJ"'D"'d the t•lm-thm abaodoot..t it.
CUAP.
XXX.
2M
lrllrro:RY Ol' TilE
accordingly Brig;l(lier Shelton, the officer second iu
c01nmnnd, was called from tiHl Bah\ Jliss:u- to can-
toumouts. 1lis presence wns followed by increased
ncti vity ; but the credit of tbe change appears to be
•lue to Si:r William)\IncnnghtmJ, towards whom it
is n bare net of justice to state, that '>vhntcvcr of
promptitude nnd energy wns di.spJaycd in the Wgher
departments of affairs nt Knbool, during these un-
happy I!Cenes, seems trnce3ble to h.im. The enemy
hod tokM possession of SOillll forts, one of
called the Rikn Bnsbee fort, was situated directly
opposite nn inclosure, k"DOWD ns the 1\fiESiou Com-
pound, nt tbo north-east angle of the British cnn-
toumants, and witWn nlll8ket-shot of t.he worl{S. •
J nto these they poured their fin., und a party of
shllrp-shooters, who foun<l cover muong some ruins
in the vicinity, picked off with deadly ocrtrunty
the British artillerymen while engoged in working
their guns. Sir William Macnaghtenstrongly urged
tho necessity of dislodging the enemy from this
post, but would probably not hnvc succeeder! in
obl.ilioing tbe consent of the military authorities to
tho task beiug nttem pted, had be uot offered to
take on himself the elltirc responsibility of the act.
the geneml ordurcd n force to be pro-
'idecl to storm the fort.. It consisted of tho Queen's
.,1-.lth regiment, the 37th nntj ve infantry, two horse
artillery guns, ooe mooutn:in-train gun, and n con-
siderable body of native forces. Cnptniu 13ellow
umlcrlook to hlow open lhu main gate, but from ncci-
• Eyre"• Mmtnry   in Knbool.
BRITT811 EMl'mE IN l'liDlA. 265
ilcnt nr error ho missed it, nnd inst.end, blow in tbe
wicket gnto attbe side, aO'ording nn npcrturc of 6ueh
smnU dimensions that not more thnn two or thl'OO
n1ou rould uutcr abreast, and these 1\'0ra compolled
to stoop. Under disad'flllltaget!, n handful of
tho 488nilants got in; llmoog thCl'O were Colonel
Mackcrell, of her Majesty's 44th; Lieutenant Cadott,
nf tho snmc regiment; Lieutenant &wtrey, of the
37th Bengal nafu·o infantry, an•l Lieuterumt Dird,
of the Sbnb's force. Though the number of tboee
who blld pasoed the gate WM small, it was •ufficicot
to spread dismay among the garri!oOn, who, not
doubting that lbc whole Dritis& force would follow,
rushed, in consteron.tion, Uarougb a gnte on the oido
of the fort to t hat which bad been cnrried.
Unhappily, nt this moment n. cbn.rgc of rnvnlry round
the coruer or tho fort spread panic nmoog tho trooJlol
boforc the gntc: they turned, and it hecame,    
ouo of tho un.rrntors of tbe event, " n IIC!eDO of lllrfNI
IJ"i pt•ttl. • Tho officers in Yain exerted thtmll!Cives
to bring back tbe men to their duty; and when
Major Scott, of tho 44th, after resorting without
eRbct to comDlOlltl, expostolntioo, aml cnt:rcAty,
coUed on volunteers to foUow him, tho caU was
nnswcred by only a pri vntl'.• AU "<mid now
lanve laccn IO!il bot Cor tho iron of
Brigadier Slaelton, who, amidlot the bot tire of tho
• Tbo- of thio ......, which "'til r<oord, wu
Stuart or St......J, for it i• si""' dill'emttly by difl'.....,t -...
t.>no. It io ptifyiag lA> lmu'O' that, OD th• report of hill 6ddi!J
• • th8 cor• of Sor Willuun M""""g!uco, be ,..,, ot the
viii>< diYuy, JWODOk-d ...;...nt.
IJIIAJ',
xx.x.
t"IL\P.
XXX..
2GG
mSTOJIY' 01' TilE
enemy and the mid rtl!!h of tho rt'Creant troops. @tood
fim1 nnd unmo,·ed-totrhing, by the exercise of his
authority, nnd still more by his animating exnmplt>,
to save the British nnmo from tho disgrace impend-
lug over it. Flo at lnst succeeded in rallying tho
men, who advanced once more to the attack, nnd
oucc more wavered, although now the firo of tho
guns from the cantonment.-, and a demonstration on
l11o part of the Briti•h ca,·alry, had checked tho
career of the AJfgbnn hon;c.. But the hesitation
was overcome by U1e energy of the brigndier. Tho
pressed forward, nne! tho fort wW! woo.
Tho siruulion of the ll10nll Uritish pRrty who bnd
entered the fort, and rcmnincrl 11 ithin iL "hilc
their comrades were shrinking from their duty
without, was a subjed of intense nnd painful
interest. Lieutenants Cadctt and lla...-try had rc-
to endca..-our to bring up tho men, but tho
fate of the rest was to bo aoeert.:llncd. The little
biiDtl, it nppe.'tl'S, 011 6uding thcrm-clves deserted, bad
hll!!tily shut the gnto through which the greater pn.rt
of tho garriwo hnd escaped, nod secured tho elwin
with n ooyouet. The unhappy circllll15tances, how-
ever, prevailing ou the oppo"ite side, cneoW11gcd
the enemy to l't'turn, which they did iD consideraLio
numbers; and having   iD remoTing the
boyont:'t, the gate Willi r&-Opencd, nnd the foe ruijlu-d
in. Their fury Wll8 excrci!'t'd without restroiut
111•on Colonel Mackcrcll, whom lhl'Y hnckcd in a
frigl1t fol manner. Lieutennut Bini, with two lllllouys
of the 37th, found el•dtcr in a stable, "bicb they
BRITWI EliPlltE IN nn>JA, 267
barricaded. One of the sepoys wo.s killed, but
Licutennni Bird nod tbe other dcl'andotl themselves
for n considt-rnble pcriod-maintniniug a fire wbieh
k-nocked down nil who veulurod IQ npproaeb thoir
retreat, "ith a. precision pro110rtioned to tho close-
JICS8 of tbo combat. In this way more than thirty
of the enemy mot their donth ; nod when the fort
wns gained, tho gnllant pnir were found by
compiiUicus unhnrmcd. Tho rescue, indeed, was nt
tho last moment, for tile ammunition of the beoiegod
combntnntll wu reclucod to n etock of five cnr-
lridges.
'fbo lo.•<1 of tbo British on tim occasion nmountud
to two hundn.>d 1\Jld   Captain
McCrae, of the 44th, wss wt down in the gntewny
on tho fil'!fi and Cnptaiu W estmncoti, of tho
37th, was &bot while in skinnishiog with-
out. Tho futo of Colonel Mackerull bas nireacly
been mentioned.
Sovernl foru were, ou tho fAll of Rikn
Ba.•hl>e, noondoned by the en<-my. In OliO some
grain was found-a most welcome diJicovery. No
time wns in beginning to tro.ru.-port it to 11 !l:lfl!r
spot., bot tbero wl18 not time to rcmo•·e thu wbolo
bcforo nigbtii1ll. A guru-d "·ns applilod for to pro-
tect tbe remo.indor, but refused; nnd in the mortl-
ing, ns might bzwo been it wM gone.
CllAP.
L'U.
On tile 13th   tho en!'my aJ:11in llp(Je\ring A.D. zs;J.
in gl'\'llt force on tho ll!lcl firiug into tho
Briti·h 1\ fore.) WM •col out to
tbl'lll. Tbi:lmu•cwcut, lil..e tbu uU.nck ou Lhu Jul..a
<:RAP.
XXX.
A. D. lfi.U.
268
HISTORY 01' TftE
Bnshec fort, w:tB suggested by Sir William Mac-
nagbten, who, on this occnsiou nlso, was requirllfl to
take uponhlrosclf the entire to
it. There was another nod moro lamentable point of
resemb)Mce between the two occasions. On both,
the infuntry, Enropenn nod Mtivo, manifested nn ml-
stendiness not to bo The fortune of the
day, however, was with lhe British, nnd a gnu was
tnkcn from the enemy. Another might have been
  but it wns protected by 11 hot lire from a
hotly of Affghnn infnntry, nod the 44th could not be
prevailed upon to incu.r ibe danger attendant on
carrying it off. The fear of the Europeans wns
• by tho native troops. The CU]Jture of tho
gun being thus frustrnted, Lieutenant Eyre, with
tho horse artillery gunner, descenilc(l into the rM'ine
where it lo.y, and spikeil it.
The feeble hold which Shah Shoojah an<l his
aUics had on Kabool was manifested simnltanoously
in almost every part of the country. About the
micl<lle of Novomoor, l\{1\ior Pottinger, political
ogent in Kohistnn, nccompii.Jiied by Lieutenant
Hnughton, atljutnnt of n. Goorkn regiment in the
Shah's service, and a single soltlier of that regiment,
arrived in K:iliool, nfter undergoing extrnoroinary
hardships, nod encountering gront danger in effect-
ing n snfe retreat from the scene of his oflioial
functions. His tort in Lugbman bad beau tLttaeke<l,
his a.ssistant, J.ieutenllJit Rattray, nturdered, nnd
himself forootl to wiibdmw to Charaknr. There,
11owever, be fouud no pennanent restiug-placo,
DruTISU l;MPIR!I Tl{ lNDII\. 26!)
Chnroknr wns olosely by tho enemy-tho
Dritblt ontpo$b attru:ked, and in succession rorried.
I n defending them, Cnptain Codringt.au, the officer in
cornmnnd, wns killed, ami Mnjor Pottinger wounded.
Tbo garrison at Cluuekar suJI'ered fca.rfully from
wnnt of water; il being nroessnry nfter o. time to
di•peruo this prime of exi•tencc in qu:m-
lities equal only to bnlf a wine-gin."-• for cnch mrut,
and tinnily tho supply foiled altogether. Da-crtion
had been for some time going on, ancl open mutiny
followed. On LicutcrUUJt llnughton nttmnpting
seize two dt'!ierters, who bnd relurne.l appnreutly for
tho pu:rpo;;e of their comrades to fc>llow
their lll.nmple, he     cot down by n jctnndnr of
nrtilleJ), who 111peatcd the blow while tho 4Ricer
lny on the ground. and tltl'll n••hed out, followed
by nearly nll tho :Mnhomotnns in tho plnce. Tho
troops who remnined were complctely distlrganized;
nod from this pnst, u.lso, it lH.'onnto nccc;,nry to
l"llltea.l. Pr(\()ooding townnls Kabool, tbl' toil· an•l
perils of tho road were so t.bat all the
fngitives dropt oJI" excepting tho single solclicr "ho,
ns nlrl'Rrly mentioned, nrrhcd with tbo two
at tbo Brithll eantonJ)lcot.o, where. S&)S Lieut. E) re.,
" they were roceived by tlh•ir brolbn-u in AS
men risen frnm thu Other ollirt!rs       to
6imiJ.ar dangers Wl'tc 11."• fonWJate. Doctor Grant,
n surgoon, who, like mnuy mcmbt•rs of Ill$ profi'O'oion
in India, bncl honourably cliatinguishecl by
not fulling ";tltlu the routine of hil!Jlro(ll'r
cluliL'!I, dPpnrLcd "itb Mnjur Putt.ingl'r nucl Lieu-
Cllo\P •
.li.XX.
CllAI'.
XXX.
270 niSTORY OF TilE
tenant llnughton from Chnrekar; but shortly nfter·
wards disappeared, from wbnt cause wns unknown;
and two officl!l'S stationed nt n fort in Kohistan,
about twcl 'fe miles from Knbool, Lieutenant MauJo
nnd Lieutl!llant Whelan, after being cleserted by
their men, were barbarously murdered.
The cha}ltet or clisnsters 1>119 further swelled by
the surprise nod destn1ction of n det.nchment pro·
cceding under the cammnncl ot Cnptnio Woodburn,
of tbe Slmb's sen·ice, from Ghuznee to Knbool. At
G1mdnmnnk, the force left by Sir Robert Sttlo on
his dcpnrture full mpidly into disoroer; the larger
portio11 deserted to the enemy, and the -rest refused
to remain at Gundatnuck; with tlmm the officer in
charge, Captain Burn, was compelled to retire to
JelnlabMl, len"ing t\>o gum nnd much baggage
behind them. At Pesh Booluk, between the Khyber
rass nrul J elalubnd, Cartnin Fe:rris, of the Shal1's
service, founcl himself snrronnded by the enemy,
destitute of ammunition, and in dllllger of being
abnndoood by his troops. Some of them bn.d gone
O'fer the wall$, but were cot up by the enemy; nnd
the fear of meeting the same fato was believed to
be the chief moti'fe by which the rost wero deterred
from following their example. Having no prOSJ!CCt
of relief, he resolved to make nn attempt to cut his
~ w   y through the enemy, and be suoocecloa ; but
the n1mulonment or the fort iovolved the loss of
treasure to Lhe llmOUllt of thirty-eight thousand
rupees, as wcllas some stores nod pri \'ate property.
At Kabool, tho state of nlfRirs remained for o
DJUTIBB &Jil'lll& I N [l;'DIA. 2n
period of scvernl da}'ll alm06t unchanged in any re-
speet.. The &amo indecision and inactivity which
had heretofore provo.ilcd in tho lleitiRIJ cuntonment"
continuc.'Cl to exist ; and the enemy appear not to
have bocn ·without a due &lwo of tho aamc unmili-
tary qunliti('jj, Nothing WM done or attempted on
aide. On the 22nd of November ooth parties
&l.'('med mildenly romed to tho that
they were in the position of belligcnmtll. A village
called Behmanroo, from which the English drew
60IDC supplicll, woa occupk'() by tho enemy; and
Mujor Swayne, of the 5th nativl' infantry, '11111
di•patdec.od, with a small force of horse and foot,
a.ud ooo gun, to disJlOssel!! them. A gun
woa aftcrwo.nls ordered to his support. The village
woa to hare been stormed, but no atrempt was mado
to carry this intention into effect. The officer in
command, to Lieutenant Eyn', "would
neither go forward nor retire,"• but continued for
severn! hoOJ'I to maintain a u.elcee fire on tho hobletl
in the villagt' ; thf' infantry of the party lx>ing under
cover, but the cnYalry and artillery exJ104'0d to tlte
fire 11f the enemy witleout the opportunity of effo.'Ct-
ing any object of importance adequate to tho risk
incu.rred and tho 101;8 sustained. I n tho evening
Dri
0
'11dicr Shelton joint.'<! th•'111, • ith a reinforcement
under Colonel other, but no mon • daring or dccisi-vo
coune woa the I'I!Olult; and, finally, io the lnngunge
of Lady Sale, •· Tbe trooP' returned, having done
  I t woa rcsolvcd oo the 23rd to l'i"po.ir
• Opm11iou•. P•  
t Juunu'. p. 119.
CIIAP.
XXX.
.u>. 18<1.
CHAP.
XXX.
272 lllSTORY OP TflE
t!Je error of tho pl"Cceding day, as fnr ns reparation
can be snid t.o be pmcticnble in Ctllles 'vbere tbe loss
11nstaiucd not so much in physical or material
l!trengtb as in confidence and cbnrncter. .At two
o'clock in the morning, Brigndier Shelton lllllrChucl
out with seventeen comvanies of infmtry,• cons.ist-
ing of fi,•c of Her Majesty's 44Ua, under CaJltain
Leighton, six of the 5th native inf:'lntry, under
Lieutcuont-Colooel Oliver, six of tho 37th native
iufnntry, unde-r Kershaw, of Her Majesty's
13th; one hundred snppers, under Lieutenant Laing;
one squadron of tho 5th light co.vnlry, under Captain
Bold; one squadron of irregnlar b.orsc, undl:r Lien-
ten:uat W alkur; a hundred men of the corp! known
ns .Andc?801l's !Jorsc, aud u single gnu. The gnu
wns willa great difficulty got to its position ou a
commaudiug an inclosure iu the villnge.
which, from Lbe fires perceived in it, 11118 judged to
be the principo.l bivounc of the enomy. The gun,
llB soon ns Jlractico.blo, opened, nnd the enemy, in
some alarm, retreated from the open space to the
sheltea· afforded by the houses nnd towers, from
whence they up a sharp 6:ro of juzails. The
Lrigatlier wns strongly urged to stom1 the village
under co1·er of tbo dnrhess (there being uo mann),
nnd before the enemy bud time to recover from
the Jlauic into which they bud beeu thrown ; but
the opportunity was sulfcred to pnAA without profit.
• Wy Slllc calLI Lbcm .. weak ;.. IU1d 1Ldds. •• I
boDevo mmy of Llaem djd not   meo."-.Journal •
.
1liUTI811     nr II'IDIA 273
".Both ami men," oays Lady Sale, M•ere
mOo;t tlllxiou• tel be led agaillllt the lo lake
it by •tonn, but thl• brigadiPr would not bear of
At kmgth, 8B day da'Wlled, the eaution of the
rommantlcr g&Ye way. Tbe &re from the Tilt.p
bad slackeni'tl. &Del, it .....,. believed. f'rom the l'ailure
of amruunilion. Parties of the enemy 11'1.'1'11 oblened
hurrying away, 1111d, acconling 1o the belief of Lieu-
&mant Eyre. Dill above forty men remained in tbe
place. A 1tumaing party - fomaed under MY,r
S1rayoe: but rui8Cbauce frustrawtl the ctrene of a
mo .. emcnt too long J,..tp<•aed. TIK' officer OOIDJD&IId-
iolf tho atomling party miMed his way, and inatead of
arri.-ing at tbe princi(l&l gate, whic-h wu no• Opt'D.
be came to a wid,ct "hicb was barricadt>d,
and belieYing bifm('lf unnble to forec it. he with-
drew hill mom unoler OOYcr,t where they remaiaed
until n'('llill-d. In mtmatiiiH' \'lUll numben of
the enemy ili!IUed f'rorn the c-ity, nud a hill
inamediately opJIO&iw tn that O«Upied by the Britl.b
forec, aod ""loarated from it only by a aarrow ptp.
• Journal. p. 122.
t Dift'm'Jlt ..,p ....... lationo .... mado .. to the nr
Major SwaJ11r'o r....ias tluo widod.. !Mu-t R,...., - lo
""''Wt tbe olliftr oC blamo upon tbio point, o....m.c that
" .....n-.d ot a omall kilt&«. or wi<Ut. wbida - borrico<l<d.
o.nd tNid .k /wJi •• •- of ford,.,, .. lAIII At ..,. "'
- hie - aad biouol( .. ftll .. be eoald."-Milituy Open·
liaM.poptt7. 1Ad
1
su.·,....,- io-ba& I• rawourablo.
&bo, oftu """"bar the urinl ol Major s...,.... ot tbe wld.ct.
111 .. -'"'- , " which (lbo .n.lu:t) ho reported himool( ua.blo
................. tloio ... .,..._,.. d.- .., ..... - pnllillc It
... willa tbeir lloado ODd kirkiatr al it." -Jounaol, p. I 13.
VOL VL T
CRAP.
XXX.


CBU.
ux.
2i4 UISTOR\' OP THt
Lioutcnant Walker, with irregul11r bon<', had
been diEp&tched to cut of!' tho fngiti>"es from tho
city, but tho Jlla.in was JIOW swept by hordes of
Cl\\"alf), who eddently !lrsigncd to perfonn the 6tlll10
duty with regard to Lieutcnnnt Walker. lie wns
tlwreforo rwallcd. The nbru11lonment of the ottompt
to storm had atrorde.J OJI(>Ortunity for throwing rein·
forcemcnts into the .-illage u well M supplie. of
ammunition. and thus the porpoae for wbirh the
troo('S bad .IIlllrclled out of cantonments iiTl'--
parahly Major Kenbaw, -..;lb tltroe com·
pnui!JII of the 37th, being len in the position 6not
takrn by tho J3ritihh force, the brigadier morclocd
with tho remainder of the troo1•s. nnd his   to
OPil<I!IC the enemy ou tbe oprklsite height. Jlere hi.
di•f'o<Sition of his force etnted by military autbo-
ritil!ll to ba.-e been singularly injudicious. 81ill·
mi,bers were brought fn,-,. 1111! to the brow of the
bill: tho rest of the infantry were formed into two
squllre!l, supported by his   but the whole
CXJ>O!lCd to the fire of tl1e ent>my, which was dclhen.>d
from oohind hillocks nnd othor defences. But worse
even thnn defecth·e gencml$hip the sunken
of the men. ThesLinni!lhcrs could with diffirulty be
kept to their posts. and "hen a daring party of tho
enemy deseendod tho gorge, and availing the=che1
of •llch cover as they could find, crept gradually up
tho hill on which t bu force was posted, they
gm·c way. Rewnnl'l, of nn umuunt mngn.ifircnt in
the OJI'& 11f n private soldier, oflercd for tho
cnpture of tho enctuy'• but iu Tain. The endca·
BlliTWt EJIPIIUt Ill INDIA. 275
vour to lead to a clwge wu rruitl-. ae though the
•P.-1 had beea made to men or woOO.. 5eYen1
offiren adwancecl to the f'roat, and pelted the eDellly
witb etoaee. tho mea looking on. • The enemy
made a deah at the Bri&ilb pu. aad tbe eaYalry
were ordered to eharp for 1&1 protect.ioD, bat nei·
ther the command nor the lllWDplo of their oftieen
could induce them to atir.t Tbe goa ...., oapaued.
the artillery-IDCil figbtiog gallaotly in dec- of it,
though UDJUpport.ed, and two of t.hcm were kiJJecL
Tho finot aquare of the Britiab infaotry wu D01f in
ftiJtbL Tbe 8«<Dd kept 1&1 poaltioa. aad in Ita rear
the flying troope were with aome dlf&euky rallied by
their ollieen. The reappeanii(!O of t   ~ -
oot without eft'•'<'t upon the enemy's party, wh010
udour wu further diminilhod by a easaalty whlcli
had bofalleo one or their ebie&, and abudooiog the
gun, they made oft' with the limber aod bona The
t!Onftiet wu renewed, and for 101110 time oaintaillod;
but a aec:ond a.ttatok from the -ylimilar CO &Ill&
which oot long before had oaued the Britllh lA-
• The - o1 ~ braft --. ol - u w w t ~ o r • bo
<omm.oadod by them mut 1101 be pa-.1 -· n..,. .....,
Coptairw ............ M ..... rit, 'nwp, Olld L.oip- ODd
Limlloaat LaiJic. Tbo ..._ 6nt IIIII .._ II&IDOCI won killed
... this ill-rated c1a
1
.
t In l>l.1lliJ>& the ca..Jry olioen thao ............wr
,._ thoir eowudJr v .... 1t • a•alir)i8s 10 lad -""
--o-r the pDaam laoaacl. I& - • td ol Capni• lloU
""" Callr=. ol the 5D !ipt -laJ ; Lia .. w .u-. ol the
.............. : a.-Jar. ,._. n.. J.-dar Syu<l. ll&lao-
... .,.., ..... _ .. _...,olA '_ •• ....._
T2
CHAP.
xu.
cn.uo.
XXX.
2i6
llll!TO R \' 0 I' TliT.
fantry, J::u:rOJI('On and WLtiVI.' alikt!, tO tum in dio;.
gmrcful illp:ht, \\11!' madf' lry- thl' en•·my with tltt'
""mr re"'llt. No effort r<JU!d rl'<'&ll tho men intu
nction, nor prevail on them to n.•tiro in onlor.
Tht•;r ran in tht• ml'l!lt eonfu•ion. punuf!d
lty th.- enemy, orhn them in • • ouml>('l'i.
The ,1{110. for "hich on its Teseue hor!'ll" nnd
were Jlnl<'UJ'ed, WU.• nvcrtu:rnctl the
wounded wero for thE' most part left t•n the lie lei, to
bo hneked and hrwed h;r the of their fcro-
enemy. and nntbing \HI& w:Utting to tt•ndt•r
di•lll'ter complc•te and o•rmbelming. A fire optmt'd
on the JlW"U""" h) part of the Shab''l force. n t·hnrge
made by Licutrnant Hnnlyman. with a fre•b truop
of canby. untl the c:xlrnordlnary conduct of nnf' uf
the AffghM ebicf.•. who, in the brat of Jllll'<'ttit, ud-
dcnly halted a111l led otr hi,. favoured the
progress of tho flJ;ng; but for tho help lhm nlfordl'll,
scaroely one of those who went forth to rt' the
•'illage of BchmntltOO would have rt!tumed. Lico-
tennnt Wnlkrr, while cluuging with Lieutenant
llnrdymnn, at the hem! of 11 few of his hort<!•rrtcn
whom be had mllied. rt'l.'ei.-ed 11 mortal wound.
Colonel Olivur, Capt.'lin nud Lieutenant
Lning. wero nl110 left dead on the field. Tho thl'l'e
compllllies of lho 37th 11ntivo infantry, who remained
..;th Major Ker<bnw, do not to have roani-
fef'U'd any t•<>rlion of thnt Cra\·co rpirit llOb.ieb un-
hAppily pervru1rd tho rMI of thr Brit:is.h lfu,·c.
Th1•y ...-ere   throughout the day, and
UIU'fll!R •:MPIJI.E IN INDIA. 277
were IUlloog the !sot to the hill. One com-
pnny rcturn<'!l "ith n onick• :uul two  
only.t
A re<ult so fatal, nnd .,-it!Uil w di.booolltabh·, a.s
thnt 11 hie Ia bofel lhe mo,·cmcnt of Drigndier Shel-
ton, cannot bu p&bblld uvcr "ithout some attl'DI)'t to
tn<C\1 ill! • and the view. of Lieutenant Eyre
UJHIII this su!Jject O)l)tl'Ur tO bo COUJitl'IIII.DCl'd by
proll.bility, a..• "ell a• by the agrecmcnt of <"OUt-
ll'!tCnt ,iudg<'!l. lie 11ayp. •· i'lo tluua aix gn11t
emm< mru;l preoent thcmseh·cs cveu to lhe mo.t
militvy (')'-'• l'll('h of whkh ('ontribut•.d
in no degree w tho tl<•fcat uf ••ur tro<•ll1!,
opr•·......! a> they wen• by owr"holmiug nurub<·n;."
Thu 6,..t and greate-.t uf tub"tah-.. according
to thu of tho authority quotl'il, Willi the
taking out a •ingle It • that a General
Onler, i•<ned under the govcmmcnt of the Ma.rquL!
of lltll>tinJ!". forbudu less than two gwts 1Xling
l.lll<t'll into t),,. field wader any drenlTh'tanoos, or on
BDf pretenl'c \\MteH•r, wbcro a ,..contl nnil-
nblc. Brigatlicr Sholl ton, it •tntetl, hlld intended
to tnko IIDOtlwr gun, but it "L' dL-..Lled. anol wu
twiro • report.'\! ns iiacapable uf being got
reuly for u•o l>cforc un lht: disrurtruUB
dAy when tbe British, eight bout!! beloro middAy,
to tlt•ft.•at. tll"trnction, aud tli.gntce. The
• • gnn "&!! lo) mPII ""rthy of tho country
wbll!!C honour tltey maintnincd. but their fire "Ill!
• Co<po...U.
t lAdy Solo'• J.,..rnal, p. 131 •
C'RA.P.
XXX,
CBAP.
XXL
278
IIJSTOIY OF TIT£
ronstantly interrupted, u, &f'ler a time, the 'ent
became so bot that it ...-u impo,.-.iWe to eontinue it.
The flCC()Od error is the "cry ob.-ioWJ one of neglect·
ing to tnko advantage of tht'! tempornry panic pro-
tluucd in tho enemy, by etormiug tho villngc bcforo
they hnd time to reeovor from it. "Hod," llllJS
Lieutenant Eyre, "a storming Jl4rly been ted to
attack, under co.-er of the darkness, which wouJ.I
hue nullified the adnntage they," the defender;,
  in being nuder cover, the vlace mu•t
inc\itably have fallen into our hnuds, and thus
would the prlncipnl object of the sally have bccu
gninod, nod a good line of retroot secured for our
troops in ca..<e of nceoMity." The third error t'nll·
mcrnted by the writer alxm! quoted. wM the
Df'glrd of raising defence!! for tho protection of tho
Driti•h troops on the hill ; and t.1m error be pro-
nnuncm "!!0 manifest to he quite urust"eount-
able." A party of ._,['Jlf.!I"S bntl accompanied the
forco for the pUfll<M'O of forming a breastwork, but
their scrvices 'l"ere not called into
though it iB snid the expediency of resorting to
tbrm was speciAlly pointed out at the limo when
the enemy were crowning tho oppomte height "itb
mu.ltitudioons numhel<a, &f'lcr tlu> att3('k on th<'
Tillage lwl fllilcd. • Tho goo. I C'IJi>ct, of rai•ing
• •• Shartly after thit. it wu ,.,._ted to n.de a ,..,., or
·-braR-nrlc, ror tho protection ol""' traoro. ... boll, npooool
tO tbe c!i>IUt lire or tbe eD<IIIy"l juJ<&ia, bot tJU. plD(IOOitlftD
wu nntacr.d on."-BJT". p. 118. It II not dimactly•tJot<d to
whom thiltulll:""tioa wu olf,·red, but It must bo p .... unn·d that
it ... to the
nRJTlllll £»l'1Jll: fN INDIA. 2i0
n d<>fcnce woultl not bn,·o be-en limited to tb"
r•rolectiou ur the men, important as m\!! tl•il object;
it would hn>c enhanc..'<i the difficulties of tho enemy
in admncing, nnd hnvo given not only to
lh05C 'll'ithin the "ork, bot also to tho.-e Lcyond it.
from tbfll.nowledgo that, iC hard pre!!8ed, tbey coultl
full 111>0n a of t;a{uty. Why trorh a pl'l'-
cnution wus ncgll-cte<l, it iB now impcl!"ihlo to e:c-
plain. The fourth error aMerted to by Lil·UtetWJt
F.yrc, WIL'! the extnumlinnry lltep of fonning the
infantry into   Tho vnluo of suelt n f()rma-
lion, when tho is to I'C!;i•t an attack by hon<e-
men, well unden;tood. "All." &aJl! Licutennnt
Eyre, "llll\c hoortl of tho British squnrt"'' at W nter-
loo, which defied the mj)C'lted despernte of
Napoleon'• choicest cavalry. At &bmauroo we
fl)rmed I<[UIIJ'eS to mj,t the di·UUJl 6re of infantry,
thus prt"''onting n solid mnss ngninst tlte aim of,
perbar., the best marksmen in tbe world, the said
I!CJtl&lt'S lociog securely perebccl on the summit t•f a
ateer and unrrnw ur which uo cavnlry could
dmrge with elfeet." It thus nrpt>lll1! thnt tho men
><ere di"J''"Cfl in tbu maniU!r bt."'t adopt('(! to O('pMC
cavalr). tht>re being no chance or po!"ibility of any
cavalry being brought ngain.'!t them, and, at thr
l!IIIne time, in the manner best tulnrted lu admit or
their being picked off. in tltt' numbcrtl, by
tbc •recic11 of force 1\ttually Cflg&g('d again.•t there.
Tho astonishment c:ocpn!I!M'd hy I he rritlc, who!ie
vlt"'\'b are here rullow<'<i. i• h<'ightcoed, well it
might t.... hy tbe n>flcction t l1at the who
CllAP.

280 ffiS'I'ORY Ol' TlfE
thus disposed his men bad enjoyed. in Ws youn.,n·er
dnJ", "the benEJtit of Peniusulnr   ThE'
disposition of the cavalry is mentioned by Lieute-
nant Eyre M the fifth of the great errors com-
mitted: this force, instead of being in the r•tace
where they might b11ve been UB{>ful in protecting
the line of communication with c110tonmentR, 110d
further bnve been able to ndmnce rQadily to nny
poinh where their l!t!l'Vice;o would bn,·e been re-
quired, being in oolwccn bodies of iufunlry,
tmd "exposed for r.cveral boiU'S to a destructive fire
from the enemy's juznils, on ground where, even
DDder the most circumstances. they could
not ha,·e acted with cllbct.." The amlllgcment
seem8 to hav,; boon crroneons from the beginning,
and nt the aJB&Strous ciO!!e of the dny the error
became frightfully apparent. hon;e nn<l foot being
up together iu 11 way which increased 1he
confus:ion, nna rendered it irretrievable-it being
nlike 1m1ler such circ111Dl!tanCes,
either to rnlly t!Je meo, or to withdraw them in
good ol'der. The 8ixtb and lust error of this fatal
dny the prolongation of the figl1t when nothing
could be gniJ•ed hut some addition of loss Md dis-
credit to tbe vast mnss of hoth previously Bccumu-
late<l. Lieotennnt Eyre's judgment upclll this point
sbnU be given in his O'Wll words. "Sbor11y after
our regaining po!!i!essi.on of the guo, one of the
brigntlicr's staO: Captain Mnckenzic, feeling con-
vinced thnt. from the temper ... r tho troop'!. nntl
from thr impossibility of toolifying the fake position
in the force wu plurt>d, noL only Willi !itt('ress
bl-yond but that in ita mo.-t clisa.•tmu•
•ltupe, WW< fAAL npproochiug, proJ'O"ed tu the hrign-
<li•·r lO cmlea\OllJ' let effect a retreat "bile it ,....,.
yet in his power to do with eompnmtivo im-
punity. Hi, rPply "a8. • Oh no! we ,..jiJ bold the
hill somn time longer
1
' At that time, <'H!n if tlot>
·l•u!lbt('r nf tho .,.,)elicl"'. tlte )oM of ofli<-ero. the
evident panic in our mnko, nml lh<• won;e than
natun- of our (""'itiou. lla•l not llCCD •ufficienL to
open o.ll eyes lUi to thll imrlfl!\>ibility """" of partial
(for the real of tim ,-iz.
the po••ll<!lion of tho nll"!le of Belnnnuroo. had
bcx•n, a• it wrrc, ab:ut•lun<'<l from the very first). the
wcalrnt'!l< anol cxbnu•timl of both men and bor-e-s.
who wt•n• not only worn out hy 1Jndily fntigue,
hut sulli•ring grievon•ly froom extre11w l.hir<t, and
thr• dchllity atteudnnt on long fa.tiug, ought to ho.vo
h:ullibed nll idl'll of further dclliJ a mou•mcnt in
whicb nlnne lnJ tlw • t>hant·c of r•rescn<ing
It> tlwir liv'"'- by tire C\l'lltual Mrriliro uf
which, nut nY<•n the nnly l'Dinre to lbo in the
hour of mi.J'ortune. the t:onl;('ioll!'n<"M of    
was likely to he gnirwd."• Tim >imJ•Ie
of the c:,.,. &J•J•V to '"' The t""'l'' marrlle<l
nut to cnr•turc the villnJ::" nf Jkhmnuroco, anti tbl'
might lra\l' )""-'" but the OJ'JIOr-
tunity WM sulfl'red to plUtO, nne! tllt'n tbt: fight
• Military apa.wru in 1\abaol. Liolllalant Eyr<' • •tat•-
ot tJie •i1 C'rn)B, Dtttitt:d in tbe tc'Jt, ftom r-gt 127 lll
f'll" 131.
CHAP.
XXX.
CUAP.
XXX.
IDliTORY OF TUl!
eontinood with no pi"O!IJIC('t bot tbnt of retn'at
before tho enemy aoonw or lntt>r, in goocl or in l>ntl
ordl.'r 118 might hnppen, an<l ..-it bout nny
purpo!l(> but the gratification of mere
Nothing be '"'"'c lhnn the mili-
tary arrnngmneots of the tlny, exoopting it ,-ere tiJt'
temJW>r of part of the troo(l' The rl<'fi-
manhood in tbc Jattt•r eompleted the, dio-
a.teN wbic.-h bad tbl!ir 11rigin in the blonde..,. of llu>
fonnt>r. It is beyon•l doubt that tho troops coul<l
(('C) but Jitt)e     in tbl.'ir JeadPr, wbn,
nmid•l 1\11 abundmt cli•ploy of per!IOnal COUr&ll"f'.
  nn other IJuality of 11 good grneml; but
for English sol•liers to tum when <'8.lled upon lo
aclnnre is happily Sf) rare an uet'1IJTOI1ce, that evl'll
"llith thC' p:1rtially extenuating cittom.•tanc.-es nbiiTC
mentioned, the f:uot i.• talculate<l tn inspire as much
of a.•tonishmeot u of di•gu•t. • T n•tauces of iudi-
vidual bl!roism there ,. . .,ro, but witb T"efereucc to all
the oecurreuccs of the day, ho to \\hom biB couotry"H
honour ia dear most wish it wero • that ull
recollection of it could be oblit<>mte<J.
The cbarncter of the Hriti•b anus in Knhool Willi
• Lody Sale ..US a ata-mt whi<h, i( •b• were aot IIIWD•
(orDild. euu upoa the brij;odi<r ao ...,.,. thaa &hat
oltbo loa ol the battk. tiho oar• (pp. 1.11, 1:12), •• Shol""'
tria ro Jar all tho blame "" !.be Sipabeo> H• •ro
!My ""' timid, aDd that mak,.lho litoid o1oo: but be
hu bon! told ..,.,. home tnJtho. On a.!Jug Captain Troup i(
ht did not t1riDk that the Hth ha1l boha•rd nobly, that oil!..,
plainly told him that ha tbat all had beba .. d •IWD•·
(ully."
nnw low in•k-etl, and no chonce of $afcty for
chi! or military aceml.'d to but in nogntilltion.
Sir William illacMghtto W repeatedly U1){1.'<l tbo
military nutuorllies to mike some dcmonstmtion
wortl1y of their et•untl'), nnd wbcn they hnd yielded
a reluctant coru.cut. tbcy bad gtmcmlly thrown on
him thE' rl"o(JOIJ<ihility of tho experimt>nt. They
appar now to bnYo been not less stl'l.'llUf'lll! in
rt.'oommeurling him to negotiate thnu he hlld
Yiou.•ly been in uqring tbem to fight. The Kaloonl
ehieu olso nla.uif.,..tiog no iuclliu1tion for on excr·
• of a oeric.; of negotiation.• com-
m••oct•l. ami wa.• eonlinoc•d through many dny11.
Any high degree of prt'Ciaiun in relating the pat·
tieulars nf tbc,e negotiations being unnttaiJ•nble,
wnulrl be i.tlo to enter into them rtt length. It
said thnt tl1c proposab of tb<> AJl'ghans Wt>re, io tho
first in•tnncc, of such a nnti.IJ'U BS to mil forth lUI
unqualified and indigtlllut n:jl'<'tion from the British
t•nvoy. l'ropnsal• mnru moderato and rcusnnablo
were • submitted 1.11 him. lllld n't'C'il"l.'<l
hy tht• with IIJII'arently u. •incero desire for
no nmk-able anan.;ement. thl' only • to tho
!O('(>miu:r l'"''lllenco a fceliliA' beinl{ furniJohed
by Mnhome.l Akhar Kbru1, n "'n nf Mnhomed
Khnn. Th•• conditio"" were after"ll.lib modificcl in
wny•. At ono tin1c Shah Sboojah 'I<U to
rlC8Cend from tht• throne ; at another be ..-as to be
maintaiued ou eoudilion of his forminll'
matrimonial t!Dj,.'41f"lllt'Uta 'l<itb some of the  
in oppo!iition to hi• I!O'ernlllcut, nu1l of bi, nban-


UIAP.
\:U:.
2:S I ITI3TOU OP TUE
doning some ofrcu.Jve mauif,..,l8tioru; of pri•le w hicb
luad given great Clfft'Dce. The SbaiJ Be•·= to ba>e
vadllated not than hi" cnemi<.'8: he eorllii'Hil'll
lu N"t.ain the aowroignLy un the spcdlit•<l,
and al'tcrward, withdrew hit con:.cnt. tbu:. leanng
th•• negutiato"' Ul revert tu tho original term!<. h
muttered liUio, ho'l\'evcr, w hnt ten lUI were llrof<.'!III-
Ctll) adopted, for it wu uvident that the
IDL'IIDt to ob-<ene nooe, hut to a\llil thcmsch"" <If
• Clpportunity whieh might olfcr to comJteroct
thu UriU..Il lluthorities by trick nucJ fmucJ. exer-
ci.co of ingenuity, whicb. io Allgban estillllllion.
mark the highest. triumph nf humau iutt·lk•d. While
tbc-t• diplomatic weN" in progrcb8, th•·
Jlriti•b troop!l were ouJit-ring great 11rivation•, nncJ
bad in pi'O!!{'C'Ct Hill srreatcr. 't J•larui were
suggl-rted for their retreat without a•king tho ni<l
or the penni,>iun of tho ARgham•, liut all wt!re
bei;(ot "ith danger; IUld 110 gn'at as to
e&ul't' their l nder the tt-rms of the
con•tmtion, the British "cro cntiroly to encuatu
AtrghtulMilJJ, turreudering lbto fortn.""'l.'8 whieh tbt•y
•till held therein, and their march ....,. to be facili-
tatt'tl by a <nl•l•ly of be3,t• of hurtll'Jl, to he fumi•latl<l
by tho lmweyer, wt•l'<' not pro-
vide<}, and nlmt"'t ... day brvul!Ut .umo new
CXJ>e-rimeut on the pGlieuro uf tht• Brit:Wl cnvuy.
Alli-cting diotru•l, or perbaf"' really fwling it from
  that lltcy wl'ru tbi.'Jrut•lvc.• wn•orthy
of lru•t. tbo Afrghan chid'• demanded tho dclinry
of thr anti ammunitinn <>f tbl' llritisb ror<'f'.
llliJTl"n IN INDIA. 285
'J'hi.s wns cnnceded, nod an oflircr was ..enl to bclect
' •neb 11.• might appear to be thP most • •
WC'rc requin:•land given. The Alrghans de-
mnndctl thnl Shelton should be on(', but, liS
Lieutcnnnt Eyre state•, tbc • ex-
a objection to uodMtnko tbe du(J."
lho demnml •ms ool inkirted on. But it "'M nnt in
thP of Uti• uuhnppy perio><lthnt the British

uame ml•t "ith dOI'!'l"'t bumiliatinn. W hil" ne-
gotiation•, l'Yer shifting and nc>wr l'ndin!!, "''"' in
J•rogre!lS, tbl' countTymcn of Cli n•, n:nd l.nurl!llce,
and Cooll', ruu1 L:tk,-, nud W ellMir)·, wel'l· mi-.<'rably
thro..Ong away thnt military whirh
Sfl't'a.t men luul miM•rl, anrl hn!l been fur more
clllcnciou8 in raL;ing nnd maintaining tho Driti•h
<!mpire in the Eaot than all otbf•r al(tlllcieo of human
origin.
The English iu lndill, wWI(' pursuing n c11100r on
the whole of unpnmllcled brillinncy, hod yet re-
rei.-ed t'ht'<'b ; tbey had on•'taiocJ re-
    but clown to thi• mi.•embh: epoch tbo) bad
met them like men. Now, the which bad
l>omc the Dritioh triurnJ•hn:nt through so
ronny of laad sn ot'ten planted
it no the Rnmmit of the brt'lldl choked "itb tho
uf tbtt"C \\ ho hod fullt•n In thP attt'mpt to
• Thia ualoul ollicer cliorlaJ'<d lor "" " aridity ol acquiaitioo
tian. jud,'"W'OI IQ c:booointr Ill•""' ltrtiCJ.. •hi<b ...... IIOC .. t liJtdy
Ia be ... rut to IJioo<o whom bo O<rm!. Ho pad<ed and ...med
a'fty a la'J:" rile of inch obo!Lo, whi•h, in tho band• of""'
cllid., '""'ld be mrre lumber, tho ""'""" for thrvwin; tbota
hcitut at J..!alot.d
(;II \P.
:'CXX.
CIIAP,
XXX.
286 lli5TORY OF Till!
bear it thither-the spirit displayed by the officer
who, lll4J'cbing to the relief of Tricb.inopoly, •
entered in triumph, eupported by two of his
men, l;ecnusc UIUilJio to rupport billlself ;• by tho
disnbled and sufl'ering man, 4Dd his 8l'J'Bf of sick
:md wounded, whose unexpected nppeunwcc at
:Mulwagul tul1l.cil the fortune of the dny, and fiavccl
4 BritlFh force from dl!litruction ; t and lJy the

hurublo sotjeant who, witb a hnndfu I of men, main-
tained, a,."llinst an oven1•helming foroe, n miserable
fort till it crombled around him into n shapeless
benp of rubbish t - thnt spirit l!llCrued to h:tve
dCJlarted from the British soldier in Kabool. TIJo
riclt heritage of glory bequeathed t,o hlm by his
predece1lS<Ira in &mls-tlrc fruit of toils and strug-
gles innumerable in every part of the world-II'RS
forgotten or dell]>iscd, and a. mean regartl for per-
sonal safety, which tended to defeat itsl!!f,
the placo of Ute noble and un.•hrinking endur-
ance wbiob bnd so long been classed among the
prominent clut.roetaristies of his countrymen.
The dafenac of M ahomcd Sboreef's fort, wlticb
seemed destined to be a ne1'er-ending source of au-
uoyMco nnd discredit, fn mished occnsioo for n display
of pusillanimity fur morn disgraceful tbnn tbe blun-
ders whiclt preceded its CRJlture. The enemy were
very desirous of regniniog   anot resorted to
various modes of attack for the Jl1111>0Se· In imita·
tion of the English, tltey o(tcrnpted to hlow open
• See ool. i. p. 27 l. t S.• •ol. i.   563.
I See tol.i. (ll'. 566, 667.
DlllTWl F.MPrRB IN lNOL\. 287
tho gate with powder, but of tho proper
went of this ope muon tboy seem to bn vc becu
entirely ignorant; tbe powder ox plodcd, but the
gato wus unb11m1cd. Thoy next commenced mining
ouo of the towers, but Lieutenant Sturt, und<>r
cover of the night, (•utered their mine and blew it
up. The garrison were ..o much nlllrmed by tbcsc
llttl·mpts, tltDt they "ere ul'lt deem•..J tru•twortby,
and 11 change W8!J consequently mnd!!. The new
garri-on coru.ktcd of one compo.ny of the Queen'•
41th, under Lieutl'nnnt Grny, and one CODIJ•'W.Y of
the 3ith Bcngnl infiu1try, llllUl'r Lieutcunnt Haw-
trey. In order to de-troy tbc roemy's min<>, it had
been nece ... •nry to open 11 ncar tbo walls,
ami this orJCJling was, 11·hcn tho work wu pu-
  s..>cured by barricading.   this
defence, a party of the enemy, wl1n hnd Cl't'(lt up,
di.>eha.rged a few •. bot..-. and Lieot{'nant Grny wu
!lightly wouudcd. lle JltOCl'l!tlcd to cnntonmenu
to get his wound drc•"'!d, and the ml'n of thl' .J.Jtb,
immodia.tely un bis departure, prcp&rl-d Cor flight.
Licuteunut llowtrey used every J)(l!qiible <'Xertion
to "ithhold them, but in 'ain ; tb1·y prctipitatcd
o\·or tho walli!, and wt'M &OOn followed
by tho 1!epoJ8 of llao 37th. who rrovioU>ly were
dis(IO'ud to otruld to tbdr dUtJ. T11·o nf the latter
body, inrloed, wero left dcnd in the fort, but not B
man of the 44th. Thu enemy oC I"OUI'ie took
se.sinn of tlao fort. Tho buaar village W8!J gar·
by R flart}' of the 44th, who, ou obot-r\'ing
the flight of their comrades from )labomed Sbereers
CHAP.
XXX.
UJAP.
XXX.

0}' TH&
fort, wwe nbout to lollvw their cxnmplt·. but
stopped b) their offict-1"1. .\ftcr this numifl'litatiou,
n guaru of ..,,,...,. '11'11$ •t..•tioucd 11t the cnti'IIJlce of
the '-r. with orders to pnrrent tl1o departure uf
lll1J Eumpt•IIDS ou duty thl'n!, and on thu foUo";ng
do.y the European gnrri1<011 1•ns withnrn\\u, rutd a
CODl(IRD)' Of the 37UI IUtlh'C! infiuJlr) pul iu ilicir
place.   • suys Eyn.-, "being the
\\eakellt !"•int or our drfcnce. •• had hithcorto been
protcckocl entirely by of htl Hth.
whlch of honour they 1rere now ctlu•idered
unworthy to retain. "•
• Military oporu;.-, p. 143. 'fhe oboomuJoiU ...s. by
Liooo,_t F.Jft ia ci<Bce <JIIloo "--aa witlo whleb l>e bolo r<·
poned thio aDd oinoilar !KtJ may be 'I""""' in of lhe
tldDption 1>1 l.br ..,... .,.,._ tn lb. pi'OIOIIt work. " In tlw '
counc o( thi• wanutiTe I ll.i.\'C b«u compelled, by 1teru truth. to
"""' don foctt nr:ouly aft'ening U.. hOllOW' iult n .. ll o( •
Brililh ,.;;mta>L !1 may, ,.. nulier I C.U it JDU>I, iDmtably
haJlP"D tloot raJ ow.mrnta ar U.. KA'-1 00011'·
......,..       to -r ·-prin1e or public
(ftlingo 11tt iD"'""lt!d in gloo ing Oft< or •opp .... l.h<t lllllllo-
rau.t UI'Ort COmmitted, and int'Utfe'd, bo.t mt
heart lelia me tl•at no paltry motiv.• of rinlryot ouuic:e iallomc:e
my pen. nthn' a and honnot deoinllo bontlit tho public
....,.;.e by roiDJiD« out thr I'U<lo "" which ..... "'l"'tatioa ......
,.._l<rd. lloo - by which oou hoaour wu oullird, oad oar
IDdim rmpu .. rnclaDgoml. u a wanu.og 1o fut,.... a<l<>n 10 aimiar
-..... In a wonl, l belirfe that mo"' ;. to -
ITvm the publication of tbo whoU. unmitigatrd truth, thAD from a
.,.... Jl&fbled •tatement of it. A kingdom bu h<c-u l .. t.-an army
obDa: aad ou .... ty if 1 can •hew tloot had • .., be.., hut 1r11< to Ollr·
.... had ........... .....ut<> boa. odoplld, tl>e .... It migbt
br<a widrlr dil£rrmr, I ahall haTe 'll'rittm aa ,,.tna<U«
lcMoo to rol.,.ood llllbJ<eU, to _....,... azul onnlot, azul ..baU
11nt h.nc incurred in Y&1Jl the   of tell·wtttetttd
BRm&IJ EMl'I:RE IN lN'DJA, 289
Dnys Jlll<;sed away, tho British in cantonment&
  before them the pJ'O!l)JCCt of starv-
ation; n n."'ult av-erted only by tcmpomry llllflJllies,
of the cootinuanco of wltieb no retii'Onnblo conli-
dcnco could be cotcrtnincd. T n bom<'ly, but ex-
pr< .. •h·e ph111!1cology, they were litentlly ropJlllrled
" from hAnd tu mouth." The I'C!!lmiou of discipline
grndunlly pressed ruoro nnd more lightly, till nt lnst
they ,.-ere !;C&l"Cely fek. With a new to tho np-
proru:hing necess:ity for rctrt.'llt, 'vben tho
would inl'nlnbly become n prey to the enemy, the
gencml bad ordered some nmmunition to be di lri-
but('() to Cl'rtain cnmp-followers, nnd co1nmnmling
ofticccs M'ro directed to indent for new IUld
ncooutremcrtls, in oxcbnngo for such ns " 'ere old or
damaged. D11t litllo attention was now paid to the
letter of orders, nnd it is stntcd, tb4t mlllly officers
in conunand of compnnies rested content with 8Cild-
ing their men to the magazine, to help themselves
nt plensuro; the stores, in the nb!!<'nco of nny build-
ing proper for their I'CC('ptioo, being placed under
the trees of nu orchlll'd, in cbnrgl' of n •mnJI gunrd.
The consequence "115, n scene of ooufw.ioo and
plunder, soldiers nnd camp-followers indbrriminntely
or the proud. It ill ootoriota, that <he filot lad bem Cor a
long time ptm'iou• to thHe io a atate or woeful
ddmontiot>. I 6rmly bolie..., that i.o lhi•, ond i.o every otbe:
rapeet, they otood 11ont .. a ng;-t ol that ooblo U'IDJ wb-
clociout deedt in all qull'tUI or tho clobe have fonned .rith thooe
ro/ the Britiob DO'}' tbe (OWJCiatioo of our DOtlouoJ Oftd bO>C
l<lpplied ,..,. oa- to - • ol woadc:r ond odaintioa .. -
Pp. 14310
\'OL. \'1 .. IT
CRAP.
XXX.
CUAP.
XX.,.
290
niSTORY OF THE
rushing to tho spot, and each m&n carrying off what
his fancy suggestc<l liS de•irnhlo for bim to posse!ill.
Some exerted to check tho tu-
mult and protect tho JlrOporty, hut fo.r some time
their authority W!lll openly doAed. Tho semhlnnco
of order wns ultimately rc"torcd, and the forger
portion of the misappropriated articles recovered ;
but the incident nflordcd a lamentable indication of
the relaxation of thOIIC til'S which withhold a body
of soldiery from degcnel'llting into n disorderly rni\S$
of nrmed adventurers.
The negotiations ltn.ving arrived at a 6toge wbtln,
if they were to bo regarded as sincere or bintllog,
cflect might be given to tho sli(>ulatioos ogrellCl
U}lOU, the British troops in the llala Uissar marched
out to join their brt>thn:n in cn.ntooments. But tho
A lfgban chiefs &till held back from the execution of
the pro,isions to "bich they bad boOJld tht>m!;Ch·Cjl.
The Briti!h Coree Wll! entirely at their mercy. Tho
onemy were in posaession of all tho fortS which
commanded the and the distre!ls, for
wunt of provisions nod forage, which prevniled wll!
extreme. Further to aggrn.-oto the sufferings of
the unhappy force, U1o "inter became intensely cold.
and a heavy fall of •now CO\"ercd the ground.
At this moment, when diflir-ulties, multif:trion,
and seemingly in"'lmlonntable, surrounded tho Bri-
tish force; with fierce enemies, or pretended, but
trcacberolll', Frienue without Ute cantonments, nod  
perishing IDil!!s within ; wbou to remain or to fly
seemed alike fmnght with dc&truotion ; when tlu.>
nurrrsn EM.PmR IN INOlA. 201
had lost all energy, and when no conceinblo
nmount of l)nergy appeared equal to the orell!!ion;
when the access of hope on every side seemed
bnrrod--.n prorJOOI.I was suddenly mndo to the British
envoy, to which, unl1appily, his e11.1barl'tiSSDlent.s in-
dueed bim to lend a willing ear. It came from
Akoor Khan, ond wM to this ell'ect: that Ameen.
ooUah KhliD, one of tbc moet influential of tile op-
posing chiefs, n.nd believed to be one of the moeot
bootile, shoultl be seized, and become prisoner; that
Mahomed Khan's fort and the Bala 8bonld
be reoccupied by tho British troops, who were to
remain in tho country some monUIS longer, Md
lhl'n to emcunto it in a friendly manner; Shah
Sboojab to ret.nin tho so•·crciguty, but Akbar Khan
to be named his .-izier, and. in addition to U1at
office, to r<.'CCi vo pocuuiary rcwlll'd to llll
amount. In <toe re..pcct the proposal went further
tban has been stated. To imprison the chief mo.t
activo in oppo!!ition to Shah SbO<tiah was, in
AITgban eye!<, but little, aDd the en•oy '11111 &l8tii't!d
that, for a sum of money, l.bc bead of his cne1ny
be laid nt hi$ feet. Tile an•wer of Sir Wil-
liam was surb as became tho rcpre-
I!Clltative of tho go•·crrunent with wbO!Kl Interests
he wu intmJtcd; hr intillllltc.l that it '11'18 neither
hill enet.nm, nor that nr his country. to gi vo 11 price
for blood.
• Looking at the proposal with the coolnl'"!l which
    IUld distance and tile all"Cnce of noxiNy nllow,
it apJ'I'IIrs t.H> mOJl<LI'OUB to llO...., ewn "ith a no.-il't•
11 :!
CHAP
xr.<.
CHAl'.
):XX.
A. 0 , IS<l.
292
ITISTORY OF TIIF.:
in diplomacy, still less could it be e:qXlcL!'d to sua·
eeed \lillt one !'<> experienced in tho ways of mcn,
and so familiar "ith the wiles of eastern policy, 33
WllS Sir William ;\laciUig'hten. n came, however,
at a moment when nlmost any chnugo seemed o.
relief from the harrowing troubles which bad prcs.OO
so o,·erwhelmingly on his mind, and it should be
l'(lmrmbcred. nlso, tbnt, cxtravagunt ns were the
suggestions ofiercd to him, tl•c history of tho Enst
alfor•ls multitudinous instnnccs of the severance of
appnrent friends, and tho wtion of aYowed coemios.
in no \lise more stmnge and unnccountable than those
which were invoh·cd ju this overture. But, whnt-
  v ~ r the degroo of plausibility which tho proposal
may lx>Ar to different mincb, Sir Willinm M ac:nagh-
ten eagerly, as it seems, embraced it; excepting,
however, lot it be repented, that part which involved
the infamy and guilt of IISSil55inution. Jlis consent
haYing been secured to the outline of the Jlla!l. it
was suggested that a conference, for the purpose of
nrrnnging the details, should tnke placl' ootwecn
him ttnd Akbar Khan. The place selected for tho
intl'rvicw wns the plain, and thither, about noon on
the 23nl ef September, Sir William .Maenaghtcu
pi'()OC'Cded, nccomprutied by Cnptnios Laurence, Tre-
vor, and Mackenzie. He had requested thnt the
gen('ral would bnc two regiments and two guns
rEady for secret scnice, and tho existence of a feel-
ing that the experiment be Willi nbout to mnkc wtlll""'
nttcndcd with tltmgcr was indicntod by hi>! tll•Riring
tllftt the garrill()n might oo kl'pt on thl' all'rt. and
llRITil!O ElWIJl£ lN INDLA. 293
the wnlls atrongly mlllllled. 1t does not appear,
however, thllL mnc:h regard was paid to wishes
oo tb.i.s PQint; for, oo leaving the cantonments, he
cxpi'C6BCd dilmppoiutmont at tho pnucity of mou on
the rampart& ond tho apparent weakness of tho gar-
ri.oo, remtu"kiog to his oomparuOIL\ with not less of
justice tbnn or bitterness, thnt it wns "or n piece
with tl1c militnry nrrangcmeuts throughout the
siege."
The troops required to c:my out the objec:ts of
the propo8CIIugreernont wore not iu rendlnes!l, nod u
letter from the general, remonstrating their
IK>iog thus employed, was diEpat<'hed to the envoy
nftcr be h1td token his departaro, nod which coo.oe-
l(oently bo never recchcd. On appronching tho pluce
of meeting, the smnll escort which bad acoomp:wied
tho eo fiiY hnlted, ond he :uhanced will• tho three
officers to the selected spot, which was pnrtinlly
screened from ' ' iew from U1e contooments by SOIDO
moJI biUocks. Akbdr Khan soon afoorwnrds ap-
JlCared, with some other chief., among whom WIIS
ll1o brother of tho mon proposed to be i!Oirtcd nud
imprisoned. A carpet was sprt'nd, and the confc-
n:nce began. lt bad not long continued, ,.ben a
number of men, heavily annerl, gmtlunlly drew near,
And seemed to be forming a drelo round the spot.
This     noticed by Lllureuce, who sug-
gL.,led that, 115 the confenmee was of a Wl-
r,uro, they should be oruered to n rlistaoco. Akbar
Kh11u auswcrcd, th11t it was of no importanct•, for
that the) were nlJ in the ..ocret. lmmedialcl) after-
CIIAI'.
x.u.
294
lliJTOJlY OP TilE
"'arda, he exclaimed, "Sci2c
1
sciZ<l !" nnd tho cu voy
and his three comrnnions were iDllilediately pinioned
from behind, deprived of thci r o.nd carried
on· Captnin Trevor wns put tu
!leatb, and the 8tUDe futc befol Sir William Mnc-
nagbt!?n, who, it is reported llJid generally
wu shot by Akbar Khan with a pi•tol, one of a pair
jnl!t before presented by tbe envoy to the ruthless
cbiof. The bodies of the murdered men Wtlro ex-
poecd to the indignities nnd oulmges with which
eMtern re\'enge is wont to   the remains of
fallen foes, and were rnrruled through the of
tlle city in btlrbnrio triumph. The bnnd of Sir
William Macnaghten wns exhibited in snvo.gc dcri-
fion at the window of the place in which the two
&ur\i,iog prisnne111 were oonfined.
Much anlmndvorsion hal! boon passed on tho con-
duct of Sir Willhun Maenagbtcn in tho bwJne!ill
which terminated so fatally for himsell. or impru-
dence, it is im 110Whle to ncqoit him. He, indeed,
appears to have boon aware that on this ground be
W!ll! '\ithout justiflcaUoo. Doing warJlcd lJy one of
his oompa.nio08 that. the scheme was dn.ngcrolll', and
thnt treachery might be meditated. be nt once ad-
mitted the danger, nod dcelllred that be bad no
oon!idcnco in the iJJ.Surgent cllicfs, but added-" At
nny mte, I would rather rulfcr an hurulrOO deaths
tbao lhc the lnst bix wcekA over ag:.in. " • The
uuderttakiog, then, wns tbe last of a man_
• L<:tl<r Cram Captain Laumu:e Ill Major Pottinger, tilth Moy.
1842.
, ,_
• •
BIUTiliB DIPJJlll lN INDIA. 295
who entertained little hope of itil success, but saw
no means of l!l'Cape by nny other wny. Slil.l, ii be
could not altogether dccluJo the dnnger, some pre-
pamtion migbt bne been made for meeting it.
The milltury nuthoritics slumbered in cnntonments;
but a larger and more effieient C!!COrt tban that
which nctunlly nccompnnietl him ongbt to bne bi.'Cln
pruvidcd, and tho en<O) and his immediate attt'nd-
nnts shoultl not have been S<lp:u':llod from it by so
a di.tauet' as that which "1lS permitlt!d to in-
tcr•·cno. With a more nucquato force, and one
Jlt('pa:red to perform its duty,. the li\·cs or the
Europenu functionMk'l! might !mvo been MCrificcd
u1 the mr!Ce that must hne CIL<ned UJ>On any at-
tempt nt retrist:'lncc, but a chance of escape would
ba•o been aJlordcd tbcm.
An displAy of confidence may, in a few
in'<tnncel!, lmvo weeceded in dealing with the people
of tbe EI\8L; where rucct'lii has followed, tbare
iB reasou to believe that they have been o.-crawcol
rather thM flattered ; and the iotcretit.. of an
empire are of too much importance to be r!skod
• The uoops Conning the """'1'• mWl acort
<&lly rm away u 110011 u dangot   appartnt. witb the
aeoptiaa o( ooe IliaD. who wu ie-!ia•dT cut du....,. s-
•pology for tJ>eir cunduct !nAT bo (ound in the unaiJMM o( tboir
number. '!'hey ......., ooiT aixtren, IWd tbla number ,. .. more
than Sir William Maeaaghtea hod propwd totUe. Bot. bdore
bo left the eanttmm<ntJ, bo '""""' to b.,.e b<came "'"'"' ol the
tmor, md tbo .........u.ler o( the hod7-guard were ordond to lol-
Jo,., did roJ!olr, but hod Gilly .. oc:wlcd a •bart w....-
lrom tho gat<. whrn l..,ing the •tate of atTain>, they•oddon!T
1'-.1 .... md plloJ*I hod<.
CIIAP.
XXX.
206
DIBTORY 01' TilE
on an idle display of footing wiUch can rarely bo
sincere.
But beyond tho ehargo of imprudence, which is
but too well sustained, there seems no ground for
iruvugoJug the conduct of the British envoy on this
OC<'nsiou. The imputation of bad faith is ridJrulous.
The chiefs brul :!greed to certain c:ondJtions, not ono
of "hleh they blld ever performed, or, as it would
appear, intended to perform. All to wiUcb tho
representatiTe of the British government h11d in
return hound himself W1IS C:OUM'(Jnently at M end,
ami he was in the snme p06ition ns that in which ho
stood before ClOY nogotintiou commenced. In this
stnto of things be rocci vet! llD overture from one of
the ciUm, propo9ng, on certnin conditiolll!, to give
up Clllotber, whose power of doing mischief WNl
greatly dreaded, and he consented to discuss t11e
proposll.
Whether or not AJcbar KbBn, bad he been sin-
cere, were justified in betraying his coodjntor Amecn-
oollab Kbnn, is not tho question. I t is no unusunl
pntctice to employ tho 1:10rviccs uf one net or in u
conspiracy to circumvent the rest; and wbntovcr
might be the tit'S cxioting ootwccn Akbar Khnn 111111
t be man whom be proposed to seize and make pri-
soner, Sir William Macoaghten cannot be regarded
as nt the time onder nny eogngwnent to either.
As n question of momlity, no imp11tation can lie
ngninst the ehnrncter of Sir William Macnaghtcn

for   lhe proJ•ol'lll which wnslll<'Rill
to lure IUm to deslruclion. A8 a IJWlStion or pru-
llRITISII EMl'JRJol IN INDIA. 207
deuce, ho cannot escape blruno, unless tho distmct-
ing c.in:umstancos in which he wns placed may plead
his excuse.•
It will noturnlly be supposed that the events lnst
relatCC"l were sufficient to rouse the British rui1itary
autboritic.. from tlto torpor which bad so long op-
prt>SScd them; that somo effort, worthy of tho
country that ga'·c them birth, the sen<ice to which
they belonged, and the character which they had to
maintain, would bavo been mode to rescue from
l'11ptivity, if they stiU lived, the victims or Akbar
Khan's treachery, or to inlllct just relribntion if
that treachery bad been oonsummatcd by a....a.<sina-
tion. And what wns done? Let the qu001tioo be
nnJ;wered by LieutcnMt Eyre, nn eye-witness. Hill
testimony L'<, that tho intelligence brought, "in.tead
of romiog our leadol1! to instllllt action, to
pnrnlyzc their fucultice; nod although it wOB evident
that our cnYoy bod been ba.soly tonl:rappod, if not
actuolly munlered before our very gate, ond though
• Tho qwtk I""'""Ption and ooWJd ocoe ol Wr Sole baTO
t.lcterm.iJlcd tJ1o question in a mNJner whiQh may 11.ti•fy Ill who
IU"e not adminn of na.ti.-e •• \Ve mutt bald iA mi.ad.
that   we ba.., performed aU promila ....de on 0111' port,
gi'ml up our ""fmfil!, ammllllition, fortt, &e., the treary luod
nOtor been rlguod by the chim, nor had !bey fulfi11ed • tingle
ooodilion which hod heon rpecifi<d verbally, beyond gi•lng ••
groiD iu •mall quantitior. Tho ...,m.,. il. that lhe .. ., ,....
perfectly jtlltiMd. .. far .. U.pillg fai&h ........ in eu.lft'ia!r
onto uy .,..,.,....,, by whleb lhe «<IOI11ion of the tTOopo cvold
bc IUUcliorotod, and the honour of our I"'Untty be onourod. He
"nly erml in • it 1100libl• that Allbar Kbao, pr'O"trbiallf
II>< moot "-herous oi all bia c:auD!rJIDCD, wald be linccn:."-
Jov.mal, P•
CUAP.
;ux.
CRAP.
XXX.
208
HlSTORY 01' Tlt&
oTeo now crowds of AITgban.., horse and foot, were
!!CeO passing and repru..ing to and fro in bO!itilc aiTfty
bctwC('o l\1Abomed's fort rmd the place of meeting,
not a gun wns opened upon them; not a soldier wM
etirrad from his post ; no sortie wll!! apparently oven
thought of; tre11chery Wl\.8 nllo11ed to triumph in
open dny: tho murder of 11 British envoy was por-
pctrntcd io the face and within musket-shot or a
Uritish army; ami not only "-n:. oo eiTort made to
avenge the dastardly dcetl, but tbe body was len.
lying orr the pi:Un, to bo mangled rwd insulted, Md
tinnily oo.rricd oO' to bo pura<led in the public market
by n ruffionly mob of fnnntical bnrbnri.ws."• A ml
thus low wns llritish eunk, nnd thus wus British
honour tnrnbhed, rwd thull were n knot of obor:ure
barbnrinmt rulfercd to re\CI in trmclrt>ry.
and defy the arms of tlrat power bofore which the
troops of Europe had given way!
And now the onward progre!iS of humiliation was
rapid nnd fearful inrlecd. Insult followed hard uy10n
trcachOr)', in tho transmill!'ion from the chicftnins,
upon whOIIC hnnds tho blood of Sir \Villinm M nl'·
nnghten nnd CaJ•tnio 'fro,•or wus yet frcslr, or n new
treaty for the acceptance of thO!!C into whOISC hrwds
tho lllllDllgeJDent of the interests of the  
go'ernmeot might ba,·o pnsscd. It contained the
SIUDO nrticles 08 tho • treaty, ";th the ad-
dition of three others :-1st. That the British force
should lcn"e behind nll their guns cxceptiug ""-
2nd. Thnt they should give up nil their tron&Urt';
" Military Operotiono, rP· 199, 200.
/
...
DJUTI811 EMJ'IIill lN INDIA. 2!){)
and, 3nl. That the alrt'tldy held by the
A llgbnns should be exchllllged for married men,
with their \lif"es and families. Rome demur aroo.c
as to tbc ncccptnnce of thi>< lrt't1Ly. Major EldrCfl
Pollinger, "ho hnd consenlt'l.l,at tho urgent
of tho general, to act n;, political agent, objected.
nncla council was summoned to his
tions. It consbted of General Elphin.•LOue, Bri-
gndiers Shelton :md Anqul'til, Colonel Charnben!.
Cnptnin &llew, and CapUlin Ornut. To tlcesc
ollicon. llll\ior Pollinger or>ened his viemo, &\'"Owing
his eonYictiuu tbnt no coofodonco could Ill.! 1>lnccd iu
lllly lrl'llty formed with the AJfghans, IUid that to
bincl tho government of ludia by engagements to
evncuate tl1o country, to re>tore tho deposed nmecr,
anol to pay a sum nmounting to fourte('ll lacs of
ncpces-for thiB fonned pnrt of thl' arrnngcment-
wns inconsistent with tho claimq of public duty.
Entertaining tbe;;e opinions, tho only honourable
course, in his jodgtnl'ot, \1118 either to bold out to
the lnst at Kabool, or to cudenTOur to force a way
to Jehdnbnd. .Major Pottinger nppears to bn\'u
found no support in the council. One and aU
clnred thnt neither branch of the nlterunti.-cs sug-
ge:stt..:l wBB prncticnble, mul thnt it would be better
to pay any   of money tllllll to prolong hostilities.
It "'118 rcsol vcd, thcroforo, to 11ccedo to tho
of tho enemy; and hrul tltcy heen ten timCA more
unrcncounbll!, nod o. hundred limlll> more bumiliating.
prohnbly tho hlllllP dclcrmlnution would have lx.-cn
adopted. Rill! "'""' gin•u for the •aot ran-om rc-
CHAP.
XXX.
CHAJ'.
XXX.
300
DlSTOR Y 01' Til£
quircd, under the pretence, indeed, of alfonliog pro-
IC!Ction, but still a difliculty reii1J1ined. The hm;tagts
demo.oded could not be furnished. A ciroulnr was
addressed to the mnrrictl officers, offering eollf!idem-
blo personal advnotages to those willing to risk tho
aructy of their whes nod families by allowing lhem
to be detained, but nearly all refused. A magnilo-
quent answer was therefore given upon this point,
to the ell"eet that " it wns contnuy to the usages of
war to give op llldies as hostages, and that the
gt:>neral could not consent to no nrrnngement which
would bmw! him with perpotuul disgmce in his
owu country."• Tt WIUI not stuted to the chiefs
that, unusun.l o.od disgraceful as was the surrco(lcr
I'C<tnired, an attempt to obtain tho moons of mnk.ing
it had been resorted to and bad failed. The enemy
were not inexomhl-tho bills on the government
or India bad probably n e n   d them-t,hcy agreed
to Ml(lcive hostages of the sterner sex; and tho
rettuisitc number being pro>"ided, this ground of tlif-
firulty was removod. Cnplllins Drummond, W nlslt,
W nrbnrton, and Webb, wore ncccpted, and pro-
ccoded to join CnpLains Conolly and Airoy, who
,..ere already in the k()(!piug of the Aflghnns.
Captains L:lurence and lllackeozie, who lutd been
seized ...ith Sir WilliAm Macuagbten, were JlC""
mittcd to return, M wu also Captnin Skinner, who
WIIA pre"fiousJy in the power Of the enemy.
The sick and wounded of the Driti$h foree it wn.s -
nrrnngud @hould not uc.compnny their compnnion.!!
• .Byte'• Mlliuuy OJlontluna in KalJool, p. 203.
~
DRITISO DIPIJI.E IS 11\"DIA. 301
on tho approaching march from KabooL They
were t.o be lefi in care of tho t'hic&, and in fur-
tbcrnnco of this design they \ICrt' coo.-eyed into
the Baln IIis!Sar. The movement of lbo rest was
delayed under various prctencc6 li II the Gtb of
January, when, in the lauguogc of Liculennnt Eyre,
" the fntnl morning dnwucd which wn.s to witneilli
tho departure of the Knbool fnrc!' from the canton-
ments in whit'h it had sustained a two months'
siege, to cnoounter the miscriC!I of a winter marclJ
through a country of perhn)l6 unpnraUeled difficulty,
where C\"f:'ry mountain dcfil<>, if ob.liuately defendctl
hy n dct!'mtined enemy, must inevitably prove the
gnwo of buudreds.''• Tho clrcumst.'mces nndur
which tb!! mn.rcb c:ommencctl nrc thus described by
tho l!llme nulhor :-" Drenry indeed was the scene
over which with drooping   aod dismal foro-
bodings we had to bend our unwilling steps. Deep
anow oovercd every inch of mountain nod plain
• one unspotted sheet of dazzling wltite, and so
bitter 1ms the cold M to penetrate nnd
dofy tho tlufonces of tho wnrmest clothiog."t Snrl
nnd sullbring issued from tl10 Britillh cnntomnentq
tho mingled m3SS of Eoropcnos nntl Asiatics, of
eombot&nts nnd noo-oomb&t&nts, of men of '11Uioos
creeds, oomplrudoo, and habits; port of
them peculiarly t.o endure the h.'U'dships of
a rigorous climate. which hard hips. howeTer, had
to bo abared by them in oommou with some whose
sex ordin11rily exempts them from pnrticipating iu
• Milimrr Operatiolll, p. 2H. t Ibid.
C'IIAP.
XXX.
A.D. 1811.
CIJAP.
XXX.
302
lfiSTORY OP Til&
tueb scenes, and othcrl! "hose tender n.,ae might
well entitle them to tho like privilege. Tho nom·
bcr of the fngith•o crowd wns large; about four
tboUlillnd five hundred fighting mOD, • and nol les.4
than twelve tbouwnd followers, besides women noel
chlltlren. The odvn.oeo wcro in motion al nine
o'clock in the morning, nud from that hour till the
c.-cuing the throng continut..od to pass through the
gates of the cantoorncnll, which were immediately
occupied by homes of fanatical Alfghans. "rendinlf
tho air ,.;th their cxu I ling erie-, and committing
every kind of atrocity." A flro of juzails wns opcnrd
on tho retiring troops, 1md Lioutonant lTnrdymnn,
of tho 6th light cavalry, with ubout fifty rank ond
fill', fell victims to it. 'l'he coutonmeots were 110
aooner cleared than all order wu lost: troops, C:IUDfl-
followers. and b:.ggagc. public and pri.-ate, bct'am<'
intermingled in ono disorderlyiJll!..SS, and confusion.
universal and inextricable, pre,lliled. Thus WnB thl'
march commenced. Tbo shadows of night overtook
the fugitives while still pursuing thnir weory course.',
hut its d.nrknes-Q wns relioved by tha blu.c which
• Tbe atm1gtb of lbe fore.. u fat u it could be ucenainod.
i• gi•eo by Epe u foil...-• :-<me troop o( bone
llltill•ry, 90: H.A1."1 44lh foot. 600: - G90 6111
or light can!ry. ''"' oquodront, 2GO: otb Shah"• itft·
gular cli1t0 (Al>denon'a), 500 : lilr.inn<r"• hone, on<' .-Ia. 70.
4lh imgalac ditto, one ditto, 70 ; miMioo CICI>ft, ar body-pard.
70: - 070 ""nlrr· 6th aalint iof1111try, 700; 37tb ditiD, rot>.
64th ditto, G.W; 6tb Shih'• infantry, 600; aappera and miom,
2(): Shah'a ditto, balf tho mountaJn.IJ'ain, 30: -   :;::.)
'l'otal, 4,500. Six horJMt·artilltry glml, three mount.ain·tmiu
ditto.
BRITISH n::nu. 303
rose nboYe the British residency ruld other buildings
which the enemy had fire<l upon tnking possession of
the cantonments. M"anysepoys nnd cnmp-followcrs,
unable to contend longer with their misery, Jny
down to wait, in silent despair, the npproaeh of the
relief from earthly suffering which death, nt no dis-
tlll)t pcriotl, must bring; and of th()SC who  
forwnrd, some Jierlshed before tl1e morning dn.,rn.
'fhc provision for encampment wns miserably defi-
cient ; here, ns on the march, nil wns disorder and
destitution. Thousands of wretched men were un-
able to obtilin either shelter, -fire, or food ; tbe snow
Wll8 their only bed, nod to mnny it proved the bed
of denth.
The mouow brought no allm.fntion of sufleriug;
it brought only the agony of consciousness in ex-
change for ilie obllvinn of slumber. The m:u-eh
wns resumed in n dill'erent order from that 11Un!uorl
on the preceding day, "if tltat," says Lieutenant
Eyre, "could be called which comisted of n
mingled mob of soldiers, camp-followers, and bog-
gage-cattle, preserving not even tbe fi;Lintest resem-
blnnoe of that regularity and discliplinc on wlrich
depended our only chance of escape from tho dan-
ger which threatened us. "• Ono of the Shah's regi·
ments hnd disappeared, nnd wne boHeved to have
returned to Kabool. Tho rest nf tho force pro-
ceeded, numerous mall bodies of Afighnns, horse
and foot, ha.ng:illg on its Bnoks, and moYing in n
parnllel direation with it. The ebiefil, in whose
• Mll[tnry OJl""'tion•. p. 2\10.
CEIAP.
x:xx.
CRAP.
:nx
IIISTORY 01' Tnll
favour bills to the amount of more th:m fourteen
had been drawn, had promL<ro in rctum 1111
CliCOrt, and tho partie!! which \hU3 hovered round
tho British farce were at first to cou;rtitute
n portion of it. This belief was nfter 11 tiruo dis-
peUoo by their taking u step wbjch not even by tho
most liberal construction could be regarded ns fonn-
iog nny )lllrt of the dutiCll of an escort. They at-
tacked the British rear-guard, under Brigadier An-
qu('til, composed of her l\11\iesty's 44\h, the moun-
trun-lmin gnns. 11nd n sqtmdron of irregular burt'C.
The guns wero captured, but gaU!lntly retaken by
Lieulrumnt White nnd 11 few   who,
however, being unsupported, were unable to retnin
what they bad so bonoumhly won bnck. The 44th
oould not be brought up, nml the guns were in
consequence o-nly abandoned, though not until
they had been spiked, "nmicl lhl.' gleaming sabrt"'
of dto onerny."• Ten more guns were
spiked and abandoned, tbo horses attncbod to tlwm
being unable to dmg their bur!len further tbrongh
tho snow.
It WM no•v learned that Akbar Khan wns in the
viciillty, and communications were opened with him.
Tb11t tru.<t-wortby personnge declared. that he bad
been sent to escort the British force to Jelalnbo.!l.
1111d \hat the anno)'Rllco which they had suJfered was
tbe result of their having mucbed contrnry to tho
wishes of the Affghan chiefe. He insisted, accord-
ingly, on tbe force being hnltod at Bootbauk tiU tho
• Lady Sole.
DRI'I1Sa EMPIRE IN UID!A. 305
following morning, rmtl moreover demn.nded six hos-
tnges, to insure its not mnrobing beyond Tnzeeu,
till news · should be received of the evacuation of
J elalnbad hy Sio· Rohert Snle. for wbioh nn order
load been diB]mtcbed. in cwm]Jliance with a stipula-
tion in the ln.'tlty. The required hnlt wns made,
but In tho morning tbe AJfghans resumed their at-
tacks. A party of them was rnJlidly dispersed by
Thain, at the head of her 1\lnjesty's 44th, who
on this occasion shewed no lack of soldierly spirit.
And now Lhe fearful pn.ss of Bootbnuk b.ad to he
trnversed. The defile is nbout 6ve long, nod
is bounded on both sides by lofty and precipitous
bills. A mountain torrent dashes through it with
!jUCb impetuosity that the frost had produced no
eflect upon it beyond the edges, where ice was accu-
mulated in slippery n1:u;ses, affording to the wretcl!od
animnls which were still retaiued a footing neither
easy DOT safe. This stream bad to bo crossed twenty-
eight times. The defile gradnnliy narrows towards
the spot where the force was to emerge from it, or
Sllch portion at Jeaat n.s might sunho tbe dangerous
pll-osage, for the heights were crowned with infu-
rinted Gbiljics, ready to deal death to those below.
"The iden," says Licutenrmt Eyre, "of threading tbe
stupendous puss loefor11 us, in tho faco of an armed
tribe of bloodthirsty   with Sllch a dense.
irregulnr multitnile, wait frightful, and tho spectacle
then presented by thnt of animnted
lit>ing"!', the mujority of whom n few Oecting bonn
would tTansforrn into n line of lifeless cm·cn.ses, to
VOL. VI. X
CRAP.
x:xx.
CIIAP.
:.. ,-.:.
sos
nlSTORY OP Tmr;
guide lho futuro trovellor on hi& wny, c:u1 never be
forgolteo by tltol>C who wiloi'<'!Cd it. "• Dul the
eoncentrnted difficulties lUld perils were not to be
nvoi<lt'<l. The entered the pas•, nncl n hot
tire Will! commenced on them. Severn! h11lics no-
companied the n<I\"Mce, but no feeling of rc<pect
for tho ebarnctl!r or the timidity of woman OJl('mted
to slacken the fire from above. Tltese :md
nnoffonding fcmnlos were compelled to mnko their
wny through tho pw ";th of shots llying
around them. Happily none or them su.rtlllned
injury, excepting Lady Sale, who reeeh-ed n ball in
her ttnn. Akoor Khan, it will be remembered, bnd
prom i!ICd fJTOlcetion, and S('vcrnl of his nclhcrents
rode forward with tbe adnnr<>, nnd t>mployed
thctllS('fves slr<'nuoiU'ly. whether or not,
in exhorting the oocupnnts of tho hcighll! to
desist from firing. Their ndmonitioos Wl'rO on-
heeded : tbe balls feU thickly among the throng
stroggling oownrtls, and fearful was tho
slrLUghtcr. To mnintnin order nod regularity undel'
a. murderous fire. which those AHstruning it hnve oo
power to return with effect, may bo regtmled u one
of the highest triumphs or difteipline: but tbl.! force
to this severe trial in tho pa...-s or Boothnuk
bnd become drcndfully deterion1terl in moml ns in
phYi:icnl ; and it will excite no Sur]lrL-e.
that among ID(!J] who for scvcrol day-. hnd been
to both food and   lUld who, for a
much longer period, hu.d been grndunlly losing Ute
• Opmati'"'•· 1'· 21!6.
,
BRITlSil   ~ I P l l i   IN INDIA. 307
Sl!lli!e of duty, :md with it that of self-respeet, -panic
should arise, nnd spread with tremendous mpiility.
Such wns the fact; soldiers nod followers rushed on
iniliecriminntcly, nnpelled l>y the wildness of de-
l!pair, caring for nothing but the one objoot of
J-eachiug the end of the pnss, nnd perhaps conscious
of nothing but of the dangers which beset them.
"Thonsnnt!s," snys LieutCJllUlt Eyre, "seeking l"ll-
fuge in Hight hurried forwanl to the front, nbnndon-
ing baggage, arms, ammunition, woman, nnd chHd-
nm, regardless for the moment of every thing but
their own lives."• Some of the details ofthis most
disru!trous p3SBnge are thus given by the a:unc au-
thority. "'l'lte rear-guard, cousisting of her Ma-
jesty's 44th and the 54th native infnntry, suffered
severely, nnd nt last, finding lhat delny was only de-
struction, they followed the genernl example, nnd
made tlae best of t.lleir wny to the front. Another
horse nrtillery guo wns nbnndoned, nnd the whole
of its artillery-men slain. Cnptaio Anderson's eldest
girl and Captain Boyd's youngest boy feU into the
hands of tho AO'ghaus.f lt is supposed lhnt three
thousand souls perished in the pnss."i Sucll wns the
price of Right, nnd whnt remained to those wbo
survhcd the cnrnngc ? misery even e.'l:ceediog tbBt
which they bnd previonEly endured, the task of de-
scribing whiclt will best bo performed by ngnin quot-
ing the testimony of Lieutcnnnt Eyrl'. " On the
• Military Operutiol1ll, pp. 2:27, 228.
t Tbeae ehildrm were !!Ubotquently reoo•'ttl'<l.
I Militaty Oporaliooa, p. 228.
X 2
OUAP.
)O(X.
CII\P.
::n:-<.
308
HISTORY OF THB
forcercachingKhoonl Kabool,mow began to fall,ruul
continued till Only four stllllll tents wert'
111 1·e<1, of which one belongc1l to the gencml ; I wo
dcYoted to tho Indies nud children. and .O\IC
wns given up to the sick; but no immense number
of poor wounded wretc:bos wnudC!rotl about tho cornJ'·
d<J."tilute of shelter, nnd perished during tl1e
GI'Oilnll of mL<:ery ond distress a.ssailed the t.'8J' from
all quarters. ·we bad Meended to a rtill colder
elimlll.e thou we had left behind, nrul wert' mtl1out
tent!, fuel, or food. •• To this misemble nigllt
I!Uceet.>ded a morning bringing with it tho  
uncertainty, nnd woo whidJ hnd mro-ked so mnnJ
by which it bod been prcc:c1led. Two hours before
tho time fixed upon for marchiug, n ln.rge portion of
the lroop!l. and nearly all thc c:nmp-followers, mowd
ofl' without orders. They were recalled. in ooJLoc-
qucnce of oommun;cations from Akbar Khan pro-
mi5i.ng supplies, nod. at the time, strong!)
urging a halt till he could mnke some o.rrnngcment8
for CWTying into eflcct his benevolent dCl!ire of
cscortJng his British friends in so.fety. Thill hnlt,
like almost other mellliure which lmd boon
taken 8ince the outbreak. iu Kabool, seems to hM·r
ba-n most injudicious. "There cnn be no doubt,"
say. the author to wboec brief bot mlunhJo lll!J'nl-
th·e reference has so freq11cntly been Dlllde. t "tl1at
tho general feeling in camp was ndverse to a halt.
there being 8earecly rwn a nntive who dicl
not plainly perceive tbo.t our only chance of osc:npo
• Mililary Opentioru, p. 229. t !$tenant Byre.
DR!TISU EMI'IRE IN INDIA. 300
consiste<l in moving on ns fast ns possible. Tltis
ndditiooal delny, tl1ereJ'ore, n11 d prolongation of their
sufferings in the soow, of which one more march
1\llllld have carried them door, nutde n very unfa-
vourable inlpression on the mlndl! of the mtive sol-
diel'l!, who now, for the first time, begno very geoe-
ri•lly to enlcrt.nin the idea of deserting."•
Tho halt, bowevor, if it all8werod no other pur-
rose. alforda<l opportunity for further oommunicn-
tioll!l with Akbar Khan, and ono of a mo&t extm-
ordin11ry natnre was received from him. I t was to
the eff'ect, tbnt tho Indies who accompanied tbe
Dritish force, with their husbands ond children,
should, iu order to j)reserve them Crom fo:rtber bard-
ship and danger, be placed und.er his protection, he
rledging himself to escort them safely, keeping them
ooo dny's mnrcb i.u the rear of the nnny. This was
a startling proposal, bot time and circurustnttces
pressed, and the general ga•·e nn unhesitating con-
sent. There could be little doubt tbnt tbe objoot
of .Akbar Kbnn was to !!'lt possession of the married
men nnd tbcir fnmilies o.s hostages, n. point previously
attempted to be carried, but defeated by tho  
of tho officers interesteU. It does not nppear tbnt
any resistance "'118 now otrered on their part, nnd,
iutlood, the dongers which surrounded those most
dear to them were so immi.oont, and the 111111'erings
to which they ware unnvoidably subjootOO so great,
as to warrnnt, in some degree, tllo belief tbnt no
change could be fol' tbc worse. Tho general hnd
• MDiiDry Oponrtiom, pp. 230, 2S I.
CUAP.
X>."X.
CHAP.
XXX.
310
HJaTORY OF •riD:
not objected to the fonner demand of the enemy,
till compelled by the determination of his oOicers ;
it need, therefore, excite no llUrprise thnt bo should
yield now, when the motives for yielding w e t 4   ~ o
much more urgent, nor can !lis rensons be on object
of much curiosity. As, however, be left them on
record, it is right to give them ns stnted by himself.
They were two; a desire, nllturnl IUld laudable, to
remo,•e the ladies and children, nftcr tl1c horrors
they hnd ulrcndy "1toessed, from the further dan-
gers of a enmp ; and n nope thut, "ns from the very
commencement of the negotiations the Sirdor bnd
shewn the greatest anxiety to have th.e JIULUied
people ns hostages, this mark of trust might elicit
a corresponding feeling in him "! Here is the fatui
c:rror by which European safety in India has been
so often perilled, and sometimes wrecked. What
confidence could be plnccd iu a mthle!!B mffiun,
whose every brcutb was tainted by trenche•·y ? whose
hand hndjust before struck dO\l'II the British envoy in
death, while professions of friendship wore 7et warm
on his lips, and the vnlue of whose promises wns
too well understood to be regarded ns any thiog more
tbnn n mockery of the enr- for hope bad ceased to
wnit npoo them, and they could be listened to but as
idle words, meunt, indeed, to deceive, but no longer
pO<lsossed of the power of deceiving? Or, ogain,
wbat confidence was likely to he felt by Akbar Khan
in tho<() whom be must know affected to trust bim
only because t.bey were without remedy, and he,
too, B mnn ao utterly faithless as to· he incapnble of
..
)
BIUTISn Dll'liUI lli INDL\. 3ll
concehinjl' tho possibility of good fnitb in others; n
man pre-eminent for perfidy in o. countrywbere (K!r-
fitly is unh·ersnl ? 1'be expectation of inspiring
  Khan "ilh coufidcncc by making n abo'" of
feeling him wns jtLot os rntional na
would bo tho hope of o. travellor wbo encountertl a
tiger in tbe jungle to di,:ann tbe bo,.tility of tho
auimn.J ami abnnJ,>e its nnturnl charo.ctcr by cn.Jmly
awaiting its spriug in..tcad of n\·oiding it. Confi-
dence nnd trulglllltlimity hnvc tdgued long coougl1,
oud it ill time that prn1leoce rmd common sense
5hould be ndmiU.ed to ofter co1lllM!I without tbe cer-
tainty of ita rejection. T11 uegl)tinte at n.JI with the
mur•lerer of Sir William was discredit-
ublo-it woul!luot bo too much to say diBgmceful-
To talk of confidt•noo in him indicated
dtl10r utter Jotuity or milll!rt•blo nlloctntion. •ro
place women in the in which wcru plnced
the wi vos of tho Jltitish officers of tho Knbool force
was n ft'IU"ful thing. To &-.UTCnder them to tho
power of 11 bllrllarian, alike destitute of honour nnd
inscmtible to the clltim• 11f pity, wns o. blep utteoded
"ith >ncb overwhelming re'IJOU.Siuility that few muu,
it mny be bclievotl, would venture to incur it, even
to nTcrt tho certain rii!Alh of lhoso wh11 were objool8
of tho transfer. Whether, bowovor, wero right
or \lnmg, with • to all circnmBtanee.;, to
nccept the propo!!nl of AI; bur KLnu, is n •1uestion
on which some diflhrence of opinion may 110SSibly
exist; but it is beyond dispute thnt, of tho two r<.>n-
t-IIIIS for acc<•ptiug it, ono is utterly worth-
CUAr.

C!IAP.
XXX.
3l 2 JUSTORY OF THE
less, nnd ought not for n moment to have hnd the
slightest weight in guiding the judgment to a deci-
sion on the awful occasion.
  wcro given for nll married ..Q.0S1 / _
Indies to depnrt immediately, with n body of Aflghun
horse!, who had been dispntcbcd to conduct them to
the asylum in which they were to fintl refuge. It
was the intention of the genom! to give Ill ! the
wounded officeiS the opportunity of nvniling them-
selves of the n•hnntnges, such as tbey might be, of
Akbar Kbnn's protection. As this desire coul<l
hnve been suggested by no other feeling thnn hu-
manity, 1L is proper to notice it, as corroborating tlte
reeoi\'ed impression of the character of Genc•11l
Elpltinstone, who, whatever may have been his fail-
ings in the unhappy proceedings at Knbool, is uni·
vorsnlly represented as an runillblo nnd estin1nble
mnn. Few were by tho kind intoutioos
of the general, for the AO'ghan gunrd were
in such baste to return with the charge which
tboy had been appointed to receive, thnt only
two of the wounded officers were in time to join
them.
The women who bad shared in tho dangers nnd
honors of the morch to Boothauk wero now in tho
blinds of the enemy ; for though Aklmr Khan pro-
fc•t 11 dHl.i:!rent chnracter, thnt of no enemy is the
only ouo in which lto cnn be ,justly regarded. The
meu lind to struggle on- the food nnd fuel so
libernlly promiseil hy the ruffian ehinf cmue uliL
··Another night of 8tllrvntion fine! co!tl cllru-igucd
.
"
RR!Tlllll t:l\11'1 IN IN OIA. 313
more victim& to a misernble 1lentb:'• A nether
morning rev<'akod the same wl'81rnesi!-tbe some
•nftilring-the sruno disn1ption of military ties
which bad m11rked 11receding ones, bot in lUI nggra-
\1lted degree. The rncn who h11d proudly Dlllrcbed
from tl1o Indue to tbc betlrt of AJJgbonistan, bad
occupied its fairest cities, beaten down its
fnrtreR"'.'", o.nd gh-en law from itl! cnpJt.aJ, were now
unable to defend tltelllMlhes from those wlto thlmed
for tbei r blood. H wns not slono that death and
do-crtiou bad frightfully thinned their r:mk-a
lnrge of those who survived Md remniocd
faithful to tho standlll'd which tltey followed were
incapable llf (Jcrfomling the duties of llOidicrs-
thcir Urubs scarcely retained sufficient &lrength to
bcnr them along their despairing wny; ami
ela..<tieity of whieb oometimes sustains the
fmme ogninst the nttncks of pbysicnl sulfer-
ing '1\118 UJJlrnown. Such is t11e rcprescnt.tion of
Lieutenant Eyre. " Tho European soldiers were
now almost tbc only efficient men left, the Hin-
•losto.nees b.'lving all •uffi>red moro or les. Cmm the
cOCct:s of tbe frost in their bnnds nnd feet; few
woro ahle even to bold 11 muaket, much less to r•ull
n trigger: in fnct, tho prolonged dclny in tho
luul the mt•ntal and bo<lily powers of the
slrongt·Rl men, rendering them lncnpnblo of any
uacful exertion. !lope   to ba \'O died in
every brcBSt; the willlness uf terror Wll.!! exhibited
in counwWUlre."t
• • • Mlllt>uy 0pl'rution•. Jl· 23U. t lbnl.
CIIAP.
X.'\X.
314 lliSTOR v or rn&
Tho end mill now m1•idly approaching. At a
nnrrow gorge, lying bet\\t>en tho precipitous
of two hills, tho ad ,·anco of tho retreating force
wM met by tho dcstructh·o lire of tbe cn<:J.UL.
l'Ccuroly perched on the high ground. The rrtmit-
rnod pnss IiCOn becnmo lit('miJy eboked willl dontl
nnd dying; :md here tho lust rcm.UUS of the nnti vc
infantry disappeared. Many f!.'ll; the rest, throw-
ing awny their anna :md     fled for
life. Finally, the enemy nt•lted down 61>' 0rd in
hand, llDd captured tho public treasure, with tho
remnllllt of baggage, which, up to this point, htul
IJoon preserved. A J>arl of tho ndvnnco succeeded
in getting through; this holtctl, to unable the main
nnd rl'tlr enlUJ11JJ8 to como up "ith them. A
gll'r from time to time a.rrhcd, bearing heavy news;
noolhcr and another llPIK)I.rt.'<l, and in this manner
all that coeaped tho fury of tho enemy joined; tho
direful truth that, with tbcso miseruWe excor•tions.
tho two mi.ssing columns had been cnt ofl' nod
    llt length becoming np11arcnt beyond the
Jl'lSSibility of question. The British force now cou-
of seventy men of the QuiK'n's 44th regiment,
a hundred and fifty cavalry troopers, about fifty
horse artillery-men, with ono twehe-tJOund bo\\itzer.
Sucb was its strength as to combatants, but tbe
numbt-r of crunp-followcrs was till l:uge.
Akoor Kbnn nppronchcd, nnd proposed
the remainder of the British force should bo dio·
llntlcd, nnd plnccd unMr hia protection. Tho
genom! refused, and tho runrch w:ts resumed. Jt.o;
,
Dll1TI811 EMJ>IIll!: IN INDIA. 315
course lny through 11 narrow de61e, in which Ute
tlOOI'!J were   to tho hArassing and dcstmc-
the 6ro of the enemy as before. The energy of
Shelton filWed U1o force from toW de-
struction here, and it reacht>d the Tuccn vnlley,
where nt>gotiationa were again renewed with Allxu
KhM. The same proposal wns ngain modo by him,
nod again it wns rt'jocted by tho British genero.l.
After this failure, it was dct«.'nnined to pu•b on for
Jugdulluk, dL-tant twenty-t"·o miles. On meting
olf, the gun wns nbnndoncd; the same fnto
bcfel tilt- nod wounded. The mnrch
commenced :1t <c\'l'll o'clock, and it wns hoped that
Jug!lnlluk might be reached under cover of the
night, but this was not IUlcomplisbed. It was not
till dawn of day thnt tbe ndvnnce arrhed nt Kutrer-
Sung, a piBCO ten miles short of that "hicb \\'liS in
,;ow; and the junction of the renr did not tnke plnco
till eight o'clock. 'l'bc Dlltrch had not bccu without
annoynncc from the enemy, but tho darkness de-
prhing them of the opportunity of calling into
opemtion their skill ns mnrk.nnen, their fire wns
comr.VIIU"ely bannlcss, excepting ns to the nlnnn
which it excited. [u this l<llY it greatly cmi11Ul'D8SCC!
the movement of thl' retreating force; " the panic-
striekou cnmp-followurs nnw 1'1181llllbled n herd of
det>r, anti fluctual<'d backwaros and forwnrds rn.
mfJ8.., at every shot, blocking up the entiro road,
and fnWiy retnrding the progress of the little body
of soldiers who, under Drigndier Shelton, brought
up the rear." Of tho exertions of this officer
CIIAP.
J(XX..
CIIAP.
XXlt.
310 UISTORY OF THE
t:IJroughout the last nnd fatal atnge of the pro-
ceedings of the Knbool force, all narrntors 8peak in
tenns of tho highest praise and admimtion. If be ..-
had fnlled in some of the higher nnd more deli.c:l.tO
lluties of conurullld, he well supported that repu-
wtion for daring COlLroge and indomitable perse-
··crance which has never been denied him. Jug-
dulluk wns reached in tho afternoon, but no repose
awaited the hapless fugitives. A fresh invitation
to comm1micate with Akbar Khan wns nnswc:red
by the desputcb of Captain Skinner, but tho renewnl
of negotiations wns accom pnnicti by no cessation of
hostile operations. From the hills ibe fire of tl1e
enemy was kcJlt up, excepting during n brief in-
tervnl, when Cnpt:Un Bygreve, at the bend of fif'teen
Europeans, pushed up, the enemy 8 ying before tham
in tl1e greatest trepidation. But short was tlte
period of relief; for the Yaliant hnnd b:td no sooner
returned than the enemy were ngnin at theh· post,
in tbe exerciso of their occupation of sJnugbter.
The result of Cnpt11iu Sldnnet'R interview with
Akbar Khan was a IIU!SSage from that chief to the
general, reqtwsting his presence at a conference,
and demnnding Brigadier Shelton an1l Cnptniu
Johnson as hostages for the evncuation of J cln-
labod. Among tho strnngc occurrences of the
period, it is not the least strange that this invita-
tion "'1111 ncceptoo. General Elphinslone made
over tho command to Brigadier Anqnetil, nnd,
nccompan1ed by the officers whom Akbar Kbnn
had selected for en]Jthity, proceilded to wait upon
BRITISB F.llll'Tit& IN INDIA. 317
tbnt personage. They were roc<'h·ed with greol
show of ci vility-foo..t wu placed before them, an<l
___ tills substautjnJ iudicntiou of frieud•Wp "118 accom-
• ' "- ::P'luied ill     by the lighter nnd more ncrial
  • of gracious promi><JS. r n the morning
n confcrenct' was held, nt which the three Briti.ob
officere nod oJJ tl1c iullueutinJ clllelil were prt'<l<'ut.
It seem. to hove been stonny, ADd Akbar Khan
plnyl'd tho pru-t of o. mewator ";til a dcgr1•e of skill
nud dexterity only to be di<plnJN by one wbo,
from the dnwu of reosou, had cntl.'red into
nn nppreuticeshlJI of hypocrisy. Nothlng dt'CU.ivc
wu !letennined upon, and the dny b!-giouiug to
wnne, General Elpbillstone becnmc nuxious to re-
turn. Bot tbjg wu not a matter wbicb depeud(.'<]
on himself: he wu in tbe toils, and, though he
rujgbt struggle, he could but beat the air. 'l'he
CX]Jression of his wl$h to witl1dmw, nnd of his
desire to be with the requisite escort.
ofl.er sundry repetitions,   by repre<ent-
ing that it was altogether nt Tttrinnce with Briti<h
notiol\8 or honour that 11 gcmeml should be <eparoU>d
from bih troops in the hour of dllJis:-cr; AklJCU'
KbtUl WD8 no child of obi"vnlry, nnd ti1C AJIJ-' ""liS
nin.
At the British position, tho return of the gencrnl
hnd been long and anxiously looked for-it were,
pcrhnps, too much to soy expooted. Enrly in Ute
morning, Ml\ior Thain and Captain Sldnut>r had
rode out in tho direction of CIIIDp of A.kb.v
Klwl. to qteh filr the np11roo.clt of <orne mcs-
CIIAI'.
XXX.
OI!Al'.
XXX.
318
lllliTOII.Y O:P mE
sengcr with tidings of the state of nfinirs, when
they were attacked, :md Captain Skinner mortally
wounded. Throughout the day hunger, thirst,
hnmtlon, nnd the galling Rnnoy:moo of the enc111Y s.....-A-.
unccMing lire, continued to be endured ; nnd ns
night drew on, it becrunc ob,;ous that nothing was
to be hoped from a longer stay. Tho whole bo1ly
nccorclingly forth, to make tla<1ir wny to .J oln-
labdd, in the best mnnncr thnt Uwy could. The
Gbiljies were not at first &ware of the movement,
but they soon gained intelligence of it, nnd marelwd
in vut numbers to their work of deslnaction.
Officers nnd men, troop• &nd followers, fdl in
incredible numbers, nnd the progrtl!"! of the retiring
party 'VIIS 11 moving mnssnore. Somo officl!n!, who
Wllro well mounted, rO<Ic forwanl with the few re-
maining ca•-alry; straggling parties of
under Ynrious officers, followed, ns ci rcumstnnrC'l
would permit. Tbe dn.y dawned ; the remnnnt or
the infantry apt>roached Gundamuck, &nd now their
numerical weakness WliS obvious to tho enemy-
they could mustl'r only obout twenty musket(!. An
attempt to ncgotinte was mllde by one of the
officers, but it tnded in nothing, and the unbnJlPY
pnrty hnd no l'C$Onree but to stnnd on their olcfcnce
without a bnpc of ultimnto succQI!!. This gloomy
task they executed with nn un.•hrinl.ing detenni-
natioo. They ocenpied nn t'lllint>oce opposite to
nnotber held by tho enemy; tile fire of tho Iotter
gradually diminbbed their numbers, nnd nt intcrml.s
the work of C''ftcrmination ..-as   by ll
BRIT!SU DfPlRB II'/ INDIA. 3]{)
rush, sword in hnnd, upon the devoted p:uty, by
"hom, notwith..tanding the utter hopell'l<!lness of
situation, the IIO>.'Li1mts were &evcml time!
._J;IJJ!elled. The struggle Inst.cd till lll'Rrly ev(lry man
of the British party was wounded, "hen a 6nru
onset of the enemy oomplotcrl their destruction.
Captain Souter, one of the few that suni ved tho
slnughtcr, but I!Cvcroly had, oofo.re len ring
.lugdulluk, tied round his waist the colo111S of tbe
l'('giment, which were thus
It has IK'en tlmt twelve officers nnd somo
cnvnlry rode> on nlte:ul of the re<t of the trooJ"'. :md
it remninw to record their fnte. Six of them dropped
before   The rut arrh·ed at
thnt plru:c in safety, anrl were received by tho inha-
bitants with professions of friendship nnd sympaUty.
Food mtS otreft'fl them, of which they uaturnlly, but
unwisely, stopped to partake. The JnhabitnnlR in tho
meantime anne<!   and !llddenly ru•bing
on tho men whom they brul ensnared, cut down two
of tbem. The telll4iDdl'r mounted and rodo off.
Th1.1 onNny, however, punmerl, nud nll the
perished before rcnclling Jelalabad, "ith the excep-
tion of one, Dr. Bryden, wbo nrrived there but to
Ute of nU bit compnnions. Such
\VIIS tbe fate tbnt bcfel tho n!mll:Ult of the Kabool
force.
And now it is time to turn to the spot where tho
solitnry m11n, bcoriug tho baleful tidi:ngto of its nnni-
bilntion. arri.-e<J, and where be found n refuge.
Jl'll\lnb:td wns held by the Englllt under Sir
CllAP.
:-:xx.
CD.\cP.
XX."t.
:120 UIITORT 01' TilE
Ro!M-rt Sale. He had been required. undl.'r the
wn•litions of the treAt} t'l\ndudod by tho Driti<h
authorities at Kabool with tho Alfghan chief•. to
---,
em®ntc tl1e plncu nod mnrcb for Iodin. • Th(L.
an•wcr wns, thn.t A kbo.r Kho.n wns known to lx-
inciting the chiefs h1 tho neighbourhood to rniHt>
their followers, for tl\c JlUrpfliiO of intercepting 111111
destroying the force now at Jelnlabrul; nnd tbnt.
und('J" these circumstance!', it wu deemed prop<'r tu
11wnit further ordl!n!, which, it was requested, mjght
point out tl\e nature of the security to be giwo for
the r;nfe march of tho garri1<0n to Pesh11u-nr. Sir
Robert Sale bad no superfluity of proYioions, nncl
was ouligod to Jllllco tho men under his eorumnncl
on half rntions; be wns j!rcatly in WilDt of 1111111111-
nition, and ns to lre:ISltre, Wll.!l almost literally with-
out a rupee ; his force was baroly snfficient to JIN·
form, with Yery great exertion. the dulil.'l< rcquin·cl
of it; his chance of obtnining relief or reuuoJW-
mcntB seemed extremely &l<'ndcr, and hl' h:ul nm-
soo to expect, that after ll10y had disposed of tbr
KniJool force the AJfghatlll would concentrnlt• Lhoir
PQwcr in nn attack upon J clnlnood. Dot he had
a spirit which liii\"Cd him from yieldjng. 111llid all
discouragements, nnil he rcsol ved not wan-
tonly to throw away tl\o Jil·e:. of those under h.i.b
clwge, nor to plaeo in jeopardy the honour of
country and the of its 011me.
It is not be suppo!<cd that io India his situa-
tion Wtll! regarded     indin'orenCl', but tho clifficul-
ti!'& in the way of were grcnt, aucl
t
r
Dll.I'I'lllll .Elll'lltE IN INDIA. 321
the first cftbrt made for the purpose ended in f!Ul-
1JTO. Immedintelr on the gowmment becoming
advised of the commencement of the disturbances
nf'Kahuol, n brigade, cousioting of four regiments of
untive infnntry, hnd been nssemblod in Poshnwur,
untler Col!mel Wyld. Thnt officer, with his brigade
  nL Ienst) by some Sikh bat-
talions nod the artillery rtttnchec:l to them, pr()pured
to march through the Khyber pass; but the Sikhs
shrunk from the duty at the moment when it was
nbout to be commenced ; comcl-drl vers o.nd others
deserted in vnst uumbet'>', n $cries of disru;t)'ons ac-
clclents invnlring the lr•ss of much baggage Md
treJISure occurred, nod the brigadier Wllll compelled
to retreat. The fort of Ali l\luiijid, o.fter nninoffcc-
tuol attempt to relieve it, was nt this time aban-
doned to the wild tribes inhnbiting lhe Ticiuity of
the p:uos.
CHAP.
XXX.
This misfortune occurrctl in Jnnunry. Early in A. n. 18<2.
that month a reinforcement, coo.sisting of her Ma-
jesty's 9Ul foot and lOth light cavalry, n regiment
of nntive infnntry, ami •• detachment from nuother,
together with riotoi ls of artillery and irregular ca-
,·nlry, crossed the Sutledge on its wny to Pesbn-
wur. Subsequently. the force nssembled thoro "·:uo
strengthened by the despntch of her i\11\icsty's 3rd
drngoonq and 31st foot, lhe lsl light cavnlry, two
regiment'! of notiv(l infantry, some recruits for her
Mnjcsty's 13th, and some tletnils of irrcguln:r cavalry
BOd nrtillery. The command of the entire force wn.•
destined for Mnjor-Gunernl Lumly, hut thl.' stnte of
VOL. VI.
y
CILU'.
XXX.
322
mSTORY OP TilE
llis bealtlt preventing his undertaking the duty, it
was transferred to 1\fajor-Genernl Polloal.:. Suclt
were the arrangements made by tho government J.f •
Lord Auckland, tho period of 'vhose retirement
from his hi gil office was upproachiog. Re   s about
to quit Lldin under oireumstnue<.'S widely dilfcrcnt
from those which a few months before had bec:-n
contemplated. The policy which bad been carried
oolat greflt expense had been frustrated, and of the
nnny which bud marched to lbc invasion of AO'ghan-
istnn, n lnrge part bad been destroyed, while the
portions that had escaped this fate were shut up in
isolated positions, where it was difficult to convey
assistance.
At Kandahar the course of events had been more
prosperous than at KabooL When the insurrection
broke out at the Iutter place, the same apparent
calm whiclt hnd there preceded it and the snme
feeling of security prevailed at Kandahar. A bri-
gade, under Cnlonel Maclaren, had actu.-illy com-
menced its return march for lndi11, and its progress
was interrupted only by the receipt of intelllgenco
of tho disaster whiclt bad befallen Cnptuin Wood-
bum. • On the arrival of a dcmantl for :\Si!istaoce
from Knbool, Ibis brigade was Ol'dered to mnreb
thither, but, after su6taining drendful hardships, wus
compelled by tbe se,·erity of the weather to return
mthout effecting its object. Akbar Khan. when ho
bad cleared hia hands of business at Kal>ool, ap-
proached KandahAr, which was crowded with chiefs
• s.. poge 270.
BRITISU E:Ml'JRJll TN rNDIA. 323
from whom dnnger might reasonably bo OA-pccted;
and it became a question how to avert from thnt
plaoo mischief simllar to that which occurred nt

Kab&ol. Money seems to hn vo been oonsideted to
be the most officillllt instrument for tbe purpose,
:md a lac of rupees wns disbursed to the chiefs, to
induce them to resist th.e enemy. The money was
re(l(lily taker>, nnd when no more was procurable,
the cbictii joined Akbar Khnn, tlte snme heing
tnken by n son of Shall Slloojnb 's, nn.med Suftur
J ung. The enemy gmdua!Jy approached Kanda-
har : on a large body taking up a position within a
short· distnncc of that place, Geneml Nott deter-
mined to attack them. unil on tlte l2tlt J llllUGl"Y
moved out for tbe purpose, witlt nearly all his dis-
posnblc force. The enemy were strongly posted witb
a momss in front, nnd tl1e fire of their mntcWock-
men wns, for n time, well kept up; but they broko
and Red, on the close approach of the British force,
so rapidly, indeed, as to Cllcnpe severe loss. Tbe
nttnok,   and tbe snOOilSII wl1ieh nlteruled it,
led to vuy beneficial results: it gave confidence to
one party, nod tended to dispirit the other.
A pnuse in the nelive coarse of events nffords a
convenient opportunity for witbdmwiug ntteoUoo
for n space from tho affairs of Affghnnistnn. sW!pen-
5ion being further expedicnt from tbo cbnnge wbicb
took_ plnce in tbe office of go•·emor-goocrnl. The
position of General Nott nt Karulnlmr, of Sir Jlobert
Sale n' J elnlnbrul, and of the foree under GPneml
Pollock in Peshnwur, wil l be borne in mind. It iJ>
\" 2
CHAP.
lL"<X.
A. D.l8<t.
CHAP.
:ux.
324 lfiSTORY 01' TD"P
only necessary to ndd, with rel'ltecl to the Blat<' of
on the •ide of Briti.b l ndia, that the
son or tho former khan of Kelat bad been
nized by the govemnwut, lhnt in Simle and Dolo-
c:hi&tnn all   quiet, and that n force sWioncd in
thow countrif, was prepared to nd •·nnoo under
Brigndier Englund. to co-opernto with Gl'llcrnl Nott
m nny that might N:!em CXl>NlienL A ,-cry
brief notice> of certain cn•nts eotemJ'(lrnry with the
progress of the AftglJnu war, but unronnectcd "ith
it, will be required. in order to corn1lletc tho
of tho Earl of .Aucklancl's administration.
Of these, tbe first to be mentioned is the ()('CUpa-
tion of Kuntool by n flritisb force. This tcrril!lry,
lying in :Northcn1 IndiB, wns held by n native chlcf-
taiu, "bose conduct, boUt as l'('gnn!ing bis neigh-
boUt" and his own sul>jeet•, was 60 extraordinary liS
to call imperiously for interference. No iliffiaulty
Wll!l experienced in obtaining possc;<•ion of lbo capi-
tal, but the nawnb, mtb ll()me hondrt.>d of bis fol-
lowers, \\itbdrew from tbe place; or mther, tbe
fomtcr wns Clll'ried nwny by the ]otter, ond detained
u a 60rt of ho..toge for tho of IUTt'4I'S of
pay. Lieut<>nant-Colooel Dyce, 34th llidru Ugbt
infantry, miU'Cbed with a foroo agniust them, und,
a sharp cuconnter, succeeded in sec01-ing the
penon of the DliWab, as "·ell as se,·crnl othrr pri-
60Dcrs, and much property. An immense quantity
of was found at Knmool, the grcnter
part \x>jng conN'&Ied jn and tbc Zcnonn.. lllld
nthrr • likl'ly tn 1x> t>hOK'll •• I'C('('pt.l\clt"<
DJUTll!ll Elli'lRE IN INDIA. 325
for such     The conduct of tho uawnb was
indeed altogether so unnccountable, that his snnity
migh e reasoMhly be questioned. But, whatever tho
cnuscs which led to his extrnordiliLU')' acts, be wns
properly removed from the govemment of a people
whom he oppressed beyond even the ordiliLU')' men-
sure of Orientnl despotism, nnd his t-erritory was an-
JJexed to llle Britil<h dominions. •
Bundlecund, nlwuys distracted, nfl'or<led nnotbcr
cnll for British intervention. It becllDle necessary
to move n force ngninst n fortified place cnlled Che-
.rong. Tbe force, which was pnrtly regular Mel
portly irregular, was nndor the command of Cap-
Ulin W. F. Bentson. Tbe garrison '1\-'llS reJmled to
be four thou.."lllld strong; but, after two days' can-
nonnding, nod n severe conOict under the walls,
they withdrew, leaving ll1e place to be ocCUJ>ied by
the
CIJAI'.
JCXX.
On tbe 28th of Felmmry, Lon! Ellen borough, A. n . IB<2.
w!Jo had boon appointed to succeed the Enrl of
Aucklnnd in the government of Iodin, arrived at
Calcutta, oud on tho 12th of March following the
latter noblemnn took his departnro. For ob,<ious
reasons, no ntteJnpt c:Ul be made townrds a genernl
l'f!lirn:Lte of the cbnracter of the Enrl of .Auckland,
• TI1e nawub wu providctl with u residence at Tricbinopoly,
where he evinced much iotercot in regard to lhe doot:rines of
Christianity, and. eitbu from curioeity or &Orne highQr motin,
he ieveral times auended the tervloe of tbe miui(toariet' ebu:rclt
Olt thaqtlaee. Oo thdJUt ...,..;on ofhi. thue nttondiog. be W1ll
mor..Uy •tabbed by a fanatical MJihometan, orul died afow hour>
alter .,.,<iring the wound.
CIIAP.
XXX.
32G IIJ.STOR Y OF Tll1l
in the manner pun.-ued with regan! to some of his
predecessol". The judgment of the reader be
determined altogether by the facts recorded. T_!Je
great e,·ent of his   was tile
io'Va!ion of Affghanistao, and to wltnt extent be i.a
l'l'"ponsiblo for this is uueertai.n. The impre.,.ion
'1-hieh be h•ft in Indio. nppoors to have been highly
favourable, and tl1e Cllndid among those who diB-
iCDt from policy will unhesitatingly concede to
llim the of many qualities Olllcnlnt«.><l to
command respect, and mnny to eoneilio.te rcgnrd.
Though tho ln.rger portion of the period of 1\dmi-
ni•tmUon wu amid the turmoil of war, he
found opportunity to turn his thoughts to questions
connected with the Internal improvement of the
country which he gowmcd : and had his lot been
east in calmer time!!, it cannot be doubted that 6Uch
questions would bavo occupied mucb more of his
atte.ntioo, and have been purBUed to J'C!!Uits of Jlrnc-
tical utility.

BIUTJ11fl   IN INDIA. 327
CHAPTER XXXI.
L ORD E!.LE:'f!IOROUGB arrived in India in the midst
of n disastrous war, nnd tile fuost event of importance
occurring after bis ll1"rl vnJ pnrtook of the ohnraeter
of too many which hed preceded it. The fort and
citadel of Gbuznee, so gnllnntly won by the British
nrms. returned into the hands of the enemy. The
town had been lost nt an lliLrlier period. It appears
lhnt when the affilirs of Shah Shoojab and bis ally
began to go wrong, Colonel Palmer, the officer
commanding nt Ghuznee, applied to the British au-
thorities at Kabool for sanction to certain nece=ry
repairs and nH-emtion• there, but failed to obtain it .
.. Tho mfntuaticm that nppenrs to have seized the
chief authorities thoro, n says an officer present nt
the timo in Gbuznee,• "not only hurried them ou
to ruin at the capita.!, bot a.lso para.lyzod us at Gbuz-
nee." It i$, however, to be remembered, ns some
extenuation of the appnreut neglect, that lhuro 'm.s
quite enough to be done and thought of at Xabool
• Ueuc.enant Crawford. 3rd Bomboty natil"e infantty, DIIJ'ratin
publiohod in &Jlll"DcliJ: to Lieutenant Eyre'• " OpcntiOII!
lo Kabool!•
CfiAP.
XUJ.
CUAP.
XXXI.
ll18TORY OF THE
to occupy all the enl!rgy and all the reflections of
thc>5e who held t"ommnnd thert>. They have enough
to for in connl!ction with the moro immc-
dinte sphere of their duty, and may claim to llO
vi•ilcd lightly for n seeming of tho
<Jf db--t:mt plnc('fO. " At. the elm•enth hour,"
rontinuL'll the writer nbo,·e quoted, "the colonel
took the J"CSpQmibility on Wm"'!lf;" w1d it iq cer-
tainly to be lamented tbtlt he did not it at
an earlier period, for, it is 11dded, .. mOSt innlunblo
time bad been !iilllfcrcd to pa._<s unimpro.-ed, and
when the enemy mndo their nppearnnce under our
ll:lllS, they found IIR bnt ill pre111lred for n  
t.'specinlly when it \Hill not mnn nlone we bad to
combat ,.;th, but the rigours of 11 winter ns intcn6<'
Wj thnt of Canada." The inhabitants of the town
were believed to be faithful to the Brifub cnu;:o.
It turned out that thi., like many similar com;c-
tinn.., was a delu.oion. Tho) intrigued ,.;tb their
countrymen outside, nnd finnlly provided means for
tboir admitt.unce, when lhoy poured in, in such YIISt
uumbCJ'!!, that the gttrrison, nflcr lighting for n night
nnd a dny, were   to ubt10don the town nnrl
rclirc to the cit:ulel. Thiq malntnined until
,._ D. lk2. the 1st of Murch, more tlum ten weeks after the 10118
of tbe town. Daring tW• interval the duty \\lllo
mO!t oppressiTe, and the weather frightfully se.-ere.
Snow would often fnll in tho cour81! of a single oigbt
to the depth of two feet, nnd tho thcnnometcr WRS
sometimes fourteen degrt><'R below zen •· Eve1'Y ofliccr
ancl mnn in the plaee "·1111 vn tluty dnringeight hour!\


DBmSB Eilll'IRE lN TNtlJA. 329
of the twm1ty-four; provisions were scarce, fuel still
mom scarce. The compelled to undergo
such se•·erity of duty in o olinuLte to which they
\VCre =nccustomod, nnd whClso rlg<Jurs lhey were
unfitted to   rnpidly becnme   nnd the
hospital wn!l soon crowded. The I!Upply of wnter at
last fnilcd, a rosult uccelerntcd by nn occurrence
which might be regnrtled as of favourable
n.spect-U1e disappearance of the snow, on which
the garrison 111ainly depended. TbiB continuation
or su!fering enfc)rced the surrender of the plnne, n
step which Oolonel Palmer had been nuthorized,
nnd indeed required, to take by the authorities nt
Knbool, in puTI!Uance of the arrangements into wl1ich
they had entered wit11 the Aft'ghnn but which
be bad avoided n5 long.ns practicnblc. Tlac cvncull-
tioo wM to be effected on te.rms aucording to whiclJ
the gnrrison WPre to march out of the citadel within
abc days, when a portion of the cjty wns to be as·
signed for their abode till tbey could pursue their
march from the ploco, wbicb wns to be performed
with their colours, baggngc, aud 11 Fnllic:ie.nt stock of
ammunition, and under nn escort for protection.
To observe the tenns of agreement lbe chiell;
solemnly bound themselves by nn oath npon tl1e
Koran; nnd o't1 tho 6th of March the Dritish tToops
quitted the citadel. and took up their quarters ju
tho town. The value of an A:ffghnn oath wns soon
ascertained. On tbe day aner the encuation of
tbe citadel by the British, they were trcoc:bcrously
attacked by tbc enemy, nnd during three days hoot
CHAP.
XXXI.
A. D. 1!42.
CllAP.
XXXI.
330
IDS'J"ORY OF TIT1i1
to defend themselves in the best manner they were
nble against the guns of the citadel, so lately at
their own dispoS!ll, ond the furious onsets of count-
less numbers of fanntics thirsting for their bloo<l.
Overtnres for a termination of hostilities came at
intervnls from the commander, Sbumsoodeen Khan,
nephew of Dost Mnhomed, but the horrible con-
ditions tendered for tbe ncceptnnce of Colonel Pal-
mer were, thnt aD the officers should surrender
tben:wll ves to the personal cnre of Sbumeoodeen,
nbondoniog tho sepoys to the fury of the murderous
hordes who surrounded thrun. Tllis of course was
refused, and tbe slaughter proceeded ; officers nnd
men alike fulling Yictims to it. Cert.a:in death,
sooner or l n t ~ r   scruned to nwnit every individual of
tho garrison, and this wns the impression of the
sepoys. who nt length, without lhe lcnowledge of
their officers, held a eonsultntiou nmoog themselves,
and fmllled a plan of osooping to Pesbawur ll1rongh
n hole in the outer wnU of the town, which they
forthwith commenced digging. When their deter-
mination had been taken, they informed their
officers of it, cxprossing n dame that they would
go with them, but iotimnting tbnt, however this
might be, tho men 'voold go. Thus virtually de-
serted, tho officers hnd no eboico but to surrender
themselves to Shnmsoodeen.
The attempt of the scpoys to escape proved a
miserable failure. A heavy snow feD, in which
lhey became bewildered ns to the route to be pur-
sued, and they were a.ll either cut to pieces or made
lllllTJSll Jrul>ll!E IN JNDL\. 331
prisonell!. Had Lbey got clear of the AJfgbnns
occupying nnd surrounding the city, they would
have had but little chaooo of ~ a f e t y   They nppear
t ~ haYe utterly mistnken the dilltnnce to Pesbawur,
believing it t<> be much less thou jt llatunlly wns,
and no reasoning could snti<Uy them of their error,
or of the ntt.el' impracticability of their reaabiog
the place. The officers fared little better than tho
sepoys; their lives were preserved, but they were
rubjected to nlmost every description of sufrering
th.'lt cno lldd to the necessary and nun voidllble evils
of imprisonment.
Greatly wns tho full of Gbuznec to be lamented,
and much its probnblo effects on the enemy, 88 well
ns on the British troops, to be feared. Brrt J elala-
bad still hnppily held out, under the commnncl of
Sir Robert Snle. The clifficulties "ilb which thls
most tlblo and most heroic officer had to contend
have been already adverted to, but now, when tho
nnrrntive bns ndvnnced to the period when n crisis
in the nflairs of J elaJnbnd was impending, it mny be
proper to notice them somewhat more in detail.
He found the walls in a stnte wbicb, in his owo
Jnngunge, " might have justified despair 1111 to the
possibility of defending them.n Not only was tho
space inclosed by tbe wnlls fur too extensive with
reference to his force, bnt their t:rru:ing wns had;
there was no pnrnpet except for a few hundred
ynrds, and this not more than two feet hlgb.
Earth and rubbish bnd accumulated about the mm-
Jlarl$ to such an extent that there were 1'0IIds in
CIIAP.
XXXl.

CRAl'.
XXXI.
332
lllSTORl" OP THE
n:rious directions nud over them till!
country. There wu.s n space of four hundred yards
together at no -point of which, excepting one,
gnrrison Shew themselves; the population
within WIIS diBaftected, nnd ·without the place was
surrounded by ruined foi'UI, 'valls, mosques, tombs,
nud     from which n fire could be opened Q1J
the defenders at twenty or thirty yards distance.•
It has nlrendy been mentioned that the garrison
were greatly in "·aut of proviaions and ammunilion;
every possible exertion wns mncle to retluce lloe
of both the point of nece58ity, and
to procure fresh suppliet!. while the appnreotly
loopeless la!i:k of placiug the town in a respectable
6t.nte of defence was carried on with n. vigour and
!illccess whlcb Sl.'atned to recognize difficulties only
to olefy nod o'•ercome them. The successful Sllllies
by wbicb Sir lWbert Snle clenred the vicinity of
'11.."" bodies of the enemy have been uarrnted in
their proper place. When tho Jirst disastrous news
from Knbool rescb!ld biro, be hoped that J elnlnhad
might nlford n plnce of l'e.foge to tbe retreating
army front lbe fom1er plnoo. That hope was mel
by 11 ruiseroble iliSilflpOintmcnt in the intelligence
that Ute Kabool force bnd been totally dClflroyecl in
the Gbiljio defiles. While thus of tl1e
opporlonity of alfording succour to others, Sir
Robert Sale wos disappointed of that wblch he
• Tho 111botan.., C>f' tlu. aooount C>f' the alate Q( the pi- i•
takm Croon SiT Robert Sale' a letr,er to the Govermuent of India,
16th or A1•ril. 18-12, ""d tho greater Jlllrt or it in his own ....,nil.
BRT>t:fSIT lllil'lll£ TN INDlA. 333
expected for himself IJy the cheek which the force
under Brij,,''ndier Wyld received. His position wns
n!'w most criticn.l, nnrl one of the grounds upon
which it ltnd been mnintnlueil bad ceased to mrist.
BuL be determined to pcrsonn'C. " I might," be
says, "whi lst our enemies were cogagcil in plun-
uering the force from I<alxl<JI, have attempted ROd
perhaps efi'ected, though -with heavy loss. n retreat
across Khyber, but I resolvt'tl, nt all luiznrdll, on not
relinquishing my   on the chief town of the
valley of Ningrnhnr, ROd the key of Enstem
ghnn istan, so long ns I had reason to consider tbnt
our govt'rmnent desireil to retain it."* The re-
stomtion, or rather t·he reconstruction of the workR
wns now completed. The labour bad been gretLt,
extendjng to the removal of n   quantity of
for lbe enemy, the demolition of forts nod old wnlle,
tbc filling UJl ravines, tbc cutting down of trees,
nod sweeping nwny of   Such were the ope-
rations of the destruct! ve kind. Iu the coustructi"Vo
they bad embraced the raising the pnr:tpets to tbe
height of six or seven feet, re}13iring nnd widening
the mmpnrts, the bnetions, retrenching
three of tbc gntcs, covering the foUitb with rut out-
work, awl excavating n ditch ten feet in dcptll nml
twelve in witlllt round the whole of the walls.
"The plnc:e," obBID'ves Sir Uobert Sale, " wne thus
secure against the attack of any Asiatic ooemy not
" Leu..- !r<tm Sir Sale to tho Government o! India,
16th o! April, 1842.
(!JLU>.
XX:< I.
CRAP.
XXXI.
A. D. 184!!.
Ul8'1'0RY OF TJIE
provided with siege artillery."• The greater part
of their defences, however, were overthrown by one
of those awful visitations not unnsual in
istan, the effects of which a.re thus described by Sir
Robert Snlo :-" H pleased Pro'l'idence on the 19th
of Febrn:try to J'elllova in an instant this grounil of
confidence. A tremendous enrtbqunke shook down
nll our p4lllpets, built up with so much labour,
injured seveml of our bnstiolll!, cnst to the ground
all our guard-houses, demolished n third of the
town, mnde n cousidernble breach in the rnmpnrt of
n curtain in the Peabnwur face, :md reduced the
Kabool gnte to a shapeless mru;s of ruins." t
" Thus," observes tho gnrrison engineer,:(: "in one
moment the lnbours of three months were in a
great meru;ure destroyed." Dispiriting as   this
fenrful overthrow of tbe product of so much time
nnd labour, it did not jltlralyzo tbe energies of
either officers or men. No time wns lost in lament-
ation or despairing bewildennent; " the shocks hnd
scnroely ceased when the whole gnrrisou was told olf
into working pnrties; and befom night the breaches
were scnrped, the rubbish below cleared awny, and
the ditches before them dug out, wbilo the grcnt
one on the Peahawur Bide surrounded by a good
gabiou parapet."§ It is not easy to give an ade-
• Lotter £mm Sir ltobert Sole to the Gomnment or todia,
16th of A]lril. 1842.
t Ibid.
1 Captain Bmu!Coot, note on worko, dated 16th of April, 1842.
t Note by Captala BI'OOI<Ifoot.
BRrrTl!R l!lii'IRF. IN Th'DIA. 335
quntc impression of the lnbour performed, or of the
noble spirit whleb prevoiled runong those wbo ln-
b_oured, without quoting at ntl ineonTenient length
from official reportl!. One extroot   tba
I'OSull most suffice. " From tbe following
dny • all tbe troops oJf duty were continunlly at
work, nnd such "'ere their energy nud persevt'l'!lllce
that, by the end of the month, the pampcts were
entirely restored, the Knbool gate again sel'\'icenble,
tho bastions oitber restored or the curtain filled in
when restoration was ptii.Cticable, and every battery
re-{!Stabllshed."t So extraordinnry did thls nppenr
to Akbar Kbnn, who had now nclvnnced to a spot
about seven miles distant from the place, that ho
could find ouly one solution or the difficulty, and
unhesitntingly attributed the unlooked for security
of J eL'llnhad to English witchctnll.. The enemy
soon approached nenr11r,-Akbnr Kban establish-
ing his head-quarters ubout two miles from the
city, and a secondary CllJD(l about a mile distaut,-
invested the plnce, and kept up n vigorous block-
ade. V nrious skinnishes from timo to time took
pltlCI', and the spirit, gnllnntry. and military skill
rusplnyed in them would ju.stify a minute detail
of tho circumstances of each, diti per-
mit. They however, be pa'lSCd by with this
general nonce, saving the mention of some of the
officers who t•especth>ely led the detachments en-
gaged, and who well merited the approbation which
they received from the illustrious officer under whom
• February 20th. Nobo by O•ptain Broodfoo1.
CIUA.P.
=
ClTo\P.
XXXI.
33G
Illil'I"OilY OF 'IBE
they served : tltcy were, Colonel Dennie, n name
long assoaiated with noble deeds; Captain Broad-
foot, engineer, who wns severely wounded;
Captaiu Fenwick, of the Queen'sl3th light infantry:
Captain Pattison, of Uoo same rcgimco L; Captain
Oldfield nod Lieutenant   of Shah Sboojah's
cavalry. These   ns Sir Robert Sale ol>-
scn·ed. were '" croWllcd by Providrulce by the issue
of tho dccish·e :uul brilliant attack on the camp of
the Sirdar, on tloo 7th of ApriL" Of this attack it will
bo proper to take somewhat more e.xtended notice.
Three collllDDs of infantry were formed. lite centre
canaisting of the larger part of her Mnjesty's 13Lb,
lJiusterlng fhe hundred bayonets, under Lienteruutt-
Colonel Denaie : the left, of the chief part of tho
35th nati,·e ioC.,ntry, also five hunilrcd strong, uncl(lr
Lieutenant-Coloncl Moo tenth ; aml tbe right. of one.
company of ber Majesty's 13t1Jc and one company of
the 35th native infnntry, w:itb n detnebment of sap-
pel'S, the whole nmounting to three hundred nnd
silrty, nntl under the commnnd of Cnpto.in Havelock.
Tho columns "'ere to bo SUJlported by the fire of
tho guns, nod by tho 8J:ru1IJ cavalry force at .Jelaln.-
bad. Tho troops issued from the Knbool and Pesb-
nwur gates e:U"ly in the morning, nud found the
whole force of the enemy, nmou11ting to about six
  fonned in order of batlle, for the defence
of their camp, their rigbt rostiug on a fort, their left
on lbc Knbool river. Some ruined worl..-s, recently ·
repaired, were filled with Aflgbnn marksmen. ready
to pour forth n fatally directerl 6re. The ntt11ck
DRITIJIII EMJ'IR£ IN INDIA. 337
was led by tl1e skirmishers nml column umler Cap-
lnin llnvelock, by whom tho extreme ldt of tho
eoemy's ndmnced lino "'liS pierced. 'l'hu ccntrnl
column directed its efliute ngalnijt n squnro fort up•ln
tho 6aJDO b:Loe, which wa.s u!Motinatcly
And here a cnl11mjty oc=d for "·rueh victory
nffortls compcnmtion ; Colonel Dennje,
wloilo lending Ilia regimt'nt to tlw wns mor-
tally wounded, and shortly afterwards Ills
lnst.• Tho commnn'l of tho column titus
upon Cnptnin WilkiUROn, of tho Fame regiml•nt, nnd
the conflict pl'OOOcdcd. Tho renr of tho work bn'"-
ing bc.-n with romo difficulty g:Uned. orders were
given for n combined nttnck upon the enemy's camp.
'l'he Allghnnll made repeated attempts to check tho
nd•·nnce hy n sharp llro of mu•ketry, by tbnl•ving
forward heavy bodies of horse, whjch twice thre:tt-
oned in force tho dctnchments of foot under Captain
TT a .-elook, and by Opc'ning gnus untlcr covrr of 11
gurden wall, served, as it \\1IS li:Ud, under the JK'rsoDAI
• Tho ran ol tim gallAnt offioc:r, eo atrnngcly in the
dittnoutiou or honoun one! 1'0\\'lU'dt, w:ited uni"""'ol rogttt
One marl< of honour, which oould DOt hue bom
rofuwd him, como too to plify hit noble •piriL Modal.
Wl'TC bes10Wtcl on the o01cen who ruotin3'Jil!l.ecl in
AJTgbnnittAll, and thDt ar Cutoocl Dennie, with • reeling or dcli-
cato attention,.,... IOrwankd to hit mother, a Wir w  
Ia yean. but whom II!" had - n:nd<rtcl inwnlilile 10 tho l'Ollll!
cl the m<IDDriol, nor udtted fur gn.c<fullr oclcnowltclging it.
Sl111 recei•tcl tl•o medAl, ahe llld, with and with pride:
ohc fclt tbftt thO bad I right to be J'FOUd of bor oon'a llrl'-
and W. ot hit death : a d.:d&nboo DOl I• •orthy of a ltomaa
tL.o of ... &s\ioh --·
\'OL. VI. z

CTIAP.
XXXJ.
CllAP.
XXXI.
A.D. LSli!.
938
IDSTO:RY OJ' THE
superintendence of the Sirdar, but in vain. The
ortillcry advanced at tL g:illo]J, nod directed a lumvy
fire on the enemy's centre, whilst two of Lhe co-
lumns of infnotry penetrated biB line nen.r the same
point, nnd tho third forced bnck his left from its
support on the driving into it some both of
bor!!e ami foot. In n very short time the foe wns
dislodged from every part of his position, his guns
cnptured, his cnmp involved in fltLmes, nod Ak-
bar Khno, with ltis discomfited army, in full retreat
towards Lughman. This defeat in open 6wd by t11e
tn>ops whom he had boasted of blookndiug WM in-
deed, as stated by Sir Robert Sale, "complete and
  On the 16th of April, nine days niter this
memorable alrair, the force under General Pollock
reached J elaln.bad.
Geueral Polloek, on arriving in the camp nt
Pesba.wur, had found tho four infantry regiment$
there dispirited by their recent failure;* in truth, a
,·ery bad spirit prevailed among tbem,notl,furlber, the
ravages of no epidemic disease had thrown hundreds
of men into bospitnl. Under. such circumstances,
it ·wBS imprudent to att<m:Jpt to advnoce,
nnd the junction of her Mnjesty's 9th root did not,
in the geoorlll's opinion, chnoge the stnte of things
so materially as to '\l'llrrnnt his taking such a step.
ReinforCements were in the rear, t nnd it wns
deemed advisable to walt tbcir arrival. I t was
contri ve1l, however, to open communications with
Sir Hobert Sale. warning him of the approach of
• Seep. 321. t See notice of tlto • p. 321 •

DRITI!IIJ ElfP£1.£ IN   33{)
relief, and rt'presenting the I'Xpcdieney of waiting
for tho junction of the whole force de>tined for tho
purpo<l(!. but inlim.nting, that in c.'tiSC of extreme
emorgency, nn attempt to advance would be made
nt ull hM.nrcl!. ffitimntely, Wll8 resolved not tn
wllit for infantry regiment, but to move forward
118 soon M the cavalry IWd guM arrhed ; but further
delay hccame neces..<llry, in order to complete nr-
rangemeul' mtb the Sci.k8 who were to co-operatt-
in forcing the passe&. Atlmn1>ts bad made to
purchase the aid of some nath·c cl>iefs. and &Ome
moncy hacl been paid, bu.t itl!Ccms to little purpose.
On tho 5th ()(April, General Pollock fou.nd himself
in a condition to mo,•e forward t.o force tbe  
Tho task WM accompli!bed, not indeed without
difficulty. but with complete succoss. Two colu.ml18
wero formed to stonn the height., while a third
advRDced to the mouth of the The se,·ercr
duty foil to the lot of tho Oanking oolu.mns, tho
of" hich was under Licu.tcnRDt-Colonel Taylor.
of hl!r llf ajest 9th foot, and Major Anderson, 64th
native infantry; tbe loft. under Lioutenant-Coloncl
1\fo!K'Iy, of the 64tu nntho inf11ntry, nucl Ml\ior
J [uJ,b, of the 26th nntive infantry. Tbo conduct of
I!Omo jrwlgces, under Captain was highly
8poken or by Gcncml Polloek. Tho arrangements
for the protection of tho wcro so complete.
thnL not a single baggage animal WM lost. TbiB
immunity &olll plunder is attributable to General
:M •Cn.•ldll, who commnndcd thl' rear-guard. Aftt>r
2: 2
CIIAP.
l<\:XJ.
... o.  

CRAP.
XU I.
A.D. Iii!.
3-10
I1I8TOilY OP TilE
this t'Dcounter, Gencml Pollock litllc
OtoflO"ition until he arrived in safety, and lmppily in
tluo time, nt J elalnbnd.
Kaminhar continued to bo maintained by Gcncml
Noll, who, like Sir llobert Sale, refused· to rccog·
nizo tho treaty concluded 11t Knbool, or tn yichl
to the order extorted from Gencrnl El-
phinstone for the surrender of the place. On tho
7th or Mareh he mo,·cd out of tho city, "itb tho
larger part of his forct!, to attack the (!{Jetny.
drove them before him acro,s the Turnnck, and
then aClOOI the U rgundnb. On tho 9th h!.'
nblo to nppronab sufficiently ncar to open hiR
on them, when they dispersed in every direction nnol
in compnrnth·e afety, Gcucml Nott bcing unpro-
vided "l'itb cavalry adcqootc to the of pur.uit.
During his absence n >trong detachment of tl1e
enemy mrule an attack on the city, and StJcecf)(lccl
in bumiog one of tbc gale!o. but they ,,.ere repul•<'<l,
with great loss, by tho officer in command of tho
garrison,   Laue, of tho 2nd regiment of Ben-
gal nntivo infantry.
Less fortunate wns nn attempt to reJie,•e R nudn-
b.ar from Sinde. For this pnrpo!!e Brigadier Eng-
land, "ith an inconsiderable force. advanced through
tho Bol:m pass, and arrived safely at Qnctta. It
was his intention to proceed tbrougb the valley
of Pt•heen to the village of Hykulzie, and there to
w11it tbc nrriml of reinforeemeut, coming up through
the pnss; but on Wtching tho ontrnnce of n ck•r.ll'
ll•mling t(> villngt'. ho unl'XJJCClcdly fouud l\1u-
DRITISU EXPIRE IN lNl>IA. 341
homed S:ulig, :Ill insurgent chief, tit:Mngly postocl in
pn. nnd on the contiguous heights, to oppose
biB Jlrogre&4. Tho difficulty of acquiring aeeumto
infonnnllon in a country Uko that in wbich tho Bri-
tish govel'llm('ot were now currying on wnr, tho
clnngcr of relying on friendly profefl!lioos, which, in
tho Ea.Rt, nrc bestowed with n rcekl<'8!! profusion
l'"'l"'rtivnecl to their mmt of •ineerity, were ben>
illu.unll'tl. At n nllagc only obt miles from the
mouth of the defile, the Briti•h and his
oOicers had been received by thl' chief men of th<'
l'lncu with tlte grenll'!lt altnw of oorclliillty ; btL!.,
though minutruy tut to tho slntc of tho
l'nuntry, their friemllint'8S ditl nut su1ler u,em to
proct'C<I to the length of wnn1ing Gcnernl Englawl
of lltu re•ist:mce which nwnitod him. When the
first 11pnptoms of o1•positiou nppcan!ll, it wlll! 00-
tllllt tho force of tho enemy was smMJ, nnd
four light companies, t'll!'porlc..'<l hy a small 1'1!51'1'\'1'
UJJtlt•r coTer of four gnn.., wllro nrtlcrod to nlt.'U'.k
tho hill. The strength of the enemy wns oonoonled
ool1illtl n of breMLwnrks, with and
  until the Briti•h llfiVIlllN! (>arty rencbed tho
cf()ljt of c:rtcrior olcfco(·c, when n vnst body
iuto view, nod it b..ocamo evident thnt the
conl( ... t could not be ad,·nntnj!COu•ly
The four comprulies engagt'fl coo..<cqueotly fell back
on the •upporting coiUDlJJ. whi('b luul to sustain an
utln<'k from the enemy's ca,·nlry, wltl\ tm the retrenL
nf thu fl.'jS:LUitiug JlArly, msl•e•l tlnwn from tl•e hWe.
'!'hei r cllorts lo brenl. the column wcro, however,
tiiAP.
XXXI.
CliAP.
XX.ltl.
A.ll 1842.
342 ni$TORT OP Til£
muwniling, mul Lito force moved on·
in good order wd without loss of haggagc. Su l>Se-
tiUI'ntl), General Englwd de<'med it ad,i•nblo to
fall back to QuctUI. This nborli•e attt•mpt W'llS
nttcmlod by tho loSIJ of ninety-eight mc1•, killed nnd
wounded. Among tho killed were hl·o British offi-
cers. Captain W. :llay, of her Majesty's and
AptboYJl, of the 20th Bombay native infantry.
Tho nclion took place on the 28th Mar<' II.
On the pr eceding dny Colond G. r. Wymer,
commwdiog n for:1ging llftrty disp&tcht.'tl from
R&nlbhar,   with gteat brilliancy n large
body of U1c enemy'• cavalry, wlto hong DIIOII hin•
nnd tbreatenctl tho SC('urity uf his convoy.
In t he month of April an cvl.'nt happened which,
though of little politiet.l import.nore in itoelf, may
be rcgnrded 118 relieving the British govcrnmeut
from one soorcl.' of ombarms•meut in dCllling with
the nlf&irs of Alfgbnni$t:m-5bnh Shocjnh "118 mur-
dered. Had bis life been prolonged. it is not to be
suppo;.ed that exertions to maintain bim on bis
tl•rono would hnvo persisted in. Dritish
rule!'!, !Joth at bome nod in Indio, were heArtily
wl'l\ry of the connection with Aftgbnnisum; and the
only questiollS to be soh-ed were, in wbnt mauner
and how qnjckly could it lJe dissolved 1 JJt n com-
munication from lho governor-general in council to
the romm&nder-in-chief. Sir J asper Nicoll11,
loth :Marth, the following o!N>n-ntions occur:-
.. 'rho C()rumamleN or thl' furee;, in u I'PI'r ntltl Lo\\er
-\ft)thnuib!.aO \\ill. in all tilt' llfo(:J'IItinns tlwy mny
BRITIBH EUPJ:lt& IN INDIA. 343
design. benr in mind these genernl views nud opinions
of the government of Iodin. They will in the first
ondeavoUl' to relieve nil the garrisons in
which nre now SUJ'J'Ounded hy tho
enemy. Tho relief of these garrisons is n point
deeply the millt.vy cluinte1ter of the o:rmy,-
nnd deeply intru-estlng the feelings of their country;
but to mnke a rash attempt to effect Sll1lb relief in
nny case without n reosonable prospect of success,
woulcl be to nllbrd no real nid tl>e hmve men
who nre surrounded, and fruitlessly to sacrifice other
good soldiers, wlto!'B prescrvntion is equnlly dear to
the government they serve. To effect the. relief of
tl1e prisoners taken at K.nbool is an object likewise
deeply intetestingio point offeeling nnd of honour.
Tlmt object can probably only be accomplished by
taking hostages from such pnrt of tha country as
may lJo in or may come into our J>ossession; nod
with reference to this object, nnd to that of the
relief of Ghnznee, * it may possibly become a ques-
tion, in the event o-f 1\{ajor-geneml Pollock effecting
a junction with Sir Robert Sale, whether the united
force shall return to the country below the Khyber
pass, or tnke a forward position nenr J elnlnbnd,
or even ndvance to Kabool. We llJ'O fnlly sensible
of the advantages which wonld be derh·ed from the
re-occupntion of Knbool, the scene of our great dis-
  nnd of so much crime, oven for n week, of
the menus wh.ich it mjgbt nfford of recovering t.be
prisonors, of t!Jo gmtiRcntion wbi<lh it would gh·e to
• Tho flU) or pl .... was not theu Jmowu.
CliAP.
A."XXl.
CRAP.
m1.
WSTORY OP TR£
tho anny, and of tho cffl>et which it would hanl
upon our enem.ies. Our withdrawn! urigbt then bo
mnde to rest upon an official lleclnrntion of the
grounds on which we rotired 88 solemn ns thllt
which nccornpllnied our ndvnnce, nnd we should
retire ns a conquering, not ns u defeated pow or;
but we CllDDOt Mnction tho occupation of lln nd-
\1lnced position llcyond tho Kb) ber pass by 1\flljor-
Gcoeral PoDock,   tbnt genernl mould be sntit-
fled that be CBU-without depending upon the for-
bcllraUCC of the tribes ncar the pass, which, obtained
only by purchnso, must, under all circumstance•, bo
procnrlous, and without depending upon tho fidelity
of tho Seik chiefs, or upon the power of tboso ehiofd
to rcstrnin the:ir trOOJl", upon neither of which c:nn
nuy reliance bo safely plneed-Cccl assured that be
can hy his own rtrcngth and overeomo nll
wbo di>pute the pru;s, and keep up at all times his
communication "ith Pesl.n"-ur and the Indus."
Similar feelings nppcnr to have been entertained
lx!fore the arrival of tho now governor-general. T n
n letter of ioslJ-.lction, nddrcssed to Sir JMpor
Nicolls shortly before the departure of Lord Auck-
lnnd,• e\·cn tho maintennnco of Jelalnbnd is spoken
of liS no e..-ent scnrccly to be hoped ror. Intel-
ligeuc:e, then recently rccci,·oo, is said to haYo con·
Tinccd tho government that, excepting under fl()IDC
very change, no sufficient adYIIIltagc
would be derived from 1111 ntlompt to retai u pos-
ee;aion of Jelalnha!l ff.lr m•y prolonged period
• Undu d•tt February lOth, 1842.
llRmSfl EMPmE IN INDlA. 345
during the present season. "The fate," it is con-
tinued, " of ilie gallant garrison of that place will
probably htl"e been detennined before the intima-
lion of our opinion to the above eJl'ect can reach
Majo:r-GenemlPollook. But we woulllrequest your
excellency, without deln.y, to inform the 1D11jor-gene-
ml that the mn.in inducement for the maintenance
of a post at J elnlnbad, nrunely, that of being a
JlOint of support to nny of our troops escaping from
having now, it must be feared, unhappily
p:u;sed away, it is the object of the government that
he should, unless any unforeseen contingency should
give a decidedly fa vourablo turn to all'airs, conline
himself to measures for \ntbdrnwing the J olnlnbad
gu:rrjson in safety to Peshtlwnr, and there for the pre·
sent holding together all the troops under his orrlEU'S
in a secure position, removed from collision with the
Seilru forces or subjects." A few days   •
the following instruction, nmong others, was trnns-
to General Pollock by the government of
Ltdin, Lord Auckland being still at its bend. "On
the whole, you will undemnnd that tlte great pre-
sent object of your proceedings in Peshnwur is,
beyond the safe withrlrnwal of the force at JelnJa-
b:td, that of watching e"onts, of keeping up such
communications as may be ndtnisslblo with the
SO\'Cml paTties who tn.'ly ncqniro power in the
nortltrun portion of A.OghnnistruJ, of committing
yourself permrulently with none of those parties,
b11t also of declAring positively ngainst none of
* Febrwuy, IS:U.
CU.lP
XJOU.
WSTORY OF TilE
them, while you are collecting tho most nccumtc
infonn:1tion of their relatho 6trengtb and  
for to the government, nod pursuing tho
monsures which you mny find in your power for
proouring the snfo l'oturu of our troo}JS nnclllOOI>Io
detnlocd beyond tile K hybcr 1>nss." Thoro w1111,
therefore, no snbstaol in I difference on this
bctweom the views of tho retiring gon!rnor-genernl
nnd those entertainec-1 by biq rucccsoor. <knernl
Pollock. who, from being on the "J''t. as well 111
from his military l•nowlec-lgc and habits. could best
RJiprecinte the difficultic« him, nppenrs, oven
pre,ious to his advance through tho Khyber pll!!S,
to bovo been deeply with s sense of the
fntnl consequtmces, temt>ornry nod permanent, which
follow the snddcn of :UI hope of
again orlablisbing superiority in Affghan-
i•tan. "If." be ob<;erred, "I \\ere to nrl\'nnco
\rith the intention of merely mthdmwing tho gar-
riooo of Jclalnbnd, my success iu ndmncing must
chi,•Hy depend on conccnlfng my intentions; for
nlthougb (if I succccxl in nuy negotiation to open
the p1188) every precaution " 'ill oo taken by me to
oecure a retreat, I must c.xpcct that every man will
rl..c to molest our retnm, n.s they woultl be left to
the merry of the Affghan nod I most confess
1 believe that onr return here, nniCS3 1
have first no opportunity of inflicting some signal
lllmi•hment on the enemy, would have a very bnd
oll<-ct bolla far notl ncar."•
• l.ellu w Litu..,....t.CoJonel LWU"d, Fcbrwuy 27th,
BRITISH EHrmE IN INDIA. 3-17
Tho "reCeipt of tho intelligence of the fall of
Ohtl7.DCC, and of tbe check reccil"cd by Gcn1!111l
England in attempting to ad •llllce to Kandahar,
to have atldefl to tho de•pomling feelings
cntortaim:d iu the highest tJUBrt<'f'l, 1uul orders were
trnnRmitted to Gtmnml Nottlo tllk<' immediate menus
for drawing olf the garrison of Kelat-i-Gbilzie, to
rvacuutc K.-mdahar, and to take up a pogtion at
Quctta.. uTbeobject ofthc abm·o-directed mensu:res,"
it WIUI added, to withdraw nll our forces to
Suld..ur. nt the earliest period nl whlcb the sesson
nnd other circumstances mny pcmtil JOU to tnko up
n now position there." Subsequently, tbe governor·
genom! heard of the defeat nf tho enemy by Sir
Robert Sale befo.re J elalnbnd, n nd of tbe en!IY
retrcnt of General England to Quetta, but neither
of tb<'SO events seems in his miod to buve excited
SJJY snnguiue hope. In a to the set'ret
committee, tbted 22nd April, after ad-
•·crting to these tl'llllSnction•, tbc governor-general
continues: " These severn! event•, although they
improve our proSJICCls to ROme extent, hn•·e in no
l'C"pcct 11ltored my cleHberntc opinion tbnt it is expe-
dient to withdrnw tbo ti'OO(IS under Mnjor-Gml!rlll
Pollock and those under Mnjor-Grneral Nott. nt the
  practicable period, into JIO<!ilioos -.rberein
they may bnru certain and ca..y communication with
I ndin. Tbat opinion is rounded upon ll general
\'i{)W of (IU[ military, poJiticaJ, and financial sitnll•
tiuu, ruul not liahle to oo lightly cbrulgcd.''
'rhrcv •lay• before the dntc of tlto dl'!![latch Jn.,t
CIIAP.
XXXI.
lo.D. 11141.
CHAP.
LXXI.
Ill STOll\' OP Tali:
C)Uotcd. the .governor-general, being then nwnro
thot General Pollock had entered tl•e Khyber JWoS,
:nul concluding thnt he had cOected n junction with
Sir Robert Sale, thU!I wrote to Sir J  
iu reference to n previous request thnt tho com-
mllllder-iu-clt.ief woulcl i811uc instructionB which
might be ncces._"'lry for tho guicl:utce of
Pollock:-" The object of the instructionB "·hich
will thus be given to thO!IO officers • is to bring
their corps into f!fiS1 nnd ccrt4in com-
muuicntiun with Iruli11. What ulterior dc•lination
may be gi\·cn to th0110 corj•S when that of Mnjor·
Ocnernl Nott, bn' iug drtLII'll oil' the garrison of
Kolnt-i-Ohilzie, shall be concentrnted ultimntcly iu
tho liclnity of Sukkur, lllld tbnt of Mnjor-Gent•rnl
J>uJioclc, llaviug drawn off the garrison of Jelalnbnd,
•ball ho again on oidc of the Khyber pass, is a
matter for the mO!!t scrioWI Afl:cr
l'l<p!Uiiug a wish to confer with the commandl'r-
in-chicf on the subject, nnd arlvortiug to the po•sibi-
lity of sck-eting n new line of oporntions, if nggnJSSivo
IUCIU!ures 8hould bo tlcomccl ncecstmry, his Jor.IPhip
ndcls the followiug rcmiU'k, clell.l'ly libewing tho (()11·
d•·ncy of his own judgment: "Jt will, howevl'r, like:--
" iao be for con&clerntion, whether our trooJlS, h1n i ng
bloen redeemed from the alate of peril in they
hale been placetl in AOgbnnistan, :md it DIAY filill
be! hoped not without tho infliction of some H''·crc
• Hillonhhip had referred to l>i• o'"' in.llruationo 10 Gtrwral
Ni\11, ..... u OIID th- • rur Gtncral Pollock, aod ll'ttn•
here 10 tJI<:IIl of both.
DRITISII Elt!PmE tNJ){A. 340
blow upon the nrmy, it woulu be justifiable
again to p118h UJem for no othor object thnn tbn.t of
revenging our losses nnd of   in nll its
originnl brillinnoy our military cb!LMicter."* Sir
Jnsper Nicolls heaitatcd to giTC tho required in-
structiolll!, Mtl thus wrete in answer to the clomnml
for their issue. " I have not veuturctl to give nny
instn•ctions to Mnjor-Geneml Pollock. The fifll1,
nlntb, tenth, nnd eleventh Jlarngrnphs of your orders
of the 15th March must now guide him.t It is for
him nlouc to deciuc between the prnctiCilbility of
n forward movemeut, either upon Knoool or Gun-
d!liDuck (or its vicinity), an(l the witlulrnwnl of
the wbolo force to Peahawur. 'fbe general is n
clear-hooded officer, Md you have loaded his ad-
vance with heavy c.autions."t
So anxious, however, was the govemor-geneml tbn.t
iostructionsofthe proposed tenor should bc conveyed
to Genernl Pollock, nnd so opposed wos be at that
time, not merely to nn n.Uvnoce, but to mnintnining
the positions yet held by the British in Altgbnuistnn,
thnt, on being apprized of the hesitation of tho com-
mnnder-in-cbief, ba took upon birusalf tho task of
l'llJiking to Genornl Pollock a communication of tha
ltllture wbicb be hnd suggested. It :hi thus con-
veyed in n. letter from the secretary to government,
• Letter from the governor-general to Sir Jasper NU.OU...
19th April. l!H2.
t The whole oC the 9th J?C111ll!111pb and port or the lOth =
quoiM, pp. 342, 343, and 344.
l LctiJ!T o{ Sir JMP"' N"u:ollo to gov<rnor·gen..,.l, 2itb
A11rD, 1842.
I)IJAI'.
.XXXI.
CIIAP.
xx.u
A.D. JBU.
350 UISTORY OF TilE
with the go'·crnor-gcncral :-" The aspect of nlflli,.,.
iu lJ ppcr Alfgbanistau appears to be such, nccortling
to the lllSt tulviees rccci ved by tho governor-geuornl,
t!Ja.t his lordship eanuot but contemplnlc the po••i-
bility of your lul\ing been led, by tho absence of
IK'riollll OJ>position on the part of nny nrmy in the
field, by the cll\'isions the Aflghan chief!!,
and by the untunU cl«l!'.iro yon mu•t, in ('()mmon u-ith
C\Cry trnc SQ)dier, lmvo of •lispl11ying again the Dri-
fbg in triumph upon t.bc scene of our late dis-
asters, to cuh"mce upon and occupy tho city of
Knbool. If t.bnt eveut should bnve occurred, yon
will understand that it will in no respect vary tho
view which the governor-general previotlliy took of
tho policy now to be punmed. Tbegovoruor-genernl
will adhero to t.be opinion, thnltbe only enfe course
is t.bat of withdrawing the anny under )Our com-
mnnd, at the enrliest prncticnble period, into vo-;i-
tions witl1iu the Kybor pnss. where it may possC!!S
Cll!y and cerUin communication wit.b India.. n• A
further communication was, at tho same time, made
to Mnjor Outram, with n view to t.bo movements
of the Britillb forcC!I in Loww AJfgbani•lon. For
re&.'!Ons which do not nppenr, Sir J aspcr Nicolls, ou
the 29tb April, did forwnrd instructions of the clut-
niCter required by lho   Tbey di-
rt'Ctcd Gencml Pollock to •· withdraw e\·cry Briti•b
eoldilll f.rom Jclalnbnd to PoPhnwur," to "destroy
lho fort and any   gunq ;" but, it wns added.
" as there need be no ha.••te in tbe retreat. whl'n
• Lettn" from Mr. Maddock to   PoUook.
April. 1842
BRITISll EYI'IRII IN INDIA. 351
commenced, you a.re requt"'tcd not to leave any
1ropbies." TIJesc orders were quoli6ed by reference
to thrco drcrumstnncG, M authorizing, not any "ide
departure from them, but 1ll•lay in nbo)ing them.
Thoy nre thus enmnerntcd. "First, tbnt you may
hnve !Jrougbt a negotiation for tho rele>11SC of tlw
Jlri..Oncr; lately confined Tiud•lcoabnd to such a
JH'Iint, that you might rilk its hnJIJ>Y nccomplisbment
by witbdm,ving. Second, that rnny ham dl.'-
tndted a lightly equipped foi'CC' to endeavour to l't'fi-
euo them. Thircl, that the 11ncmy at Kabool Inn)
bo moving a force to nttack you. In this impro-
bnblo ctlS<!, should any respectable number of
lmvo dO$cOndod into the plain bolow J ugdulluk "illt
thot intent, it would bo mO'!t advisable to inflict.
such a blow upon them as !AI make them long re-
member your J>arting elfort." Tbc exceptions under
the first ami second hend were limited by the fol-
lowing ob.ervntions. " I do not l't'COmmeud delay
in tho first case, nulcss tho pri,oncl"' are actunlly on
their way to your cmnp, II.!! no frutb can he placed in
A frghan premises. Tho second wo11ld of course
require tbnt you should nwnit the return of the de-
tachment. 1 nllude entirely to tbe officers and la.dies
now or lately e.t Buddceabad or it.ll  
at Kabool cannot, I think, be 'lAVed by auy treaty or
flotrrCCmcnt made under existing circum..-tance& at
J elnlab:ul. "* In ignorance of tht:> issue of these
instruction.•, tho governor-genornl, on the 4tb llny,
• Leltrr from Sit Josp•r !Jiooll• to M•jor.Oonoral l'ollock,
April Wtb, 114!1.
CIIAI'.
Xl(,XI .
A.D. lilt.
CirAI'.
XXXI.
352
DISTORY OY 'I'RE
couse<l n further communicntion to be mndo to
Genern.J Pollock, enforcing the views prcvioukly
propounded. representing that they had deriTed
ncltlitiooal strength from the victory of Sir Robert
and the death of Sbnb ShQQjnb, and avowing
:u1 expectation that the geoernl bad nlready deciclccl
upon ";thdrn1ving his troops within the Khyber
pru:s. "The first object of the govemor-genen1l's
  it wns observed, ·' hns ever been t{) wilb-
tlrnw with honour into posWollB of security the seve-
rn.J corps of the army which he found scattered and
sUJ'J'oundcd in All'gbnnistnn. Thnt object," it wns
nddcd, " mtty now 1>o nccompli.lhell, 118 respeets the
army under your commnnd."•
Tho qnotntions t.hnt have boon made from tl1e
despntches of the government of In dill shew 'nu :tc-
cortlruJce l!etween the views of Lord Auckllltld noel
Lord Ellcnborougb, as to the course to he pmsuccl
with regard to Allgbanistnn ; nnd they e<Jtmlly
thnt those views tended to nn evnonntion of tho
country with the greatest possible celerity. H bns
been shewn, too, thnt the jutlgmoot of :>arne all east
of the mililnry nutboritie!! miB not in favour 'llf I his

policy. Thnt Ja..."}lcr Nic{)lls to ,gi•e
orders for carrying it into eJleet, ani! a1lnst,
perhaps ratbor from n fecling of aef<>l'('llce'W tho
govemor-gnnern.l thnn frollJ nny Cbflnge i1) hlR own
opinion ; while Genern.J Pollock, "n gond null cl•·nr-
ltetldcd officer," 118 he 1\llS well rhnrnctcrizcd by ilio
• Letter from Mr. Madcl«k to MajOt-Oenenol 4Ut
llf•y, 1842. .
DIU'I'TSH El!.PIRE 1N INDIA. 353
rommander-in-chief, noxious that some step
should be taken to assert the honour of tho Uritisb
name, nnd disperse the clouds which bad been per-
mitted to cu•broud it. This feeling was shared by
Genom! Nett. As soon as be bad renson to doubt
the i11tentions of the government to "redeem the
credit or the Britisb nm1s in ARgbnoistnn," bP
remonstmted strongly n.!fn.inst tho indulgoncc of nny
craven feelipg. Adverting to the noble retention
of J elalnb:ul by Sir Rob&t Sale, to the roinforce-
ment,s advanced for its support, and to the unfavour-
able clfeet which the abandonment of Knnrlabnr
must brml upon the mcnns in progress for the relief
nf the former place, he said, "Under these circnm-
I never hnd a moment's hesitation as to tbc
course I ought to pursue, so long ns discretionary
power was left mo: tllld all my arrnngements hnye
been mnde with n to tbe present
mniutcnltnoo autl future exten•ion, Fnch pron•
•   of 011r power in this country."• After
dwelling on the importnnco of st.anding fast, both nt
Knmlabnr mul .J" elalnbail, be says. "If government in-
tend to recover, even ttlmpornrily, nnii+for the soc:u-
rity pfour national honour, their lost po•ition in this
ctllldtry. if cloublfnl of the policy tlmt it may
he <11'-Pmlld to pursue, I eamestlr llopl'
that Wfnre ttn}" lnuncdinte retrograde step,; m:.Wl'
in   our whole position in Alfghnnistan
";n be ntteutively-viewed; nnil that the elfect which
• Lot...- to Mr. Nth .Mm:b. 1842.
VOL. Vt. 2 A
COAl'.
XXXJ.
CBU'.
XXXI.
Hll!l'Oil.Y OF THE
a hasty retirement would certainly and instantly
bnve upon the whole of Beloochistan, and even in
the na.-igntion of the Indus, will bo taken int.o con-
fiiderntion. At the pTeSeJlt time, the impression of
our military strength nmong the 1>eople of this
country, though wenkened by the occnrreoces nt
Knbool, is not destroyed; but if w·o now retire, and
it should agnin become necessnry to advance, we
shnll labour under mnny disad vnntnges, the most
serious of which, in my opinion, will be n distrust of
their strength among our soldiers, which any admis-
sion of wenkness is so well calculaterl to insure :
and in whnt other light could a witbdmwal from
Jelnlnbnd or Kandnhar be "iewed ?""' In n subse-
quent letter Gencml Nott says, "Pcrhnps it not
within my province to observe, that, i.u my humble
opinion, an unnccel'.snry alarm bu been created re-
gnTding the position of our troops in this country,
and of the strength and power of the enemy we
have to contend witb. This enemy ronnot face onr
troops in the field with any c.hnnce of success,
however superior they mo.y be i.u numbers, provided
those precautions ore strictly observed which wnr
between n small body of disciplined soldiers and n
vast crowd of untrained, unorgani?.ed, llDd bo.lf-
civilizcd people constanUy rooders oecessnry. Tme,
British troops suffered a dreadful disaster at
Kabool ; and it not for me to presume to point
out wny this happened. however evident T may
• Lottn to Mr.   24th Mardi, 1842.
DRJ'I'JSU EMPm£ IN INDIA. 355
conceive the rellsons, and the long train of politienl
nnd military events which led to toe sad catn&-
troplte."•
It thus appears that the militru-y commanders
in Atlgh.·mistnu, eertainly tho best judges, were far
more sanguine, as to the probability of a successful
advance, th311 was either Lord A.uckl311d or Lord
Ellenborougb. On the 4th of May, the latter
noblemnn, nddressi ng Genero.l Pollock, declared Ws
views ns to the immediate retirement of the British
troops to be urmlt"red. On the 6th, writing to Sir
Jasper Nioolls, ho expressed hi$ npprobntion of the
ordel"S for ~ u o   reiJirement, issued by the commtlntler-
in-objef. On ilia 14th his views, however, appear to
Ita ve undergone n obttnge. Again addressing Sir
J nsper Nicolls, his lordship seemed disposed to nc-
qu:iesce in tho retention, for n time, of the positions
heltl by the British commanders. The clumge is
nppnrently to bo nscribed t.o a communication of
the opini.on of General Polloek, and of that of the
• Letter tl> l.lr. Maddock, 18th April, 1842. In a letter to
O.,DL"1'111 &gi.ond, o( the oamo dAte, (kucrn) Nott m•koo aomo
remarks highly ohnracteriatia, nnd in every way worthy of tho
coootry tol\·hich be bdonsecJ ... 'l'be peepk or this country cannot
withstand our trOops in the open field. lam woll """'" that
Wllt cannot be made without Ion, but I yet hope that Britith
troops can oppose A&Uttie Al1l1iet without defeat; and I fool and
know thRt Britith offioera abould oe•·er de.!pair or punishing tho
ab'OC.ioua and trefldterot11 oonduet of • brutal enemy. • • •
1 fool obliged to you. (ot pointing out tho many diflieull:i..,
attending our position; but you are wella'Wlll'e that it is our 6nt
and only duty to 0\'eroome dlfticalti .. when the n•tlonnl honour
Alld our militllry reputation are ao deeply concerned. •·
2 A 2
OHAP.
XX."< I,
A.D. 111<12.
CBAP.
XXXI.
356 mSTORY OF THE
  Sir Jasper Nicolls. Thoee
opinions were to the effect, that neither tbe anny
nL J elolnbad, nor tht1t tlt Kandahar, could proJ>Orly
commence their rcturo march till tile nntnmn.
The language of his lordship, bowevt'r, is thnt of
toleration, mther thrm of approval. "The ntlvancc
of the season," ho ob>erve!', " which rcnlly renders
tho retirement of Major-General Pollock. at the
present moment, n men.sure of some hBZnr!l to the
health of hls trooJ*-the improved fncillties which
the major-general finds of obtaining supplies of
provision-but more than nil, the inOuenco which
those now obont him, IUlXiOUB to vindicate the nnoy
by iOIIIC signal blow agninst the and to
effect tho rostorntion of the prisoners to Uberty by
ncgotintion, supported by force, mUBL neccs'll\rily
ba,·e upon his mind-all these things induce me
to npprobcnd tbat it will hardly bo until October
that tllo mtljor-gcneml lvill commence bjs hom&-
ward march. Your excellency is of opinion that
Mtljor-Gcmeral Nott =ot safely commence hi3
march to the plains before the same time. It will,
therefore, probably not be until the end of November
that tho anny of .Major-Gencrnl Pollock, nor until
the end of December that tho nnny unuer Mnjor-
Geoeral Nott, "ill bo established within the British
territory."• In letter it is also &nnonoeed to
bo the intention or Lord Ellcnborongh to M&t'm-
ble an anny of reserve, in a from which It
• Lottor r,_ the to Sir Jaapor N'....U..
14th May. 1842.
BJli'IlSIJ EllPI.Il£ IN INDIA. 357
might adY&Oce t{) the support of either General
Pollock or General Nott, a step represented as
necessary for tho purpose of misleading the Alfgbans
as to tho design of the 'British government to with-
drnw its o.rmies from tl1c country, "evi)]J,n it is
o.ddod, "were there uo other object." The other
object contemplated is expllliued to be that of
o\·emwing the states of India--a ,·cry important
one at a period wbeo the influence of the Briilib
lllltnO bad sufl'ered serioUJ diminution. In the
Punjab and other countries bordering on the Brifub
territories !.here were sullicient causes for altmn to
warrant such 11 measure, without reference to :my
eutleo.wur to retrace tho mnrch to   T ndeed,
such a mlllclJ seems to bnvo been 118 rt'Dlote as e\·er
from the contemplation of the governor-general ;
CRAP.
XX.XL
and in a letter addresed, on tho 25th of May, to A.D. 1"1.
Mr. Clerk, re!'ident at Lahore, tho opinion formerly
expressed, • as to the maintenance, by General Pollock,
of an ad,·aoced po!rition beyond the Kbyber Pass,
is agn.io emphatically brought forwnrd. On the
29th of the same month, a communicatiou was
mnllo to tho general, to prevent his misinterpreting
tho orders which he ho.d received to retire so as to
gh·o tho qualified to remain a wider
range than was intended. The supposed necessity
for this caution seems hardly reeoncilnble with the
prc,·ious assent or the go,·cmor-gencml to the
roainteonnce of the British positions till October.
A further communicalioo mudo to General
• S.e P"ll" 344 •
CliAP.
=-
A.D.l86.
RlJjTORY 0 ~   Till!
Pollook on beltnlf of Lhe governor-general, bearing
date the 1st of ,June, is couched ulmost iu terms
of reproach. After expressing extreme rcgrot that
the want of cnrringe $hould have rendered the nrmy
unnble to move, it thlL'j continues : "The retire-
ment of your anny immediately after the victory
gained by Sir Robert Sale, the forcing of the Khyber
Pass, nnd the relief of J elalnbad, would have bad
the npperunnce of n military operation success-
fully nccompli,hed nnd even triuruphuntly nchie,·od.
Its retireme.nt, after sL-r mnntbs of inaction, before
u. follo"ing army of AJ!gbnns, will hnvo nu appear-
ance of a difl'lll'l'llt and less nd,·unt-ageous chnmcter.
I t' would be desirable, undoubtedly, that, before
finu.lly quitting .Atrghnnistnn, ypu should have an
opportunity of striking a blow at the enemy ; and
l!inco llircUIDBtances seem to compel you to remain
there till October, the governor-general earnestly
hopes thnt you may be enabled to draw the enemy
into n position in which you mn.y 11trike such a blow
efl'ectoa.JJ y ."•
To mnltiply quotations from oflicW pnpers, and
references to such <locuruents, mny be tedious, but
• In 11nother part of thiJ despatch, the following )NIIIllgOOCCunt:
" It will be for your conoidemtioo, whether your 1"'8" army, one-
hall of which would beat in open lield every thing that eould be
brought ag<Wat it in AJfgbl.nilltm, tbould remain l!lltinly inac-
tin during tbe period wltich mu>t now appiii'OiltlJ elapoe befon,
it em finally mire l" Ckneml PoUoek w .. oot the Dlllll to oDow
Ilia 11m1y to """-llin ioactive, when any thing evuld be: gained.
Ptluor for tho hoiiDt!l' or intere•t of bla eountry, by putting it in
motion.
DIUTI!UI EAlPil!E lll INDIA. 359
iu this ease it is necessary, in order tbat it may be
distinctly apparent to whom the merit or tho blame
of the course ultimately tnken is due. On the 6th
of June the govamor-genernl caused a further
oommunication to be made to Gencml l'oUock,
intended, like n fonner one, to guaro Wm against
misconceh;ng IUs orders. In one of his letters.
Geneml Pollock hnd nd1•erted to the proposed
transfer of J elnlnba(l to the Seiks, and expressed
a. belief tllat he should rccci vc n communication
on the subject from tlJC resident at Lahore. Tile
of the govemor-gcn111'1ll's cxplunotory inli-
Jrurtion was to warn Genernl Pollock that he was
not expected to defer his departure from Jelnlabad
till it Should be ilecided whether the place should
or should not be given up to the Soiks, i D case
tlmt decision sl10uld be protracted. Here again,
as it wns understood and admitted that the British
force Wll8 not to move till October, there ScenJS to
have been little for tbe extreme nn."Ciety
displayed to guard against misapprehension on tile
point.
Tbc state of affirirs in Lower A   no'"
claims attention. General England, on retiring to
Quettn, after the repulse which he experienced in at-
tempting to ad vance, cc;munenced fortifying the lines
and town of tbat name ; but Gcnernl N ott requiring
him ngnin to ndvance through the Kojuek Pass,
and undertaking to dispatch a strong force to
moot hlm, tho general, having in tbe menutiruc
boo11 joined by bis expected reinforcements, re-
CliAl'.
XXXI.
A. D. 1842.
CHAP.
XXJU.
Jo.. D. 18<2.
360
lllSTORY OP "fill::
sumed the mn.reh so unfortunately interrupted n.t
HyiQJlzie. Nen.r that place he a,"'lin found the
enemy posted ln n strong position ; but on being
nttnc.kcd they rnpidly dispersed, and Gene:r:LI Eng-
hmd n.nd his force nnived nt Knndnhnr with little
further interruption.
In Mny, Genernl Nott, in obedience to his orders,
dispatched a large force, under Lieutewmt-Colonel
W )'Dlar, to bring oW the gnrrison of Khclnt-i-Ghiljie.
On the 20th of lllay thAt pln.ce wn.s attacked by n
body of Ghiljies, consisting of upwards of two thou·
sand. It wn.s gallantly defended loy Captain J.
Halsell Craigie; nnd the enemy, after n.n 1Jour's
hnrd fighting, were beaten bnck with severe loss.
On the 29th of the same month, ad,=tago was
tnkco by the enemy of the reduced stl'engtb of the
force at Knndnhnr, ooused by the detachment of
the troops under Colonel \Vymcr, to occuiJY seme
hillll near tho city of Knndnhar, believing thAt thll
force left ttftcr marching tho dotachmeut wns not
sufticient to admit of holding the city, n.nd at the
&une time mnl..-ing nn attack in the field. But they
were mistaken. Geueru.l Nott moved out with por-
tions of her Majesty's llit regiment, tho 42nd and
43rd Bengnl native infantry, the Bombay l i   h ~
bnttalion, the 25th Bom bny nnti ve iufnntry, tho
Poonah aud the Shnh's 1st cavalry, with n detail of
horse nrtillery, n.nd twelve guns. The enemy were
in grcnt strength, mustering about eight iliousnnd
in position, and two thou54ml more engnge<l in
guarding the 1'865 nnd roads leading to tbcir camp.
BJUT181l lilll'ffilil IN INDIA. 361
The troopl! under General Nott nmounted only to
about a thousand infantry, two hundred tu1d fifty
cnvalry, tmd soruething more thwl a hundred artillery-
men; but the great di!;pa.city of numerical strength
availed nothing- the JlOSitions of the enemy were
rnpidly carried in the most gallant style, and in IClSS
than nn hour.
Colonel Wymer having performed the duty of
desrroyiug lhe works nt Kelnt-i-Ghiljie, escorted
the guus nod nmmunltion in snfety to Ktu1dnhnr.
Ono part of tho govcr:uor-genornl's ordeJS Willi thus
fulfilled, much against the ioclinntiou of the officer
holding tbe chief commnnil in Lower A Ogbaulsttul.
General Nott bad intoodcd to throw supplies into
the place, to make an eJl'ort to recover tho garrison
of GbuY.uee from the bnnds of the enemy, and tO
mnkc a divernon in aid of Genernl Pollock. All
these moosnres were delnyed, and par( of them en-
tirely defeated by the instructions received from the
govemor-geneml, whose only object, as he nvowed,
was to efloot i:be safe J"etum to lndiu., of lbe .British
troops in AWgbanistnn. He bad acquiesced in their
tempilrnry stay nt the positions which they occu-
pied, bot this was all, and the concession was ob\'i-
ously rondo with reluctance. There can be no
danger of misrepresenting bis lordship's views, for
his elfort.s to pre,•ent their being mistaken wero
unceasing. On tbe 4th of July he caused a letter
to be nddresscd to Gencml PoUock, with refetence
to a movement contemplated by that officer. Satis-
fitclion was   that the mentlll of making the
CHAP.
JUXI.
CIJAP.
X1LX1.
362
IDSTORY OF 'I'HE
intended movement existed, and credit wus taken
for suggesting it. • But tho general ""RS cautioned
• So again Lord Ellenborough wrote on the Sth of July t.o
the aeor11t committee :-
01
My in.J·tructio·ns ol tbe 15t ultimo to
Major.GenMII Pnllock hal'e biro to ccntemplAb! a. !or-
ward movement of ltleh j)C)rtion o( his o.tm}' u b-e hu equipment
ror.'' the word., induced •• was never more in11pp1'0·
priotcly u5ed. O,U...U Polloek WIUlted no induoemtnt; and to
<ttahle the reader to judg<> whether he r«cived lllly, the whole
of tbc rowing inatruction.s refcrrtil to are A em:nll
portion has been quoted in the text ot pog<> 368 ; but to avoid
aJI oppearunce- of un!airueu, the irqtrUCti(ltll an! be:rc given
rnti:re.
" I am di=ted to ooknowledg<> tho rcoeipt of your letter of
the 20th 1lltimo, and to exprus the e1tmno tq;rct of the gover-
nor·g<>oeral that yoor army should be 10 ddident in currioge as
you ond thus unolilio to mo•t.
"Tbe n!ti-mt of your army immedintely after the '-ictory
gained by Sir Robert Sale, the foning of the Khyber P .... an.d
the relief of Jelalahad, would bave bad the oppelllllllce of a mUi·
tory openlllon oucceu!nlly ....,pliohed, nod 0\'l!n triumpbontly
aohie•ecl.
.. Itt rttirernebt, after six montha of ina.c:tion, be(ore a follow.
ing army of Affghano, will h .. e an appearunce of a dilfenmt and
te..   eharaoter.
•• It would be desirable, undoubtedly, that, before linlllly quit-
ting Alfgboniatan, you •bould bave an opportunity of •ll'iking •
blow at the enemy; and aincc circum!t.mcell !it'em to compe) you
to remoiu there till Oot.obor, the guoemor-genfl'lll cameitly
hopes that you may be <=bled to drnw the enemy into a poaition
iu which you may mike aucb a blow oft"cotuA!Iy. Yoa have
olleady fnll powen to do every thing you may deeru. neawoarr
for the comfort of your troopo, ond for their efficiency.
" 'I'he alii.,.,., tenned politi..U og<>ntl, well ooquaintt:d with
the eountry, Olld with the poop!., ..., at your Cor the
purpoae or aiding you in the equipment of your anny.
"The go•ernor-genet'Oi w111 request the commmaer-in-ebid
to oeleet an ollieer who may be oolely rapo111ible for the pro-
ewing for your army of the JDHJU of momn<Dt, and bring into
- .
BRlTI!UI RMPJllK lN INDIA. 363
not to milltake the goveruor-genernl's views, in
wWch be was ngain emphati.cnlly informed, "JJO
officient co-opcrration all tho oe....U pel'IOM now omployed Cor
that purpotc. ThU officer will be directed to report ....,ek}y tD the
b'llvCmor-gl!Deml. and to the oommlUlder-in-chlef, and tD1ou.
"It will be Cor your coll!idr:ntion whether TOur lArge army,
one-lull! of which wottld beat, in open field, every thing thntcould
be brought agalnit it in AJTgbanl!l:lln, obould remain entirely in-
active during the p<ziud which muat now Upjllll'ently elApoe before
lt eon finally refue. Although you may not have, or ooonbeoble
to pi'OCUI"e, the tn(!Qnl 6f moving your whole lll'IDY, you may poa.
l!ibly be able to move a port of it rapidly agninot !<lme portion of
the enemy' a force inca.utiau1ly u.poted, and of giving it a -severe
blow.
"You lllay posoibly be able to throw a portion oC TO•• Coroe
over the Kabool riYer, Cor tl•e purpooe of a cbuppow, and of
bringing in prilonen of impo:rtu.ncc_. whom you m&y tae in ex-
change. You may make your &trength &everely Celt by sallie&
o( thi> de&criptlon, should they be practleabJc, IWd crc&tc. n
at(oug dosire. on the piU't of the enemy .. to induce you to leave
the country.
" You will recollect; in all you undort:nke, t.b&t TO• mU&t keep
your communiclltionJ in your own power, and not depend upoo
Seih or Mreed ....
.. TI10 Scika you will entleo.vvu.r to i n   u ~ to occupy the left
biUlk or the Kal>u<>l river, .. that the road to TOUT reu may be
lllw&yt unencumbered and Cree.
"You have properly no politicol duties; TO• are to be governed
by militnry ooo.-ide-rntiona olone. to maht the forc:e you have at
your dispoool Colt by the enemy, wlllluover you can. and witbdra"
it at the ..niett period, consi!tently with ita health Md cllicieney,
iuto po._itiom wherein you may b.,.e euy and certain QQmmuni·
cation with India. The exe<Ution or those ou1itary objecta will,
of itoclf, accompllah all the politicol object& which the govcm·
mmt now ba4 in AJfglumistan.
" It h .. nlrddy besn intimated to General Nott thnt it a u-
pecttd that cou..slderatioot, eonneckd w1th the season and thr
health of hil troop&, ,..m not enable him to withdraw below the
r-a till O.:tober."
OllAP.
XXXl.
CIIAP.
XXXI.
364
RISTO&Y 01' TilE
change" had "from the first taken place." On the
same day (so llllXious was his lordship not to be
misunderstood), Genernl N ott also was addressed
for the purpose of guarding him against being mis-
led by the activity of Ge:neml Pollock A copy of
the cherished instructions of the 1st of June was
tnumnitted with t11e lettur to Geucml Nott, iu order
that ho might not suppose that any cbnngo had
taken place in the main object of the Instructions
heretofore furnished. On the same day, however,
other letters were addressed to General Pollock
and Geuenil Nott, which letters were 'vilbheld from
the records for the $Ake, it was :illeged, of secrecy.
The letter to Genernl Pollock consisted only of a
fe1v lines, calling his attention to the to
Geneml Nott, of which n copy was inclosed to him,
and suggesting that, in the event of the lntter
officer taking a pnrticnlar course, the movements of
General Pollock should be regulated accordingly.
The letter to   Nott wna the import:mt one,
lllld its extmordinary chamcter w;(l justify nn ex-
tended notice of its contents. It commenced by
referring to the untle.rstanding that General Nott
should not move towards the Indus till October;
nnd after nd ve:rting to the despatch of Colonel
Wymer to Kelnt-i-Ghiljie, lllld to n supply of
camels recently received at Knndahar, thus pro-
ceeded:- " I have now, therefore, reason to sup-
pose, for the first time, tbnt you bnvo the means of
mo,ing n very large proportion of your army, with
ample equipment for any 5ervice. There bllli been no
BRml!R EKPIJl£ IN INDIA. 365
deficiency of provisions nt Kandahar Itt nuy time, and,
after you will hn,·o nn abwl!lnnt supply.'' It
m>uld not bo ear to conjecture to what this prelude
was to lead. bat it could hardly be expected to lead
to what actunlly follOw!! it. "Nothing has oceurrO<l
to induce me to cbnngo my first opinion, thAt tho
me&Sure commanded by considemtions of political
and military prudence is to bring bnck the armies
now in Afrgbnnisum. at tho ea.rliest period at which
their retirement can bo olfeeted consistently with the
health nnd efficiency of the troops, into position'
where they m11y han f.'ASY and certain commnniell-
tion with Tndio, nnd to this extent tho instmctio113
you h11ve received unaltered." The mnttQr
of the abo,·e passage has been repeated so often, nod
nearly in the l!allle words, that it is ealculated to
excite no surprise, I'Xccpting from tho E"xordium by
which it is ushered into notice. Thnt which 511C-
ceeds offers more of novelty. "But tbe impro\'ed
pocition of your a.rmy, with sufficient ml'allS of car-
riage ns large :1 forc:o aa it to move
in Alfghnnistnn, induces me now to leave to your
option tho line by which you shall witbtlmw your
troops from that country." The wordA, "impro,.ed
position of your a.rmy," did not, of cour;e, aprtly
to local poeition, for tho army wns still at Kan-
dahar, where hAd been runny months. They
must referred to tbo •opplie!! of ammunition.
treasure, nnd medicines "hieh had rclic,.ed Geneml
Nott from tl1o chief causes of bis difficulties, and
perbape more p:uticularly to the   nf earriagt"
CHAP.
XXXJ.
Cl!AP.
11./CXf.
366 DIBTORY OF THE
placed at his disposal. In furnishing these articles,
the   had been mosl laudably octive;
and, therefore, lbe "improve<l position" of Gcoerol
Nott must bnvo been a "position" which be had for
some time contemplated. It is not t"'l be SUJlposed
that while exerting himself so laboriously and so
honournhly. he aol;ed under a pCTSunsion thnt ill his
elforts would be thrown away; and why, therefore,
he should express a feeling almost approaching to
surprise on iinding tbnt General N ott's silnation
wns improved, it is not ensy to conceive. His lord-
ship proceeds to weigh tho comp:rrntive advnntnges
of retiring by the line of Q,uetta and Sukkur, and
by that of Ghuznec, Knbool, and J elalabnd ; shew-
ing tbe practicability and ease of passing by lhe
forrner, and pointing out in very discouraging
language the danger u.od difficulties of the latter.
The leaning of Lord Elleu!xJrough's mind wns
obviously in favour of the ensier and less baznrdoos
course ; and bad such instructions ns those under
notice been addressed tc one not strong in 11 just
confidence in his own judgment, the eiThcb must
have been to hu vc turned the scale in fu.vour of such
a course. is not to be believed thnt the governor-
general purposely framed his orders so ns to screen
himself iu o.ny case !rom blame, while he might
secure some slmrc of the praise due to successful en-
terprise, if enttu"prise should be deliermine<l on. This
is not even to be imogined ; bot if the ex:istonec of
such an intention could be credited, be might have
heeu ID:pected to i!I&Ue instmctioflll precisely like
JllU'rlSJl l!Ml'TRE IN INDIA. 367
those which were nclunlly trnnsmitted lly him to
Geneml Nott; issued, ns it must be eonoluded that
they were, iu an honest nrul &Deere spirit, they mUBt
be regarded as relieving the governor-general from
all respollllibility lUI to the line of mnran from
Kandahar, bnt at the snme time Ill! depming him of
nny clnim to prnisa in respect of that mnrab beyond
that which is due to successful nxrution in provid-
ing the metulS of making it. His lordship writes:
"I do not undervalue the nid which our govern-
ment in India would reeei ''e from the truccessful
execution, by your artily, of n mnrab llil'ough
Gbo.znee and Kabool, over the sooo.e of our late
diSllStcrs. I k.now all the elfect which it would
have upon the minds of our soldiers, of our allies, of
our enemies in Asia, and of onr countrymen, and or
all foreign nations in Europe. It is an object of
just ambition, which no one more than myself
won ld rejoice to soe elfected, but I see that failure
iu tho attempt is cortain nrul irretrievable ruin. and
I would endeavour to illl!pire you with the necessary
caution, rul!l make you feel that, great Ill! nre the
objects to be obtained by success, tho risk is grent
also." Subsequently, niB lordship speaks of tbe
movement on Kabool ns an "adventurous march,"
and the tone of the instructions in respect to it
is uniformly disaouraging nnd desponding. In n
letter to General Nott, dntcd .July l O ~ b   the same
tono was preserved. A copy of n letter from
(leneral POllock was inclosed. and it WliJI inlimnted
tlutl !'lfnrtlo were in p m ~ tn in<:rPase th!' :unount
OllAP.
XXXL
CHAP.
XXXI.
368
llllm)RY 01' Tll1l
of carriage at the di"J)Cl61ll of the lAtter officer, but
it WliS added, that the terror of Affghaniorum oper·
ntcd eo strongly on tho drivers, that extensive deser-
tion might be apprehended, nod that the
\\hiclt left Fero?.cporo might never reach Jelalnbncl.
Genernl Nott was \vnrncd that his success in mnroh·
log upon Kabool must in a great measure depend on
the EUpport to be exp<'Clcd from General Pollock.
and the dangers to be apprehended in p:l8>ing
Gnndamuck were pl'e!'oSC!CJ attention; &ftrr
\tbich the go'"emor-gcnernl thus continued, main-
taining strictly the tone or his previous letter:
"The return of your two nrmiell to I nil in. in a stntc
of efliciency is of moro importance thnn nny
you might obtain n.t n g'l'('tlt cost of men ; nml, M T
alrendy told you, the occurrence of nnolber
great J'l'YClSil would be of very fatal co!L<equrnce."
W riling to General Pollock a few days aften'1U'd'
"hen, M his lorruhip stated, he expected Genl'ral
N ott \\'38 in possession or h letlPr of the 4th, nbove
quoted, he snys : " 1\f y rxpectation is, tbnt 1\lnjor-
GI'Mrnl Nott will feel him8elf 8Ufficieotly strong,
nntl be suJilciently provided with carringe, to mnrch
upon and Kabool." Believing, tbrreforc.
that GenPrnl X ott wu sufficiently strong to take
step, tbc   had nowith.<tantling held
l&nguage calculated to make the commtmder doubt
its succe;s; and which, if to many men,
would certainty have led to its 11bnndonment. With
Genernl Nott it hnd no •uch effect. Tbe oponirlg
sentence of the gallant officer's tlll!lwcr contains till'
llRmSif Elll'UlE IN INDIA. 369
pit.h of his <leeision, and well deserves to be quoted,
on nc:cotmt of its soldierly chamcter. "Hn.ving well
COMidcrcd the subject of your lordship's letter of tho
4th iustaut; having looked at the difficulties in every
point of view, and rnOected on the ad \'llnlnges which
would nttenrl11 successful nccomplislunent of ""eh n
move, and the mornl influence it would ba,·e through-
out A.sin, f hu vo come to n detcmtiuation to retire a
portionoftbeanny under mycomma11d, viA Ghuznee
and lLilx>oL • I shall take with rue not a large llllt
a compact and well-tried force, on which I can rely.
Your lordshiJ> muy rest assured thut nll prudence
and O\'ery militltry precaution be observed :
there sl1nll be no unnecessary risk; nnd, if expedient.
I will mnsk Ghaznoo nod e\' Cll Kabool. But if an
opportunity should otfur, I will endeavour to strike
a decisive blow for the honour of our nrllls."t
It now rcmnins to trace the progress of the
gallant armies permitted to vindicate tbc reputation
of the govcrrunont nnd country wl•icb they serveil.
• It...,... ttrangu to •peale of ,..tir...,.l from Kt.adAh.oT by
Gbumee and KAbool, but tho pbm!e 1\'11! the govcmor-goncral'a,
lllld only adopte<l byGencral Nott;
t Letter from Genom! Nott to   of July,
1842. The eonfidenot> plaecd by Ocnornl l'lott in his troopt, and
bii own arde.ot attachment to the.r:n, are displ11yed in a letter which
be Wtilte to Oener.ll Pollock, UOth of M•y, 1842, gi.U.g an
account of tbe withdtawnl of the gmi.ton of Kelot-i.Gbihdc; nnd
the attack made UpQ<I Kandahar during tbe absence of the troopa
en>pi<>yed in the duty. After rumating the gullant «>ndutt of bi.o
men. he sayt. with the enthu.sium of one whole heart WTl$ in tbe
onbj<et, "I ..,uld Itt ony time lwl 1,0()1) Bengal ""P"Y' a,"'iu•t
6,000 AJJ'glwt•. • • • • My beautiful regiment .,.. il1
high haoltb •ml .plr[tl ...
VOL. VJ. 2 Jl
COAl'.
XXXI.
CIJAP.
XXXI.
A,O. 1842,
370
mSTOllY OP TlUl
The first event to be n()ticcd ia the dcstnaetion of
thirty-five forts in the Shiown,•eo nlley, n short
distance from ;r elalabod. This acmce w:as performed
by a force under the eolllliUUid of Brigadier l'l1on-
tcnth. The enemy from somo ndjaccut heights
contemplated their blazing forts as long as they
were allowed to occupy the situation: bnt their en-
joyment of the spectacle was interrnpted by an
attack from part of the British force, led by Major
Skinucr, of her Mojcsty's 31st, which, aided by n
few completely cleared the eminences.
This lllfair took place at the lAtter cod of July.
General Pollock moYed from J elalabnd on the
20th of August, and oo the 23rd was at Gnndtunuk.
Hero be ICi'arned that n body of the enemy, under
two chieli!, bold tho fort and 'illage of Mammoo
Khl\il, nbout two miles distnnt, nnd be determined to
nttnok them on the following morning. Accordingly,
at foor o'clock, be moved townrds the enemy with
her Majesty's 9th foot, the 26th and 60th Bengal
nntivo infantry, two squadrons or light cavalry, some
l!llppcrs nnd miners, nnd a light Held bnttery. Tho
enemy at first made a show of resistance, and con-
tinued in po5Won so long that it was hoped they
intended to resiat with their entire force; but they
retired na the Drit.lsb troope advMced, and the
latter entered the ' 'illage. The fort and another
"Village in the vicinity were speedily occupied by
Briti•h troops; others drove tbe enemy from tho
Iillis. UJJOD the more elevated a111l precipitous of
these &   sometimes made, and & tbarp fire
DIIIXISIJ EJIPill£ IN INDIA. 371
or jczailir maintained. But tho vigour with which
tho various nttacks were pressed roodcred thC!>C
nttcmpt.a unnailing, and tho whole of the enemy's
Cllmp equipage, with their carriage cattle, fell into
tho hnnds or the English.
GCDcral l'olloek remnincd at Gundamuk till the
7th of September, when ho marched "ith the lilt
di vWon of his nnny, comDllUlded by Sir Robert Sale;
the 5CCODd division, under General :\fcCaskill, being
left to follow on the 8th. On day tho pro-
of the Grst dh-ision in its ad •ru1c:es towanU
J og1luluk was interrupted; lhr bills commanding
tho pllll8 beiJ•g occupied by tho enemy. These hilJs
formed an ruuphitbentre, inclining townrds the left
of the rond oo which tbe Britlsl1 troops had halted,
nnd tho enemy were tbu.a enabled to lire into the
column; the intervention of a doop ,.,;oe precluding
any direct approach to them. Guns were oJl('ned
upon them, but with little offoet; and their lire in
rotuna caused severn! carualtict in tho British ranks.
It was, consequently, nccesHaTy that an attompt
should be mnde to Coree their position. This was
effected with great labour, from tho of
tho ground, but with little fighting; the enemy
retiring as the BritiEh cruno ncar them. But tho
laboun of the day were not at an end. A large
body of tho enemy look up a poeil<ion rtill more
formidAble than that which they had quitted, plant-
ing tlwlr standnrd!l on U1o summit of a lofty and
almo•t   mountain, nnd shewing eYcry
dc·mon•tmtion of no intention to defend tbem.
2 n 2
CIIAP.
XX;\ I,
A.D. lfll.
CUAP.
JOOU.
372
HISTORY 01' TUB
From post of defiance, however, Oencl'lll
Pollock determined to them. In own
words, "the ncbicvemcnt.s of the day wonld hnvo
been incomplete wero tboysulfered to remnin ;"•
nnd fooling n just confidonco in his troops, ho
di8(l8tchcd n portion of them, consisting of hrr
  13th, one compnuy of the 6th, ono
com(l80y of the 35th Bengal native infantry, and
some sappers, to pcrfonn tho required duty.
"Seldom." says General Pollock, "have solclicrfl
bad a more arduous ltl.'!k to perfur:m, and never
wn.s nn WJdert.nking of the kind surpassed in execu-
tion ; these lofty heights were nas:mlled in two
columns, led by Coptoins Wilkinson nod Broad-
foot ; the discom6ted 0 biljies, not relishing nn
t'DCOWlter, betook to flight, carrying
away their standards, and lca•iog our troops in
quiet possession of their last and l easi BS>!IIil-
able 11trongbold. It gmtifiCII me," continues the
general, "to be enoblcd to state that we have thus
8ignnJiy defeated, witlt ono division of the tJ'()(Ip'<,
the most powerful tribes, nnd the most inveterate
of our (li}Cmies, tho original instigntors nnd princi-
pal ncto1'8 in those disturoonces which entailed
on our troops last "inter. "f Cap-
tain !Sugent, commissary-general, wu
killed in this alTair, and Sir Robert Sale sli.l(btly
wounded.
The first di villion nd vrmccd 'vitbout further mo-
• Lotter to Majar.Geno..al Luml•y. Otb of September, 1842.
t Ibid.
BJIIDSII D!Pllll! m mDIA. 873
lcstation to Tezeen., where they wcro joined by the
second. The cattle belonging to the latter dimion
being fntigu1.'<l by the mareh, it WM deemed expe-
dient to halt for a dv.y. This was regnrdcd by tho
enemy n.s the J'CIIult ot' heRitotion, v.nd in the v.ftor-
noon they commenced v.n nltock on the picqoets
ou tho left flank. Lieotenont.-Colonel Taylor, with
two buudn'<l and forty men of her )[ajest:y's 9th,
being ordered to drive baek, some sharp
fighting took place, and the enemy was forced up
tho ndgbbouring bills. from the crests of which
l.('pt up n heavy fire, lill they were engnged
by Colonel Ta.ylor, who, with n small party, coo-
trivo;l to croC(I UJl one of tho unperceived, nncl
to liu coocenloc.l till joined by 11 few more of his meu,
when rushing on the Dank of the ll!!lonisbcd AO'-
gbnn!t, hu put them to rnpid flight, pouring on them
a de<tructive fire as tho) c;.c:apt.'d down Lhe hill.
Thio wcll-plrumed 110d admirably...-x('Cuted scheme
rcliev!!d the left Onuk of tho British from tho
enemy, who forthwith to the right,
whore they nttocked a pi<UJUOt. of eighty men of
tho OOth Bengal untivc infnntry, under Lieute-
nant \ l ontgomcry. Tbu ns.aul L "as meL with
greaL intrepidity, and Lieutenant Montgomery
SUCC\.'Cded in keeping the enemy oil' tiU tvinforce-
  reached him, \\hen they "ere driven back.
So ei()I,O was the conflict, thaL rceou.noe was fre..
qucotly h11d to the ooyonct. Repented attempts
upon lloo picquuts were mndo during the night, IJuL
in no i..utltance with tiUCCCS!'.
CltAP,
=
CUA.Po
XX.'<J.
A.D. 1842.
374
WSTORY OP THE
This was but the prelude to a more serious
nttnok. Tho valley of Tczeen is completely encir-
clcil by lofty bills, nnd on the morning o£ the 13th
of Septeu1ber, it was perceived that the enemy had
oceupied iD groat force every height not previously
cro,vned by the British troops. On the army com-
mencil:!g to march, the enemy's horse appeared iD
the "Valley, with the intention of falling upon tho
baggage, but the dmgoons nnd native cM•alry, by
a brilliant charge, put them to the rout, and their
flight was attended by oousidernble loss. On the
heights the enemy fared no better, though they
made nn   defence. On the approach of
the British, the A.ffgbnns, contrary to their usual ens-
tom, advanced to meet them, and the thrust of tho
bnyonet in mony instances decided the contest. The
conflict, however, Wl18 not only se-vere but protmcted,
the fight being continued through the greater part
of the dny. The series of passes called Rna Kabul
wns defended by the .Affgbans with grent obstinacy,
but they were drhcn iD succession from all their posi-
tions, which were both numerous nnd strong, and the
British signal of three cheers at length announced
that the summit lind been gained. • The victory wns
complete, nnd the loss of the enemy in men severe, iD
addition t.o that of their gnns, and several standards.
The number brought by them into the field wns
about l!ixteeu thousand, and Akbar Khan in person
conunnndod. At tho spot wltcre this battle took
place tho mat;Sacro of the British in tho early part
ril Ll1e year was eousummated, and here they were
BRmSH EMPillE IIi lliDIA. 375
now avenged, the energetic ropresenl:lltiona of the
military authorities hn•-ing happily succeeded in ob-
taining permission to perfonn this act of justice.
The loss of the Engliah wtlll only thirty-two killed.
The number of W'Ounded wu JJUI!1l considem.ble,
being a hundred and thirty. Among the latter
wero Captain Lu•hington, of her MI\Jcsty's 9th;
Captain Gcils and Lieutenrull l\fontgoruery, of the
60th Dllth"o infantry; md Lieutenant Norton, of
the 58th infantry. No British officel1! wero
killed; but a distinguished rmtive, named llydet
Ali, wbo commanded tho Jewlchces, and who is
noticed by Geneml Pollock as "a mOEt gnlbtnt and
soldier," fell in the act of seizing ono
oC the enemy's standards. A ttack.s on the bnggnge
of the British were frequent during the day; but
through the vigilance of Lieutenant-Colonel Ricll-
mond, commanding the rear-guard, all f11ilcd.
Tbe enemy bcing completely dispelMd, General
Pollock pursued hiJ mareh, and encamped at
Khoord-Kabool, witho11t encountering further oppo-
sition. On the 14th of September ho mnrched
to Boothauk. and on the 15th mol"ed on to
Knbool, and encamped upon tbc race-conrso there.
On Uao following morning, ho proccedud witb a
party of troops to tlae Billa Il.is!!ar; and there, amid
ths lib outs of the soldiery, tbe roar of artillery, and
the inspiring stmin of the British JULtioUAI air,
planted the colour1 of his country to wavo in proud
triumph over the placo from w benoo, a few months
befon, a mitterablc band tJf llriti,b   bad
CHAP.
xx:n.
A.D. 18t2,
376
Hll!TOitY OP TilE
crept forth, bumili:tted, det:titute, and spiritless-
relying on lhe sullemnce of a treacherous enemy,
whose >engeance was soon glutted by their destruc-
tion. The counsels of Geneml Pollock nnd Gateml
Nott ltnu prevailed, and here was the result.
The progress of Gcneml Pollock hns been trnced
to the BJ>Ot whence the tamished honour of the
E ngliah name called nloud for villdicntion, nnd tho
blood of slnnghtered English subjects for  
ment on the mo.rderers. It now remnins to deli-
neate that of his gnllnnt condjutor. It has been
intimated that Gcneml Nott proposed to tnke only
a. portion of his force to Ghnzn<>e lllid Kabool. T.he
rest retired, undel' Englnnd, by way of
Quetta, nu.d pursued their mnreh with little molesta-
timt. Gonernl N ott commenced his :march on the
9th of .August, '>itb ncr Mnjesly's 40th n.nd 41st
foot, the 2nd, 16th, 38th, 42nd, nod 43rd &ugnl
nnth·o i:nfantry, the 3t-d Bombay light cavnlry, nnd
some irregular horse, n troop of Born bay horse nrtii-
Jory, two comp:Ulies of foot artillery (one Bengal
nnd one Bombay), 11 troop of tile Sh!Lh's   horse
nrliUery, and some sappers. 'l'ho number of guns
WllS twenty-two, of various cnlihre. A large stock
of nmmllllition was taken, end forty daya' provi-
  Nothing beyond the ordinary nnnoynnces of
11 mitrch through a bO!ftile country occurred, tiU the
28th of August, 'vben m ntt!Lck on the rear-guu.rd,
by n body of the enemy, required the despatch of
some cavalry to dis)wrsc the nssailnnta. This duty
was satisfnctorily perfonucd by two pnrties or irre-
BRITISU DU'IR& II' lNDL\. 377
gui111S. .A more alfnir occurred on tho snme
day. Tbe enemy htning fallen on eome
ters, "·bile enguged in their lab()nrs, Cnpt.niu Deln-
mcre, of the 3rt! Bombay light ca\"lllry, with two
Ctltupnnics of tbnt regiment, and nbout three bun-
dn.>d krcgulnrt>, llfl' to l'l'-cue tbcrn. Tbe enemy
Mired prccipitntely, aoclled on tho British pnrly n
considerable distance, till tl1c J'UiliUI:Itl nnerpectedly
eouf.rontcd a ''IL\t fore<', to bo the army of
Shumsoodcen, the Atrgban of Ghultloo.
Rctrent wns, of coun.o, ine.-itnble; but it was com-
mcuced in au orderly IIUUlllCr. Tbc enemy, huw-
<>vcr, clo.ing in upon tho retreating force, to within
fifty or t<h:ty yards of them, and pouring a hca,·y
fire, it llflCIUnc to mnku au attempt to
drhe tht' foe to a grt.'tltcr djj,tnuoe. The t!<)UtuJrons
Wl!rc accordingly ordered to front, aud ono of them
to charge. Tho chnrge w118 intrepidly o.xccutcd ;
but a trcmenduus fire of matchluck5 being IJrought in
niil of the enemy's forcc, tbcir assnilauts \\We burled
bnck in dil!Ordcr. They mllil>d at the di.Uulee of a
few hundred yards, tl10ugb still under n ht.>nvy ilre,
and the retreat wn• thenceforward conducted in
good orcl!!r. The 101!!1 sustained "as honvy, and
includc..J   ,-aJunble oflicen>. Captains "Bury
nnd Reeve><, of the 3rt! Bombny cavnlry, wcro
l.illt'tl; the furmer ill said to b.no !'ut down four of
tbu enum y before hc was overpowered. Ca pltlin
Tla,cn.;crofl; and Lieutenant Ma.ckcnzie, of the same
regiment, and Lieut<"nant Chnmhcrlnin, of the
Shalt'h bvn.c, · ·l're "ouuded, tl1e two fornll'r I!C\'Cft'IJ.
CIIAP,
llX.XJ.
CIIAP.
J(ltXl.
378
IDSTOitT OF TBB
The attack on the gn.ss-cutters miS t!llid to ha..-o
proceeded from the of a fort in the vicin·
ity, to which the attention of the British commMdcr
was now directed. On his approaching it, some
1III.II.rllled persoll!l cnmc out to supplicate his forbear-
ance, repl'eSCDting that nnd their com-
panioDS bad taken no part in the nttru:l. Cnptrun
F. White, with the light company of her }lnjcsty's
40th, wna thereupon ordered to enter, and ascertain,
by oxnminntion, whether there waa reason to bclic•·o
the representation to be true; but on adnncing,
with Major Leech, wbo acted a& interpreter, they
were greeted by n volley of match look balls. Tho
  with Captain Wh.ito, thereupon rmbed in,
nod another company of the 40th, tho light com-
pall)' of the 41st. and some companies from nath'o
regiments, were ordered to their support. Tho fort
wna found full of people, nD armed, and resisting.
The BSS&ilmta were infuriated by the tn=herous
scooe just executed before them, and tho borronl
common on such occasions followed. E'<ery IDJiD
that waa met was put to the 1\..-ord, tho place was
l!et on fire, and in a short time wa& a m88! of blazing
ruiOJ. • The hollowne&a of the as5ertion by which
• '!'he Rev. J. II. Alltn, .., owiotat>t chaplain on the Bombay
eolab!Wun<nt, "'bo.,... praenl 011 tho occo.rion, hu ginn a nat·
ratiYO of the all'ait in blt "Diary of a Man:h thnll>l;h aad
All"prrioton,• published ia 1843. In a dapatnh, dated 29th of
Augu.ot, 1842,Genoral NotttranlmU. an ...,ounto( tho di>pe:nl<>o
ol the party wlddl t.lnlcl.cd the p..<ultuo eaUf in the monJiag
of tJ,o pl'O<IOdiag day 1 but no alhlliun is made lO what  
l8oup tho despa&da .....,_ da>e tho tky o111or the aoc:ant'JICC.
l3ll!TlSil EMI'ffiE IN INDIA. 379
it was sought to eli vert the British oommandor from
attacking the fort was demonstrated by the sillzurc,
nmoog other spoil, of n striug of cnmcls bearing the
commissariat bl'!Uld.
011 the 30tb of August, Shumsoodeeo wns in tho
vicinity of the British enmp in great force, and
Gcnerai N ott moved out with about bnlf his troops
to meet him. The enemy's left wns upon a hill of
some elevation ; their centre and right  
along a low ridge, until their Annk reached a fort
filled with their men. This fart appenrs to ho.ve
been tile first objeot of attack l,)y the British f01ce ;
and it does not seem that the nttempt wns succeS!I-
fuJ. • Dnrillg the time tbns occupied, a cannonading
was maintained on both sides with apparently -no
great effect; but on the admnce of tho British
colnmos the enemy gave way and diS]>ersed in all
Stn\Qgelycnougb, toO, in a dctpalcl> datod the 3ht of August, si•·
ing an IIC(lOunt of an .. tion on the 30th, n return iJ forwarded of
lci!led, wollllded, nnd miMing, in ""' eogngeroeubo with the en=Y•
on the 28th and 30th of August, which retam contalna tbt
nametof tho ollie..,. who JuB'ered in tho affair of wtuch no tqJOl't
WOI modo. How it oould tot.Uy eooape notiee ih o8lcial oommu·
nkatioDB. it is impouible to oonjccture. That the otni!!ioa wu
intentionnl, iJ not to be belieml; M!t, beonUJC •ueb au intenticm
..-ould not be creditllhlc ; and, leCOndly, .. no one aould
indulge the expe<:taticm, that alllmowledge of Cut> "JitnH!Od by
thoW!AndA of men oould be sUJlPl'Oued. The ntdr official notioo of
any pert of the later proeeodingl of of August i.a found
io lllotter from Captain.JJelamere to the adjutnnr..general of the
llrll>)', dated 26th of Sepllember. twrnty.olne d•YJ u.ftcr !.he oerur-
renee; and tbi.a _.very imperfect.
• The authority oC l\Ir. Allrn iJ bere followed. The ollicial
rt'pOrt il! quite l!ilent on tho ]lQint.
CllAP.
x:nn.
CHAP.
UXl.
A.D. Ill<!.
3 0
.BISTOR Y OP THE
tUroctions.• 'fheiF tents ond nn irmnen...oe quontity
of ammunition were captured, :md h<o guns, one of
which was broken by tho shot of the Briti.h, ond
let'!. on the field, th.e other brought iu by Cnptnin
Cllri!!tie and Licute:wwt Cluunberlain, of the irre-
gular horse.
On thu 6th of Scplcmhcr, Oencrnl Nott was
before G.buznoc. T.bo bills uortb of the city were
cleared of the enemy and occupied by the Briti•h.
Tho eamp wM Cl!tnbfu.bed at Ro:r.cb, nbout two miles
011d n l1alf dil!tnnl, nud preparations were actively
commenced for tL'iillult, n principnl nltnck.supported
by two fabo ones, being meditated. Throughout
tbu night the bcsiegen! c:nrried on tbeir prepnrn-
tion!l, ond the l•oemy appcnrod to bo in I!Qroo degree
on tbe alcrl. A br.i.lk matchlnck 6ro had been
comrueuood early in the   but it gruduaUy
6lnekcned, nod after a time ceased nltogether. At
dusk the enemy's in£wtry bad been observed ci'O@S-
ing the river neru- the water gate, with the inU.·n-
tiou, it was   of attacking tho working
p:orty during tho night, but in tbo morning it was
nsoortnincd that the place had been enc:uated,
and before . unri..-e botb town nnd citadel wero in
quiet po!'SCbllion of tbl) i nY!Iders. 'Jlhnre beitog no
  the solo l11bour of tbe victors wns tll11t of
dl•truetion, and the 7tb nnd 8th of Sct•tcmber
\\Cn' cmplo)ed in tbis \\Or!.. Fonrtl'4lll mines were
• The oflicial dtr.allt of UU. octioo. ...., oingularlr nsu• 1111d
gro• nd ; but bappily l!. ia qwtc clear tbot the clc!eu vi the canoy
W,\.J CU.OpCU:.
BRmSR EMl'lR& IN INDIA. 381
sprung in the \mlls of the citadel, nil ";th etl.'ect,
and tho gateways, both of the citadel and
with tho roofs of the principnl buildings, were nred.
Among the tropWes of success, were the of
the torob of l\bbornet of Ghuznee, believed pro-
vionsly to hn-ve belonged the temple of Sum-
nnuth, respecting which the govcrnor-genernl batl
expre,ssed comidcrable intcroot. On the 1Oth,
Genernl Nott marched from Gbmmce, nod on the
14th and 15th his nnny had to dislodge about
12,000 men, occrrpying a succession of heights,
nnd intercepting his march upon Beenee Bndnn
and MytiBJL On the 16th, Gene111l Nott wllll nt
Urgbundee, nod on tho l7th within five miles
of Kabool, which city General Pollock had pre-
viously entered.
The AJfgh:ut war wns now clmwing to a close.
No pnrty hn.d C\'Cr contemplated any attempt to
le-e5tablish pennanently the Dritish power in the
conn try; but it was deemed expedient to dispntcl1
a force under Major-Genernl McCaskill • against
lstnlif, a mther large and populous town in
Koh-i-damnn, upwards of twenLJ miles dist:mt from
KnbooJ, in n north-westerly direction. The force
encnmpeil within four miles of the J•lnce on t.he
• Cona;,ting of two eightA:t!n-pounden and a detail of artill<ry
(Bombay), Captain Blood'• light !Wid battery. Captain Baclc-
bouoe'• mounlaiu train, hHd-qllJU1erll IUld t1m aquadrnDA or
hor Majeur'• 3nl dragoan.!. one "'uadn>u or the lit light
Cl.rulry,   bane her Afajeaty'• !lth aud 4ht
root, tho 2Gtb, 4"2od, and 43nl natiTe infantry, and (laptain
B""'<lfoot'o oappero and mi..,.._
CRAP.
lt.XxL
CRAP.
XXXI.
A.D. I!Ull.
382 niSTO.R Y OP THE
28th of September, and on the evening of that day
a. reconnoissance Willi mnde. The position of the
plnce was fonnd extremely strong. The towu,
which Will! COWJJOSed of ma..oaes of houses and
forts, WIIS built on the slojle of a. mountain, in
the rear of which appoored yet loftier emiueuces,
shutting in a dellle leading to Toorkistan. No mod.e
of access was discernible except by surmounting
ridges of bills separated by deep ravines, or throod-
ing by narrow roods a series of gardens, vineyn.rds,
and orc!lllrds, fenced in with strong inclosure wnlls ;
the whole of which, with tho mountain sides and
the tops of the houses, were occupied by J e7.ail-
ehoos. The confidence which tho en!lllly l'llposed
in the strength of the place WIIS attested by their
having retained within the town the women and
children of tbe iJJhaujtants, ns well as those of
numeroUll refugees from Kabool.
Notwithstanding these indications of difficulty,
General i\icCaskill ventured upon an assnult, and
soon after daylight broke on the morning after his
arrival the troops were in motion in two colUJnDs;
the right, to which was attached tho mountain
train, commanded by l3rigndier Tulloch ; the loft,
which was o.ccompnllied by Captain Blood's battery
and the eigbteon-pounders, by Brigndier Stacy.
A third colnmn, composed of a. wing of her
?\iajesty's 4tb, and tho carnlry under :Uajor Lock-
11'ood, and commanded by Major Simmons, wns
allotted as n reserve. Captnin Christie's horso
prot.ecte1l tho baggage. The columns in their
I
DRmm EMPlllE lN INDIA. 383
progress met with some annoyances from the
J ezoilcl.tees, but theso- were repressed by the light
troops nnd guns. The point selected for ntt<tck wns
a villago cnlled Imulllnh, whiah Brigadier Tulloch's
colunm n.ssaulted on its left, while tl.tnt of Briga-
dier Stncy, by mnking n ]QDg ddoul", attacked its
Yight. The former column crune into action first,
but was followed after no great delay by the other.
The combined attacks were mMked by extmor-
dinary steadiness os well ns impetuosity, and the
enemy grnduaTiy gave way, until the inclosures,
tons, heights, suburbs, nnd town successively
won by the assai.lantll. The reserve established
itself on the lower heights, all beyond being in
possession of tho columns which bo.d preceded.
A vnst ll.lllou.nt of property wns found in tho town,
nnd two guns we:re taken, 0110 of which was illl1Jle-
dintely turned on the enemy by its cnptor, Lien-
ten;mt Elmhirst, of her Majesty's Oth foot. This
regiment distinguished itself gr011tly in the as&lult,
ns did nlso her Majesty's 4:W, tho 26tb, 42nd, tmd
4!lnl nath-e illfuntry, nnd the Slippers nnd miners.
The lass wns not severe; one officer only
was killed, Lieutenant Evans, of her Majesty's 41st.
A considerable pan of the town WliB destroyed by
the captors before they quitted it.• Tho same fate
• n.:pon. of great eJJormitirs   ot htali( by tho
Britiab troops having been cin:ulatcd. the peru OOJXII1Illll!lig
,.... calltd upon to offer web expbm.ation u he might be ai>le
to lllford. Ftoru bu llt8l<ment, it appaml that for • eertain perU>d
the men ...,.., .Uowed to oppropriate ,uclt thing$ u they U>i!:bt
CRAP.
XXXI.
C'llAP.
xx:u.
38-l
IIISTORY
nwnited Chnrcknr, nrul wu cnr.ried Into eflect by
tho Slli!le baDds. •
find, in conformity with a. praet.ieo which, whether ju.t.ifiAblo or
not, oeemo prtlty well .. tabli•bed. Genorl\1 MtCulrill further
atated, tlat IWo on!.,.. wm> co ruin tho town, but that not more
tbon ..,..third wu do.troyod 1 the attention of tho <D«iooen
bann;: '-n directed ebidly to tho of tho better """
o( buildings. It bad been .Ueged. that attociona on
women bad been committed. Gon•n.l Mc:Oukill declated that
cmly - web i .. tanee bod co111e to lWo ltnowledr : that tho
condart or tho aoldiery "'"""'" womm bad beec tlmoot ...... .
ally ;ood : that whon the troopo attained doc bigbcot 11t.rt or
the town, Jarg.l number& of women ond abadron wore mnking
tbelr way up the mountain, among whom mt.o •·ere
wbo 6rod on the Briliih IOL.liuo, but that the laUe abotaiood
from retuming the fat they obould injote the woma> : that
at the tame time muy women and wt'l'e so fAr in tht
rur that they wrre intr:n:tliut:lcd with our (oromost lrool"· bo
oull'crod them to ptOCftd outlrtly unmolr:otod: that about fifty
wom.m. n.ptu.t!d in the town, wrre Ulld« aa e.rott to
tht Briti>h Cllllp, wboro they ....,..;ned in ..rety during the nip
•'- to tho of the chief, ,fan F'l!ban l(hao, aod wore n .. t
morning aent 10 one o! hit forti: tbaJ. on the doy of the
otorm the oopoyo or the 2Gth nr.ti"' inWllry ·-employ..t in
condutting to the heod.quuten or Brigadier Thlloeb itj!..l and
infirm "'"" and women, and young who roeei•od food
aud covering, aud wore !of\ in aufety when tho troopo withdrew.
General Mc:Ca.ldll alao denied that in a.oy .... Alfgbano bad
bun IIIUrdered in c:oJd Ill<*. GontnJ Pollodr poe I
daUalt>o the c:batp or prrpotraling a-. made agaU.ot the
Britlth DOOpo in Atfglumiat:an; 111d Gouoral Noll offered • like
denW in very indignant terms.
O.,..ral Mc:Cukill oeema to have -.titfutori!y ditf'OI'd of
the
• Some ooeouot of tho ottempt to ddond Cllllrckar, and of
tho ultimate .... P' of Major Pottinger ROd Llooti!JWit  
rna Hl'tat t>o K.bool, oftu al•ndo....J by the pmoo• ol
tbe Iormor pioce, will he foud I t f'P• 2£1;, 2G9.
BRITI:SB EMPIRE IN fNDij\. 385
But far more gratifying thnn any exercise of
vindictive justice, however signnl and necessary,
WIIS tba recovery of the prisone"- for whose safety
the most serious apprehensions bad long beon en-
tertained. Akbar Khan bnd threatened to carry
them to Toorkistan, and there distribute them 113
slo.ves ; a threat which the chru-acter of him by
wltom it was uttered rendered of Ycry probable
fulJilment. So.leh Mahomed Khan, had charge
tbe charge made the troops enguged at ktalif, and tbe
COJToctlle!A of tbJo l!tatemtnts of Generol Pollock and
Genoral Nott it not to be impugned. It iA to be !oared, bow-
over, thot the excited ltlte of tbJo moo's f'oelingo, created by
tbJo tm&cheries of whioh their aollll'lltlea bad be<n the vlotime, led
in some initio,.. to individual eotl which cannot be dclcnilcd.
'l'be followiog atory iA nlatod at pegs 176 of" A Nll111lti're of tlte
late Yictoriout Campaign in AJfghaniotan,'' by Lieutcnaot Green-
wood, of R.M.'o 3! &t regimeot: "There iA a fm>city aboot tbJo
Alfgbano which they soem to imbibe with their mothen' mille.
One of the oftieet11 of tbJo 9th regiment nlatod to me an occommeo
which took place during the oction, when they foreod tbJo Khyber
l'lolt. In >tonning one of tbJo hcighto, a oolour &eljeaot wu
lc.il!od ; and from aomo cause or otbe:r b.is body """ kft wh""' it
reJl A aoldier of the some corps happening to poll by tho tpot
IOillO time a&.r, aaw • Kbyberoe boy, apparently ebeut aix yean
of "!!"• with a largo Jmife, which b;. puny mn had IIO&I'COiy
•uflieient ttrength to wield, oogogod in llll&ttompt to haole otf the
bead of the dead torjOtLOt. The yoUDg urehin wu 10 OOilljlloteJy
oboorbed in b.is oaVllgl talk, tho.t be hooded not the our opproodl
of tho ooldior, wbo coolly took him up on bilo bayooet arul threw
him over tbJo clijf," This ttory, p11>fouedly iDtzodoood u ex·
hilriting tLO inttanco of "AJfghiLo ferocity," ocemJ quite at well
calculated lb ill\Litn.tc "forocity.'' 1t iA lb be lameotod
thtLt tho exoorable act of the l!nglllh 10ldier, oommittod "coolly,"
u ia jtatly   tboold be paued by tbJo IW'rlllnr witho!U ooe
word of roprobati.>n.
VOL. VI. 2c
CRAP.
XXXI.
CRAP.
:xxxr.
386 IDSTORY 0.11 TB.I!:
of the prisoners at l3ameeao, bad received orders to
remove them to a distance. "All hope of
deliverance," tilly& Lioutcllilllt Eyre, "seemed now
at nn end; and wo ondenvonred to resign
to n fnte tbnt seemed inevitnble. But  
hAd mercifully ordnined otherwise. At ten l'.!r.•
to our un bmmded astouisbrncnt, Mujor Pottingert
enrne lo infonn m, that Saleh Mohamed Khnn had
ofrered to make us over to tho British goucrnl, on
CQndition of our securing to him the payment of
20,000 rupees in rendy cnsb, und 1,000 Ml pees per
month for life." The l:ttter sum was the umount
of his pny, as commander of n regiment.t General
Shelton nnd Colonel P11lmer refused to become
pnrties to this ngreemout, lest they $hould implicate
them$Cives witlt Akbnr .Khnn; but the remainder of
the "British officers resolved to embrace the cbaoce
presented to them, lind, if trCILcbery should be mani-
fested, to endeavour to master the guard, and bold
possession of the fort till succour should arrive. They
hAil not, however, occasion to resort to this desperate
attempt. Saleh l\tohamed gave uo oausefor suspicioo;
• On the lith of September.
t The officer ... remd to is arajor Eldml Pottinger, brother
or Sir Henry Pottinger.
I Narrnti..,, p. 3.G8. The mcril of elTecting the utroordinlll)"
chAnge in the fortune or the pri!onen, and of the aon ... m..n of
Saleh Mohamed Khon into n friend, is claimed by m indmdual
llllmed Mohun La!. who bad been mooow"" to Sir Aleund.,.
Bumo. Mobun LaJ represents that, at moeh penontll riolc, IUld at
tllJ! baun1 of being aubject to great. •"J>CCl!<'· be oontr!nd, through
the ag<ncy of onother uati<e, nomed Svud MoortJA K110hman, to
ll!lail the wcok point of the ol!i..,r in oiwge of the priJonen.
BRITI$TI £)[!>IRE Th'DIA. 387
and the doeisive conduct of Major Pottinger, in nomi-
nating a new go,·cmor of tho province, in the nn.mo of
the British government, secured the obedience of ll111t
numerous body wbo are nlways Jli'C(ll\1"00 to gho
lheir adhesion to tho party that scemJ to be in tho
ascendant. • TJ1e Jluzaroh clliefs in favour
of ilio Britl<h party. and lho latter rommencecl it.
march unmolested. Geneml Pollock being apprized
of lhe tunt which nllliirs hnd tnkcn nt B:u:uocan,
caused 11 body of 700 Kw:zulbub horsc to advance
towald,; lhat plw>, ACcompanied by Sir Richmond
The zcru with which thiR movement
was executecl i• by tho fact nf the fore('
having traversed ninety milt-, of mountainon!l coon-
try in two DJIU'Cbl'tl. Four dn}'ll af\er tho depnrlure
of the Kuzzulha.•h force on this duty, C11'ueml Pol-
lock dUpateboo a force, • Sir Robert Ssle, to
occupy tho U TSfhtmdeo Pill'•. On the 17th of Sep-
• Lody balo, in the roUmring .-.oago. bN.n ll'ltimooyiO lhe
odmU.ble awmer ia whidt M•j•r PoUingor ..,.tamed thc tho·
nttet which hod eo d...,lW!d uJ"'" hiro :-"It ,.'OUld
be gront injtiJtioe to Major Pottinl!"'• not to montion the acti••
JIU' ho took in   From hi• pafect knowledge or the
PorUm ..,d hia with the IIIUIIIen and
CQitQau or the he wdl len ... how 10 m&IIOS" thom, and
like odvlllltAS" of tho ol!ghteot op<uing on thrir part in our
llt'I'OIIr. Hia r:oot- IUI.d deciaion """' only "'luallod by lhe
Jlr-P' a· with whi<b he IDU the wilba or the cbie&: ciriDg
o-bvcu on the ndflhhouring lando. ompo..-orin« thom to .-h-e
the !!0'""'"'"''' renlll, &o.: .U whltb dooumcull, though he •••·
••tod thom with an.;, or ,.nt and with \he p'lity
"'• jt>dgr. ...u .._ _, piecn or -l*P*'. 1ft
they had • map olwm fnr tho tim•, whlch wu all we
-JournAl, I•P·
2 c 2
CHAP
XXXI.
A.D. I8U.
CllAP.
XXXI.
388
IIISTO&Y OP THE
tembcr, the cmnnoipatcd prisoners were met by Sir
Richmond Sbakespear and the Kuzzulbashes; and
on the 20th, they re-entered Sir lwbert Snlc's
cllDlp nL Urgbandee.• 'l'ho illustrious ''etcrnn had
tuTivcd at that place on the preceding day; it was
the annh·eniar)' of his birth, on which be numbered
&ixty year!!. Having halted for the night, be left
his cnmp standil•g, and mounted to meet the re-
turning captives, whom he bad then the hapriness
of placing in triumph under tho protection of the
bmvo men who had been tho sharers of hiB toils and
his glory.f
• It,... ....n !hat the Briu.h ol6c<n .me aot """'ptlled 10
haYC! to Coree, either bdo .. quiUing tho fort in whic:b thry
were confine<l, or on t.bo rood. Tho 'Pitit of their Collowcrt wu oo
onti ... ly broken, that no reliiJtco could be plact<l upon <Mm. Thlt
lamtatoble ota1e ol Caeliog ia iU...uated by 1M Collawing aneedote
rdated by Lody Sole :-
8
H.,.. [ao the! .,.,..b to Killer Top-
cbee] Solcb Mobawed Khau ct.DIO up tout, ood opeakiog in Per-
oion to O.ptaln Lawroooe, told wm that he had oucceeded in got·
ling 0 (...- lllll!keb, whic:b, toa<thor with IUIIIDDoitiao, be had
brov&ht with him Go • camel. ODd requnted thot be .....Wd uk
the tDen whith oC lh= •ould take them, it boiog hio widt to form
a amall a<h-liiiCC-guord oC Europeo.ta u o ohow. C.ptaio Law-
mtoo tbm aid, • Now, mylacb, h""''• Soloh Mohamed Khan
hat brought IUlllll aod ammwtlllon for """"' o( you : wbo •olUD·
_.. to take m...Uu I' I bllllh to record, that a dead &l'latot
......od. Tbinking the moo mipt be ahamed into doing thrir
duty, I Did to Lawren..,, • You hod bett<!T give m• one, and I
wiU lead the potrty ; ' but thc!no wu atill on olfcr, aod he told
our &"Coerol that it - ualeu, and be had boner take tbeJD oa.
It it aod to think tbe met> ...-en 10 loot to all right fediag.''-
 
t Autoog th- oaptivet, it will be ..membered. wcre the pi·
lant ofticn'a wife ODd daoghtu ; the latter or whom be had ldt
a barP1 .. bolt -. olao ! a widow. It would be WJ'IGC
8RMSH ElCPlRE IN l!IDL\. 389
1\othing now remained to withdraw the
army to India; and this opemtioo wu cll'eeted with
little annoyance--none of sufficient imJJOrtaneetocnll
for notiee in this work. iU tho J3riti•h goYemment
renounced nil connection with Alfghnrtistan, there
Wllll no ntoth·e for retnining Dost :.\fnhomod and the
other Alfgban prisoners in captivity. Their intended
relcaso was necorttingly announced in a go.-cmment
notification, couched in that gnndiiO<Jucnt {one
which seems to hnYe been insepambly associated
to """"<!the meeting in any other Llwl the 1imple but expreuin
languljlt of Sole :-•• It il impouible to •liP""" our fed-
inp on &lo'a appro .. b. To my doughur aod .. ,
an long deloyed u to be almoat unupected, wu aemaDy painful,
and """Om ponied by • ehol<ing oeoMtioo, amid not obtaio
the relie! of tan. Wbeo we arrind wh<r'O the iofllltry were
poated, they ebet-red aD the capti• .. u thoy ,.-.1 them; and
the mea ol the 13th [Sir Robert S.'a regiiiiCIIt) proued for.
WVcl to wtlcoao. as illdiridually. Moat ol the meo bad a littlo
word ol barty ...,ptulatiao to ofFer, eaeb io bil "'"' tl:fle. oo
the mtonbclo of bil calaod'a wife and .. d thea my
hiply.wrougbt   found the "'lief, aod I could
'""""""r lp<llc to tbanlt the Cor their aymJlAtl•y, whllat
the long-witl>held toano now found their courH. On arri•ing at
the camp, Captain &ekhoUR fired a royal 11lure from hiJ mouo-
tllio.train guna; and oot only our old lllen.U, but all the offieen
in the party. came 1o afFOJ' c:oqratulati001. o.nd welcome our re-
turo frum captiruy.''-.loumol, pp. 43G, 437.
A fnr of the pr'--. who bad r-a ,.....rea by ta-
&oo. -a, with the rHt to Bo=-·. wae "'leued by • party
ol KI>Uulhuheo. aod reached the Britiob CIIDip bef.., thoir com.
Captain who remained in the banda of Akbar
Khan, after the liberation of tho remainder of the priaone:o. wu
•ollllltarily rele ... d by the ohio!. General Elphiuttono bad died
... ••pli•lty.
Cll.\P.
XUI.
CDAP.
XXJU.
3{10 IIIS'l"Oil"Y OF THE
with our AJfgban expc<lition.• One net, marked
by singularly ba<l taste, wns threatened, but not per-
formed. I t was publicly intimated to be the inten-
tion of the governor-general to parade the prisoners
for exhibition at a gran<l military show to be got
up at Ferozepcre. The motives which led to tho
abandonment of the design are not known; and in
the absence of authentic information, it would be
worse than useless to attempt to conjecture them.
It is well that our national reputation escaped the
stain wbicb would lln ve been incurred by a re-
ne•val of one of the most barbarous practices of
bygone times, in the production of llll arrJ.y of cap-
tive princes to grace tho triumph of conquerors.
The pngen.nt. however, took place, though the
actoJ"B chiefly TCJiod on for nttraction were with-
drawn. Still it     t-o l!ave b<?en n showy ISJICC-
taele ; and, perbnps, the stage of Drury-lane Thentre
bas not often presented any thing better calculated
to please the "children of a larger growth," wbo
delight in such displnys. There were painted ele-
J•bants, triumphal arches, waving bnnners, and roar-
ing nrtillery. The curtain bad fallen on tbe tra-
gedy, nnd, in nccor<lnnce "ith tbentricnl usnge, n
• 'l,lt remark il not intended to apply to the communicotions
of the olliecn engaged in the .,.,., but to the official pobUoatiOJUI
a( the petiDncllt, from tlmt whleh announced the fonnatioo or
tho " Army of the lnduo," to the lut inuod in conn«<:tian with
the war. Somt! of th<loe wrltiogo haTe caul!Od much amiUCDlanl,
and     be read with wonder, if oot with incredulity, by
the mto of tho coming age.
DIUTJStr .EMI'IRI! IN INDIA. 391
splendid pru1tomime followed. 'l'his latter perfonn-
ance, it is to be presumed, nffo:rdeil grati6cation to
its contrivers: and if it effected this, its object was,
.,;l.bout doubt, answered. And thus, with Dl11Sking
and mummery, terminated n war moro crunmJtous
tltnn :my which Britain bad previoosly 'VU,"Eld in the
East-a war, the termination of which, but for the
noble spirit evinced by those intrusted witl• bigb
military command, would have left the name of our
country a by-wol'd of reproach; would have roused
evruy unfriendly state to nctive hostility, and have
placed in mortal peril, not merely the supremacy,
but Ute very existence of British power in India.
The lesson is nn awful one, and it is to be hoped
that it DlllY uot bo lust. We commenced a war,
which indeed upon the principles of justice was not
to be impugned, but which it is now obvious was
utterly tmwnrrn.nted by prudence. The informa-
tion upon which this important step wns taken wns
altogether nnworthy of trust, and h1decd intelli-
gence got up for an oocll8ion is seldom calculated
for any thing but to mislead. Tho natives will
furnish to order any information that is wanted, and
though such Europeans as the British government
mostly employs os its agents will not knowingly
deceive those to whom they are responsible, they nre
to n great degree at the mercy of native infurmatlts,
and consequently their   al'O often
worse than useless. It is idlo to suppose tbot the
most acute :md well-prepared man can, by a resi-
dence of a few weeks or a few monlus in u strange
C!L.\P.
XXXI.
ClL\P.
XXXL
392
HISTORY OF T:B:E
country, a.cquiro such a perfect acquaintance with
it as would justify any government iu risking much
upon his report. The men of unbounded confidence
and populn.und plausible talent who undertake t>uch
missions, and thereby raise tbomselves to eminence,
are the only parties who derive n:ny rcnl benefit from
them. The very fact of thai? appearing in n. public
clmmcter is n. bar to their obtaining any information
worth having. Evary one who bas intercourse with
them is on his guard, and nothing is pre5cnted to
t.bem without being coloured {or the purpose. T.bc
wily go.-arnment of Russia undcn!t.ands the bminess
better than it yet ap])ear& to be understood else-
where. That government has, in every place w.bere
an object of sufficient importn.nce is in view,  
carefnlly selected with a view to their quruiflca-
tious, but not maintnining any public chara.cter, not
recognized by the government under which they
dwell, and not even 1..-uown by it. Far distant be
the day when Britain shall imitate the aggressive
nnd profiigate policy of Russia, but we may law-
fully nod beneficia1Jy avnil ourselves of her exaDJple
to improve that much-neglected branch of our
diplomatic establishments which is devoted (or
should be devoted) to the colloction of infonnJLLion.
The expense would be t:rifiing, compared with the
amount of benefit; it would even be t:rifiing iu
for una.ccreditcd ngents require nothing for show
and splendour. Tho advantages of sucll a system
would noL soon be apparent; we coo ld not venture
at an early period lo act upon the stock of intel-
Jla!Til!U ElO'IRit lll liiD!A. 393
ligence thus acquired. Bnt here agnin we ebould
ltmrn from Russi II to wait till tho proper time nnl ves
for striking, and a void the miscbBDces which rcsu It
from striking too &ooo.
The war with AJfghanistan was commenced un-
ad' isedly, and wa.s throughout prosecuted without
eircumspeclion; boncc tho blame most rest upou
the bends of tho chief militAry authorities. Our
army marched to Kabool, but militAry students
"ill not much profit from the study of the
campnign that brought it there, except it be in the
W11Y of   against the errors committed on the
ro11Le. The engineering talent displnyed at Gbuznee,
and the heroic bearing of thoso who pushed 14
completion the @UCCCSS thus begun. ..-ill shew that
there wa.s no lack of either militAry ability or
dnring cournge in tho llMllY sent to re-sent Shnh
Shoojah on hill throne; but the fur-&Jeing sagecity
which discerns every possible contingency, and the
prudence which provides for the ocenrrencc of
ench, appear to hove been altogether WllDting.
Again, no sooner Wll8 Shnb Sboojah acknowledged
8overcign. thBD it wll8 eonclodod thut tho object of
tho war was atuuncd. We hod enthroned that prio.ee
at Kabool, and were &atisfied. I t was desirable to
retrench the enormous expell80 to which wo bad
been subjected, nnd we therefore, in spite of the
lllOl!t unmistakenblo intimations to the contrary,
deluded ourselves into the belief that what ,..e
had been told of Shah Shoojah's popularity ,.. ..
true. Then came the fearful outbreak which ieenJB

CHAP.
XXlQ,
CUAP.
XXXI.
394 IDS'IORY011TIIE
to hnve pnrnlyzed all but the envoy Sir Willirun
Macllllghtcn and 11 pnrt of the military olliccts,
unfortunntely not of the highest nmk, nnd possess-
ing no inJluence save that which WtiS derived from
talents nnd character. The results were the de-
struction of the anny at Kabool, nnd the triumph of
those wllo were believed to be without power. All
this WtiS gloomy enough, but a yet darker cloud hung
o.-er British prospects, when it WIIS proposed, after
the rescuo of the garrison of J elnlnhad, to withdraw
the Anglo-ludia troops from Affgluullstnn without
nny satisfactory vindication of the national honour.
The design was CrustrBLed, and though our country-
men n n n o ~ recur to the warin.Affghnn:istnn without
sorrow, they may at least look to its conclulrion
without shame.
DRJTil!U DIJ'la£ 111
Cll AI'TER XXX 11.
TilE fe.ti<itillfl of Ferozeporo closed wiU1 noise
aud show the chnpU>r of British ad'tmtun: in
ARglwns!llD; but there was another c:olDllry bonlcr-
ing the \\':'Stern frontier of tho English
in India with which unncljUlltoc:l differences yet
existed. In rcgsnl to Siudc, tbo time for painted
elephants lWd the otber CQDStilUl•nt Ilarls of Orient&!
  bad not Arri rnd. Diplomacy and intrigue
were thoro actively at work. A British force Willi
in tbc country, nnd tbe qulll!tion of the
t>xi!teoce of Sindo, ns even n nonlinnlly inde·
pendent sute, trembled in the balance -which tho
ll('livc oo=dcr of that force held in hill gnup
anti directed nt hill will.
'ro understand the rclntions then existing be-
l wccu Sindu IUld the Anglc..lnclinn government.,
a brief rob-o6pc<'t will be For a con-
period preood.ing tho yi.V 1 i86, Sinde
Will:! ruled by a tribe cnlletl Kulboorns. At th:.t
period the Kulboorus. sft.cr n of
t:'Alondiog over se,·eral ypars, wcro di!(llnccd br
anoU1er tribe, tho Talpoors. the chief of -which was
named Meer Futteh Ali. Tbi• Jll!nona,"(l 11&5igut'd
di&tinct portion. of the conquered country to L11o 11f

CB.UO.
XXXII.
CIIAI'.
JUllll.
306 RISTOR Y OP TllB
his relations ; and thus IU'080 the states of Khppoor
&nd Meerpoor. But the larger division of territory
wa.s retained by Futteh Ali himself, in conneetioD
with his three brothers, whom, by a. strnnge nr-
rnngemeot, he associated with him in tho gevc111-
mcnt. This ebiof state contained the copital of
country, Hydcrnba.d,and from this cause was geocrnlly
cnllcd by that name. 'fbo extrnordinary mode of
go.-l!l'llment introduced by Moor Fatteb Ali con-
tinu.ed to be maintained afler his death, and wa.s
imitated at Khyrpoor, where a plurality of An1eers
claimed and exerei.oed authority, though one was
recognized as chief.
'fho eflhrts of the East-I odin Company to pro-
secute tlu!ir commercial Jmrsaits in Sinde bAd
no•·er bceo very succeaful. Tbe earliest attempt to
ottabUah a f'actory I!COms to have been mAde in the
year 1768; but the establishment was withdrawn in
177 6, under instructions from England. Tbe reason
for the withdmwal was not tho absenoo of mcrca.ntilo
promise, bot the existence of differences tho
govorumQIIt, which led Jlrebubly to the apprehension
of serious danger to tho factory, nod those who con-
ducted its nffairs. Twenty-four years elapsed without
any endeavour on tho part of the East-India Com-
pany to revive their mcreantilo connection in
Sinde ; but in 1799 ponnisaion wns obtained for
tho establishment of a factory nt Tatta, and it  
sought to extend the tnmsactions of
the company t<> Kurraohoe. 1'he K ulboora dyt•asty
lmd now given \l ay to that or Tal pore; but tho " ""'
BRITISU EMJ'TRl'l IN INDIA. 397
rulers were not more fuvoumbly disposed to foreign
commerce than the old ones. The chief of the
British establishment was peremptorily ordered to
quit Kurrachee, BUd confine his opomtioos to Tatta;
and after n few months he and his associates were
eX}1elled from Sinde altogether. So rnlllly imporlllllt
affairs then, and for some time afterwards. pressed
upon the attention of the Anglo-Indian government,
that for some years Sinde and its jealnos spirit
of exclusion seem to have been little thought of.
In 1809, however, a treaty, singularly brief and dry,
wns concluded between the British government nnd
that country, the only noticeable article in wbleh
provided for the exclusion of the Freueb from
Sinde. In 1820, another treaty was concluded, by
which all Europeans and Americans were excluded
from settling in Sinde, while it wns stipulated that
the subjects of each of the contrncting ststes should
be n.llowed to reside in tb.e dominions of the other.
so long ns they shonld conduct theDlljelves in an
orderly and peaceable manner. The Ameers n.lso
undertook to restrain all tribes and persOn$ within
their limits from mnking inroads upon the British
dominions, or committing depredntions within them.
Tbu.s matters stood, tbe British and Sindenn govern-
ments treating each other with a cold and restrained
civility, tUI 1832, when the opening of the Indus for
tbe purpo,ses of commerce became a favourite object
with the Anglo-Indian government, as well as with
the merc-antile community at home. Through the
OUAP.
JUlOl.
OIL\P.
xxx:n.
398
ltlSTOllY OF WE
agency of Colonel Pottinge1 • a treaty was concluded
with Khyrpoor by which the use of the river nnd
within the limits of that state was 1100ured to
tho merchants of Hindostnn, upon whateve.r tenus
might be settled with the go,·emmeot of llyderabnd,
nod a written stu.tcment of just nnd rensooable duties
was to be furnished. A tronty,lm ving the same object,
was more reluctnotly acceded to by the rulers of Tiy-
derabad, wboscjenlousy was di!ttinetly mnrked by the
conditions which they attached to th.e privilege of
nn.vignting tho rhcr, and traversing the ronds. They
were these: first, that no military stores should be
convoyed by either; secondly, tltnt no anued vessela
or boats should be used on the river; thirdly-and
this restriction iB th'il most remarkable of aU, seeing
lhal by the tretLty of 1832 tloe subjects of the British
governn1cnt were entitled to rcmo.in ill the domi-
nions of the Amoors---thnt no English mercbBlltl!
should settle in Sinde, but should como as occasion
might require; and "having stoppoo to transnct
their busiJtess,'' should retum to In din.. t Further:
merchants from 13ritish towns were to be provided
with pnssports, the grnnt of which. "\\118 to be duly
intimated to the authorities of Hyderabad, by whon\
n scnlo of duties to be fixed, nnd not depsrted
• Now Sir EkMy Pottinger. Bl\rl., C.B.
t 1'bc fean o( the Ameen were not con6ned to themsclve ..
It U. uld that a Syud, while gazing on the boot which, in tho
Y..,. pl'CC<ding the trcoty, con..-oyed Captain BUDII lip the Jndm.
  .. Altu I Sirul. is now gone, tinoe the Engli.ol• h.,.e
HeA the riYtr."
BRJTISll EMI'IRE IN INDfA. 399
from. .A supplementary treaty, bearing date t'vo
days later thnn that la..<t noticed, promised tlu1t
the fable of duties to be Jeyied by the Ameers
should be exrullined by officel"S of the British go-
"Verumant, Yen;ed in :ill'nirs of traffic ; and if it np-
poored to them too high, the government of Hyder-
nood,   a to tbnt ell'eat, was to re-
duce the duties. This wna certainly one of the most
extraordinary stipulations enrr inserted in 11 com-
mercial treaty. It Yirtunlly gave to the British
government the power of fixing the duties to be
levied by the of flydernbnd on fo-
reign goods passing through their territories. The
concession ofsnch a lJOWOr evinces great confidence,
or great fear; to which motive iL is t.u be attributed
is a question which it would be n waste of time to
discuss. The time necessary for mnking the in-
quiries requisite to a just determination of tl1e
runonnt of toll to bo levied seems to have been cen-
sidernble; for it was not till thD 23rd of December,
1834, that the scale wu.s settled. "\\"35 cJfeeted
by an additional trenty with HydcruiJntl, benring
date on that day.
Some time afterwards, Siudo was threatened by
Runjeet Singh. The British government was noL
unwilling to undertake the office of (l 111edintor be-
tween tho parties; but jt would seem as though
something more was looked for thllll tho preserva-
tion of peace. If this onJy had been the object, it
lltight haYe been affected without any imporl:mt
chllllge in the sub6isting reh1tions between tiJc two
OlUP.
XXXll.
CHAP.
XXXlL
400
ffiSTORY OP THE
states. A most important change was, howe,.er.
contemplated by the Brilitb government, and it
may best be explninod in their own words:-" Wo
colll!idered it our duty to endeavour to lnduco the
l\1ahanljnb to lay 118ido his hostile inteotiol18. Jt
appeared to us, also, that this opportunity ought not
to be neglected, of establishing the British inJineooo
on a solid basis in Sindc, a country which is of
gre.t importance to us, both from its commanding
the entrance to the Indu•, and from its t   o n in
reference to the Punjab and Affghanistan. With
these views, we, on tl1e one band, instructed Cnp-
tnln Wade to endeavour, by any means short of
actunl menace, to deter tho Mabarnjah from ad-
vancing agninst Sbilcarporo, while, on the other.
we desired Colonel Pottinger to iutimate to the
Ameers that we were ready to enter   n t ~ a closer
alliance with them on 6uch tertl18 118 might be
mutually agreed on. Owing to the distance of tbe
scene, and the uncertainty of event.s, we did not
col18idcr it expedient to proscribe to Colonel Pot-
tiuger the prooi88 conditions on which he WILl to
treat. He was authorized by us to offer our pro-
tection against the Sikhs, and we expressed our
hope that, with a viow to enable us to fulJiJ this
obligation, the Ameers '1\'0uld collSCllt permanently
to recehe, and to pay the expeose of, a body of
Britim troops, to be stationed at their capital. Short
of thiio, we iuformed him, that he was at liberty to
ofl'er the mediation of tho British government with
Mo.hamjah Runject Singh, on condition of the recep-
BIIJTISII IUO'Iltl! Ill IIIDIA. 401
tion of a British agent Hydcrabcul,and, of course,
or nil tho relations between Siodu and Labore
being conducted solely through tbc medium of
llritish officers, 110d of lhe expense of any tempo-
nny deputation of tho British troops into Sinde,
which mjgbt be found requisitu, being dwrayed l1y
the Amt'ers."• Tlte stateofnffilirs WIIS not ripe for
the former of these plans; but one fe.tu:re of the
latter was introduced in a treaty cooeludecl by
Colonel Pottinger in 1838, by wwcb the
Briti•b gon!mment to inlcrpMe its good
offices to n<ljust tbe dillerenecs between the Ameers
noel powerful neighbour; 11od the A meers
ogrootl to the permanent residence of no accredited
mini&ter nt the court of Hydcraba.d, with
the power of changing ws ordinnry place of nbode,
and tho right of being attended by such an escort
as might by his o..-n govemml!ot be deemed suit-
able. The reception of n pennancot nritish agent
\\'as very distasteful to the go•cmmcnt of Hydera-
bncJ ; lmt Colonel Pottinger wiiS lnstrutted to state,
that unless lhis point were concx'<lcd. the interposi-
tion of the British government "'itu Runjeet SIDgb
cuultl nut bo alllnned. The   of o. British
agent waa probnbly necessary to lito )'re:st'J'Vation of
tho unmolested rigid of navigntiug the Indus, which
• Lot'" from iD council I» _,.,t eammi....,,
2•tb or Ncm.mbcr, 1836.-SiDde P.JJ<n, print«! by order of
Groom! Court oE Propri<tOB or &st.fndiaSt«k, 17th or No .. ro·
b<r, IIJ.t3, pp. 6 and G.
VOL. VI, 2o
cuu.
XXXII.
CRAP.
xxxu.
402
niSTORY OF TilE
bad been assented to by tbe Ameers some yean
before ; and had the demancls of tbe government of
British Indin been restricted to this, they would
8Co.rcely have been accused of 118king too much fur
their services in preserving Sinde nn un-
equal contest with the ambitious and powerful ruler
of the Punjab.   friendship betwO(In
natioDS is not to be expected ; and when it ill pro-
fc.,cd, the prof055ion is 1111 emanation of pure hypo-
crisy. But the further viCWti which were enter-
tained, and in all likelihood never lost. sight of, ('tln-
uot be nppro,•cd. Tho desire to reduce Sin<lo to
tbo condil.ion of n stnte ought to hnvo
found no place in British counsels. The Sin<loau
govemmruts bad always been cold and wlfriendly,
but never hostile. They wi•bed to keep aloof from
British eonneetion, but tbcy had never alfordt>d
ground for anxiety or alarm.
About two monUlS after tbe ratiJicntion or the
new treaty between tho Briti•h government nml
Sinde, tbe position of thOf!O two powers wns em·
barl'1li!Scd by tbe condusion or the tripartite t.rcnty.
to which the govemmoot, Runjeet Singh,
and Sboojah-ooJ-Moolk, were tbe parties. Sindc bad
formerly been a dependency of Kabool-tbat i..,
its ruiClS hnd paid tribute to the sovereign of
Kabool whenever tho latter wa.• strong enough to
enforce payment. BnL tbo low mte of the Afl'ghan
power had for many yrors rendered tbi8
ticable, and con1111queutly nothing bad been paid.
BIUTI8ll Elll'IU IS INDIA. 403
"By tho tripartite treaty, Shah Shoojtlh l'I.'DOUOced all
daim to further p:tym(lnt, nncl consented to receivt>,
in consequence of the arrears, !Inch a "UUll ns might
bo clctcnnined by the "British go,·cmmcnt. On this
armngement Lite Ameers bad never boon consuloorl,
and   its effect was to trnns:fer to another
nn ondc6ned portion of their without their
own con-ent. They had. without doubt, ne•er io-
tenclt'cl to pay any tbiog, ami it i• quite certain that,
without the aid of their .Briti•b ally. Sluili Shoojalt
could never have compelled them to moke payment
of the fmction of a J'Upoo. The British
bad proffered its sen'ices to armngo the diffcreoces
of tho Ameel'll with RUlljeet Singh, nnd they had
been aeccpt.od ; this govemmcnt now undertook,
w·itl•out refl!renee to one or t be powel'll interestA!d,
to dctamine bow much of an outstanding claim
should he p6id and how much remitted. Shalt
Shoojah consented to be bnund by their award,
for on that rested his only hope of gt-ttiog nny
thing; but tbnt the Amcers bo eqUAlly rendy
to submit to nn authority founolod, with reg:ml to
them, upon pure assumption, ru1cl which wns created
for the very purpose of levying a contribution upon
them, could not reasonably he c.tpccted. Dot the
wns elllharras;ed by a release from Sbah Shoo-
jab which the Ameen; prodncctl. By thL• document
the fom1cr renounced aU elaim4 or upon
Sinllo or Sbikarpore, aJld engngt"d that none should
ever bo made. With refert>nro to tho relense, the
might well obscnc, ·• hnw thi• to be
2o2
CliAP
XX\Il.
CRAP.
'{XXII.
404
HISTORY 01' TilE
got over I do not mywlf scc."• The authority which
the resident represented took n dilfnrent view, nod
he wns   of thnt viow in the following temta:
"The govemor-gt'llornl is of opiniru1 that it is
incumbent on the ll•·itisb govemment to enter into
llll)' formal investigation of tho plea nddnccd by tho
Arucors ;" t though it wns added thllt the arbit.rn-
tlon of the question might possibly be left, by
mutUftl consent, to the British envoy at the court
of Shoojah. Tho [108ilion that the Briti•h
government wns not bound to inn:stignte the llUbjcct
wns certainly most. extmordioary. A pnrty
from smother a lrugo sum-11 third pnrty, without
conRulting the reputed debtor, uudert.nkes to com-
promise tho matter, nnd to determine ho" mnch
sb&ll bo paid-the allegro debtor deuies tltnt nny
thing is due, IIJld producc:s a release from the cre-
ditor-the arbitrator, thereupon, declares tbnt it
not incumbent on him to inquire into the plt>n.
Would such n bo considered just in any
private t:r:wsaction 1 And if not, can it be recon-
ciled with any honest priucivlos of public mornlity?
Tbc trutlt is, that money WW! wllllted ; tho A met•rs
were looked to ror n SUJlllly, nnd it WM inC'On-
  to enter upon any inquiry as to wbetht.'r
tbcy could justly be required to furnish it or
oot. Further, tho pecuniary doiOlllld wns not all.
• to ._,taty with go<omor-£ttl•ral, October 2S. 1838.
-Sind• Papen, p. 80.
t Lett« &om oecretary with p<trllot·gmeral to reaidellt in
llinde, No•omber 19, 1838.-Sin.Je Popero, p. 117.
DlllTISil tl)ll'!RE IN INDIA. 405
Tl1c suspicion entertained by the A.mcers of the
designs of tbe British government WnB well .known,
n.nd lbot suspicion wns now to be increased by the
requisition of a pnssnge through their country for
a part of the forces proceeding to the invasion
of All'gbnuistan. lt WnB expressly provlde<l iu the
t:renty of 1832, that no militnry storoti should be
lrunsmitted by the river or rends of Sinde, but tbis
11romise WnB now to be sot nBido by one or the parties
to the treaty witbout the consent, n.n<l even ngninst
tho strongest wishes, of the other. ln tl1oso nr.rango-
mcnts for giving nway a lnrge sum at tho oXJlense
of tbe A meers, u.nd mnking use of their country for
military pnrposes, without reference to their views
or desires, it is obvious that they were not treated
citber 88 friends or independent Jlrincos. The
object for which the territories of the A.mocrs were
to be traversed by fo-reign armies, moreover, WnB ono
in wl1 icb it would be too little to say they had no
interest. They hnd a direct i n t   ~   s t in connternct-
ing H. Those ann ies were to resent Sbnh Shoo jab
on the throne of AAghnnistlw, nod the Amcers
were to pay pn.rt of the expense. Tl1cy ''ere not such
zenlous momlists, nor such devotees to tho wnso of
legitimacy, as to reeoncilo themselves to thB sacrifice
required, by reftceliug thnt it was to be made for tho
purpose of dispossessing usurpers. They wonld have
been well content tlutt tho usurpers should remniu
in power, nod therr own trenBnry be SJlUI'Od·
It happened mosll opr•ortnnely tbnt about this
ti'me one of the Ameers WnB detected in carrying
CltAP.
xxx:u.
CHAP.
xxxu.
406
niSTO!lY OP TIJE
on a corre.pondenco with Perl! in. Thill undoubtedly
indicated &o unfriendly spirit towards tile British go-
but with refercnro to its own procectlinl!ll
tbnt go..-emment could sc.arecly deem itself aggrieved.
The discovery, howcvt-r, WM employed in aid of
tbe designs nlrendy in progress, and great indignn-
lion was cxvre.ssed llt the "duplicity" of tbe Aruccr,
.. in maintaining, nt the same moment, professions of
submiHSiou to Pcl'l!iB nnd of close allinuce with the
British Thn:t "close nlliance," it shouhl
here be remembered, had DeTer been sought by
tho Amconr-it hacl been forood upon them- <Ultl au
alliance which was to allo" the party to
dhpos& of the treasures and occupy the territory or
the weaker at pleasure could not be regnrdcd by tho
lnlter with much gratification.
The 5Ummary and determined manner in which
tho Briti.h government was prep;u-ed to treat tho
iu•ubordination compluined of will best be illustmtcd
by a few extracts Crom tbo instroctions fumi.bod
to its ngcnt for his guidance in denling with the
refractory party. .. n seems open to you to decide
upon proclaiming, as soon u a Coree from Bombay
may enable you do so with cfrect, tM.t an act of
hostility and bad faith ba..-ing been committed to-
ward. tho British go..-emml!llt, tbe share in tbo
government of Sindo which bns been held by tho
guilty parly &ball be transferred to the more faithful
members of the fAmily: and it may be thought right
to necom1>Any tbis tmnsrer with a con•lition, that, as
ft tiCCurJt) for the ruture, B Britiijh   force
BR.ITISR El!PrRR IN IIIDJA, 407
shall be maintained in Sindo; or, secondly, the
maintenance of thili force may be n!quired without
tiJe ndortion oF an act so rigoro\18 M thnt of de-
J108ilion; or, thirdly, it may be thought expedient,
upon submission, nod tho tender by the Ameer of
such nmcnds II!' may be in his power, to point out
to him that no better reparation can be given than
by exertions to give ell"eet to tho treaty formed for
tho re.toration of Shah Sboojah, b) a cordial adoption
of its terms, and by exertions on e•·cry side to
fucilitate the mcccss of the coming expedition, the
party or parties to tho bt'CIIcb of fnitb now com-
mented upon being required to contribute much
moro lnrgoly than the otl•or Amccr or
to tl1o JICCuninry oomJ>O&ltion to be paid to Shnl•
Shoojab-ool-llfoolk. Tho courso first named is, in
tho opinion of his lordship, cll'Rrly jWotified by the
circumstances of the case: it would alone give
iCCUrity for tho futuro: and every other course
would seem to put the friend;! and tho unfriendly,
the li1itl1fuland tl10 faithiC5!1, on the I!IIDIO footing.w•
Thoso Instructions it wns CllllY to enunciate ; to
carry them out in any way Wl\8 a mnttor of difficulty.
With this difficulty tho l'$idcnt bad to grnpple, M
well as witlt others connected with tho arrival of the
Bombay force. de!ilined for tho in•·aoiun of A.fl'gban-
istan. The were expcc'lcd to alford facilities
for obtaining mpplie!!-they nlfonlcd none. but, QD
the eontrnry (thoso Q( Hyderal.md at Jcru;t), were not
unnnturnlly 3.11Xious to throw c••cry possible impcdi-
• Ltuu from oocrelafy .rith pv<TUOr·scntrol to retidroL in
6andt,   6, 1838.-Sindt Papcrt, r· 49.
CliAP.
X.'t'tll.
OH,\P.
xxxu.
408
Bll!'I'O!l Y OY TIIB
ment in tbe wny of pt-ocuriog tbem. Througl• tho
exertions of \'n:tious officers, the force, however,
wns provided with the means of advancing; nnd
it grndually approached the capital of I,.ower
Sinde.
Tl1e resident had deferred making to the Ameers
n dcfurite communication of the views of the British
government ns to their future position till tltis
period, n t   ~ d as 11 diplomntist he acted righUy. Tho
Ameers were intensely nverse to even the pnssage
of troops through their territories ; tbe notion of a
British force pernmnently occnping any part of
those territorie!J hnd never entered their minds.*
The time at length arrived for ljUggesting it, nod the
drnf'll or n t;re(lty was submitted to them, the second
article of which declared that lhe govemor-gennml
oflndia bnd commanded that a British foree should
be kept in Sinde, to be stationed til Tattn, whnro n
• 'I'hlo oppcllra from the wmmunicati01l5 of Colonel Pottinger
to bia government. •• I now beg to oclmowledge the receipt of
your !ecru o( the 19th ultimo; Alld, .rw- rn01t attentively study-
ing tho irm:ructions oonveyed by it, I am obliged =dldly to
ooof ... , tlat I (eel myxlf placed in • l'itwttinn in wbioh I can
indulge no hope o( ~ n g the governor-gencnll'• oomtlllUldJ
into dfect on the principle Jli"'&Crlbed. My dtopatche•. nboe·
qutnt to tlult of tbe 2nd of Novombtor, will b.,.., obewa the abjeet
ttale lD wbioh Noor Mahomed Khan bu been redueed, by my
rduool to tml.t with biro rclatiro to the money payment to Shah
Sboojah.ooi-Moolk; but eveo wheo labouring under hia wo>St
•pprebeooinna, it will be obierved that no •neb idea ha1 npp&-
rmtly ever O'DI!Oed hi> mind, BA that onr ultim41e plm W11l to
otation .,. .. a eompany o! IIC!pO)'I in Sinde; omd tho moment tllnt
intention ia annuuneed, I think it will be tho ligoal for a eordial
coolitioo to oppooe our lliTMgementa.''-Letts, Dcee01ber 15th,
1838. Sinde l'llpen, P"'l< 183.
BRITISH E.lll'IRE lN INDIA. 409
cnntonment was to be formed, nod that the
of thi$ force was to depend on the pleasure of the
snid go,·cnlor-genernl. Thus in the outset it was
M•umed tbnt the rulers of Siudo wero dependent
upon tho government of British India, for tho
blnlloning of a militnry forol' nt Tnttn, and tho
dctcnuining the amount of the force, were not modo
subjcc:lb of mutual contract; tho li.U point was
rested on the go,·ernor-gcncral'e command, and tho
second \T1IS len to his By the ooxt
cooding IU'ticlo it \T1IS pro,ided, tbnt the Ameers
8hould pny turum (!cit open in tho drafi) "in part
of the expense of the force, from tho presence of
which they will derive such Vll!!t ndvanlnges." Such
was tho lnngunge employed ; tlto chief advantage,
as fnr ns can be discerned, being the exchange of
sovereignty fur dependence.
The dmft treaty wns laid before the Ameers, and
LicutCIDUit Eastwick, with !l<>me other British ofli-
  were admitted to au nudionct>, for the PUJ'!I'lRl
of discotl"ing nod explnining this cxtrnordinnry do-
cument. On this ocension, Noor ;\lobomed took
from n box nil the trentiC!! thnt bad fonnerly been
entered into the British government, nod
l!igni6cantly asked, "Wbnt iR lo become ni nll
?" The question wu an itUippropriate
one, and it wus followed by some obeef\'ations not
unfaithfully the pro,I!T(!!!S of the in-
tercourse between Sindc n.nd tho British govern-
mont. The Amecr snid, " Ucro is noothcr nu-
ooyancc. Since U1o dny lhnt Sindo has been t:oo-
CIIAf.
XJO:ll.
CIIAP.
XXXlL
410
IDSTORY OY TilE
nected with the English, there has nlways boon
something new; your government is ne,•er eatis-
lled; we are nnxlous for your friendship, but we
cnnnot be continwilly persecuted. We have given
n read to your troops through our territori(l$, nnd
now yon wish to remain.',.
It would be useless to pursue tho history of this
period minutely. The Ameers of Ryderabnd were
well disposed resist, and the Belooohee popula-
tion not less ready to support their resistance. The
J;lriti.sh mis!lion returned from tho CtLpitnl to tho
British camp, danger being apprehended from s
continued stay at the former plnee. But difficulties,
discourugements. nod   of embarrass·
ment congregated thiuk nod fust wnnd the Amoors.
The nnny of Sir John Keane was .lll!ll:Ching on-
ward to R ydembad; the resen•e was in possession
of Kurrnchee. Sir Alexander Burns bad concluded
n treaty wHb the Ameers of Kh)Tpore, by which
possession of Bulcl..-ur had been obtained ; and Sir
Willoughby Cotton, with th.e force under his com·
mand, was approaching from tbnt quarter. In thlH
situation the Ameers hnd no choice, but, in their
own language, to booome our "humblest slaves,"
nnd the offensive trenty was ncooptcd; the sum
to be paid for tbe subsidiary force being fixc<l nt
three ln.cs. But lbis treaty wus not ootirely sp·
proved by the government of British India. Three
of the artieles wbi<tb related to the use of Kurrn-
chne os 11 port during the months when other modes
• $indo Pnpe .... p. 164.
lllUTISR £)[PillE lN INDIA. 411
of communicating between Bombay and Sinde we:re
not unil11ble, were struck out, ionsmucb as the
were in possession of thnt p!BCc, and tbcir
government moout to kee1> it. T n the tii.'Coud u.rtiole,
ns nccepled by the Ameen;, the excroiso of the
" plcrunue" of the governor-gcncrnl, as to tho forco
to be mniutnincd in Siudc, hnd been rt'Stricted to the
em plo)nleut of 6'·c thousnnd men. This was qua-
liticd so w. to declare no more Uum that " it was not
iutcntltod" tbnt the force should l'JCCccd fh·e thoU!!Md
fighting moo, thus virtually rc..toring lite article to
its original state. By another modification, the
power of tho .British govemmcnt wns indefi-
nitely o.:cteudcd o.s to tho choice of the locolity in
whirh this force shouJd bo st.ntioncd. Instead of
being IU:cd absolutely at Taltn, it was to be either
there, or at "such othar place westward of tho
rher I ndus" as tho go.-emor-gcneral might select.
There were other alterations, the most important
of which was the omission of an ruticle restraining
tho British government from forming any treaty
nr ongngcmeut whlcb could   nffect the iu-
tci'C!!t8 of Siudc, without tho knowledge and con-
currence of the Ameers. Tho rcmninder it will not
be requisite to notice. Tho rcsuJt or the chAnges
may readily be anticipated; tho Amcers objected,
implored, and finaiJy ga'"c way, by alit-ring their
  to the remed documentll.
Thm, in n very brief period, wns Sinde reduced
from 11 &tnto of perfect inclcpentlcnce to tbnt of 11
feudatory of tbe British go\ornmcnt. The modern
CIIAP.
XX..'ll.

CRAP.
XX .. \. II.
412
IIISTORY OP' TilE
history of India affords many instl\nces of llimilnr
  but few, if indeed any, in which the incor-
pomtion bas been effected toO entirely without fnir
pretence.. The Amoors nf Siuda wished no nlli-
nnrc or connection with us; they owed us nothing,
antl they bad inflicted on U!l no injury; but it
puitl.'d our policy to reduce them to vassalage, antl
they were tbns reduced. Jf it be argued that wo
eoultl not ha,·e prosecuted our in Affgbnnislan
"ithout securing tho domioiou of Siode, it must bo
nnsweretl, that if such were the ca._oe, they ought to
ho.vl! been nbruldoned. Wo !Jntl an object, and n
logllimnto one, to accomplish in Allghnnisl.tln, ami
llB fnr ns tho rulers of lhat country, nnd those who
claiml'll to role it, were lhe prosecution
of our policy did not violate tho laws of justice; but
if it could not be pun;uoo without ioT:uliog tho
rights of others, there ought to hAve been nn end
to all nttempts for Cllrryiog it out.. It might 00,
aml without donbt it was, very convenient to pllBS
through Sinde; but we might have confined tho
flllBSBgO of our 11r1ny to UJlllor Sinde, whero tho
reluctrutee to grant tho favour SOODil! to bavo IX'cn
11""1 strong, or wo might b&ve entered Atrghan-
istrua without passing through Siude at all. With
Runjeet Singh we had a long-established alliance.
Why sbonld so old a friencl distrust Wl? if be did,
how conld we e."qH!Ct to find greater favour from
those who had al wnys looked coldly upon 118? nud,
finally, if both authoritios rcfu.sctl us that wbioh wo
wanted, upon what prineipl11 did we eclect Sindo
BR11'1SU £lli'IJU!: IN fN DIA. 413
for coorcioo? The principle WM lhit-we could not
safely qunrrel mth Runjeet Singh. but we entClr-
t.ainetl little npprehensioo of d!Ulger from the llDIDity
of tho Ameers of Sinde.
Wllcu J,ord Auoklno1l retired from the govcro-
of British India, tho subeitliary treaty wns
thnt which regulAted the relations of that govern-
ment with Sindc. Little of imt>ortnooo hlUI oc-
curred llinco its ratification, except the death of
Noor ->\lnhomed, the chief of the college of Amecrs
nt llydembnd, and some Dl'glltintions for tmn..ofcrring
to tho British the IDJ1Dl1gemcnt of Shikarporo, which
were uever cooeluiled. Tt WM nUeged tbnt- tho
Ani(IN!! hnd been 'vitl1 various parties in
corrc>J>ondeuce of a tendenoy OJlJ>Osed to British in-
terc5L•. The charge is not improbable, and may
have been true; bot it is romllfkablo that the terrible
re' cn!CS which our army su.•lllincd in MgbanistliD,
and the consequent diminution of our military re-
put.atiou, did not tempt the Amool"!, writhing  
they wore unde-r n deep IK'nsc of wrong, into any
overt not of hostility. I ndej)d, tho mno likely to
be bl'tl informt.-d on the subject, Colonel Outram,
J>olitit'lll ngent in Sinde, olooJDl'l'll t hat "nothing
\'ery definite bad been resol\'ed and e.'t}lre..;,ed
an opinion that •' such ciWipble, pul!lile, and
dh ide<! chieftains" were not "ercr likely to ente-r
into deep, IUJd eonsequcnll) dongrreu", conspimcy,"
nor did be "consider thAt on) thing of the sort
would be Jlell!t!\"e.rod in so long na no further di8113-
tcrs oofcll our arms in AOghnnistan." This was
CHAP.
XX.'\ II,
CHAP.
XXXII.
A.D. 18<2.
414
illl!TDKY OP Ttl£
written on the lASt day of May. 1842, when our
prwpects in Affghnnistan were brightening.
&rly in tbo year 1842, Lord Ellenborongh, Jill
nlrondy mentioned, arrived in India as the
of Lord Auckland. In :Mny, f1'om what especial
cause docs not nppenr, bill lordship t:rruJBmllted
to Colonel Outram letters addressed to the throo
dh·i iODi of the A.meers, tbrcatenlng tbem ""itb tbo
cooli.cation of tbcir dominicus in tbo event of their
proving fnitbless to tbc Britl!h go\"eDUDent. Tho
was allowed a discretion as to the dellv<!ry of
thoso !otters, SJJd in tbc exercise of tbat discretion
be withheld them.
Tho go•·ernor-general Wll8 prepru-ed to dispossess
tbe Ameers of their territerieB; but on the sup-
position tbat no sufficient, or ostensibly sufficient,
ca111e might be alrorded for this step, he meditated
an important chango in their situation, in regan!
to the British go\"emmcnt- This was tho eommu·
tation of tho tn"bnto payable by the Ameers to that
government, by tbe tTBIUifcr of territory ; nnd tbo
localities, where eeeslo118 of territory wero to be
derived, were specified. Colonel Outram submitted
to tho go•·emor-geoeral tho sketch of a supplo-
meotal treaty. embodying theso news; hot for eome
reason not explaionble, his lordship deemed it not
admable to press negotiations on the Ameers
"procipitately,n 110d dt>termioed "to leave their
miod.e for tbe present In tranquillity." •
• L<ltt.er to politiell "«"''t In Siode, lOth of April, 1&12.-
Sinde   p. 380.
lll!lTISR Ill IIIDIA. 415
The "lrnnquillity" conceded was not of long
duration. J n the month following that in which
cxpres!!ion had gi .-en to the wish tbt the
Ameers should enjoy tllis inestimable boon of trnn-
quillity, l\Injor-General Sir Charles Napier WlL!I
ordered to proceed to Sindl', to &'iSOD1e the ehief
military command there. This wnsnot all; he WM
also to exercise the chief political and civil autho-
rity. Such an IU"I'1Ulgt!IIlent, under peculiar cir-
cumstances, may bo sometimes beneficial. The
present instance ill pronounced by o writer hostile to
lAird Aucklnnd, and generally fa,·ourablc to Lord
Ellen borough, to bare been "a step, at such a  
of very quostionablu llOlicy.""
Sir Charles Napier, in nccordllnce with tho instruc-
tions of the go.-crnor-general, pi"'('eeded to Sinde,
and on the 5th of October. reported that tbe Ameera
levied tolls on the river, contmry to tho troaty.
Without wniting for the result of the remonstn111ce
which the British rcpresentath·e made on tbl' mb-
ject, that functionary was, by imtructioos forwarded
in answer to his communication, directed to inti-
mate to tho Ameers, that he was authorized to tre:.t
for a revi•ioo of tho treaty. Tho agent to whom
these instrnctiom wero wns nothing loth
to follow them ; and in a pnpcr of extrnortlinary
length, be recorded his comiction that the existing
state of political relations between Sinde and the
British govt'rnmcnt roultl not last-" That the
• u A Or.t Coomtry'• Littlo Wan," by Hauy W.hlngtna.
p. 2!1.
CllAl'.
](XJ(lL
A. n.ls.!.
CIIAP.
:XXXII.
41G
nJiiTORY OP TU&
powcrft1l government would, at no very distnnt pe-
riod, flWllllow up the weaker;" nnd t.hnJ. "it would be
better to come to the results., at once," if it could be
done with honesty." The of doing it
"with honesty" was grent; but Sir Charles NaJ•ier
was not a man de!!pai:r. An army of charges
agai"-t the Ameelf!, cxtending o•er n considcrnblo
period, Willi trnn;nnitted to the go\'emor-gcncrnl
and wns answered by the dn11i. of n tTCnty to be
presented for the nccoptllnce of tho nllegecl offcn-
den.. By this document, required to carry into
efl'ect the project of obtaining territory in place of
tributc, certain plnces were poil1tccl out ns centres,
"·hich a convenient n7"1'01>diautm·llt of oountry wns
tO be &t thl' pll!ftSllre of the general,
and political repTC"Cntntive of his govemnwnL
An6thor portion of territory wns to he t.'lkon to re-
mrrd tho fidelity of the Kbnn of Bha"lporo 0!! a
Brithh ally. Tho Ameers were to provide fuel for
tbe rtcauws DAvigating tbe IndUB, nnd if they
fniled, the servnnts of the British govemment were
to be entitled to fell wood within a hundred yorcls
of tho bnnks of tho river, ";thin lhe territories of
the   This wns an olfo:ru:i•·o privilege. but
not tho most ofronsi ve that wao cloi:med. By o
series of articles in the treuty, wbkh woulu 'rom
to h&vc been frnmed purposely\\ ith n view to in"UUt,
the A meers were to to exercil.c lhP pri,ilcgo
of coining, one of the chief cbnrnctem-ties of soYe-
reigtlly. Tho British gnvernmont were to coin for
thrm: nml. to nggnl\'&te thf:' incliqnit:y nlferi>d to
DIUTlSH EMPlRV. IN JNDJA. 4}7
thetoO wretched pl'inces, the coin was to bear on
one 5ido " the effigy of tho 'IOVcrcign of
Thus every tmosnction nt every bllZIIIlr throughout
Sindo Willi to be made the ml'nns of publicly pro-
claiming that tile Amccrs hnd cel\llctl to .rule;
thnt they hail become dependants of a foreign po-
tcotnt<', nnd held so much of nuthority ns wiiS allowed
CliAI'.

to remain "'itb them only by the sufferance of a
superior, or of the senants of that guperior. Scpa-
mtc   were to he tcndcnxl to the govnm-
ments of Hyderabod, and to thoso of Kbyrpore, but
they were framed upo.n tho snmo principles, nnd
directed to the snmo cuds.
1'ho jwllico of imposing such sovere terms Wll.'l
rested upon the authenticity of tho letters said to have
bcon written respectively by lllecr Nu_o;scer Khan,
of H ydcrnbod, and )leer Roo«tum K b110, of Khyr-
pore, 11nd on the escape of an insurgent leader from
the British authorities through the agency of a
servnnt of tho latter prince. As to the letters, every
ooo nequniutcd with Oriental nOhlrs knoW!! that
corrcspoudonoe is coll8tantly fnbricntcd to nio nny
JlUrJlOSO that Ulll)' he in hand. It is not meant that
any Englishman was connected with the fabrication
in thiJ taSt', supposing tlre proi'CIO! to have been re-
Aortc.od to, or had any acquaintanc(! ..-ith the matter.
Tho supposition is unnoo_,-; ad\"l'nturel"ll
h11ve groot taet in gnll"'!ing what will bo useful
or acceptable to tb06e above them, and n rare
facility in counterfeiting both nnd seaiJ!.
ThP authrnticity of t11e lf:'ltl'rfl WM denied by
V(IL. VI.
2 E
CllAl'.
XXXJL
A. o. 18<2.
418
lll8TDJtY 011 TOE
the nlleged writers; the denial is certainly not to
bo receivud as conclusive ngninst belief in thcir
authenlicitJ, but such belieJ is not wMmnted by nny
11ufficient evidence. Tbe seal attached to the letter
professed to be from Meer KbM clillcred
from the ordinary senl of tbnt prince. but was snid
to coiTCSJlOnd with Mother SLoat which he was rCJli'C-
!lenled to The nuthentieity of the letter,
howe,·er, wns doubted by nt least ono ''eiY com-
petent judge.• Tho letter of Meer Roosturu Klum,
accortling to the odmission of tb066 wbn brought it
forwnnl in occusation ngn:inst him, coultlnot be  
to his cognizance ; it wos believed to have bl>co
written by hk minister, but "hcther "itb or with-
out his kuowloogo wns not shewn ; nnd the 06CII(JC
af the prilloner from Britil<b cllStody was iu like
DIIIDDt'r traceable no further than to the ngent loy
whom it wns elfuetoo. Certainly the rights or
princes were never ns."lliled on such slender ground
liS these charges llll'orded. Dut it was enough:
for TeBSOns not then disclosed, it wns resolved to
go forward with tlte process wbich bnd been com-
menced under n dilferent admink-untion, to tig!Jten
the 8fii!!Jl of the British go,·ernment upon Fiimlc,
Md thus to accclcmte the pregres., of the move-
ment which Wllq to convert thnt country into 11
Britii!b pro\ince in nnmo as wcU as in fnet.
Tbe lrcaties wcro l>rcBCntcd for tbo acceptance
of the .Ameers both of Upper IUld Lower Sindt>, on
tho 6tb nr Oee.,mbcr. They were llC4'nUIJlllllie<l by
• Mr. Clerk, eD•oy 11 Lahore.
BRITISH Elll'llUI IN L'l OJA. 419
letters from Sir Cbarlcs Napier, iotimating his in-
tention to tnke immediate posi('SSion of the districts
which it was proposed to wgu to the Kbnn of
BhnwiJlOrc. The letters were dated tbe 1st of the
month; Md on the 18th publicity was giveu to tho
intention by the issue of n pnx:lnmntion, signed by
tho British gcnernl, which, nncr rt'Citing the orders
under which ho acted, nnd tho f'Ur}'O('e wh.icb ltc
!tad in .-ie•v, declared that if the A m e c r   ~ ehoultl,
aner tbc commencement of tltc cll!Uitlg year, collect
nny revenue in admuce, or itnposo IUl)' new tnx
w;tbin the districts which they were destined to J()o,C.
they shoultl be punished by nmcrecmcut. At this
time tho new trcnties wcro mnttors for discllllSion
-they hntl not been rntified-they were mere pru-
pO<>als from ooe party, which tho opposite parties
might rt>jcct; subject, of couNC, to the pennlty
atlncbl'd to rejection. But it cmmot fail to bo ob-
tcrTCfl, that Sindc is dcnlt with by Sir Chari("!
NnJ•icr as though the ri!fht of tbc govcmor-_sren!'rnl
of British lndin to pnrecl it out at his pleasure wwc
unfJUl'lltionod nnil unquestionable; nud, moreover,
118 if it were desired to oxcrci!IO this right in n
mnnnllr o.s olfensive as J>O!»ible 1.0 those wbo wcro
to suffer privation from the t':tllrclic. Tbo direct
tendency of tbe prodamation was to .reuder tho
Amocrs contemptible in tile C)CS of tho&e wbom
they 'l'Cre yet, perhtlpo, fur a time to be penoittl'd
to rognnl ns subjects. Sorb 11 course coobl not
fncilitnlo tbo llCCCptiUlCO of tho prolfcrod treaties;
it WIIB dircctly cnlcnlntc4l lo iuflucnce hostile f41cl-
2 E 2
CIIAP.
:xxxu.
CRAP.
l{,XXU.
420
RIRTORY OP Ttl£
ings already bclieved to pronil in their minds; nnd
had it been determined to hurry on on !tppcel to
the sword, no more likely means could hove been
devised thnn the issue of tWa most injndicious nnd
insulting proclnml\tion.
The extmordiDI\ry constitution of tho Sindo go-
\emmcnt bas already been odverted to. An inci-
dent, arising from thil! eau c, has now to be noticed.
llleer Roostum was the chief of the Ameen of
Khyrpore. He was aboYe eighty yean of age, and
consequently no long tenure of life nnd power (such
power ll!i be wns likely to retain) could be :mticipnted
for him. According to tho coustituJion of the Sindo
smto (if OOtl.'!titution it bnd), All 1\foorad, brother of
Mecr Rooetum, was tho legitimate succet>sor of the
prince in the chieftainship. Mcer Roostum, it was
alleged, wished to divert the succession in favour of
his own 1!011; and Ali lloorad applied to Sir Charles
Napier for support against ony such attempt, should
it be made. It was promi-ed, on condition of tho
fidelity of Ali J\fooracl to tho llritiab couso. Dut
something further wM wished. The unmanagenblc-
n<>M of a government constituted like that of Sindo
Wll..• obviou.s enough ; and it occurred to Sir Charles
Napier that the age of Moor Roostum, and a
presumed indL"PP5ition on hi8 part to be longer
hurtbened with the toils and vexations of gcvcm-
mcnt, might alford means for effecting somo modifi-
cation favourable to .British influence. The following
~ t t n t e m   n t n>sts upon th<> nutbority of Sir ChiiJ'IOII
Napier. but it iA rropor to oh!;erve in the onu.c>t
8RITISH ElU'I.JIJ: IN LVDIA. 4.21
lll4t it ia not in All points uncontroverted. Mce:r
R008lllm scot a comml!nicntion to Sir
Na11icr to the effect that ho could do nothing, lllld
would mnko his escnpo to the British geneml's
cum p. Tltis l!tcp wns not dO!! I rod ; it was re-
  led 118 inconvmticnt, nnrl by n very adroit, if
not a ''ory rtraightforwnrd, pirce of diplolllliCy, tho
general was relic..-ed nlike from the emhnrms&ment
wlticb would han mrultcd from entertaining Meer
Roostum in his t'31DP, and from tbnt wltich ...-oold
have foUowed bis refusing him this refuge. As tho
trnn'lMlion wM in many points cxtmordinnry, it
wiU oo to relnto it, 118 fo.r 118 po.o.<>ible, in tho
\lOrds cf the chief actor, Sir Cho.rles Napier him-
It nppenred, then, to uim ilint ilia only
desirable IJSlem to foUow in Siotle wns that of
" making tho chief powerful, and holding him undu
tbo power of tho government," the British govem-
ml'nt heing meant. " This," writes Sir Charles
Nn[licr, nddre!!lilng the govenJor-gencrnl, "made me
promiso Ali Moonul your lordship's in
having the turban, • wblch your lordsltip baa
approved of. The next step wn.a to secure him
the excrelse of its power now, even during his
brother's life. Tltis I Willi eo fortunate to succeed
in, by persunding Meer Root.turn to rlac:e himself
in All Moorad's hllJld,. "t Meer Roostum, accord-
• Tbe word uuban. It will be .,._.Yod. ia bore u...l in tho
oame ......, u the word orown il fr<qumtly ..,.plofed ID illdicau
tho -rdgoty.
t Lourr to govcrnor-genenl, 27th or Oeccmbtr, 1842.-slnde
P•rt'"·l'· 61$.
CIIAP.
X..'<XIL
CHAP.
XXXII.
RI11'1'0R\' 01' TilE
iugly, instead of proceeding to the British CIIUIJI,
throw himself upon his brother, and sunendered to
him the ehicf :utthority. lie seems, however, soon
to hll\"tl repented of tho stops which be bad Ulkon,
for in n very few clnys llo cscar1ed from Lhll care
ot the person to wllom llo had been commended
by tlle British genernl. •
The flight of Roostum-bis first flight,
n:uncly, that wbidt "-as followed by the snrrender
of his power to Ali Moorad-excited greot eon-
otemlltion among and folJowers. They
forthwith fled, but not to the British e11mp nor to
Ali Mooro.d. Tboir clcoieo Will! the desert, and tho
gn.'Oter portion were reported to !ULvc sought s;JJoty
in a fort cnlled Enumn Gbur. Thither Sir Chnrlos
NnJlier resolved to follow tbom, and commenced his
mllrcb wilbout delay. No C<'rtAin intelligence as to
a &upply of water being attainable, it was dremed
• 'O.&t the iatrigu .. o( Oriental prinoa ehoold be inuplie&ble
io nothing new. in thio irut.nc:e tho eonduat of
tho British gcnernl t. inexplicable ru.o, Cllld bis atatem.ento imcon.
cl!Ablc until bcaball Cu.rnith oomo rurtl••r explanatiou. Au aooount
given by him bu been clootly foUowcd in tho narmti•c whleb
wiU be found in tbe text, but it ought not to be oonotaled thot
the letlua or the g.Jir.nt gencnl, written at dill'<ftllt perioda, 000·
taiaed cliocrq>aocies tllDOuntiog to polilin OCIOlndictiono. n..
ll<'<OUIIt rouow.d abcmo ..... written only eight cJ.yo ofiH t.bo
-uou. recorded. and coiocid4o with IUIOlher""'"' brld, wbleb
'-wdatun thedayafttT   1011ght abdter ... ith bio
bror.bor, Any rt&dtr c!Upooccl to exm:i!e bio inpuity in nn·
ra<elllng the perplexltia Cllld reconciling lhe cll.tcordrutce or r.lli.o
atrnnge &!fair, all reeling on the authority or Sit Oluula Napier,
will fiud abund&nt opJW>rtunlty In the JlGpcra on tho aubjeet.
Some notice of tlwD will be round btn:&fter.
BIUTISU · EM I'J:R& IN I !'rotA. 423
  to take forw:trd only 1\ \'ery mmll force.
It of throe hundred and fifty men of tho
Quoon's 22nd, moUlltcd on camels (two on caeh
uuimnl), two hundred Sindcun horse, lllld two 24-
pouutler howitzers. 'rho wnnt of foroge rendered
it n!'CeS!!llry to send bBck n hundred and fifty of the
!Jor!>c. The remainder of tho forco     tho
difficultictl of the desert. march, which were great,
Mtl rooched EmAun Ghur, "hic•h place was oocu-
pil•l "ithout difficulty, Md tle!'truyed. Tho fort.
w-.u. sll\ted to belong to Ali Moomd. who consented
to itM dlltltructiou. The march of tho British general,
111VI the capture nnd del!tntclion of JL fortress belong-
ing to some or other of tl10 nulhoritics of Sindt>.
tonk (111\oo nL a time when wo wore professed! y in a
slnW! of pcacc with nil. his grently, therefore, to be
dt"'irt'C!, for the credit of the Driti,<h name, tbnt the
btatemcnt above noticed would bo correcL I t bliB,
hii\ICV\'r, been dLoputed, and with some nppearnnee
of troth. The fall of Ema1111 Gbur took place cnrly
in tho mouth of J rmunry, 18-13.
Tho o'·ent was not without cB'ect: but tho
AmooNJ wcru yet nntumlly anx.ious to oll' tho
evil day, which wos to dive&t them olmost of the
wry !ICmblnnoo of 80\'Crciguty. l l '\ior Outmm,
whe>o ro"·en; had been with<lnnm, and who bad,
conse<tucntly, retired to Bombay, it mLS thought
might. by his peJSOnnl influence, be able to effect
something in the wny of tlimlni,hing the reluctance
or tho Jlrinces to sign the KCntenco of their own
• irtmd deposition. ll c returned, held various con-
CllAP
XX).Il.
A. J), 18-13.
C!RAP.
xxxn.
424
IIISTOllY OF Till:
fenmces "ith the Ameers, nntl finally prevniled on
them personally to offix their seals to t.he !:roo ties. •
But there were other parties who clllimed the
privilege of judging beside the Ameers. The llc-
loochee tribes-bold, fiarcc, and intrnctable--were
grent.ly excited ngninst the European intruders,
who, by no slow odvnnces, were establishing their
own authority supreme in Sinde. As tho Dritislt
commissioner nnd his nttendnnts departed from the
final conference, they were assnilcd with exet"rations
from llllll8SOmb1ed crowd, who were restrained from
more dangerous upression of theil- feelings only by
tlto presence of a strong e5cort of horse, sent by tho
Ameers, under the command of some of their most
inBnentinl chiefs.
One great point on which the Amecrs had dwelc
in their conferences with Major Outrrun, 'rns the
wrong whlclt the British authorities bad caused, and
continued to uphold, in the transfer of authority
from :Meer Roogtum to Ali l\loornd. It was stated,
that tho surrender of power by the latter hacl been
the effcot of compulsion ; aud seeing that tho agecl
chieftain was altognther in the bauds of his brother,
it is very probable such was tho fuot. Tho political
move, wlri.cb the British general thought a master-
stroke of diplomacy, thus became a chief cause of
embarrn;si:ug the negotiation, while it placed a.
chief, ,•encrable for his yenrs nt least, in tbe position
• With the exception of ouc of the Ameen of Khyrpon>, who
alleged that blo oet1 wu in the       ot blo brother, and
promiled to ratify the treaty at a tilDe.
B.!U'flSH EM PlRE IN .INDIA. 425
of an oppressed nod injnred man, nod !aft on tlto
ehuulders of the highest British auLhority in Sinde
the charge of being the principal author of the
chieftain's degrrulatiou.•
It wns constnntly represented by tho Amecrs,
that the continued a.dvnnce ul' Sir Charles Napier
• The embarn....Ung rituat.ion in wbicb Sir Oluuleo Nnpier
tlliwed hiauoel! by W. prac:eedillga in regvd co M..,. llooatum
IUid oloorad waa ob•io.Wr r.Jt by him v•ry cfeeplr,. u may
be oel!ll by a oollouioa of bis •tnlell!t11to on the oubjeet in tbe
Sinde Papen nnd the. supplementary oolleetlon_.
The lint nociee of tbe o.ffaiT b) be round in tbe printed p•per•
occuno in a letter from Sir Cluw .. Napier to the guvc=or-gencml,
W.trd Sukkur, .O....mber   184:!, which oommenees thua :-
" 1 had ,. oecret mes•age from Meer Roootom. Tbtt bearer had
an open lctt<r in tbe U!!Wll unm""ning ltyle of the Durbar ; but
the me""'DS"J' privallilyinfQ1med Lieutenant Brown, tiultlt001twn
oould do notbing. IUld would """'P" to my camp. 1 did not llke
tbiJ, u it would hl<o embarruoed me very much how to act;
but tbe ideo etruek me at once tbat he might go to Ali Moorad,
10ho might in.duce him (u a family ll.l"rlllgtlXlent) b) retign tbe
tnrbon b> him (Ali Moored}, .. peciDlly u llooatnm hu long
bun deoiroua of getting dd of thiJ cll!liJ, ... of tbe ' l'olpoon. 1
themore """""LIT wro"' to Rooenun lUid Ali i\loored, and obout
ooo o'clock tbia mnrning 1 bod an ""proto from Ali llloonul, to
H.f thot hiJ broth..- ill ..te witb him, and tblt he requerted me
not. to ma,·e upon Khyrporo tweh·e o•t!loclt to·chi.y, t» gi"e
time ror bie women tn gat away in iolety. ThiJ I ptomLoed, and
tbe more n>adlly, u 1 oould not (from otbu einnurutancet) movu
before to.onorrow. Ali Moorad ia now virtuolly chil!t, ror, if
llieer lt.lootum does not beor.ow tbe turban upon hbn, be m11, ••
.U ....,til, be guided by Ali. into wh.,.., hands he bol< •oluruwily
tbrown him.oel!. Moomd wu more powedul tbm any of the
Tolpooa. """" when Meer Roottum'a """"' ODd power wt:re
1\gUinn blm; now be u irreailtiblc, and in llllianoe with WI
heoidos.'' Aftu a r- further ob!!t!l'T11tioos, Sir Clwleo Napier
brldlyoums up tbe ruulte of the coune which he had followdl:
and a:t tbe bald or tbe oununary >tand the thml poioto following :
CHAP.
XXXII.
CH\P.
X.UJI.
426 lliSTOilY Ol' TIIB
"ould exa...<pertUo the Dcloocbees, and catL<o them
to to arms in defence of the independence of
-·· F'ant: that Ali 1\foanul, the moot po.mful of tho Tolpoor
fomily, ia ......ml to our inl.<!reot by tbe promiot of tho turb&n.
Sroond: that the ohief o( the Tolpoon, frightened at the •ioloncc
o( bil Camily, and at our otcody ot><ratiolll to coerce them, hu
thrown birnJ!iCif into bit Lrother"• J>OWrt by my advice. otberwitc
I tbou.ld believe oome trick wu inlelldcd. '!'bird : that we,
banng complele JlOW1:r o•tr tho brolher. ba.-e JlOW1:r o.-er all,
without uy • c:hit{.making,' or uy ap.,.,...,t or
uy o( the aatorol onlor o( '""""""""'"
In aoothcr lruer to the dated 27th of
O...:mber, Sir Cbarleo Nopi<:r, after odmting to the doplioty ol
the AllliOfrl, eaya, u 'l'hi. eco'riction opened vpon me a •)'tttn
which app<nra the ooly one to tollow,-making thcchicl powerful,
llnd holding him UDdu the powor o( tho gu•ornmettt. 'l11il matte
mo vtnture to premia< Ali Moonul your lordihip'o ••tJport in
baring the turban, which your lord.hip bao "PI""Yed of. •n,.
IIUl ll.<!p 1<U to ll'Cim! him tho Den:ilo O( ito JlOW"' J>OW, CY<II
dwiag hill l.rothtr'a lih. Tbil 1 wu 10 (artunole to....,..,..! in,
..,. pcnuodlag M..,. .a-twa to J"- bi.,..l{ in Ali Moorod'a
haado. nu. bent upon bia ruwy Uld tolloftn like a boml>-
ohcll." ID alettzr of •till later date   .o.c-bor), W.. ad·
d,.....J to the Sir Cbarlu Napier, wba bad then
bocoma ""'luainlod with ltoootwn'a flight &om blJ brotbor,
th111 ,_ .. M..,. Roo6tum bod ,..;gn.d the turban to hio
brat.bn Ali in the- most formal manner, writing hi!l rHignntion ln
the Koran Wore oJJ tbe rollgi.ouo men eolleetcd to witn .. o the
realgnatlon at Dejco. All '"'"t tho Koran to me to..., it. I ..W
that theoe tiunily wue thoir own, bat that your
lonl.hip would aupporl tho hood o( their l'amily, wbacYtr it micht
be. oa:onliDg to the tpirit o( the trcaty : that 1 P"""""llJ thoolf:b t
it bettor fur n-tom to keop tbe turban. Uld let Ali Moorad o<t
(or him, bnt that be wao fne to do ,.. be pleued : it wu a &mily
with which ,..,..r lot<W>ip wou.ld - inurlcrc."
11.io mach;. to be gntbeml !rom tbc fint pnhlilhed collection
I)( pal"',. to Sinllc, and tbe omount may be ttatcd u
followo :-that Meer R®otum propoo<d to .... pa to tbo Dritilh
c•mp, that Sir Charles Napier wu detiroua o( a..ning ouch a
BRITI8II J:ati'IIUI lN INOLA. 427
their country. Tbat officer, however, coulinued to
ndvllllCC, nud ou the 16lb of Fcbrunry the loug-
momDmt, and """""ted that tho old chi<! ahould take rd"!!"
wilh his brother, Ali Moorad; that iu malo.ing thia ouggeotiou he
\\'U wuaU!d by a •itb to place Ali Moorad, at all e<entt, in
r o rion ol tho mual pcnru •"vbcd to what is called lhe
turbon. and, if it could be ac:eumpliibcd, ill or the
turbon ltoclr. He abatained from auggeoting tho trana!<r, but
tJwucht it might be by • .. family
lleor a-tum acted oa the British ttntm'• ad'rice. "'<>««<td
lO join hi.a brother. IUld by hit own free catuent, or u the rcault
of compuliion. made tho •lll'mlder or lhe turban, u Sir Charla
NapiB bad dairei.
'l'be wpplcmentary ..Ueetion or papers c:untaint the f..UOwing
ltttcr from Sir Charlea Napior to Mecr Hooatum, which it ia to be
I"• o•od ia t.be letter written in OA!ftl' to theaDeg<d oomm...U.
cation from the chid to the Britiah gauonl olf<ring lO lO his
camp. " My""" beUd is, tbat, penonally, you have evor been
the Cri<ud of the English. But you are bolplaa among )'OUr ill-
Judging family. I ocnd thia by your btothu, hi• Hipoeoa Ali
Moorad ; UHc:n to hit odvice; trutt youi'Oicl/ 10 hit om; you are
too old for war; and, if bottle b<gm, bow can I prol<lct you 1 If
you p with your btother, you may eithu ..-in ... th him. or I
wiU ..,a an"""'" for you to bring you to my """'P• wbcro you
will be IIIIo. Fnllow my adri<e, It it that of a frioud ; wby thooWI
I be fOUl' .._11 U I ...... why ohould I talo.e thioo uwbk to •.-c
you I llbinl yon 'lrill beUe.., me, but do u )'011 pleue.w 'l'bia
t•tta, it wm be ob..,..·od. doe• wdeed IP•• the t><non to whom
it ia llx "!"*' oC oomiag to the Britiab eamjl--titer
loo bad tont11dered hi....U to bio brolbor and •• .....,.., Ali
Moonod, oot at ouce lllld imm.,hatcly: and l::lir Cbtrl"" Napier, ill
'lrith the   doelatod that the
preoonce oC tho Amccr io hio camp would cabotna biJD.
lu a papcr dnwn up by Sir Cbtrleo Napi<r at • lattr period,
ud which will be lo1IJid ill the ••ppltmaatary oollectlao, pp. I I 2
-115. at 111 iD<Iclt1n io a leu.,r to the go• a--a-raJ. dated
lOth of Auguet, 1843, UWDbertd 155, the writer, ai\or ad1"01'tins
to 10me convnsatiou• with Ali Moorad, lhua oontiouca: •• Soon
after, from M...- c!ai•i•g mr pro-
CUAP.
Xli.XIl.
CIL\P.
XXXII.
428
!US'toRY 01' TD ll
threatened outbreak took place ; the first objeet of
attack l.>eing tbe residence of tbe Brilish com-
tection nguinst the of bis own hunily, offu.d Ali oppor-
t1mity of having one mau to W,al with iru!tead of • fiu:tion, with
-whom it was iwpoojble Cor a. civilized go\'emmenl to doaJ. and
into wboae intrigue& l coDIIidcrcd it undi,onilied for n powedul
government to ent<!r, and fmm the fiull deternrined uo! to entl!r
into them. I wu that when tb""' wu a breneh of troaty,
whether grout or om..U, I would bold all the  
and would oot be played of!' like n ohuttleoock, ond told, this wu
dono by oneAmee:r. and lbtJt by IUlOther. nod lun·ea ••eek's inqulry
to 6nd out whom I Wit! to hold retpouaible (or aggression; for I at
oooe .. w. on nrriving io Sinde, that this bide-aod-oeeln!hifting re-
•pcnuil>illty was the guma which the Amocro had been playing. The
propooal of Meer Roootom to come into my ocunp oll'eJ'ed me an
euy remedy for thi.t evil; aud, having odoptod the bigh opinion
which Major Outmm entertained of Ali Moornd, I hod no h .. ito.
tion in n>eommwding bi.o brother to oeek bi.o proteot!on, and be
odvio<d by him; but l beg the muler to bear in mind- for it ls
a matter or fint·mte lmportnnce, untl one upon whiclt the ·wholo
gat of tho maUer dopendo-that, while ad.Jting r.feer Roootum
to be guided by bi.o brother, yot having IUspicioiU, in W,.plte or
the high charooter given to me by Major 0tlt1'1lll1 of that brother,
that""""' intriguo m .. t be going an. I g.-.. Moer Roottum the
option and invitotian of coming to my camp. and putting bimfflf
under my protection. I repeat the. word • mw.t
1
" becaU5e it is
utLerly im-lble for me to belie<e that any Eutem DiVllilC'IIIl
..,t without intrigue. By my advice ta M- 1\oootnm, which,
let the reader obt!crve, wu not g;.., till it W11! ,W,ed, I
to MI!U Raoetnm the IHmoumbU. and poU'1!1"!"ul pro....,tion of the
British govermnant. Thie he did not ctbao&e to accept; ha wen I.
to his brother, and thrn bo fled from that brother with bi.o uroal
111Ct'URting imbecility,"
AD tbio io reconcilAble with wbat baa lllrcndy quoted. but
there it CL eolouring gim1 ta the trunwrtiOnl de$0rlbed which in
atrict tmth !her will not bear. Meer Rno•twn denied that be
bad ever...,, the m .... gu upoo which Sir Cbarlea Napier'• inter-
fere""" with his movementl ... baaed ; and the filet or his hav-
ing Rot it reotl aalely on the ....,rtion ol the moolllhC<I by wbom
BIUTISH ElO'TRI!! IN ISDJA, 429
mi;t<joncr, Colonel Outram. A dense body of camlry'
and infnntry look post in a manner to commnnd
the moaago, ral or pretended, wu dolit'tftd. But, premmil>g
t.ho meuogo to be genuine (ond upon tbio pmumptioo Sir Oharloa
Napier, throughout the pApera, grnucull hit tight to ad'file), it
followa that M<ar Jloootum desired tO rliiCO hlmaelf in tho hMda
or tho Britiah g.neno.l. but the Iotter diu not. wWt to have him.
lie od•*" tho oged ohl.ttaln to go to h;. brother, and with ,..,.,..
enoe 10 t.bi. and t:hr DlRJ1JJtr i.o wlJch it waa giTm, it ill
- a fair atatuomt to •1 that "cfid J>Ot <h.-a
to ...,..,,.. tile prot<ctioo of the Britl.h He did
chooeo 10 .-pt it (mppooin& tho lllaMp to baTe - .... t),
for he bad appli<d fat it ; bot he wu reoommrnded to take another
eoune, •blch auited Sir Chart.. Napier bett<-r. Let Sir Chorteo
Nopl<T opo•k for hlmRli. In a lctt>!r to Mecr 1\ooatum, dated
Jaouary the 2nd, 1848 (m aupplamrntlry ooUeotion, p. 7, No. 17),
he"'''' "You know that you offl!1'ed to come to my camp, and
tbot I adviled you to go to your brotber'a fortreo inltead of
ooming to my camp/'
But a more utnordinary JlUII&" ...,.... In a law part of tho
r-J>OI',No.ISS iDtheoupplemmlal')'ooll«tiaa; it followo: ••AJ>Oth<r
t.hluc I b..-e to oboeJ •• it is, that wbea I bard that be bod
raiped tile torb<m to Ali I diapproml ol it; aod Mr.
Brown will n:colloet my ...,ding Ali Moorad'• ..Ueel bod< to him
with th;.-. l ffl:ll r<CO..-nded him to return the lm'lleD.
and merely oct u hi• brother'• Mutrnaot. Ilia aoawer ,..., that
tho deed had been oueuted in duo Conn before all the moollah• or
prl01t1, and that it wu impouiW.. to altt< it. I, or course, hod
nothinr to II)'; I bad no builD,.. t.o inwrero wit.b the prlnto
&rnnJ"tOOntl of the A.,...,..:• And in a letter to tbe gDVm>OI'•
gmcn1 ill COUJicil, doted the or Aupt, 1843 (mpp.ooll.
No. 157), S..CbarleiNapie<•JI• "1-um!ly die! DOt JftH the
abdimtiGa of the but>an by M<rr   DOr did I ....,. odviae it;
oo the coatnry, mylenen will oioe• that I       that be
ahould DOL" Ia tbeoe two Sa C'bariD Napier -ru
that he did not .,... tile reoiguatioa or tbe tarbao ; that be did
not ..,.. tulviac it: that be ..-.mmmded that it obouJd- take
plaeo, and tbat on bearing that it had h«n dl'...,ted, be disapproved
of the ""' and ougg .. ted ill •old••""· It may be granted that
CJIAP.
XXXII.
CII.\P.
:X.UII.
430
lllSTORY 01' THE
three sides of the inclorure in which the residence
was situated, the fourtb being defended by a Briti b
be did DOt openly adme lhe tnuUJCT or tho turban, and C()Roe•
quontly that be did not preu h, but (rum his own declaration it
it etlrnr that. he wilbf:d it.: •' 'l'11c idcn. atrock me a:t once tJUlt I.e
(Mecr lloot!rum.) might flO to Ali Moorad, who might iuduco
him. u a family llmlllgm><nt. to I'Ciign tbo turban to him (Ali
Aloorad).''-Lemr qnotod) D«-tmbu 20th. In tl1o hope
or eB'octiag lllil objoet. bo adTiood M""' n-tam to pla<e bimaelf
ia hit brothu'• haJ:td.. u appa.ra from Sir Charles Napier' a owo
dcdoraliaa in hio l•tur of Drffiftbor 2ith to tbe •
obo<e qooted. from thr letter to Meer Roomun io amftf to lhe
hu oho been quoted, ood from tbe other lttUT to
tlie MillO chid, lik""i•e quottd above, wbe"' Sk Cha<la Napi•r
•Y>: "You know that you olfe....U to oome to .my coruJ•· llJld tl11t
1 ndvilrd yon to go to your brother'• fortr<:ll iootead or eoming
to my camp." further, be reeomm<nd<'ll Meer Rooitum not only
to go to hu brother, hut to "lioteo to hia advioe," awl bt knew
lull ....U what ....,.. All Moor.d'a •iewo. Sir Cbadn NaJller
laid the min, ood dooiril>g tha1 it ohoulcl bo fired hy
&DOlher-it ,.... oo lir<d. ood bia ia bia
own •han. in the um.d:ioa, par1abt o! tbe chanctor or
tptrial plea.diog than bo laoked Cor Jn a """' bml,   in
ebamboro. but in eompo. Ia a OOIAO upon a tbl-.nt nwle by
Major Outram, p. 29 o! thetupplemeotuy eallection, Sir CbJulea
No pier aa,-.: "I• (the trontler ol tho turbcm) wu the pooitive •••
o( ltoo&tum. witbout my oonn.i•onM, or cn'eo knowl(.-tige, tilt
iL v.atdone." It -wu "'ithout Uu: Britiah gennurs "knowledge;"
b•n .rtu .....Ung bia o-·· """"''" or bia wieWI in oenclinr Moor
1'-tum w Ali Moorad, eanMyooe •r tha1 it wu wi!.bout hia
COIIIli ,.&Gee l
But booid .. denymg tha1 he preao«l or adn..d tbo abdiealiun,
fir Cbarlco •1• that he tha1 it should DOt bo
....... ODd that bia J.tttno will u- lllil. Tbe cmly t.u.... found
io tlooooU..:tiom. wbieb teodo w boar out thia owatioo, io on• ad·
dnlo>ed to Meet All Moamd, UDder date o! the 23rd or Dec<!mbtr.
18-13 (IUI'Jllnoentuy collection, p. G. No. H), whiob c:ommenC<'O
thtll: " I think your • wiD do "'ell not to *'•umt'l lho
turbo.n.for the following reooooa. People will•ar tbat tbe Eoalit4
BRITISU EM!'IIl& lN tNDL\. 43l
which, hnppily, lny in the river aL no grt'llt
di5tnuce. A hol flro Wll8 commmu:ed nml kept up
put it on your bad, orWt the will ol Moa a-tum. But clo u
you pl ... •. I only g;.., y<>ll my tuhi<e .. a friend who "ialu!e to ooc
JOilgrat&Dd po,.,{uJ iaSirule.
The   buoppronol of all thet I ba .. u;d to 1""·
II to be tbe chleftain givco you power, I ahould oay, utume tho
turt.o. But it glYet you. none. You are 1trong without it.
No - iD SiAde <OD oppooe you. DO one out ol Siode COD "PP-
you. Tho Bri!Uh 50ttmment Wl11 you "!,oairat olJ rn<·
mic•.'' Now bcrciu Sir Charles Napier certainly dua
..., opinioa unCa1'0Unble to the UlllDiption ol th• turbiUI by Ali
Moerod. but the fi>rce of that opiaian ;. ol<og<othPr bo<tltnili...J
by the wordl "do u you pleuo." When • man hu withio bit
grup the objec:t of Wo highcot ombil.ion, and .....;, .. from • r<r·
- of ""'*' opiDioo be iWido io "'"' • lllild dif•uuin fro.,
po ..... in,ghisn...,lfofit, quali6ed, ho...,...., by thegnteiouacone<O·
aion "do u you ploaoc," there eon bc no doubt u to the muh :
be will "pi-" to toke that whi<h he .., .. 11. Tbut ocnd Ali
Moerod. ood tlua did Sir Clwleo iotmd that be •hould
oct., not.witbataudiug the aff..:llltioo or gently diwwti.ng hhn from
a ottp, whiclt the bad pboc<d Mttr lloootum in Wo banch
for the very P"'P"'• of
n •• tortuOUI couno of Sir Olwleo N•l•ier in regard to the
triUiakr a( th• turb1U1 io furtbor Wtutr&Ud by 1 proclamation
whi<h he iowued &om bio Clllp ot KlaJrPO"'. 011 the hL o{
JnoiUIT)', HH9, ood whlch appeoa in tho auppklllCtltary
colltoet.ioo, No. 15. oa p. 6. In thia clocumeot he •r•: "lila
hi;J>,_ tho "-r Jo."boo e<lll I oecrtL --
to me to 111 that he ,.. ill tho h&Dda oC hit &mily, &Del
not oot u Wo feelings of fritndlbip for the E"'\llah notion
prompted him to clo, &Del that it I 'II'IRIId .-in: hilll he would
.... re md """"' to my oomp. I ............t hill hi;"- that I
would c:tttainly receife him, but that myad•i«lf! wna (or hirn to
...-It with Wo brother. tho Am- Ali Moorod Khao. He -k
my ad rice. He wmt to the rort o{ Drjeo lA> hia bn>tber. \\'beD
I heard oC thi• I wu awl, for I thought that Sindo would he
tnaqull : thet Wo highl>I:'U wooiJ fJlftld hil !an dol• in honuur
&Del in I ....-..1 with my boopo towud.o KloJTPOf"' to
en w.
JQC,II.
CIIAP.
XA"Xlf.
432
HISTORY OF TilE
for four hours by the assnilrults; but their attempts
to eflect an entrance were defunled by the judicious
foree hi.o .;..lent family to clliperea the wild lmnca that thoy had
collected. I O<nt bia biglweu word that I ohou!d visit hlm; 1
mmted to uk his Slbi.ce aa to tho arrangement& for the now
tlellty : I thought that ho bad agai1t become tho friend of tho
go•'filltncnt that I ThAt night I heard tlmt he hod IIG!emnly
oon(orred upon his brother, the Ameer Ali Moornd, the turboo of
oommnud o<er tbe Tolpaor family, wWtb brother it the hcir to
tbet booour. 1 thought this a very wise proceeding, ond it added
to my detiro to meet his highDen, that I might b..,. from bio
own Up. oil about tbne   IUld report tho """'" to the
go>=or·geocral, being ... mod th&t theae 8Cto of his Wglweoa
would recover for Wm the good opinion nnd Crieod&hip o( the
go<eroor-geoeral of !odia. My feeling• toward& hi.o highnooa
were thooe of Cricndobip. honour, and pe&OO. 1 even advi!cd biJ
hlgbo.,..'• brothtt, the Amoer All Moorad, DDt to the
turban, but to umt his brother, the chic!, in the care or govern·
mmt."
'I1uo Above JliWllCO;. Dol of greal:leogtb, b9t .notwith<tandJDg.
the   to lll&<e fouod it impo!l'ibli: to p,_....o nny thing
like ....U.Will)' through IL Ho deelareto that bo thought the
rorrvnder of the torbtu1 "a very wiae poeeoding," and that be
wil!hed to report it ao one ""'"ng vo.riou• """' (whAt were the
othora doeo not appear) whieh would ....,.,..,. for Meer Roostum
" the good opinion and friendeWp of the goveroor-geocml ;" a.nd •'
yethogoeoon to bout thothe hadadrioed Ali Mooradnot to accept
the turban, not to t"'DCUr in IUl act. which wu •• wiae," and wbicls,
moreover, in lhe opinion of Sir Cbarlca Napier, would be grati·
fying to lhe houd of lhe government wbicb be ..,....d. lt it
proper to elate that a venioo of Sir Chlltln Nopi..-'a proc:la-
m&tinn diffrring in oome l1!Speel!l from that ju•t quoted appNTI
in the tuppl<montary eolleetion, but the nril\l:iono do oot cl...,.
up the Jlritiob gencml'• cluuac:tor for conmteooy or plAin deo.ling.
ln. the otcood v .... iou, tbe more importont part of tbe puoage
rtarult thua :-"That oame el't!oiog I had intelligence
that 1ilio higlmcu had ooofmed tbc torboo of tbe 'l'a!poo.r family
on hit brothtt, Meer Ali Moomd, becall!e be wu the rightful
poE . .<ftoor o( it. I oonoidered that tWo wu well. and dt!!lred
DRmSB EXPIJl& IN INDIA. 433
eft'orts or Cnptain Conway, tho officer in eoiDDlllnd,
nbly nnd zealously supported by hill subalterns,
""'"' earnestly to meet his highnen. in onkr that I migbt h-
Cmm bim•clf what be lwl dono; and al.oc>. that I be able
to 1t111<1 tho ""me to his lonbbi11 tho go•tmor·gononl: ond I
thought th•t, by hia oboernng auoh a Una of oondutt, be would
hove l'e•Oitabliabed bi....,J/ in tho £•\'OUr o( tho llri,;,b goreru.
mont: my wltb wu, that Criendohip and honour abould continue
wltb Meu and I gaR his brotbo-, M- Ali Moorad,
ad.;.. t.lo&t be Jbould not aoke th« turt.u. but that he •bould
...Ut hi• hishnto in th. (O< LiJ <Otmtry." ,, •
.....,_will -that tha 1a. ... tbr maU.:r ill qll<lltiCMl u it otood.
Tbe- ftliations bt:twrett. the nro ftl'liODa of tbct prodamarjon are
greater thao eould have been oxp«teJ: but th..,. do not all" oct
Lbrt 'fiewt of Sir Charles Napier. u to   of the turUau.
nor tho thkraatcr of his prooecdings in l'eljlCOt of that tnm«fer.
Sir C!Jarlco Nov'or alleget. that ho not only abslllined !"rom
tulviliug the trautfer of the turbAn-tbiJ.t he not only n.dYittd tlu:
direet eontnty-but that art..r ho hoard of the tran!Cer, he "dis.
appro.-N of it:"' l!eDt a meuage reconunmding the rcseiaion
of tho aot. and arquiere<d io giring it oJI"m oaly oo beiDg arured
thAt it wu both rq:ularly encu....t, and in-e,_ble. Now it io
to be foued that the wvnl .. dioappnwed" it he... uted ill a .........
whitb. if oot altogoth<r unwammtablc. io at lout obocure aod
equi....... How <Quid Sir Charla Napi<r dioappro"' a( that
which he bad taken poins to brine about, and whicll hi! inn.tiably
offimord to bo deainble (or tho Britlth govcrnmo:nt 1 It io to bo
  the:rtJore. that in tayit'lg he ..- ill•appra,-cd,'' be mean•
not that be (<It dlaopprobotlon. but thot loa .. p......t IIi•
oommunitttion to Mccr Ali Moonul mutt ha.vo heal a ddiberate
piooe of double-dealing, or hit al"0..-111, a.:\"\!ral ....X. bef<>n:, of •
d<tiro tloat Meer llouotum •hoo!J si• .. tho turban to Meer Ali
Moorad,   ba'"e been     1"hc.ro it DO nstQD few m..
braeinc tho latur .,_., or tho ah ...... ti.... and. oooaoquently.
thmo it no cbolc:.. but to ll<lCq'< tbe fonHr.
Meer lloootum, aflb" going to hio brothor AU MOO<ad, u ad.
viaod by Sir Charla Napier, and •umndtri113 to that brother tho
turlJc.n, u withed, tboogh not 1ulriml. b7 Charlee N 'flier•
allu•equcnlly ftod from bii hrother, clcclamltJJ•L the ""'"'\'drr of
tl1e •'U ntartfd. froru him (u mo.t IJNbaltly it a.nd
VOL. \'1, 2 F
CHAP.
XXXII
CIIAI'.
XLUI.
434
lllBTORY Ol' TU£
Lioutl'nnnt TTnrding nml Ensign Penncfnther, of
her   22nd, nnd by two voluntl'('r'l, Cnptnin
that Sir Chatleo Napie< bd to go to
hu broth«. and bo co.-.mecl by hia odric:e, which m:om-
mernlotion he had followed. On tl•il Sir Oharl .. Napier re-
mark•, in o lettn 10 Major Outnun, Fob. 11, Supple-
Dl('Dtary (AII"""'ion. page 32, No. 67 :-•• Roottum'a plea of
Kilt to Ali Moonod by me ia a ahallow Ufair: '--· in
tiMo 6n1 pl..,., be .. nt a oraet (by Moyadtm, I btllt-re
Brown told me), to .. , he""" to all intcnl!l & prison<r in Khyr-
rore. nod that be had trirtl to 1end """'Y bis fnmily, 11nd wu
oblij;ecl 10 bring them back after tho:y were on tb<ir rood, and thnt
he ,.,.]d .-pe and «>mt to my eamp. B...,..., knowo all thil
matter. Tbt ,_.....,... aoid, he (Roo&Wm) woaJd do •batMU
I a.! vi..... My l.lllftr wu. 'Take your brother'• advice: go
to him, Wld tither otny .,;14 him, or I will esoort you to my
can>)>: Hlo tiying from hu brothu'o camp proveo thot be wua
not a pri-.:r: hi. not 8,-ing 10 mine proveo either bio duplicity
or bi.t iabocility: I believe tbe latter: but imbecility io not • kgi-
tiaalc .,....., Cor .W.... I ban ooly 10 deal with hi.t Od.l!; be
playtd you the wno : he even nuw otando oat : bo oaonot
BAY AU MoorO<I ttill lnftuonc .. him. I beli= be did ot finot, but
doeo not now: and I am balf ineUnod now to doubt the fact,
I did DOl do 110 at fir<t: but, u I oaia, the intrlj:ues ol
theae people are to -: only I "Will - kt hit cunnin:;
attempt to cut hio conduct upon my adri.., puo. He went 000•
tmty to my ndrice, and nnw wanll to wake out thot be acted
by il. I oerul you a oopy of my lclt<r." A more utraordinary
aod painful tpecimeo ol ft<>undering than ia alll>nled by thi.t pu-
io nrcly to bo fouad. "Roootam'a ploo or boins omt to AU
liiOOTod by" Sir Cbarleo Napier,,..... 001 "a •hallow alfolr;" he
wu oo IC!Jlt,and no tophiotryeon OSJiloln thef.&oi lnde<d.
a few lin., after tho abo••· Sir Oharloo Nopio:r admito the (net.
" My ..,,.. .. WIP!, • Take your broth.,.. a ad•iee : go to him, and
either otoy him, or I will _, you ID my "*"'P; " The
roeklm IIIOde of uguU., adopl2d by Sil' Chorle< Sspiev, in RgUd
to l\1..,. Roootum'a eight from hio broth or, ia not * murbble
than IM ..... or the J"WWIS"-" hit ftyiugfrom bio brother'• oamp
proveo that be wu ""t a pri&oner''-<lid Sir Charleo Napier n....,.
bow or a priooa<r makiol' hit -.pc; I " }f",. not ftyinJ 1D mine
BRmSJJ RYI'fRII IN INOlA. 435
Green, or the 21st
Wells, of tbu 15th.
Dllth·c inf:mtry, and Captain
Captain Brown. lkngal engi-
proo .. oichor hit duplicity or hia imbocility." It pn>TeS ocither one
nor tho ocher, though .,...,'hly the old ehi,.£ might he undor the
influence or both: but. at all 11\'0ntl, he lwl Uttle ....... ror confi-
dence in ono wbo had recommended him to troll bJnue!( to tl1e
nd•i .. and k..,piJ>g of a rival, 01 whote th""'ts or cajolery hlo
dipitylwl been oulm!rt<d. The eoncluoion of the abo<e .xtrut
ill worthy of aU that prt<:<d"" it. •• I will DOt let his Clllllling
attcmj>t tocuthia ooadneton myadTiec.-. He ..-.ntCOIIU1U'y
to my adrioo, Uld to make oat that he oct<d by iL I
ll<1UI yoo a ""''J of my lottor :• On &rot   thil. it i1 impoo-
•iblo - 1D auppooe that the wordo " he w-ent controry U> my ad-
rice" m111t apply a. the flight or Mm- ltooet111t11'rom hia brother,
not to hit ping to him ; but the IICC\lfi>O)' o( chit COO!tnlction
"""m' doubt.ful, hcc:au.o the letter, • CUJ!fO( whioh it to.
is thn.t to ltoostum, in wu.wcr to hit eecrtt commun1cation.
an<l which ia <JUOted above (p"f!" 427). lilt be mOODt that Moor
Roootuw ,. . ..,, to W. brothor contrary to Sir Cbatle! Napier'•
adrioo, tho t.&Krtion is one or the boldcat oxperimeot:a upon the
ni<Dt of bum&ll credulity .,..,.. huardcd. Aftu the - oamnl
C'OIIOidnatioo of chit oo ooe c:u red I!Rtidied that he ;.
in ,_..ion ol itt DMI!Ining; and the imp,..;ao ld't. OC the ttJi:nd
io. that the writu l'cll that he wu with difficnltieo
whi<h r.•old nut he .,.,..,.,... : that be WU c:onaciout of the boW •
.... or hla ........ ond or tho impoulbilitT or making Ollt .....
pladelblc- in w. Cavour. No d•S""" or lng<-nuity ODD give to
tho conduct purauod toVIlll'do M<t'l' lloootum the eolour of
at,.ight.forwatdneoa and booeoty.
'l'bf'OIICbout thb inquiry, the conduot or Su- CJ.rla Napin
baa bml triecl Obloly upon bit own tfttimcmy. mi&hl be
addod, if the ot;atemeut& made on 1M oth.-r aide"""" admitted :
but it it hettH that the cue .OOU!d he reat.ol upon e.ideaco, to
whi<b ._. tho fricndo and dchadon nC tho BriDal! gemra1 c:oumot
object. Upon ouch 1!\'id.mte it ia cbr, 111at tboat;h. - in ap-
peaonee, Sir Charla Napi« na in oubc<tann:,the party chidly in·
ttNmcntll.i in trautCening tho power a nil ot&ticn nC M- ltooetum
to M .. r AU Moorod: ani! thai, aubol>qurntly, liniling tbat tl••
act "'''" n:g1uded u odibU>. be vninly to tcliCT< hi.,..,!(
fmcn ""J'(>II>ibOity in mpcc:l ID it
p :!
CIIAP.
XX 'ell.
CHAP.
LXX! I.
436
HISTORY 0., TR}l
nceno, WIIS dispatched to the steamer, nnd there
rendered vnlun.blo assistance in directing her fire.
Tho number of men onder Captain Conway wns en-
tirely jnru:Jequnte to nny protracted defence, and the
stock of runmunition was scanty. A reinforcement
of men nnd a supply of ammunition were expcctc<l
by noother sterunar, but she arrived without either,
and it beerune obvious there WIIS nothing to
be done but to effect a retreat with ns little loss 118
possible. An attempt was m(l(le to remove the pro-
perty within tl•e residence ; but tho cnmJ> followers
became nlnrmed, and after reaching tbe stE'nmer
  their first Jonds, could not he brought to return:
wbilo the fighting men had emJ>Ioyment more im-
portant as well ns more stiuing than lopldng after
bnggnge. The g-rente'r portion or tho proJJmty '-'1l.S
therefore nbnndoncd, and the Briti5h plll'ty evacuated
tboirqunrters inn body, covered by n few skirmishers.
Tho movement was with perfect order ; and
the British commander, with his bravo escort, arrived
in safety nt the onmp of Sir Charles N npior.
There was now nn mode of deciding the ex:istii1g
diflcrences but by the sword. Sir Charles Napier
accordingly nd vanced to a place cnllcd Jlieeanee,
nbont l!ix miles from IIyderobBd, which be rencbed
on the 17th of Febnmry, where be found the A meers
posted in great force. Thcir position wns strong,
their flank being protected by two woods, which were
connected by the dry bed of the river F nlailee,
having 11 high bank, behind which and in the "·oods
were tbe euamy posted. In front of tbe extreme
right, nud on the edge of t11e wood protecting it,
BRITISH Ellll'JR& rN LNDIA. 437
wns a village. Having made his obscrvntions, the
British general prepared for attack; posting ills
artillery on the right of the line, and sending
forwn.rd skirmishers to drive out tho enemy's force.
The advance then took place from the right in
oohelon of battnlions; the left being declined to
escape the fire of the village. The nrtillery and ber
Majesty's 22nd formed the le.1ding echelon ; the
25th native inftllltry the   Ute 12tb native
infwtry the Urird, and the 1st grllDlldicr uative in-
fnntry the fourth.
About a hundred yards from the bnrik the British
tho fi:ro of their musketry in answer to thnL
of tho enemy. Tbenceforwt\rd the officinl details of
the battle nre neither very full nor very clear. This
much is certnin, that the con8ict was obstinate and
s.'lnguinnry, nnd tlutt for n time the e''Cllt was
doubtftd. The British, however, continne<l to press
dt•tcrn'linedly on their opponcuts; und o.
fioom tho 9th Bcngnllignt cavalry (which fcmned the
resen·e), nided by some Sindo ho11<o, completed the
olijjComfiture of the euarny, who 81owly retired. The
victory cost tho British n loss of sixty-two killod,
nnd ouo b11ndred nnd ninety-five wounded. Among
tbc uumber was n lnrge proportion of • Tho
• The roUowing i• ali•t of the otli"""' who •uJTend :-
Oth regiment light canlry-Lieut. Bt. Captain lllld Adjutant
Cookoon. killed 1 Caplnio A. 'I'uckcr, Lt. Bt. Captain S. Smith,
Lt. H. G. 0. Plowde.n, EMign J. H. F"uth, wounded.
Her Maj .. ty"a 2'.lnd "'gimcnt--(:apbW. W. W. l 'ew, kilmd 1
Lwut.-Col. J. 1,. Pwnefather. CapiAill Conway, Lieut. F. P.
HarditJg,   R. Peoocfatbcr, Jl.oiign H. Bowden. wounded.

xxxu.
CILlP.
XXXII.
A.D. 18<3.
438
tll!ITORY ()F 1:1lE
loss of th11 onmny 'vas estimate<! tlt fi,·e thow;nnd;
but this amount seems incredible.• •
Immediately after the battle six or tbe Amctll'8
(three of Rhyrpore nod three of llydernbnd) surren-
<lercd thmnselves prisoners ; nnd on the 20Lh of
Februnry Sir Charles Napier entered tho capital of
Lower Sinde. J3ut the contest wns not yet nt au
end. Shere i\iabomed, Ameer of l\'leerpore, re-
mained in :nms; lllld on tile 24th of l\111.1'Ch tho
British COI!lllllUldcr mn.rcbed out of Hydembnd to
12th regiment lllllive inlimtry-- Coptam and J3t. Major JMk-
fOD, Lt. and Captain M<Jil)e, Wood, killed ;
Emign Holbrow, wounded.
25th .. giment lllllire iuliuttry- Mujor Teeodale, kiUod; Lieut.
Q! .• M. Pbnyre, Lieut. &unlillon, wounded.
Wyllie, Aomt. Adjt.-Gen. S. and B., wounded .
• One of tha tnOit pltuing dutiet orR gctul:ral d to render jll!t
r•raiJe 10 tl:Jose..,.•ho have diatinguillled themoell'CI under his eom.
mand. It il -..dy a less gmtifying duty to tbo .. whose hom·
blerprovinee jt it to reoord the reaulta o! the aoldic<'• efl'orta; but
theliJt or oflicent favourably noticed by Sir Cborles Nnpier i> oo
long, thnt to intlodueo weir ruunes intO tho text would have the
effect of converting a COMiderabJe portion of it into n mere ctLat.·
Iogue. It is, hawever, not fitting that ouch namea should be pwol!«l
over, ond they are con.,quently bcrel"''""utcd. Tho Q!liee.-.ruuned
in the geneml's deopateb are Major '1' eet<lale (killed), Mojor
  (killed), Coptnino Meade, Tow, and Cookson (1111 killod) ;
Lieutenant Wnnd (kiUod), Wouteruult·Colonel Pcnnefatber
(wounded), Major Wyllie (wounded), Captain• 'l'uck<r and Con·
Wll)' (both wounded), Lieoteruulti .Hanling and Pbayre (beth
wouudod). LienteiJllnt-Colooell'anle, Major Story, Cnptain Jacob,
Major Uoyd, Capalna Whitlle and Butt, Major 'Vo.ddlngtun,
Major ll<>id, Major Pook, Captain Jaekson, LiculCIUlllt AloMordo,
Majar MePberJIQn, Lleutl!nnnt Pelly, .Lioutewutt Tbompoon.
Lieutenant Youngblll!band, Captnin Hcndenoon, Licluh:nout ll<!i-
lenu, LieutmanL Out.bw, Captain LienteiJliDto Lcoaou ouul
JlffllJWl.
BRITISU EMPmE lN INDIA. 439
attnck him. He found him at the hood of n grrot
force posted behind n uullnlo, which bnd been par-
tinlly !!OOTJJed and otherwise rtrcugtl!ened. Shere
Mnhometl, verceiving tbut the British Ioree WllS
out-nan1c.iuz !Jim on tho right, moved in thnt tli:roc-
tiou; nod Sir Cllnrles NnJlier, believing that tho
movement drew hjm a.wuy from lhat part of the
uuliah prepared for defence, chose the moment
for uommenci:ng lll1 att.mlk. A troop of hon;c
tlrtillery, undec 1\tajor Leslie, Will! ordered to move
forward, 110d emlea.,·our to rnke tho nulloh, while
the Oth ligllt cavalry and Poonnh horse were ordered
oo ndv(lllce in Iille on the left of the artillery, which
was supported on the right by ller Majesty's 22ml ;
that :regiment being, however, considarably retirell,
lO avoid interfering with the oblique firo of the
nrtiJlery. The artillery opened upon the enemy's
position, nnd the British line ad v(lllced in echelon
from tbc left, the Queen's 22nd lettiling the ntt.'lck.
From t11e official nccount of the battle, the fol-
lowiug particuh11'1! nre to be collected. Tllo enllDly
appearing to shrink from Lhe cross fire of the British
n.rtillery, l\Iajor Stack gave nn impetqs to their
movement by n IJrillinnt chnrgo upon their loft
Unnk with tho tbir<l ca.vnlry, under Cnptaio Delnmniu,
smd the Sinde horse, nuder Cnptnin ,Jacob. These
troOJlS crossed tht- uullnb, IUHl pursued the enemy
for severn! miles. While this wllS in progress, the
Queen's 22nd, under MJ\ior Poole, commnuiling the
brigade, nud Cnptnin George, commnuding the corps,
ntt11ckC{l tho nullah 011 the len, mnrcl1inA' up Lo it
CJIAP.
xxxu.
CllAP.
xxxu.
440 mSTORY O.F 'l'llE
undor a tire of matchlocks,   returning
n shot, til] they came within forty paces of the in-
trenchment, which they forthwith stormed in gallant
style. Lieutenant Coote, who was the first mnn to
mount the rampart, seized one of the enemy's stand-
ards, nnd was severely wounded while waving it to
enoountge his men. The effurts of the 22ud were
supported by battcrit!S, commanded by Cnptain
Willoughby and Cnjltain Hutt, the fire from \vhlclt
crossed that of Major Leslie; while the Poonah
horse, under Captain Taite, aud the Dth cavalry,
under Major Story, turned the enemy's right flank,
pun;uing and cutting down the fugitives. A brigade,
consisting of the '12th, 21st, nnd 25th regiments, com-
manded respectively by Captain Fisher, Captain Ste-
vens, and Captain J aekson, the brigade being under
Mnjor w· oodburn, was also meritoriously engaged,
supported by the fire of a battery under Captain
Whitlio, on the right of which were tho 1st and 8th
regimClllts, under Major Brown nnd M:yor Clibbom,
which regimClllts nppcnr to bn.vc mllllifestcd great
coolness and great anxiety for action. or the d.etnils
of tho battle little ean be gathered; nnd all the in-
formlltion furnished amounts in fact to this :-that
Sir Charles Napier, with a force the componmlt
parts of which are only incidentally montioned, met
;t largo bo<ly of Beloochees, engaged tlDd defeated
them. The loss sustained by the British amount-ed
to two hundred and killed and wounded.
Among tho killed were oHicers, Cnptain
C. Garrett., uf the 9th   aud r.ieutenant
llrunBR EMPUU: IN U.'DIA. 441
J. 0. Smith, of the Bombay artillery. The lntter
officer fell while exhibiting an instance of desperate
valour, in riding along tbc top of the nullah in ad-
vnnco of bis battery, with a view of ru;certaining
where hls guns could be brought bear with l.he
greatest effect. •
After thls battle, Sir Charles Napier marobed for-
ward, and took possession of Jlloorpore. Tbe re-
duction of Omercote, situate in tho desert, and a for-
tress of somo importance (with reference to Oriental
  was the next object sought. A detncb-
mcut wns against this place, originally
under Captain Whltlie; buLMajor W oodbu:rn sub-
sequently nssumed the command. Acting on infor-
mation reaching him nt a distance from tho spot,
Sir Charles Napier ordered a retreat when the force
sent against Omercote was about twenty miles from
the fortress. At the moment when tbe order wns
received, tue officer in command informed that
* Tha lhllowing oJIU:en ftte "'OIIIIdM :-Lii!UtcnAnt T. C.
Pown.U, 8th com I""')' GolundalW! btutnlli>u; Lii!Uttrumt 'l'aih!,
or the Poollllh bonoe; Lieutenant> Chub!. Coote. E ....... Md Bren.
Dlll1, of hu Maj .. ly'• 2llnd; En!lgn l'<!nncfather, ottheeame ro-
gimerst; r .. ieutennntll Burr 11.0d Wilkio.son, oC the 2lat native
inmotry; and Lieutenlllt Mc.\furdo, ll<!ling .... i•tant qoarter-
mll!h!r·gnneml. 'fh.e followiDg olticers .., m\'OUI'Ably noticod in
Sir Ohnrleo Nopi•r'a TCpO't of the battlo :-U<oterumt-Oolonol
Pattie, Ueut=t Major r.rc:Phenon, Lieuh!onnt
Drown. Oeptai.n T•acku. Lieutp'tanta &thbome, Hill, North,
.B."tttcnby, Pdly. ond MoMurdo; :Uojon Lloyd and Leallil ;
Coptllins Willoogbby, Whitlio, Md Efuu; Major Waddington,
O.ptain Hcndc:notl, LreuteOADU Outlaw and lloo1.,.u, Captain
Blcnkbui, Lieutenmt Lceoon, and t .. (l<eting-Surg<an Bell.
CUAP.
xxxu.

llX1l.
IIIBfORY OP TIJ&
the place bad boon abandoned by lhe garrison ; but
the order to retire &ecnl!! to lun·c been (ICrt'IDJitory,
nncl be- did not Ccel jWitifiud in diRrt'gunling it. Und(•r
tho influcn()e of this emb.,rrnasm!lDt, lbe capture uf
Omorcoto might bnvo been postponetl indefinitt,fy,
but for tbe energy of Captain Drown, who, mouut-
ing   performed, without hruting, n journoy
uf eighty miles, under lbo burning sun of Siudc, in
unlcr to put Sir Cbnrlcs Na1•ic:r in ro-ion of tbo
report. which had been rccehed by Major Wood-
bum, and obtaiu his fC\ ijj()(l decision. rcnni;;sion
being given to ndvanc:o, it wns noted upou by
Wooclburu. The /hull mnrch wns commenced ot
midnight on the 4tb of April. It lay over n good
ro.,d, but lbrongh   which become thickl'r noel
higher ns Omereote wns approached; and it was
nul tillarrhing within eight hundred yards of tho
nnrth-wm frontier, fair Fight of the fort ooultl
w obtained. On a party of huroe approochiug tfl
reconnoitre, a few armed men shewed H"'
on tho mills, and this induced Mnjor W oodburu to
onlcr Cnptain Jacob, witb tho Siudo horse, to J>ro-
cc;.'Cl rouud to the cnstcnl rllco of lhe fort, to inter-
cept tbo escape of the gnrrU.ou, if they were dili-
JIUtoOII to resort to mcb o nep, or to induoo them to
cli'J'lny their strength, if they were prepared for •ll'-
fcue(•. The chief J>Crl'ODS of tho Hincloo population
'dthin tbe place rome out, bo\l   and tc:mlcNtl
thuir sub1uisoioo to tile llrithih commander, n.-.;uring
hint, nt the 8:Une time, tltut tho l.'reutcr pnrt of tho
DlU'[JSI) El!IJ'IRI:l fN INDJ.A. 443
gnrrison had Hed some days before, t11nt there re-
mained few nnned men within tho fort, nnd that
those few had no detrire resist, but were l'l!lldy to
depart, if the safety of their lh·es were gunrnnteed.
An officer wns dispatched to inform them that their
lives he spared, on coudjtjon of their coming
out nnd lnying clown their onus. In tlte mennlime
some guns were brought up. nnd placed in JOO&ition,
M:tior W oodbnn1 rightly concluding "tbnt the sight
of them" wns likely to "hnsten the determination
of the gnrri110lL" There wns no necessity for em-
ploying them, the remnnnt of the meeting
tho communiCiltion mnde to tl1om by opening their
gntes, lffiUCOderiug tl1e keys, nnd laying down their
arms.
Sir Charles Napier bnd directed n squndron of
horse to be left ns n gnrrisou for Omercote. .Mllj11r
Woodburn dctcnnined to mhl t<> this n company of
infnntry, aud his rensoD,S appear well founded. "I
beg," he says, "to IJU!Jmit to the mJiior-gcucrnl's
cousidcrntion, that foraging pnrties ,,;n, from nil I
can hear, be obliged to go llften to the nf
mnny miles, nod will be to he in  
riS there nre now mnny pnrtics of tho follflwcrs of the
Ameer Shere !'C!Llt('rcd about the coun-
try, ns well ns others of different tribes, who nro nl-
ways to be met with where foroge is most plentifnl.
To 10nke these fornging parties sufficiently strong
might, were n sqondron left nlone, often lenve too
=all a gnrrison in lbe fort; ruul on this acconot 1
hove boon iuduced to add the infrLntry, 80 ns to
CRAP.
Xx.lll.
CIIAP.
:\.'<XU.
444
IIJlll'ORY OP T1IK
admit of all tho eavnlry being nbeont nt one time,
when rncb ill •
Sir Charles Nnpier concluded his despatch to the
govcnlor-goncml, announcing tho occupation of
Omercotc, with the words, "Tblll', my lord, I think
I may ,·rnture to say Sinde is now subdued. "t But
tho subjugation of a country inhabited, for the most
part, by n wild and Wll.dlke population, is n thing
cvy to talk of, but not cnsy to accomplish. The
governor of Sinde (for to this office Sir Cb1U'IC8 Nn-
l•ior hod bt•cn nppointed by Lord Ellen borough), for
many months after uttering this declaration. found
be bad something more to do than merely to
make U1c roquioitc nrrnngements for carrying on
tho civil adminiBtmtion of the country whicl1 ho re-
pl'("'('nted as subdued. The Ameer Shnh Mabomed
continued to break the tranquillity upon which Sir
Chnrles Napier had calculntcd. 'I'ho chief wus nt-
tnrked on tho 8th of J nne by n British force, under
Lieutennnt-Colonel Roberts, consisting of twelve
companies of native infantry, followed by the 6th,
16th, nnd 20th regiments, n trOOp of the 3rd light
en miry, nnll a battery of four guns. Shnb Mnho-
  was cneamjled nt n phlcc called Peer Asscc,
with n forco reported to nmoont to lwo lhouStwd
men. On tho UJ>proaclt of Colonel Rol!crts, tho
uocruy \l"liS disco•ered in retreat. Captain W alkcr
wns dispntcbcll w;tb the en ,.nlry to iutercc]>l thil!
l)oop&tcl. oddi'OIIIed by M•jor Woodburn to ..mtant adju-
lalll·gt'llCJOl ill l:iiaok, Apri15, 18-13.
I Dftpot.da, .itll ol April. Ui-13.
DRITISR EMPTRE IN INDIA.
movement, nnd succeeded in destroying mnny of
the fugitives. The remn.inder of tl1o detn.chment
continued to ndvnnce, nnd O.J>nrty of Lhe grenadier
company of the 20th nntive inlimtry, scoudng n.n
inclosure, discovered Shah Mahomed, "ith three or
four servants, concenle(l in underwood. He
seemed at first olispo<ed to resist ; but Captain
Travers, of the 23rd Bombay infantry, coming up,
he delivered his sword to biro. TbUB t€!rlllinntetl
the eudoovours of this chief to disturb tho
in Sinde.
Another A meer, named Shere   wa.s still
nt the hea<l of n large force of Beloocbees ; but his
situation was one of peril. Colonel Roberts' co-
lumn wa.s threntiDling him on tho north. Sir Charles
Napier, with tho troops under his personal com-
mand, wa.s marching upon him from the south; and
another force, unc.lcr Captain J ncob, cut him oR'
from retrent to tho desert. The force lll8t umned,
Shere Mahomed determined to nttack; and his
choice wns prob!Lbly governed by two considurn-
tions : in the first place, it was the wookest of tho
three bodii!S of troops by whom he was menacod ;
nnd in the second, it interfered with his chn.nce of
cnAP.
XXXII.
escnping the others. On tho night of the 13th of A. o. l&<s.
June, Captain Jacob received infonntttion tbat the
Ameer was about to nttack him; and about three
o'dook on the morning of the ] 4th, lbo enemy were
discovered nppronching. Tho advance, however,
wns ton slow to meet the expectations of the Bri-
tish officer in command ; nnd, lenving n troop m>d

CRAl'.
xxxu.
446
B.ISTORY OF 'l'lll!l
a company tp protect his cnmp, be went out with the
rc&t of his force in scnrolt of the t:u-dily ntlvnocing
enemy. The Beloochees formed on th.e bank of a
nullab, iu considemblo strengt11, both horse lllld
foot, and opened throe guns, wlticb admnced on
the British, nnd shewed a. front of defumce. BuL
its continuance was brief; for no sooner luld the
Dritis!J coiDIDJIDder formed his line, nnd brought hiM
gnus into play, tbnn the Dcloochees were perceived
moving oft·; nod OJI Colonel Jnco!, advancing with
the Sinde ho1'1!e, they broke, dispersed, nnd Oed in
all directions, leaving thcfu guns in the hnuds of tho
British, '>iLhout nn clfart to :rove them. The depri-
vation of these, and of I)()Verol standards, constituteil
nlmost lbeir Ill!!!!, for five or l'!i:x only wore
killed. But tho dispersion was comJlletc, nud Shere
Mnl,omed fled from the field with tCII horsemen, tho
romn:mt of a force of nbout four thousand thnt he
hrul brought ir1to action.
Since this period Sinde has been more trnnquil;
'but it wlU probably bo long, ere the irruptions of tho
wild Deloochee tribes shnll cease to nflbrd ground
for alarm.
The proceedings of the British gove:mmeut, with
regard to Sinde, were never [JQpulnr in Engllllltl, nnd
even the splendour of   lil.iled of securing
Jlllblic apJITobaHon to n course of IJOlicy believed t.o
be hnsed in injustice. The govemor-genernl, in n.
despatch LO the Secret Committee, tinted in .June,
into nn elabornte defence of that policy,
ob,iously under the hnttress:ion that such a step w:ts

DRITISD EMV!&l: IN INDIA. 447
not unnoocssary. As t]Jis document was the of!icinl
viudicatiau of n series qf nels regnrded by :l grent
majority of observers as of very questionable cbn-
rncter, some examination of its contents seems to be
called for.•
* With a vic.w to foimeu. the vindication itself, ru given in
tlJa pruU:mumtnry aol.lcc-:tion. !ollllws :-
.. On the withdmwol of theBrltibh KaiJool 1<> tho
  1 h11d to decide wh1tt I r;houtd pursue wirh respect
to the Lower lndUJI. I had to decide whotbor the Lower lodu&
be o.ltogether e\1LCUAted. and our nrmics cYcrywbaa n: ..
•=• the pcmtio01 they cx:cupkd before lho A!Tgban W1ll; or
whether. wJJlle the old positiomwercrc..occruJllod upon the Sutledj,
certnin poin18 abould atill be held UJlOD the Lower ln<lu>, which
would euaurl! the tttlct perf'ocwJWCC of QOwlllt!rcW trentie!.. and
give ua lhc mililmy commond of that river •
.. 1'be withdmwal to the Sutlodj. and tho withdmwnl from the
Lo....,r Indo., appeored to me to be •err dilfereot qu .. tioC>. Tbe
withdrawlll to the Sutlcdj wu dictated by the cicarHt newa of
militnry aud JlClitical prodeaoe; I •hnll oot reCllpitul:tte tbe ,...... ••
fDr thnt meuure, u they hlll'c been plliced oo reoord in wlw Lu
boon called my Proclamntinaofthc lit of Oet:obcr, 1842.
•• 1 ha\'e adopted t.·rf!ry JP.!a5ure which coul(l hllve the etf!icl o(
!Pving tbo •PP''"'""'' of triumph to tho ,..,,um of the llt1l!ies Crow
Knbool; but 11till it wu a retli'I!IDenr. Cmm IUl D.dn:nced po1jtion,
and it ,.... tbe firlt n:tirancutm:r rcodcred neceosary to a Brltilb
IUlll}'·
" I wu deeply l<!Mible of tho mp.....U.. wWcb the ...,...... at
Knbool bad prnducod upon tbe mind! of nati<o prlo<ell, or the
native JlCpolatioo. and or our owu troops. 1 knew thAt all that
bad taken plate unce, and all l had sold nud done, altbc"l!h it
mULt bne much dimin:t.hcd, conLl oot have obliwatod thAt im-
preuion, and restored to our go•ercmeot. aru1 tD our army, th.c
place they had before held in the oplnioo of Indio.
"'fo ha\'10 added tD retirement to the Sutlodj, retireinent from
the Lower lad .. ; to hnro al.utdooo<l every J>11!1 of the odVlUlcod
po.ttion '''" had taken up in 1839 ; to hAre witbdruwo from
K11111dlee orul from Suldwr unudat the in<Dltl, orul apoood, ..
CIIAP.
xxxu.
CIII\P.
;\XXII
448
HISTORY OF TRE
The defence by 11 reference to the
!'tate of aflhlrs at tbe time of lbo withdmwal of tbe
'"' lhould have hem, ID the atl:lckt of the Belooi:l!tra upon our
roar-guard; ID be"' pncuoally   ""..-e •hould th.,..by
have done, all tho b<udito which wo might expect ultimately to
deri•• (rom the enmmercial trculi .. ennclwled in I BSD (for it Will
idle to imagine, afteT what hRd Jll\lttd, that, without the prcaettce
Q( Coree, tbooe .....W.. would he oboerved) ; to han abondon«l
aJ.o all the proopecli"' ad•r.nla@H which may he .,,pt<ted
to he derifed from aubotitaliUJ the lad us for the Ougoo, u tloe
line of milinuy communication bttorfto Engbwd ami the north·
.,..., prorinoe., and to have ldt OJ>tft to t.he ambition o( the !;iltbo,
or of u European power, that rootc ol which .... had demooatnted
the pnocticohility and tloe importanoe; to hlTe dono all th,...
things. without. iDJtructiont from you, or without tome
ovt•'I)()W(!ring   would hnvc been, In my op.in1on, con•
Lrary to my duty, incotui•tcnt with our nalionnl lnl<!ren
and the national honour.
"Sueh a ,.,....,.. would have ennfitmed the mDit
lC<OUDlO which had bem cin:W..Icl or our cllaa.iwnl. It """'d
hate been bnmjljatjng tD the &1'1111•
"'l"htro WU DO ....-ity far rotimDmt. 'fbc:n!
io no ditlic:ulty in boldiJ>g t1oe poailioo.o o( K.........., ODd Sullur.
The lirat it, during the latgat portion o( t1oe >"'"'• ...,....il>lo in •
Cow dayo lnlm Uomhoy: the latur II, during the wbulo yoor,
nc:ctQible in lett than tbree wocko rmm Femzepore.. We cnn.
betidet. command tbe river by our lteJUn·vestoel!, it we lw\"t a
aufficie-nt number of the-m well addpted to t.be navigation .
.. 'J1•e m:i&in:terpretn.liona placod uporJ tome provitiona uf the
enmmucial treaty, aod the nrioua Yiolationo or ito Iotter IUld of
itt tririt. rft1l while oar armia were in roree irt Sinde. u.ti!fied
... that. unJeoo ..... pmalty ......, impooed upon the Ameen r.r
tuch WnoctiaD! oC tbm there could be oo occurity
whatn'or for their fut:Dte obotrnu>oe.
" I •• troops ocllecl<!d by the A- COD!.ftiJ' to their
and ..-ithoutltgitimate cauoe: but tueh colleotioo o( ttoopa
in tbe prneate-o( a Bril.i.!la arm)t it, in ittel(, an otl'wt"e, and an
indiCAtion of bQitility noL to bo mitunderatood OT oruluokrd.
" With retpect lO lbc lUUitDticity o( c:ortain Je!Wro of hootile
BRITISIT EMPmE IN DfD[A, 449
Driti!!h nnny to the Sulledj ; nuil it i$ urged, tllllt the
qne$tion ofwithdruwiug f1'0m the J.owednclus rested
chnra.etl!r, aacribed to tbe Amtel'l'l, or to llicir agents, }"ou will
have obse"ed hO\• rt.rongly I lmprcsoed upon Sir Charles Napior
the o.eotMity of oaution in cOming to a decri.!ion on that point. I
hnd, bowe.ver, t.b.e fu.l.leK relinnce npon bis fiMtSC of jnttice; and
with this. rellllllce I fclt thnt be, on the 11pot, \\'ith e\-ery appor·
tuuity of pereonn.l c:omm1miollticm with tho.c c()m·crwJt with .auc.h
waa infinitely more competent to fonn n ool'J"ect cwa.
al..Wn thnn I conld be, nt Simla. To Jilin, tber.Cor•. locmfidently
the  
"I am oati&fied with tho ground! upon wbiob be decided that
the letten were authentic.
" Major Outram's doubt u to the authmticity or the letter of
Meer Roonum Kltan to the Mllharnjllh Shere Sing oppeen to
ha\'t! I'Cifted npon the ciroumttance of the p41rty whose informo..
tion led to the. ee.U:ute of tho Jetb:r. inimical co Mecr Roo ..
..Kbnn; but. ll!!suredly. informo.tioo tending to otimi.nnte
M..,r Roo.tum could not be e'l"'cl«< from one of bi&  
Lieutenant Postnos the document to bl! gcmuin.c. Majl)r
Outram's-auggest:i:ona to Mr. Oler..k, u tb use whic:h might
be mrule of tbe letter, eould borclly hove been si, .. n. had be
cnrertnined a serious doubt ol ita authunticity. Mr. Clerk never
bad the opportunity of clucidnting. in • pcroonol c:onkretioe with
the in whlob he thought it could bot be dono,
doubts to which tl>to lottc:r. and the intereepted 1•- to D4!\\'11n
Sa"ll'"\ln MuU. gave rise; daubbl wlUch i.n bit mind rnn11t hare. had
referenoe more to hio ltclicl' in the lo)'lllty of U"' MA11ll11ljllh. to
whom the letter Wlllllddre&lll!d by Mott &oetum Kbnn, than to
bia con6dencc in that ul A leer ltc'xJttum, who wu tmknowo to
him. Mr. Cluk truly oheuvC!l, that • he does not tho
qu .. tioa could, at ""Y time, be ....U judged of bore;' tbcrt 1., at
Simla. 1 thought 10 too, nnd. lben.'!fore, referred the que:t-tion
o!tol!"ther to Sir 0. Nopier, and the offi<Cll'l omvloyed in Sindc.
" It IIJlpenre, by Sir Charles Napier'• letteraftho17th Novornbcr,
tl!at Major Outram doubt! whetbl!l' Meer ltoo.tum w .. pri"}'
to the writing at the lettu: but that tbe leuor hod bil &eal. ond
wnt by bit confidential mini6ter, there WJUI uo doubt.
LienlllllllCit llro\Vll R$!ured Sir C. Napier that there could be
vor •. v1. 2 o
CflAP.
xxx:n.
CRAP.
xxxn.
450
RlSI'ORY 01' TBII:
on very dill(•rcnt The rcMons n.•siguctl for
tbt• tlill'enmrt• 1\rt', that such a COIII'I'l' "ould ham
the aljghtetlt doubt or tho authtnticity o( tbo loner. Tb<re hu
b<cn no officor employed ln Sindc, upon wh._ opinion I would
m.,..., eonfid<l111y proceed than on that o( Ueuteruu>t llrowa.
E•ny thing tbet 1 ... ODJWio UIJ kaowlodl"', with roganl to that
oftiatr. bu lnldod 1o make me mtn'blin o (..,ling of gnat T<•pett
(or bia ability and hi• ohanu:ttr.
" llut wbile doubt< ha, .. thUI beeu lbrown upon the ltUrr or
Mter Roootwa to the Meh&n.jah, oooe ba.., 1...,. entertainod
with rapoet to til< r""''"*'d be........, Mttt a-tum
and Moer Ntuetn" Khan, 'binding cMm to lid eT<lJ'
nfralr. whether for good or evil, pc.-ace or "'"' :' 1'11)1lCJied
llj(lftment, to the lle!t oC rJ,e judll1Jient and belit( or M•jor
Outram, io in the or him>df. Wh..,
D oooaidf'I'Od, ia ODDII<Ctioo with
Nu_.• CIOIIduet, and with the ooii..Uoo ur trQOp., boorore ony
intimation "'U givc:n to the A moen oC MY itatcntiao or propoalng
ooy modibtioo of tl•• treoty, it is ilnJM*IIil< to riew it in any
ot.ber light tboG "OG oot of bootility.
" 'l'1ut the ktttT ..C Al«r 1\......,. !\'"ban to n.dlnlclt Boocti•
bore h,. oeol, there coo now be no doubt. '!'he oeol upon tbst
letter, by .U b,;(oro • to oo that o( Moer Nu""'"'· wu
to oorre<poad OlW'tlf with th• -' upoa a I• tter ol that Am«'<,
whitb bore oho the baodwritiog or bit cooSdmtiol D>OOIIIbec.
" Moth """' •r.....,.. to Lave btto lllkm to aD tbe
citeumot&Dca tho """'I'" of M1U!01oed Shurretf. It
l«'m• imposlhle to doobt tho r•rticipatiou or Meer lt-tu••'•
milliattor in that tacspc of an rJII:-my to the Uriti:lh go'Cf1ll!•ellt.
to oet hootlldr ....
•• I eaDnot admit the C!Oll\"'Cnitnl doctrinr that a chid" it not to
bo !ur tl1e nc:t D( hit mini.!ter. •nu1.t minister. known
w be "' bootilo to tl1e llriti.b govemmmt. romoioed with M ... r
lt-tma ... tile lut.
•• I boft! _..,..,..nd to Jucll!'l my "'"' <OOdott u I would
that ot aaotlw.:r; ana 1 cannot think, in   it. th"t io the
clrcumtt.ancea in which I ttood. f Will: in l't'quirUlg
from till! "-a tM opeci6e IDO'Iifiatjme G( their
which I imlnlctalliir Cbodn Napier to ......,.e to them.
8RmSll L" 45]
boon bmnilintiog; tbnt there wns no o\·erpowering
necessity for it; tbat our adVllllced J>Dsitions were
.. These moclificationa or the existing trellty ..involvtd on our
pllrt th4 abandonm<nt o£ a con.idCIRble revonne, Jlllyable to U!!
"""'Y yoar by the Alneot:f, under tho twne ru tribute. 1'hey in.
volved, undoubt:OO!y, thoi!ACtiJiee, on their pan, of lando of mono
thnn equiVlW!nt mine: but tho penAlty impoaed dW not .._..,.,.
di1Jnoportioned Ia the olfonee I luuJ '""""" tn believe they hnd
committed.
" You OOtn long in poueu:ion ol the reuoJ1 which in..
duced me. t4 Ulink thRt the abolition of tn'bute WQ in itself n.
good. You ha,·o also long boon •wore of the gt011lldo on which
1 deemed it politic to make a gift to the Nawab of Bbawlpore,
of territory whicl> 1Qnnody belonged to hit .tate. Had you
di!opproved ru the gonoral principles upon \Vbiob tho new tTooty
proJlOOOd to the Am00111 """founded. atill more lwl you di!ap·
pronx! of tho int<ntion I lwl IUlllOunood of holding militnry
posaemao or oerWn pointa Upoll the Lo ...... lndu&, after the
CY .. uatinn of Alfghaoiitan, I pmumo that you would JJRve
uequolntod mo with thot opirticn: in the .....,.,. of ""f Jntlmo.
tiou m that olrecrt, J .had reeoon to •uppo&e that """ tre•tr·
hllO<d vpon thnoe principles, if logitiJnab,ly obtaiMble, would oat
be • ...,..pto.ble to fO\I.
" Had the Am<=• """" fit tn rejoot the tnnty pro!JO&ed to
thom, llllll to 1upport that rejecrtion oponlf by .,.., they wobld
..,., •• pursued a logimale cou,..., aod their defeat in fair fight
would ha•e   of oubeequent •u-r•ulgemouta ou tho hoili of
their remining a pol'tian of their ll!tritory, ond tbe exen:ilo of
ao-.:ign authority: but, &om the tint, wb.ilo they of coune
denied the ........m ... of tht> cluu-gu ll1ll!l4 agaimt them, they
profrued thoir willingness to ouhmit 1a the pcnolty impoi<d :
•till, they oollected more troopo. At but, having dmwn the Bri-
tilh general into tbe .U,inity of B ydetabod, having theu 110t1lally
lib•tled tho draft of tho tmlty. they, with a porti<m ru tber troojll.
made • trellcluo:o\111 atl:ilcl< upon the .,.;ru,.,., or the Bridlb COOl•
misoione, 1111d, with oll tber (orca unit<:d, tl1ey oppoaed the
further advouu:e of our army at .l.r...u...,_
" It would I"' ta take m inoomoct view of tho lmlebory ru the
An...,.. were we to r<g1l1d them. fmm thrir 6,.L ""'!uieocenrr in
2 (l 2
CH.!.P.
I.
CIIAP.
XXXJI.
4!)2
1118TOilY OP TilE
mnintainable without difficulty, and that it •l'llll uol
d1...,irnble to abandon ~ h   I udus to the Sikhs. or to n
thOJIOOpooed treaty, in the mt "rU of lltcemb<r, to the lt ... J.
on tho nsidenq on the 16th of FtbrUIIJ'. u proote<llng upon
any oUatr principle thou U • .t of coll<t'ting all their fare.,. to
ourround and d .. troyour army. while thcy'lnde•VOUT«< to d'""'ivo
tho genen<l by prof...U.j1 thclt rHdineb to •uhmiL
" Whon Sir Charlot Napl.-r pinod the bmle of l\loean.., he
hod 22,000 mm in bia front: but he hod .WO had for"""'" dayo
I 0.000 meu in bia reu, 'ttbO bad croaod the ladua to attock
him.
" Suc:b luge IWCl1bJaro of .,od mm C&DDOL toke plaeo in
any ooantty witllout much J""riCJUJ J""P'<IUOo. I L "V in tbi.o
...., a lny ... .._of tho ruling tribe from every pvL of Sindc.
"Our fint duty il to our own anny; and it is due to tlJD.Larrny
that we abould not forgh-e, or leav-e witJ,out. the moat enmpln.ty
Md deterring (luru•hmeut, U1o fnr-•eeing and lont-dcairing
troacbory by which ita destruction "'"" to be ell'ectod.
"The aamplc of the All'abauo at Kaboolwu to be foUowtd by
the lldoe><l.- at Bydenhad ; but the •pitit iu which they ....,..
met wu cliJI'neut from that wbacb at K&booll<d to tha datrut·
tiol> ole British umy •
.. It Will mr duty to IIWl< oueb nonduet..,. ... altllt ol punioh-
mt'DL which ibouJd be a W11111ing to e'r<Tf chid aud pooplo iA
India, which ahould giTO future oecurity to the (ltrtOOI of Brhiab
mini.oterl, and protECt Brititb r;roopo from treacherow ~ ­
alon.
"·noo battle of Mt!Htlot •utlrtly changed the po!iliDn In wblch
tho Britilltgonmtmmt otoOd with mpect to lhe Amecn of Sinuc.
"To hove ptao.d eontidt""" in them thtrea!kr wouW hal-.
bent im.,-ible.
"To haTe oruy uoclod from them 1AJr taoi""" of terriw.y,
would hon beeo to gi1'e them vhot mnaiJsod as the _... of
lcYyiag Wit for the 1"'1.-e r ~ what .... coded.
" Fortign<ro in Sindt, they had only hdd their pQI<<r by tbo
IWnrd, aud by the swonl they hoYO lo.L iL
"Their pooiticm wu widely di!Tet't'Jlt Cron. that of a nativc
prinoe oucoeeding a long ll..., ol anc,.,.tora, the objec:t uf the hut·
ditary &ft'ecticm and obedJcnee of hio oubjeclo.
BRIT1SU Elii'IIIJI: 1!1 L'iDIA. 453
Europ4'nn po'rer; th:tt the Ameenr hnd committed
"iolations of the comme:rci.U treaty, nnd th:tt tho
"They bad DO clAim to con.oid<J111ion an the ground alancieDt
pDI'tatiou, Of or national prejudice. Certainly, they hatl none
•ri•jng out of the goodoes• of t.hoir gowvnunent. To take ad van·
togo ur Lbo oriw.c tht:y hAd committed to overthrow their power,
wu a duty to the people they had "' loag mlaj,"''""'ed.
"It W1U -.ntial to the setllemrntofthecountry, that hhould
take at ODCt a d<cided - with ,...1,..,1 to the Am..,..; and,
DO duubt that I wu jllllilied iA them, I dctet.
min<d oo at """" odopUD; and announcUig that deeiDoa.
" Their rt1IIOTal from the eoa111Ty with wbidl thq .....,. 110
10 be -ted ..... .... a .......... of obTioua
txpc<licmcy. It bat appe.rcntly had the bc:ndiaial   I antici-
from it. The willing ""'JUi....,ee or the peoplo in our
rule, DJUI tho ndbe!lon of many o( t.he cbit.C. t..o our governmt:nt,
are alroady tho juet rewards of an nnhooitoting llOd d..Wve po-
licy, which, in tekillg away every bopa from the Amec..-, lwl
givon oonfideooe to their late opproued oubjec:to.
" Some ....U.tan .. oa the part al the Am..,., I regonl<d u not
aa impoooibk • ...,., and I thet. ba.u.g"""" kit oar
ttm>gth. they might theroall.er he ...,.. l!rict obocnml of th<ir
'l'retltbery. IOI:b u that .... o:perimcod, bad not
comc within my c:alcalatio... A riet"'7. cltc:iam. u that at
Meam•. aud pined u-uder 1ucb tireum•tiUlca, wu to me a
wholly unup<eted ..-ent. At I bare oaid, it entirdyclmaged our
po<ltion, and I ,... compellod at onec: to decide whAt policy altould
he •<lol>tCd in tl!C new •tate or thingo. I oculd not. ror the ......
aono I bare gin•n, n:inlblte tbe Ameero. Any othl!t
than I 1,.•• llUidc, would ban impooed upan uo all the bunhea
o(   a so«mUD<nt, withoot afl'onJiag Ul the meant af
beaefitiJ>ctbe people or....,.......,, Any ball_,.re ....wd ban
t.ned. Adopting thodecime -arc or cakiJI&the proriDce iata
oar balldo, I detvarined to odart the .....,. to tho end, and not
to omit 1.117 otep by wbicb oecurity could be sl""' to the oew
pool<llion.
"Tloe Amww """' rolllO'ted beyond 11<1\. AD arttarll al
revenue duo to tl•em OIL the day or tbc bottle or M-.... ..,
remitted : the triUUit dutia were abellahed 1 the ooigbbeuria1
t:'UAI'.

CHAP.
xxxn.
BlJITO& Y OJ' TD £
impositiun of some penalty upon them wu .. therefore.
cxr>ediont; thnL the were coliC11tlng troot)S;
•tateo ol Joudpore and J ... were, as well01 Bbawlpo..,,
iaurut<d io the crrenhrow ol the llolooch-. by the inlimati<m
lbat their aoc:lcot 1 iww woodd be .........t. Tbe IDhahitanto
oC Sind. ....,. IIOI11I'Od by proc:lamllion, that tbo l'I'OJ""'l' ol oD
wbo laid d"'m """" be fftpec:ted. At Car u pol'!lbl•,
the fonn•r ofliotrt oC tl•• gO\'cmn•tnt "'m! employcd, and e.,ry.
whrn u little rbaoge u pOUibl• ru.. boon made, btycmd that
ol mbatitnting jutite Cor U:ajuaLin in the- ad.
pojjoe boa al.-!y anaiDod - drgree ol.
.eicioDry. The moot ebJe tn(UI<Ifn will be rmployed l'or tho
purpoeo or ...... .,.mg. aod o( l( it ..., be done, tho
ancient water.ooures whtmby tho country wu fcrtilir.ed, and
etpecially tllnt, fine cloaod by the •indlc:ti"' and detll'U<Itiv•
policy o( tho rulers o( Siadc, which once P"' pn>tperity to
tbo dc.mioinn• of oar oDy the Roo ol. Cutclt.
u 1'bo _, tncto which the A._. ban <011...rted iutv
elu'Jausal>a ... m alJo be bncll o( tbe ,. c.od• u it may
be n........-y to 11'lAin will he c:attfully preo<TTed: and exkolivc
portion• of load, hnving tile rich.,t aoil. IAtcly ""''"'"d for huut·
ing-gnxmdt by the Amecrw, will be ratored to cultifttion •
.. Socu oC th- ........ .,. ba" origiDatc>d 1utb my..U: in
othcn I b&'fe boco ouhri,•tal by the SOftlllOI' ol SWde: in oD.
I !mow I aball hia IDOil <onlial co.opemioo •
.. Ooc of tha whicl1, iu tbe tint inttan..,, I odopted.-
tbat for &he abolition o( flll<cry.-h .. prodUlled an extent of re·
lie! fM beyond what I bad upoeted. I wu by no moana .,..,..,.,
of lhr clrcne ID which that dtoadful -rse of IDIUlkiad bad
odd.d to tho ...WOI'tcmeo o( tho poople o( S'mde.
" It io &.po11ible 1D calealace the ......,. 1D which, by e>pOIIiDg
aoc:lcot eourw 1<> the 1l'lkn o( the lndi1J, and by tb•
,..,.. oC irrigation, we moy impt'Oft ll•e produclireneM o( tbe
ooil Aa little can we c:alc:ulato tllc .. trnt to whiob tho UllW'•
IDCe o£ prvtMtlon gi....., to &he pe<lple may in""""" their lnduatry.
and th110 bally pt'OIIIOte tbrir ('f'Oipmty. Y.., -1 be uaured
that DO UIOrtiao oC miao aball be to moh tho -'!-
of SiJidc by the Britiah 1U1111 DO fCM the of ba11J'i- IO
tbe inhabitulla ol. that <OUDlt)', than ol   tu onr o'ti'D.p
OlliTJBIJ EMPlR& m INDIA. 455
they 11erc d1nrge<l with writing letters of h .....
tilo whic:b Sir Cbo.rlcs Napier determined
to be gcuuine; tlm.t two of tbe entered into
1111 llgr•lCmt'ut, biutling thomMQ!vcs to together
in ••vt•ry ollilir, whether for goml or evil, peace
wnr; t lutt tlw J>et\'nuts of some of thu A meers ncted
h()!ltilcly, nnd tlmt their mn.•tcrw were RL'I.'<IuntALio
for the-ir actiom. ThO"(' aro tho grouuds frow which
tb,• l'<lllcht,ion b dcduct-'<1, that "U jw.t to d('lUAJid
the aul,..titution. in pl:tcc of tbo cxbting lrl!lll y, of
on(' moru fa voumble to the Briti•b gon•mmcot, which
dcmnml may be rcgardcd lUI tho tirst importrutt step
iu tho dL'IlliDg!! of Lord Ellen borough ";tlt Sintle.
'J'ho witlulruwlug from tho I.owcr Indus wus, iu
one vit•w, n very diUcreot mcuuro from the with-
dra.wal to tbu Sutledj. Wbt·n it bc<-lliDC a que.-tion
whether or not the llriti;,h shoulcl retain their po-i-
tiono un the Lo\1'Cr Iodn...., the impms.<ion produ"ed by
the in ba•l I>Ct-n in a great de-
gl'l.!<' clliiL'<"l by the triunophnnt mar•·h to Kabot•l. It
will he rocnlll'Cte.l. tht1t bclitro 111arch the British
• bcyun.J the.> Sulledj hatllil'<ln urged to return
witlo nil "J><.'C<I. This woulol, unoloubllodly, have IM.-eu
"humiliutin;r," Mel the   might, perhap5, ha••e
hecn fatal. Happily, tho ofliec:l"'! com lll!lllding, both
in U JIJICt and Lower Allghani.•tan, were oum not
orwn to the iuflncnce of J>llnie. They returned, but
till !Utt'r they brul vindi<.'lllCtl tlnrir country's
honour. Surely. it could be •n humiliating, or so
dillntrou!t, to quit Sinde nL n moment ur triumph, liB
it wouhl hlll'll been to quit A llj.rlmuiotnn under tho
CIHP.
X-'-lJI.
CIUP.
XXXII,
lUSTORY OP TU&
di•gracc of Y ct the govcmor-genenll. who
was prepan.>d for the latter •tl'p, shrank from tho
forml•r. It was, nt lcn•t, as to retire from Sindo
vil·toriou!!. as to retire from Alfgilunistnn bentcn ;
nnd tho !li!lilrenec wllich uctwoou the two
CMc•, ns fnr ns nntionnl militury chnrocter is con-
ccmc•l, tells nlikl', thl' rniiJ'>I() urged upon tb\•
generals connnnnding in A Ogbnnist:m in the ont>
Cll'tl. nnd Lhe op[l(l"ilc courte voluntarily tnken by
the gol'emor-gencrnl in the otbcr.
To tbe nrgument tbnt then• wns no oYerpowcrinj!'
nCcll'<•ity for retiring from Simle, it is nnucec«•:try
to 811)' nny thing further thlll1 tbnt its adoption will
a govcrnmnnt in kccpiug nny tiling which it
is strong enough to bold; nod if n go,·cmm(.'Jlt mny
nrgue, why may not nn indh;dnal ? 1'he Dri-
ti5b "ero in Sindc, Md it was believed tbnt they had
tbl' power to remnin. The que..lion of bow tb•·y
t'llmo there appenrs not to U:l\'C been thought of. lt
is true, that Lnrd Ellenborougb "'M not u.c:cnuntabll•
for the original wrong inllictcd ou the rul<'rs of
Sin!lo; but be did not hcsitnto to ndd to tbnc wrong,
n.ud thus to identify hitnsclfwitb no ovil policy. Fur-
ther-in tbe d.octrine that notbiog should be yicldl'<l
I'XCt'pt to an ol'erwbt>lming occc,,ity, we fintl a  
'ere condemnation of Lonl Ellen borough's propo-cd
JWtlicy in regnrd to Alfglumi&t.an, tbnt of quitting the
country witbont nn cni1rt to 'indicnte the nntioual
uonour. There wll.l! no on•rwbdmiug necessity fur
this, yet be ·would lmvc tlonc it.
But it was not to be thllL Lord Ellen·
Ollt'IJSII     IN INUIA. <JJ7
borough should the Driti•h conni'Ction "ilh
Situlo; before his nrrim1 in Iodin, the rights of the
Amecrs, M indepondont bnil lx.'<'n .-iolntod,
by forcing upon th('ru a trenty contnining provi•iolll!
which they r<'gnrtlod with grent, nod ll! the event
shewed. willt very just apprcltct\Sions. H would be
too much to maintain t1ult Lord EUenborough we
bound to o.sitlo this trent)", and to restore the
state of offnirs existing previou•ly to its being made.
Such things have oceum.'() in Indio liS for a go.-cntor-
genoml summarily to llmml cngngemcnts solemnly
concluded by his predecessor, c.-en wb<:n one of the
p3rtics WM thereby exposed to ruin, lltld
wns most anxious to Tcceivo tho protection of the
great Enropcan power which now giw• law to the
EMtom worltl; but Lon! Ellen borough might justly
be;<itntc nt tho ndoption of such n ()Oorse; nod
a."'Urcdlf, bad ho atiOJ>ted it in tbe Cli50 of Siode, be
would bnvo boon met iu certnin qunrtc111 by clamor-
ous ncctL"lltioM of nl'glect of duty, in hMing aban-
doned the Int!Ul!, thnt srreat litiO of communimtion
with Upper AKin, to "hich our merchnuls a.nd ma-
bad been taught to look, tiB affording
the mcnns of deluging willt Britil!b good-, countries
known only hy onmc. Tbo could
not be blamed, hnd he only end<'a•
vourctl to maiutnin things n:. he fonncl them; but
with this l10 11as oot content. Ue wM resolved to
have a oew treaty, more humilioting and more hate-
ful to the Anl!.'ell> thnn tbnt which pn.'CCtlcd it; and
in cnclcavoul"ing to occompliBh tWs object, he prcci-
('II \P.
X.' \IL
CHAP.
XXXII.
%8
lliSTOJt\" OF Ttu!
vitnt.c!d his government into n new nnd dun,o1)t"OUS
wnr, ending, indeed, successfully, nnd thus s:tving
the militnry reputation of the nnush from blot, bot
leaving on their character for houour nnd good fnith
n dcup nnd end11ring stnin.
The provisions of the commerei:U treaty, it wus said,
hnd not been strictly adhered to by the A meers, and
the charge wus J!robably true: but if every triJiing
bl'l.'llcb of tre11ty committed by o. nnti \'C prince, or by
his servants, were to fn:mislt OCC11Sion for wnr, the
Brith!h government of India would 11c•·cr be nt peace
for a single year with nny one of the states with
•vbom it is in alliance. The alleged
were all ••cry   they uflbrdcd proper ground
lor remonstrance, but not fol' forcing on the A meers.
at the point of tl1e swortl, ru1 entire chnnge in their
situation in rcgnrd to the Drilish go••etnment.
Lord Ellnnborongh was for }ltOmpt nnd deci!!ive
mc119Ures; be deemed it nccc.;snry to iulliot "aome
venruty," hccnuw without it there would, in his jndg-
meut, be" no sccnrity" for lh(} futuro ollsermnee hy
tho Amccrs of their engagements. What secu1·ity
Wll!! gniucd by the course "hiull be took ? fie
tleposed the Amccts nud took possession of tbcir
country, tbu8 putting their future udhcre:nco tu
treaties qulte out of the queation; but this wos but
thu clum>y expeditmt of an unskilful surgeon, wbo
cutB ofl' the limb which be is nnablc to restore to
bcnllby notion. Looking meroly to the relations sull-
iillltiug between the Anwcrs Mtl tho llriti•lt, it is im-
poS8iblo to deny thnt the former were iu i.he wrOIJg:
URITllill E)ll'lllt: IN INDIA.
but if the meaJb b) whieh thO'lC rebtions were
brought nbout be remembered, oome degree of
<'X<'U50 will be fur men who hlld b<-en
coerced, hy tbo;;e whom they bad UCll!r injured, into
n position which they wiAbod to a\•oid. The snme
romnrk wiU apply to tbu fuunde1l on tbe hostile
lNtt'l'li (the naLhenticity of whirh iJ, to say tbe lell!-t.,
,·ery doubtful), arul to the other ncU. of an unfrlerully
t"hnractt>r which tbe Amoc:r. weru rlta.rged with
tloing or tolerating. They bAd n.«itttd gross pro-
,·oc:ation, and tbcy might not unl'llB!-onably expect
thnt rcmoustrnncc would be followl'd by rome further
period or r•robntiou before they were wuteneed to
tloa<:oml elill lower in tholll:nlo uf dcpendcuay. Dut
this wn.q not gmnted. 1'ho clwgcs were eomo of tbom
trivinl ami some unproved, but tboy were suffieient
to support a demand upon tho A meers for tbe exe-
cution of a now treaty a penalty- for t.hAt
i• the w-ord employed (,} th•• gu\.:rnnr-gueral. It
not cuough that the llrltMI guvcmmcot sbou!tl
bo AAfl!, it WU8 dl-emetl n.oqui•lte tbnt tlae
ahoul•l bo puniijherl. 'l'hl'!K' prlnres un<l been
jt>t•totl to much were oo.turally ilill-
• anti it was, therefore, Otting that they 1\honld
sufti:r more, especially as there wl\ll an opportunity
fur inllictiog further injU>ticc without much risk.
H tho J\mcer.J lf-l"ll Clll11o0 for 6mpicioo, wns right
to wntch the.ir conduct Mrrowly-it was ju..otifinble
to rcquirt• them to conform to the trenty wbicb they
hntl • wns lnwful uvl'n to   altern-
in tho treaty; but if tlw) were rlcclincd, it WIUI
CIIW.

Cli.\P
XXXII ,
A.D. 1812
4UO
lU!ITOR Y OP nn:
neither lawful nor bonoumblc to treat an ally 118 a
conquered enemy, and require robmission to any
tenno wbicb it might bo tho pleasure of the strongt-r
powor to dictate.
The Amcers were blnmod for not peremptorily
rojocUng the trenty, nml snpportiug the by
nnn•. This would ccrtuiuly have been tho tnoro
honourable cmme; bnt why bononr be ex-
peelt...J to find 11 plnco in a native government "hen
it h:ul departed from that which bad hitherto rested
claim to power in AJ<in upon its cbnmcler for
j!OO<l faith? v;·hat mea•uro of openness nod fnir Mnl-
ing hnfl the .Amoors met with nt tbe hands of tho
power which, within clov<>n years from tbe period
11 hen it obtnincd n roluotnntly gmnted pnrmi<:llion
tu usc the roads and rivrr of Sindc for commercial
pUI'J>OSC"' nod for these only, had by steps following
each other in rapid Sul't'C!'•ion ad•-anced its claim
cwn to tbe right of disposing of tbe territory of tho
A meers at its plt'ruluro 1 This is not an ex-nggor-
ntcol representation. Sir Charles Napier nssumctl
tho right of transferring n portion of tho tcrritury
of tho Ameers of Sindo to tho llnjnh of Bhnwlporo
under orders from tho go,·crnor-genernl, and with
reference to the of a t:JHty which tho
A meers had never executed. Tbe general's procla-
mation announcing tbe trnn•fer benrs dnte the 18th
of December, the A meers did not robscribo the tn.'llty
till tbe 12th of February fullwing. BJ· thrcnts or
cf\iolory. by force or   ono Baerince after nnotlwr
hod been extorter] from the A meers. At length, at
DJUTlSR EMI'rn£ Ill INDIA. 461
the end of the year 1842, the Dritihh go.-emment,
being eli cmbo.rra..<Sed of nll otbor llifficultia wss able
to dent ,·cry decidedly with tho one wlrich remained.
It wns thought no longer ncce&nry to go tb.rougb
tho forms of cliplomncy, or to WC!lr even a decent
mnrk of friendship. H sufficed to clcclnre lllllt tho
Bril i•lc government wnntcd certain portions of
territory for their own object.., cuccl fort.b"itb to
take them "ithont reference to the tre:tty of 18311.
though tbnt was the only document nhicb defined
tl10 relations of the Ameen! ancl the British go,·em-
mcnt. and alight infmction! of trmty by the
Ameen! wore represented by the otlccr pnrty
sufficient to on tboso princes the chnrru:ter
of tho most fuithless of men. If n few brooches of
commcrdnl regulations, somo of \1 hicb were doultt-
demanded tho infliction or a penalty, \\'bnt
puni. hment \\118 due to tbe 6cizure of a pronnce iu
'iollllillu of treaty? Thl.' ml11n1 of Sincle were guilty
of the former off'ence, and lo.t a kingdom : the
Briti•b government committed tho latter, nncl gained
ono. A Hili rs had indeed boon for some time n(lproacb-
ing 11. • where it was incvitablo tbnt lliaguiJie on
both Pidcs should be   it was maintained
by one t>:uty as long a.s Wll!i practil'nble, by the other
ns long as was neces.-'ary. Tbe Uriti>b in the earlier
of their proceedings bnd employed both cllllning and
force. They were now in a condition to rely solely
on forco, 110d ncconlinglylbcy di•pcu.sCd with the
dignillcd mcau.s, by Lbe use Clf which they .had won
their first steps. Tbe sillmtion of the Acneel'l! wa•
Cli4P.
 
CUAP.
XXXII.
4G2 HISTORY OF T1U:
dliTcrent. They could not alford to disc:lrd tbo usc
of temporizing. IUld acconliugly tltcy clung fru;t to
it. Them is this npoloJfY for them ; tltey were
noting in self-defence. This at no lime I.'Ould IJo
eaid of their opponents; they were throughout act-
ing Rggresshcly. The cont.c.t on tbcir plll't wns nu
one, BUd their triumjlh is felt by their
countrymen to be nlmost liS great 11 suurce of shJUill•
as would been their dcfLoat.
The properly re•l<> on the grounds which
have 4iready been adl'ertod to, but in the laboured
fence of tbe govemor-gcncrnl there nre pnssa,"1!8 or
wider nnd Jess speciul llfl)llientiou, which eJnim •nml'
remark. They nrc thoso in which tbc sHuntinn nf
tbe Ameen;, in rcgnrd to their   the cblll'tlctt•r
of their go,·emment, nod tho morn! nnd social ron-
k'<JUt'llC\'5 of their detbronl'm<'nt. tu"e refem'd
" Foreigncn. in Sinde," writes his lordship ... tht'J'
hnd only held tlteh• power by the   nod h) the
ewonl tltey haTe lost it. Tht•ir position wu widely
different from thnt of n nntive Jlrince, n
long Jiuo of nucestors, Uw object of tlte heroditnry
nod obe<lienco of his eubjocts. Tboy bcui no
clnim to considerntion on U1c ground nf ancient
I!C!<!ioo or of natiorull Jll'('judicc. M The argument in-
tcmlcd to be inelud1...! in the word " fnl'('igner" oJ>.
\'iou.Jy bears just u mul'h nl!llin•t tbosa who di ...
plared tltc Ameers, as mgainst tlto princes them-
selves, if not more !;tmngly ; and tltoogb it be true•
that they held tltcir power only by tl1a   the>
Hritl•h, according lu the• •tntc>rnrnt nmler c•xamiun-
BRmSR EMI'ffiE IN l.'ID!A. 463
lion, h1we no bett<Jr tenure. They struck tho sword
nuL of the hand of the Amoers, nod took it them-
selves; another party, if strong enough, may wrest it
from litem, n111! thus the question is reduced to one of
rnurc force. Tha "pQ.rition of the Ameers," it is !!aid,
"was widely diffbrontfrom thnt of a prince sncceeding
o. long line <>f nnccstors, the object of tho hereilitmy
affection tmd obedience of his subjects ; they had no
claim to consideration on the gJ<Dmld of :mcient pos-
session, or national J>rejudice." The length of tbe
possession of their f:unily WllS about sixty years; ou:r
own st.ancling in India i.'! not so much more n.s to
wttrr:mt 11.9 in despLoing a sixty years' t•ossession.  
to the C){ISe of a prince not only to be dc-
rh·od from a long line of ancestors, but to be " llill
object of the here<litnry nflection antl obedience of
his sul>jccts," it may confidently be asked, where,
within the wide expanse or India, nod the ndjnccnt
countries, is snclJ a prince to be found 1 For the
most part. the "obedience" rendered to native
princes is • imp1wfect; lint the Ea!llt'rn JlOlentnte
enjoying the "afleetion" of bis subjects hn.s still to
be sought for. Thls imaginary en.sc of a prince of
ancient descent, and of such o. character tiB shu.ll
comm:mol not only obedience l>nt nJlootion, is in-
trotluced merely for the purpose of a contrast with
the Ameers, wbo, it is iu!me<lint.ely ndtled, bn.d uu
<:Jnim to commelldntion "nrising out of the good-
ness of their goveru:menL » This mny rendil y oo ad-
mitted ; it may be nt once nlloweol that tbe Am<X'r!!
were not nbovo the ordinary run of native princes--
CUAP.
x.nrr.
Cll\P.
XXXII.
46·1
lUSTORY OF TIIR
that they were even very bad specimens of n very
bad cln.ss; but why, it may yet be ll!!ked. they
for punishment by conli!cation and im-
Jlri..oument, other royal l'rofligntes nre per-
mitted without restrnint to cover with (]csclntion
of the fairest portions of Asia? "To tnko
n1hnntngo of the crime they hnd committed, to
o•crtbrow their JKl"' Cr," it said, "was n duty to
the people they had 50 long misgo'"emed ;" but ho"
came it that the claims of the people of Sinde
  50 much more btroogly upon the Briti..b
government thJID of other countries, witl1
whom thnt govCJ1lmcnt hn!l been much longer con-
nected 1 Tllero wns nn opportunity, it seems-tho
Aru!>enl llnd committed 11 crime. Thnt crime con-
siott'tl in n de9re to keel' to tbcmseh·es the country
from whose roruls nnd ri•er they had, down tu tlw
year 1832, escludE'(I stmng\'1'5 nt their plea:.-ure; the
country in down to the year 1839, they bad
l'Xcrcised sol"ereign rule ; the country in which they
8till rctnined the unme, nnd mnny of tho fw1ctions
of BOI'Crcignty, some of which, togcthel' with n largo
portion of tenitory, tlwy were about to be deprived or.
TbiR was the crime of the A meers; it wns tlm crim<'
of a mnn who resist!! au unlawful attempt to dc..poil
him of his property. In all our disputes mtb tlu"'-('
princeo ,.e had been tho we had
with their country as though it had been our own,
BUll to l!tiJlPOSil thllt th<')' &bould regard us ";th
friPndly fc.:liogs Willi impotl!<iblo. All tbnt bas IK.'<'II
l'llid of lbo bad government of tho Ameers, oml nf
lltu:I'JSU l!miPIRE IN INDIA. 465
the benefit likely to result from its tmnsfer, is the
result of nfter-tltought. If a regard fur the people of
Simle wer-e the motive of our proceedings, why was
it11ot avowed from the fitst 1 It wns, surely, n more
honourable one than some which could not fail to be
impnted. Did we or dld we not invade Simlc for tl1c
deli,•erance of its people from tymtwy 1 lf we did.
why did we so long decline t he hononr attached to
our chivalric movement? If wo did not, how cnn we
now pretend to any merit on sunh ground? The go-
vernment oF the An1eers was bad ; so is thnt oC e\•ery
other nnli \'c state. The people will be more trros-
perous nne! more safe under l3ritish than under
thnt of their n11tive governors; so woul<l the peo-
ple of every other state of Inclitl. Are we, therefore,
prepared to tnko possession of e"l'ery stBte su bjeot to
nath'e rule 1 The case, in trutb, stands tbus :-The
l3ritiEh were 111JX.ious for tbo possession of Sin de; they
were strong enough to take it, and tlJe people. it
ruay be admitted, will be benclited by tbo ebangc.
l3ut the motive whiclt led to that change wns nrnbi-
tion, not philantlrropy; cupjdity, not benovolcmee;
nnd it is sheer bypocrisy to clechum on the '<ices of
the .Ameers, nnd the wrongs of their people, wbilc,
if onr own interest lmd not furnished n spur to in-
torfllTencc, the rulers mjgbt, for · na, lul\'e re,•elled
in their vices, nod the people bent. under tbeir wrongs
until tbe end of time.
'J'hus, too, of tbe vnpourlng   which hBS
been mllcle of the ndvnntages of opening the 1 ud UH.
H need llQt be denied that some degree of bcneJit
VOL. Vl. 2 u
OIJo\P.
xxxn.
CRAP.
xxxu.
466 JIIliTORY OP TliE
to commerce may follow, but how hns it been se-
cured? By a series of political crimes; nnd if lne
actors in lhcm o.re to be j usti6ed by the resuLts,
tben may we do evil that go()(] may come. Men
bo.vo ccased, in a great degree, from attempting to
propagate rciligious truth by Tiolence; nnd there nre
now few who \\ill not admit the ";ckedness of such
attempts. But it seems that it is quito ln.wful to
open up new sources of trade by such menus, and that
when there may nppeaT any chance of Ol>tcndlng
commercial operntioru;, tbe sword may properJy be
!'mployed to clear the wny. Thus tho errors and
crimes of one nge disappeu.r in the next, but too
often only to be roplnoed by others equally groat,
nnd eqnnlly dangerolll!.
And "ith such viniliontion of the policy of n Bri-
tish governor-genernl, in dealing with nn ally, ns the
Jetter of Lord Ellen borough nlfords, ciOSCI!, for tho
present, the history of Sinde, henceforth a BritiEh
province.
Another snbjeet, not nnfrnught with anxiety, hail
divided with Sinde the attention of the British go-
vernment during the yeay in which that countrywns
added to the British possessions. This wns the state of
tho dominions of the llouse of Scindia, where events
occurred which th1-eatened to light up again the
Oames of war but just extinguished in Affghnnistnn,
nud the embers of which yet glowed in Sindc.
Dowlut Ruo Scinilia, with whom, it will be recol-
lected, treaties had been concluded, under I he
adminiatrntious of tbe Marquis Wellesley nnd the
nnmsu EMPIRE TN nmu. 467
i\1arquis of Hastings, • died in the ycn.r 1827, leav-
ing no son, nnil bnving 1\dopted none. His widow,
the daughter of the notorious Shirzee Rao Gbntgny.t
thereupon asstrmcd the e:cercise of the sovereign
authority, nod meditated introducing a member of
her own family as her successor. But tlus design
she was forced to abandon; nod, nltimntely, she
adopted n boy of the Saindin fnmily, 'vho was de-
clared to bo the nearest reln.tion of the dccea.•cd
chief, eUgibJc for adoption, with reference to nge.
Tbe youth of the new chief secured to the
widow of the dece:ured ono the continued exercise
of power for some years; bnt on the former altaln-
ing the 11ge of seve1•teen, Ito to the actunl
possession of the nnt11ority which he hnd boen
lected to inherit. After a struggle, be succeeded;
and, in 1883, was proclaimed sovereign, tho rcgant
retiring, after some months Qf hesitation, t() Agm.
Y oors were I'CI)uired to settle the amount of a pen-
sion to be n..-signed to bcr, and the provision of a
place for her residenco; and those points were
soorcely arrn.nged, when, in 1841, the chief was at-
tacked by sickness, of wbicb be sust:Uned repettted
  until the 7th of February, 1843, when be
died, childli!Sil, nod without having made any arrange-
ment for the suecession by recourso tQ the cere-
mony of ndoption. His \vi dow. who was under thir-
teen years of age, adopted, with the concurrence of
tile inOuentinl persons and wwcrful officers of the
• See vol. iii. pp. 359, 379, ond •ol. iv. p.
t See \'ol. iii. pp.492-49S.
2 It 2
OHAP.
XXXII.
A.D. UU3.
en"·
XXXII.
468
IDSTORY OP TJJE
court, n boy, named Bbagcerut Rao. reputed to be
tho nearest relatiYe to the deceased llnhrunja.h, nnd
he wu forthwith sented on the gnddee, "ith th<'
uAual ceremonies.
The Mo.harnjuh Willi nhout eight ye:trS old. 11 iR
youth, therefore, rendcrc;J imperative some spccinl
provl•jon for the ili<ehargc of the acti.-e •lutic< or
and tile Mabamnee. having little ad,·nn-
in point or :l,"'t', 0\'('f her adopted AAII, it
obvious that her wl're not ln which the
l'\'tjui.ite power should be placed. The Briti•h rt:'-
Colonel Spiena, supparted the nr
l\fumn Sllhib, the mrLtornnl uncle of tho dcct'nM'''
rhief, Wld the gnvernor-gcneml acquii'Srod irt ll111
opinion of the resident. lllamtL Sahib bnd enc·
mies and rivals; in an Orit·nt.al court every mnn.
intent solely on his own ad,·anct.•ment. is an
to every other man who<c   may impcdo it.
But the inRuenee or tho Britir.b re<>ident pre--ruled.
llfnmn Snhib wll8 appointed regent, and on the
dny ou which tho .Mnharnjnh wns enthroned,
invested with a dress irulicativl.! of his acct'S!lion to
the office.
Thus far the views and wishes of the Britl•h
gn'-emment were rcruiU'<I. But from the period
when Mama Sahib entered upon tile excrci<e nf
his functiaus, be found hUm.elf counteracted by
&ioister ioOu.oncc. A womnn named Nurungee, whose
power Ol'cr the mind of tho Rance appears to have
bccu great, It In hostility to tho regent.
She wa• removed. hut tho cffr.-t-'l flf ber oviJ coun"''l
BRITilUI DIPiltE IN IJ'oD"'. 46()
did ool ceese with her pre.cucc. A eeriow.
e•·il was the state of the anuy, more especinlly or a
brigade or infantry, coosi.ting or three batt.aHous.
One of tho throe, commanded by a JiCrsc>u DJlDled
Isbooreo Singh, had committed great excesses dur-
ing a march to Mnlwa. This bad ocrurred before
the dt:ath or the late nltnl'l\iah ; and, on the repre-
aeotatious or the British re-idcnc., orden had been
dbpntcbed for the n'C&IJ of lhbooroo Singh, whidt
was to be followed by his di•mi•..al from the
ser,;ce, nod imprieoomCIIt. Tbo order required
Jshooi"''C Singh to n>turn nlonc. looving his batlnlion
"bore it might be wbCII tho order renehed him.
Uttt this did not corresJlOnd with his views; be re-
turned, but brought the battnliou with him ; and on
tbe arrival of this force in th<> camp, the di>aftection
which pt'rvnded it 8p:rettd to tbe two other batta-
lion-,   formed part of tho brigade to whic.b
that of I hooreo Singh belonged.
1'ho Briti•h resident cnllod for tho immediate and
aignnl punishlllCIIl uf the officer, whoso
condu(•t bud dilfused 11 mutinous through an
entire hrigntJo of the :mny, nnd o0erod the Ol!l!lht3tiCO
of Hriti-h troops for the J>orpiJ8e of effecting it.
The l'('gt'Dt, 11111Dla Sahib, expi'I"'Scd his l't'adin""8
to net upon tho mggeotion of the n.'iiident, bu:t. pre-
ferred nccompli.hiug tbc dcsired ohject without the
aid of Dritish troops; the iutro<hll'tion of which, bo
T<'Jll"(.'••t.'ntcd, might caullO n dibturbnnco extending
through the \lhnle nrmy. lie bl'licvcd himself
t-npablc or bringiug Isboorco Slugh oml his batlnlion
CIIAP.
x:<..'l:ll.
ClL\1'.
x:xxu.
A. D.IS4!.
470
BJSTORY OF 'l'UE
to lJOnishment, but not immediately. A dolay of a
month or six wccl.."S wns necessary, that time being
required for issuing pay to the troops-n ptoee58
neeessa.ry to be l)Crformed before they 'fere called
upon to net in support of the govemml'JJt. This
'niS communicated to the governor-general, then at
Agm, and be wns lhc.reupon satisfied that no neces-
sity would arise for the march of troops on G wallet;
11 measure which be bad previously thought likely
to be called for.
For nearly three months after his =:ppointment to
office, the regent; M:ona Sahib, wd thwarted by
the Ma.bnranee, and the clique of intriguers by
whom Iilla wns surroUllded. Suddenly 1111d unex-
pectedly, on the 18th of May, the British resident
received n message from the M ahnrauee, intimnting
3 wish tbnt the young Mabnmjll.b lillould contrnct
3 Ill3trimonial alli1111ce with the niece of the regent.
The next evening was fixed for the perform1111ce of
the initiatory ceremony of the Teeka, 1111d it accord-
ingly took pln<:e.   h i ~ turn of affirirs was sufficiently
strange, but it was almost immediately follo,ved by
another not less stnrtling. On the 18th of May the
current of court fBvour seemed to flow entirely in
the regent's favour, 1111d by tbe proposed 11U1Ui3ge
of his nieco with tho llfaharoja!J his tenure of powar
appeared to be rendered secure. On the 21st the
Mabnmnee summoned to bcr presence nil the chiefs
in camp excepting Mama Sahib. and subseqoontiT
dispatched a message to tho .British resiaent, com-
plaining of tho condocL of the regent, and expressing
DRITISIJ EMPffiE TN INDIA. 471
n desire Ior ]lis r(!lllovnl. The residCJlt remonstrnted,
but iu vnin ; and iu n few d:l)'S Mama Sahib was
ou bill journey from Scinclia's cnmp, wb ich he had
been ordered to quit.
Orienml intrigues are rarely explicable, a>:cept
by the p:uties en.,anged in them; nnd in a majority
of instances, perhaps, even they ·would be unable to
give a mtioual nc<'ount of their motives nnd con-
duct. It would be vnin to inquire at length into
those of tbe notors in tbe extrnordinnry course of
events which nUsed Mama Sahib apparently to tho
gummit of uncontrollable power only for the p u r p o   ~ e
of immediately precipitating him headlong into min
and disgrace. One point, however, is cle:u, tbo.t the
British guvornment bad little influence. 'l'he regent,
who enjoyed it.s support ns fur, at least, as verbnl
assistance wen!, wns dimrisscd wi tb ns little cere-
mony as a menial servant would have been disenrded,
a.ntl tbis by a faction, hended by n girl whose imma-
ture ago would in Europe ba ve precluded her from
tbe exercise of any control over the most ordinnry
matters of business. It appe!U"S strnugo that no
effort should have been mMle to sustaio the regent
bymilitnry nid, such haYingsomomontbs before been
umdered to c.nable him to put down the mutinou.e
bttttalions. Tbc resident applied for permission, in
case of need, to call on the officer commanding ot
Agra for troops to support t bo regent, but W:tS re-
fused; the goYeruor-geuernl decl:uing the sending
troops to interfe.re in the internal disputes oi nn
nllied state to be a matter of too mueb importance
CHAP.
x..xx:n.
ClUJ'.
XX'icll.
lliSTOR\' OP TilE
to justifY his delegating to any one the powu of
t'rnployu•g lbem. The lcUer by which the resident
was apprized of this determination concluded "ith
the emphatic declnrution, "Under no circ11DlStnncC11
does tho desire U1nt a lrluglo DlllU
be permitted to pass ottr frontier without his per-
ll()noJ direction."•
Troops were refu..<ed, but dCBpatches were "ritteo.
The resident was :uhi..<ed tbnt the Brilisb govt!mWcnt
could not acquiesce in tbo removal of the !\lama
Saltib without lbe IIS!!igumcnt of bOrne better rt>asou
than tho wish of llJC Mabttmoco; be wn.s to bold no
ollicilll intercourse with thu successor of the deposed
regent without specinl from the gover-
nor-general; and it nulhoritntively lillllouncod,
that u the Maharanee nod tho clliefs ntust bear in
mind that lbe frontier of the territories belonging to
the British government, and of those of the Gwnlior
being for lbe most pnrt conterminous,'" it
'111!1 "n matter of paramount importance tbut there
should exist in GwuJior rL goven1meut willing anti
nblo to preserve trnnquillity nloog that extended
lino ;"-tbnt "the British go,·cmmcot" could "not
pcnuit tbe growing up or n lax system of rule,
generatiug habit.• of plunder along its frontier;"-
that •· duty to o•nt hubjects intperatively" re-
quired "lbat it should   efreetnnlly to main-
• Lotter fmtn ...,tarr to tho J!O•·emor.gmenl. SOt.b or May.
lfl.l3. 'nl4 kttl!r will be found in •• Furtll4.'r Papera r .. p«"ting
Gwallor," l'""""'ted to both of Parliament, by comm•nd
o( h<r Majc•ty. April. I HH, J)llg1: :1.1, No. M.
RRITISA ElU'lKE IN INOlA. 473
tnin the pu blie peace by all sueb ns" migbt
"opp<>t.r best calculated to SOCW'O that essentinl
objC<'L ;"-tlutt " it would bo far more .atisfuctory
to adopt tho necessary mc;>Muroa in cordial co-opera-
tion \l'itb tho authorities of tho Gwlllior state;" and
Lhut it had been hoped "that under the regency of
tho Mnm11 Sahib this might have bel.•n done; but"
that "in any case the Jlnblic pence most bo pre--
served, and .. thnt a the Gwalior •Into'' would "be
held reooponsible for all 6Uch interruptions lbetWf
as" might "arise not of tbo mal-admink"1:mtion of
its dominions."• Tbese dC<'lnrnlion• were well; !Jut
the movement of a. brigndo would bnm been much
more cflcctive. T_u the Enst no nrgmnent is so cou-
,·iuciog ns that JlreseDted by .trong bnttnlions. '"I do
not think it pomble, n said tbe -illent, " to rootore
the Mama Snhib to power by remoru.tmnce alone ;"t
and lx>yond aU question he thought correctly.
Tbe Uriti!h resident, in conformity with instruc-
tions from bill government. prepared to remo•·c from
G\\1llior for n season. This •tep nprears to bnve
excited in tho minds of tho :Mnhnmnco and her
tl1nt vngue npprcbcnl!inn of e•il not un-
common where there is n   tb:\t ofTeuce
bas given, and wbere act. of the pnrt.y
offended is regarded witb   lnquirie..
were m11de as to the cause of tbe re'idt•nl'o remo,·aJ ;
ruJd tho hollow of regnrcl, al=ys current
• •• Further Papcn," ut aupra, No. 57, pttp 38, 39.
1 "Further P.•pero.'' ut oupra. No. 68, pago 39.
1'11\P.
XXXII.
CHAP.
xx.x:n.
474
JllSTORY   ~ THE
in C38tern courts, were tendered with groat liberality.
'l'hc repre8eni.ntive of the British government wns
entreated, on behalf of the Mnhanl nee, to consider
the Mahnrnjnh md herself n ~ his ebildren (nlbcit
her reeent coudnet hnd exhlbited little of filial obe-
dience}; his forgiveuess wns implored, md that of
the governor-gen<!rnl, but the Mllllla Sahib was not
recalled. The resident answered in language less
wnnn tl1nn thnt in which be hnd been addressed,
but designed to have little more meaning; 110d, tbis
edifying intercourse concluded, be proeecded to
Dholepore. Tbere be '"liS informed that it was
deemed by the govemor-geuernl inE!X)Ml<lient tbot he
should return to Gwlilior till some government
should be crcnted, "having the appeamoco of good
intention, and ghing tho promise of stability;" or,
until the Mitho.ranco and chiefs should "earnestly
roll" for his assil!tance, in forming oruch a government.
The govemor-geueral bad been sojourning in the
upper proviuc:es, hnt was now on his retum ; and
the distance by which Le was nbout to be separated
from the resident made it obviously inconvenient
thn.t, under oil eircumstances, tho lnttcr should
'mit for instructions. The inconvenience wns per-
ceived and noticed ; bot it was dcclnred that the
goven1or-general deemed the return of the resident
to Gwalior to be n measure requiring so much coo-
siderntioo, that except in caso of unforeseen erner-
gency, it was not to be ndopt-ed, without previously
representiog tho eironrnstanecs, and waiting for
BRITISH flJIPIRE IN INDIA. 4 75
orders, having reference to the roprel*!ntlltion.•
These were forwarded from Allahabad
on the 27th of Juno.
The principle of non-interoourse was, it Df1penr5,
difficult to be adlrered to. The Mnma Sahib had
retired to Seronge, nnd it was apprehended that
some attempt might be made by tho ruling par-
ties nt Gwlllior to seize him there. The culm nc-
qui08cenco of tho British govermnent in the deposnl
of the Mama Sahib had not tended to mise its
obamcter; nod the seizure of the ex-rogent at Se-
ronge would have completed humiliation in this
respect. The govemor-gonernl had declarod that
be did "not wish to bn.vc nny   with the
M:unn Sahib's proceed.ings ;" and tbo resident had
accordingly lx.'Cll instructed to nbstnin from taking
any notice of tllat person's residence nt Seronge, or
nny other place. This was on the 30th of June. On
the 13th of July, n difli:u-ent tone was adopted. The
resident wns d08ired, ifhe entertnined the least appre-
hension of druJger to the i\lnmaSahib, to nddr08s the
1\tnhnrnnee in the language of wanuog, intimating
that the entrance of n single man into the territory
of tbo Dritisb government would be considered us nn
11.tl.nck upon that government itself, nnd punished
accordingly. The tbre11t was to be enforced by re-
ference "to tbe conduct recently nilopted by the
British goverun1ent tho Amcc.rs of Simla,
its enemies"-a most unbnppy reference, except 119
lo the indication of power-and towards tbe chiefs
• See •• Furthu Paporo," ut oupm, No. 68, 51.
CIIAP.
xxxu.
A. D. 1M3.
476 IIISTORY OP 111&
of Dlmwlpora, of .Toudpore, und of • its
alii! .... • A COJIY of lhis letter was lronsmittetl lo
the M!liuunn.ec, with whom it bad been deemed nc-
ce8"Ury to OJl<'n communications on mntlers of slntc,
without the intcnention of nny This was
a complete dejmrturo from tbe prluciplo laid down
some months \;cfore, thnt the Mnharnnee was to
ba1·o no not even thnt of nJ>poiutiug mioiR-
tcrs. but tbnt all nulhority was to be centered in a
I"C!'pOIISiblc regent. The M:ilinranee, in bor an-
swer, denied tbnt nny intention existed of attacking
the Mnmn Sahib, nnd n fi()COnd representation on
tbc •nlticct rec(·i\·cd a like reply.
lL would be imprncticablc to gifo ony clenr nc-
Munt of the intrigues at G wn.lior, exceJ\t nt n length
di&J•roportioned to the imt'IOrtnnce of the  
and tho detniloe, if f'umi.obed, would lui\C littlo in-
terest. Tbo following brief notice mny be suOicieut:
-1'bc pPrson most ncti ve in tho deJ'IO<'Ill of the 1\f.ttma
Sahib, nnd whOf.C influence became predominnntnfter
the foil of lhe regent, was called tho Dnda Kha.•ojce
Wnlln. An nttcmpt was rnnde to obtain for the
Maharanee's futber n portion of the l"'"'cr of the
sUite, and it wM directed thal be be eon-
sultpd on rul nlfnirs; bot tho Dada Wnlla
represented tbnt groot o\'ils wcro likely to nrisc from
a dividl'd 11othority; arultbcrcopoo he wns reinstated
in tl1at pletrituclo of )'lOWer whieb ho so disintereoot-
cdJy claimed.t
• .. Flll"thu Paprn," ort aupra, No. 78, P'C"" 57, 68.
t 'fbc clarw:lu of lhla penon .... ,. be ilhattated ..,. ..r.n-
8RI'I'ISU !WrlliE IN IJiiDIA. 477
Bot all real power wns, in fact, ia tbo hands of
the- IU1UJ". This body comprised abo\"e 30,()()(1 men;
n number out of proportion (,() tho demands
of sucb a state 118 that of Gwnlior for defooO<•, nnd
not less to its mcan.1 of them. These
troops were. in 801Dc • connn:mdrd by offi-
to a in a lettor fmm Colonol Conning No. 106
In "'Further P.pers." 'fbo follo,.ing utmct will be found in
pogo 89 :-" I may b<re be pmuitttd to mmtioG -tbina ol
the clww:ter ol the u.urpinr mi.U.tu: bo ;. c:oosidaod to be.
pcroonolly, a   t cowonl, and to o•·e all hi1 infutnte 10 in.
trigues. • • • When Lbe wife u( tl1e ll'lle JWJ.kojee,
..... to be confined. be, the Khujte. colJ<c:ttd .....-.! ,..men who
expected to be cortfi:ned about the same t.iaw. with a Tiew &o 11Ubtti.·
tuto a bnr. ohould tbt Jlrino<- birth to a dauj:htrt. l:ibe £"""
birth 10 • dtlughtcr, bnt the birth of a aon wu anoounotd by the
reeident to the. 1upreme govunmcnt, and royal Wutoa wue Ji.ml
on thc 0«a1ion. Tho fatt of the child being a da"lt'htrr,....
contftled bom Scmdia bimtolf for WI days, till all tho other
'II'Omm bad si••• birth to danghter., and the Kbo.jte bad no
lonll"" any bope of bcing able to liUhoututo • bny. Soindia, u
.ouu tll he becrune ac!quainted with the trulb, .ent tO the rai·
d<nt, arod, with unfelptd oorrow arod ntortilicati.,., ....0. tbe
(ot .. ........ to hint. belitftd that tbe Kho.o-
joe intended to po;..., or othtnrioe deotrvy. the fatbry, eollld be
ha..., tucctedtd in ouboututing the hoy, and be illcnnwn to have
cmploytd all kinds ol ouppoood ...,<btJI and ehum• to malco
with him. in the bnpo that tht oupr<me •oold.
u iu the - ol the Baiza Bete, allow hil widow to adopt a
-· wbic:h would """""' him a long minority. Tho mother and
daughl<r both died, and Sclnilia murrlcd tho Ranoe 'l .... &ee,
• girl now thirtoen yean ol oge. who wu permitted to adopt the
bny, who ia DOW ahnet .W,. ,...... o( 1g<o
.. The Kl»..jee oco:a.piel the ""'- Wlth thcm, and - ,..,_
tum outride tho.._ uigbt or day. Wbtll01'trdangc-r tbr<atom
blm, h• _.,.. .. bim..U In tho m01t oocn.-d of the female open •
.....,to, hom which iuUAI the nrden by which the - io go-
t'W'DC!d.""
CllAP.
X\XlL
CHAP.
X.XX"l l.
478 EUSTORY OF 'Ill El
cers of European birth, or of European parentage
on on.e side : but the ordinnry rolatiou between offi-
cers and ml'll was constantly inverted; the latter
assuming the province of command, nnd punishing
their officers at pleasure.•
• The tiillow:ing oboervatiODll ""'peeting the army of Gwalior
occu-r in Cotoocl SleemAn '1 letter n.bove q-uoted (''Further Papen.''
No. lOG. page 86) :- "The great nil with wbic:h the oourt of
Onlior bu hod to conteod, Iince the death of Dowlut Rao Scin.
cliah, in l827, bu been this coocentnted """"'of 40,000 •oldlers
at tho o:api!al. 11••1 ba,·e h<en olton in • otnte o( mutiny, and
alway• ill a state of di!order bordering upoo it: and, in
qumae of these dioorden, the life of the Sovereign b .. always
been in dangt:r, while the m-enus of the   have, it. ia &aid,
fallen olf ainee 1833, from nintt;-6\'l! Lu:s to oixty-Jise.
"Sine<: the ouppr .. l!!ou of the Pindatee •)'Item by the Marquio
of fluting<, in 1817, and the .. I.BhllahmCDt of our poraruouut
authority iu all tho ourrouodillg otnt05, tbU. dioordaoly army h ..
had no l'mployment. Juat \:dora tba.t time, 11 part of it waa
em1>loftd, uoder J ean Jlaptiltn FeJo.e, in the oonqu .. t of sur-
rounding du.trurt.. He atmclo:ed the &joh of Kurralee, and
•ciz<d (rom him the district of Snbulgbur, yielcliug four mea or
rupc .. a year. He tbon Bttock<d and teiz<d upon the oldest or
Bundeleand princlpalitiet, Cbnndereo, wbooe chief, Moropylad,
bad "'jeot<d the offer of our protection, which all the other Cbie&
of BundeiC'UDd ecoept<d. The chief, onbeequeatly, a.t aur ion>r-
cenion. recei'"ed tm auigument of land to the \-alue of 40.000
TUpoet; but tbe district huttl'e:t ainct' in ll.ltnte of ani'U'Chy,
Y<ry p<cjudiow to the I"'""" of our eentttminooa dittricto. He
then seiz«< upon the principolity of the Keech..,...... clrlof
of Ragbogtlr, yielding a re<enue of three 1 ... of rupees •
year, and that of the clrlef or Baluulurgur, tr/iot Easaogurb.
yielding two. The chid of Jlobadurgur receiv<d the ...WI
Jaeh= of A{UJ'COO(Juugurh aa a pr:ovilioll, and the Cbief
of RogbOfi'U' got 50,000 rupoeo a y-, t.t the l!llbo<qUI!Jlt
inte:reel!ion of our govenuuont. He then aoiz<d upon Sn.d·
pore, yieldiniJ two laet a year, 11nd gate the prince t:nnty·
.five thowan<L Be then took Gurbe Kolah, yielding .., •• r.t loot.
On the ttnninati.oo of tho Piodaree war, in 1817, all the .. acqui·
BRITISH EliPillB IN fN"OIA. 479
Somewhat tardily the Driti!h govl!nlment turned
it.s attention to the IIDCCSSity of inlcrJ>osing by force,
if other means should fail, to •ul'l'rt'SS the disordets
which J>rcnilcd in Gwlllior, nnd menaced the
pcnec nnd 8!'cority of its own dominions. On the
lOth of Augu•t, tho govcmor-gcnural recorded a
minuto, oonlaining the pnssoge :-"Tho
rtl«!nt ehnnge of at Gwnlior, elfected
through the expulsion of tho regent, who had been
recently nominated with our sanction; the concen-
trntion at Gwnlior itself of almost the \I hole army:
the rcmovnl from tbnt army, with cirt'ulllllt.auces of
violence, of ttl most nil tbe officers of European or
E11t118inn• origi11; tbe selection for posts, civil :u1d
aitiono """' eonlirmed and guuanteed to the Gwalior ohief, an
tbc principle adopted, of reiJ'O"tin& 11<tm11 pou,..;.., in the aow
rdationa with the oatiYe eteta to which th.t ....,. P"' riee.
"It might be ouppooed that this -r. end ;,.laden, waWd
- !td <elf well diopooed IOWIIrde. JllftiDOWil authority, t!Dt
hu lho JIO'tfU, end hu mmi!alled tho will, to iotttpoee end pr<·
•mt ;,. iodolgior in such   u theo4.-: for, if kft alono,
thty would, in l yean, ha>.., tci.ted UJ>OD rvt!T'f principo!ity in
Bundelcund in tho tame txul.nner, and their bearing towanl.J ua hat
aiWll,- been that of moo reotmined only b)· tholr fearo.
"1'be •hid aad hia mini>...,. ba"' often alttropl<ld tD • .,.
lhe nuDJbtrt of theae military 01tahlitbmm,., u well with a 'liew
tD tho uanquiUity of the eonotry on which they P'">'• u to-.
aocny: but ..,.,b auempll ban eoded in their rain, Cor t.bey wiU
DeYU o1low ""Y ar "'"bJi•b,..nt tD bo paid of!, or aoy
.--nc:ieo in IMm w .......m unilled: ud aothiqbutthe mtu·
poaition the .,.,....oont po....,. oan ....,. ..w.t. the <hief to ..,.
duoe thit body to • to bia wanta m the altoml
1tata ol bi1 affain.."
• It may bo .,.., .... T'f to e&plaln thot tho wonl Euruian io a
l<!nn applied,   o.!Tectodly, to thol1ugc .t ... io Indio who
tn"" their origin ID on• EnroJl"llD )lArtnt only.
CllAP.
X 'I.'\ II.
"'D. llh3.
480
B!Sl'OR Y OF TrtE
military, of p1!1110ns known to oo bostilo to our go-
Tcrnment, :md of somo whose removal from their
appointments had but recently boon carrieil into
  by the lnte Mllharl\inh, on our representation;
nil things, e:.:nggernted as they will be by 11
people tlesirous of chnnge, make it desirable that
the representntioos onr government mny find it ne-
cessary to make to the Gwal:ior Dorbnr, t111d our
gcneml iufloence over natife states, should be sup-
ported by the presence of an army. It may be
impossible accurately to calculate upon the future,
when ita complexion must depend upon troops \villi-
out dlscipli ne, who may soon be without pay, nnd
upon me:n umcrupulous as to the l)leans by which
the objects of their bat! nmbition mny be eftbcted;
but the course of cn·ents which sooms most probable
is this, that tho inhnbittllltl! of the detached terri-
tories of tho Gwalior state in Mnlwa, nnd of the
districts adjoining Sangor and .Bnndelcmnd, being
under no real control, will become the invaders and
plunderers of onr subject!! and nllies, and thus nom-
pel us to demand from the stntc, a repnm-
lion whic!J it " 'ill be renlly mmble to afford, and
which we must, therefore, in some manner take for
oUJSolves. The measures we may thus adopt w;tb
respect to the districts belonging. to the Gwalior
state in Jl[alwn, and adjoining Saugor, will be most
conveniltntly CO\'!!red by the union of a considerable
force in a camp of exercise upon or near the .T unmn."
In acCQrdnnce witb tbe views herein propounded, tlte
cotnmtlllder-io-cbief wns to form !Jis crunp
DRmSil EHPIJUil fN INDIA. 4$1
nt Cawnpore, on the 16th of October out eDBning,
nnd it wns directed thnt shortly nficrwards un army
of exercise, of nt least twelve battalions of
inf.<tntry, with It proper complement of cavalq nnd
artillery, should be llll&embled upon or near the
Jumna.
In the meantime llllnrchy continued to increase,
though communications between the Mnhamnec auol
the British resident at Dholepore were not sus-
pended. The Mnhnrnu,co expressed a strong wish
for tho return of the resident to Gwnlior, but the
latter. acting under tho iJJBtructions of bis govern-
ment, refused, except on condition of the Dada
Klllllljee Wnllu. bcingnot only deprived of authority,
but punished by Jina and b:mishmc.ot; or what was
  tiS n preferable conrso, surrendered to the
13ritisb government. A paper, addressed to tho
Maharanee by the resident, which contnined tho
demand for the pnnisbment or surrender of the
Dada, was by that personage intenl<'Jllcd ;-he >cry
nnfiurnlly feeling reluctant thnt such a proposn1
should roach the royal enr. 'Vhen fnct becnme
known to tho govemor-geoernl, great indigruttion
wns expressed at the condttct of tho D(tdll in with-
holding the commnnicntioo, which was declared to
oo "an ofilmce of n most criminal cb:trnoter ngninst
the state of Gwnlior, amounting to n supersession of
the Mnbnmnee's authority, and tho transference of
:til }lower in no unlawful manner to himself. The
govemor-geuernl in council," it was uilded, " will not
permit any sulJject of the stale of Gwnlior thus to
VOL. VJ. 2 I
CUAP.
XXXII.
A.D. Ill<.!.
CRAP.
X"XXII.
482
IJISTORV OP TO&
•uper«ede the authority of his so,·ereign." As the
British g<JYemmeut hllll authorized its representnth·e
to <'Ommunicnte with tho 1\fabllnUlee.clisappointmcnt.
not unmixed "·ith llllgcr, might be felt at the stop
tnkcn by the Dadn f.o prevent the trt1llSJJ1.ission of nny
representAtion hostile to bimS()If. But it,eems rnthcr
an exaggerated tone of writing, to de:;ignate the net
of tho Dada as a criminal offence npin..ot tho of
Gwalior; that state, if it the name-, IM'ing
at the time altogether without nny or
I'C('Dgnized g<JYemmeot. One of the ad-
dtlced in iUu.strntion of this 'iew-that the net
nrnouotcd to a s115pcnsion of tho ;\fabnnmee's nutho-
perfectly idle. II is I rue, Dada    
Walla bad no right to the power which be hntl n...-
BUJlled; hut it is eqUAlly true, tbnt, according to thl'
dcdarcd eonviction of tbc British goYerument, uei-
tbt'r bad tbe Maharanee nuy right to the exercise
of sovereign nuthority. It bad been solemnly and
most justly thnt her extreme youth
rcrulored her utterly unfit for the chnrge. She hnd
no authority, but tlmt which, like the Dndo,
bnd usurped. A regent had boon nppointcd, with
the.> Sllllction of the British g<!VOrnruent; be lmd been
d!'JlOSOCI, and the Mah!ITanee took the power, fur
wbicb sbe bnd been adjudged ioeompetent. Yet tb!'
wnc which bnd ao adjudged, eondr-
lleilndcd, by its representative, \irtunlly to recognize
her U!Ur')IO.tion, by holcling intercourse wit!J her,
11!1 the guardian of the intl'rt'tllR of the IJoUS(I of
Sc.indin. Nnt only so, but in Ill\ official )'IIIli''
llRJ'O$H Elfl'JRfl JW IJ<tHA. 483
issued by that government, the Maharanee ill ad-
verted to in n character which the most devoted of
lter adherents would scarcely baye ventured to claim
for hcr. Tba Dnda is spoken of 1\8 a subject, nnd
the Mnbnrnnee as his sovereign. Now, it is quite
clear thnt tbe boy Scinclin wu the SOYorcigu, UJJd
that even if ttaurpntion of the ,\lnbornneo were
o•·erlooked nod submitted to, she could bo regarded,
nt most, only as regent. Strnnge jt is, that niter
denying her the lntter office. she should, without n
shadow of cWm, have bee1t iu vested mth the bighcr
rank of sovereign.
The governor-geoernl wns now preplll'ing to leave
the presidency for the purpose ofproeeediJlg to the
vicinity of the Jllace, where, by negotiation or Coree,
the dl:Jforcoces bctwCCJl tho Dritisb and Mnhrnttll
states were nbout to be detonnined. But before be
departed, he recorded his view of the eauso of his
journey in n lengthened minute. In this dooument
the rights and obligutions of the British govemm,cot
as the parnmoUJlt power in Intlin. within the Sutledj,
were adverted to and nmintained. The doctrine
tho.t in Inslin such n parnmouut power must
:mil that the British govemmont should be tl1nt
power, was one which statesmen, both at home
nod in tbe East, were slow to learn; but it lJ\1\Y
be hope<l tbnt it is now too deeply sooted in the
minds of men of all )'nrties to be eo.sily ellliced,
nnd Lnrd Ellcnborougb was justified in nssmning it
as the basis o( hia proposed mo,·ements. some
vury   (U)d mther questionable remarks
2 r 2
CIJAP.
XXXlL
C!IAP.
xxxn.
A.D.IS42.
484
ltlSTORY OF THE
on the mode by wbic:b our power wns ncquireJ, he
proceeded to point out tho cJfects of an abnndonment
of our high position in the following pMSfi8e, which
is quoted, not for its novelty, but its truth:-" Nor
while, by receding from that position, we endrut·
gered our own clCistence, should we fll.il, at the samo
time, to bring upon nil the states nnw dependent
upon os, the most alllicting cnl!llllities. The with·
dJmvol of our rostrll.ining hnrul would let loose nil
the elements of confusion. Redress for the daily
occurring grievances of tbe severn! ngaillflt
each other would aguin be sought, not from the
superintending justice of the British government,
but from the armed reprisals of the injured ; and
bad ambition, availing itsclf of the love of plUJJder,
and of war, which pervndes w lnrge a portion of
the populntion of India, would ngnin O.'tpose to de-
vastation countries which. under our protection, have
enjoyed many of the ad vantages of peQ.Ce.''
It would appear from the next paragraph of hls
  minute, thnt he had little hope of eJfecting
a settlement of the nffnirs of Gwo.J.ior, otherwise than
by force, and that nt this period (the 1st pf Novem·
ber) he contemplated something more thnn merely
menacing the frontiers of the disturbed country; for
b() continues :-" To maintain, tlterefore, UJJim·
paired, the position we now hold, is n duty, ooL to
ourselves alone, but to hU1ll:Ulity. The adoption of
new views of policy, wookness under the name of
moderation, nod pusillani.mity nnde.r tlmt of forbear·
nnce, would not llvert from our own RDd
li!UTISR EMrJ:RE IN lNDU. 485
from our own territories, the evils we let lpose upon
] ndin; and the only of false measures would
be to remove the scene of a contest. , altogether in-
evitable, from Gwalior to Allahabad, there to be car-
ried ou with diminished force, a disbeartooed onny,
and a diStJifected people."
After noticing the scattered and ill-oonncotoo
notu re of So india's territory, nnd tl1e sources of
evil to be found in the e.-.risting state of Gwalior, the
governor-general proeeeded to speak of the Mabn-
'nljah in a llliUUler which, did not the result refute
tho belief, ought have been unde.rstood as intimating
nn intention to dispossess the youthful Jlrince of
the cbieftaill!lbip to which he bad so recently been
elevated. The l'tfabnrnjah, it wns stated, wns a
boy of poor parentage. and nltogether w1educnt·ed.
Tbis Iotter point was referred to more Lban onco in
tbe minute, from whicb circumstance it m11y be
inferred that some com;idernble importance wns
attncl1ed to it; but it is difficult to conjecture upon
wbnt grounds. Indian princes are seldom h.igbly
educated, and though tho attainments of the Mnha-
mjnh alfordeil no cause for llOneting, it does not
seem that ho wns properly describe<] as altogether
uneducated: it wns slnted on official authority
that in Mnhmtta litemtu.re "be bad made ns much
]Jrogress ns boys of his age gen!!nilly do :"• it is not
often that boys at nine years of oge are either grent
linguists or great philosopher!!. A furtb!'r objection
• Letur from Colonel SpU.., ... ioknt Ill Gwalior, to oocruary
wjtb •   No. 17 in "Further Papen," I'"SO I 2.
CHAP,
XXXll.
CUM'.
;'lXXll.
A.D. 18<2.
486
BTSTORY OP THE
to the prince, to whose tho British
government was an nssenting party, is   in thl'l
allegation that be was not ·from any
one of the fAmily of Scioaia who hilS possessed
sovereign authority, but from a remote ancestor of
those by whom sovQroignty was acquired.n Yet
in a public notification, issued on the death of
J unkogee R.'lO dated at DoUti, thelltb of
February, in tba same year in which the minute
under exruninntion was recorded, the follo\\'.ing
pnssage is found: " The governor-general bns also
received information of the adoption, by the widow
of the Jate Mablltlljnh, with the assent of the chiefs
and people, of Bltagecrut Rno, tho person nl'nrest
in blood to the late lllnharnjnb."• As the adopted
prince bad be!'n recognized in February os tho
nearest in blood, it does not oppl.'nr bow in No\'ember
ony relll>OnaLio objcetion could be taken to blnl on
the ground that IUs relationship to the robber chiefs
who bad held dominion was ouly collateral. Fur-
ther, that n9 JlOiSSible objection to the Mnblll'l\inb's
title might be omitted, it WllS io tbe minute,
that tbe prince was " elected by the Zerona and
lbe chiefs of tbe rumy for their sole benefit, JIOt for
that of tbe people." This. without doubt, "118 quite
true; but as the election bad boon confirmed by the
British it wns rather late to object to
it. l ndeed, U1e entire possnge in wbic.IJ the objec-
tions are embowed is almost immediately ncutnl-
ized by the following: ·• On the decease of the Into
• "F'lnth<r P.pen," No. 10, 7.
BIUTlSH EA!l'lRE IN INDJ A. 487
Mnbarnjab, the Britisl< government rendily nek:now-
ledgcd the successicm of the pTI!SI!Ilt MabnrJjah. He
wns the member of the ft:Ullily of Scind.in nearest to
lhe decensed sovereign uy blood." II ere, then, nfter
the turns wJd dooblings of the preceding sentences,
we nrrivc at n couclusion to which certainly they
cunnot be rcganied ns n prepamt:ion.
A pnssl11g reference to ]JOints noticed before-the
Mabnrnjnh's youth nod deficiency of literary acquire-
ment, nnd the immature ngo of the i\lnhnrnnee
(with whom, notwithstanding, public bUBincss hnd
been disclli!Sed)-was foUowed by a history of the
tben recent proceedings at Gwalior, concluded
by a statement, the perusal of whiclt iB not cnlcu-
latcd to give n very high impression of lhe vigour,
decision, nnd unity of Jturpose with wh.ich the
British government was at the time administered.
After relating the expulsion of the rogeut, the
govemor-g()J)eral thus went on : "The r   p r   ~ ~ u ­
tntious made by the BritiSh resident were of no
eifeet. The successful rhnl of the regent beennto
:Ul-pow(!l"fuJ. 'l'be ChristiM officers were, with few
exceptions, ill-treated and turned out of tho carup
by tbe soldiers. Persons who had boon deprh•ed
of their oOices on our representations, were restored.
Offices were tnken from thoso who were supposed
to be fu vournble to the mnintennnce of friendly
relations with us; nnd Gwalior has exhibited to all
I ndia tho CX'nmplo of n regent, to whom our SUJ>port
had been promised, expelled from lho territory lte
governed, and of a successor, whose nets shew him to
CHAP.
XXXII.
488
lUS'tORY OP '1'llE
be hostile to our interests, established in power, in
despite of our remonstronces."
N otwitbstanding nil these proceeilings, so insult-
lug to tbe British government as well ns so d:mgerous
to the mn.inteu1111ce of peace, it appears, however,
that no intervention with Gwnlior might hnve t.nken
place-the govemor-genernl might have been con-
tented nith sullenly withdmwing the British resi-
dent to n distance, nnd leaving the bandit army to
pull down nnd set up its officers at discretion, plun-
der at "ill, 11Dd continue a terror to all within the
territories of the house of Sc.indin, and to rill ou
its borders, bncl it not been for the pooulinr situa-
tion of nlfn.irs nt the time. It is nllowed, indeed, that
"under llDY circumstances, to permit the lengtlumed
continUIUlce of this state of things would hnve been
incomistent with the honour nod interests of our
government, nnd of our allies :-a hostile mi mster,
witb a large o.nd ready army, watching 111!, ru1d
threat43ning us from Gwnlior; while plunderers,
along the extended frontier, fostered by his suffer-
ance, if not by his protection, would soon destroy
nil the confidence which has hitherto been placed in
our gm•erument, 3Jld must mnterinlJy weaken our
powet.'' Rot though honour, and interest, 1md
peace, nod character, were thus nt stake, tlte gc-
vemor-genernJ recorded his opinion that, but for one
reoson, i n t ~ e r e n   e wns not imperotiye)y cnJJed for.
"Still," he snys, "under ordinary t'ircnmRtancflll, we
might perhaps have waited upon time, nod b .. we ab-
stained from lhe immediate a!loption of measures of
.BRITISH Jilll>lBE IN INDIA. 4S9
coercion, Cl(pecting the restoration of our influence
at Gwnlior, from the disunion manifest nmongst tho
cblefs, and the usual vicissitudes of nn Indian
court. But," it is ndded, "the C\'!'nts wlricb have
Teeently occurred at Lo.bore will not permit tho
resort to a policy suited only to n state of general
tranquillity in India." The orents referred to were
those which OCCtu'l'ed subsequently to the deoth of
Runjeet Singh, when in the struggle for peace n
sel"ies of crimes and e.1:cesses were perpetnued
worthy of the worst days of the worst governed
state of Ind.ia. From this qunrter danger wus not
unreasonably apprehended, and his lordship's   w s
on the snbjeot were thus expounded: "Within
threo marches of the Sutledj is an nrmy of 70,000
men, con6dent in its owu strength, proud (If its
Yarious successes ago.inst its ueighbours, desirous of
war u.ud of plunder, and under no discipline or
control. It mny be hoped, j ~ mu.y perhaps be
e:tpected, that no hostile net ou the part of tlris
nrmy wiU occur to produce a war upon the Sntledj,
but it would be unpardonable were we not to take
every possible precnntion ngainst such an event;
nod no precaution nppenrs to be more neco8S:!.rJ,
than that of rendering our rcnr, :u1d our communi-
cntions, secure by the re-est.:lblishn1ent of n friendly
government nt Gwnlior."
After stating his opinion Lbnt it wns desirable,
with reference to Lnbore. th11t disputes with Gwnlior
should be brought to n speedy tonnjnntion, lha
goYaroor-gonernl on this ground c:q1ressed his con-
CBilP.
XXXII.
CIIAP.
XXXlL
490
HlSTORV OF TITE
viction that the government should confine its clnims
there to a single point-the expulsion of the D:u!n.
Kho!\iee Wallo. Tlaiti !Je considered would for n
time give to tho gov8llllllcnt nn actual predonllnn.t-
ing influence in Gwnlior, nnd to tWs he trusted for
elll!cting o reduction of tlae a:rllly, nnd n1J other
measures tbnt might be The modo. of
carrying ou.t these mensures he left to be deter-
mined by eiroumstnnces, nnd modifications of the
Tiews tbemsel 1'136 wero contemplnted as not of
irnprobnblo occu.rreuce.•
At the time when the minute above quoted Will!
recorded, the f!tn.tc of a.flltirs in Gwnlior seemQd
to be approaching to n crisis. The army was
divided into three partie&-Ooc friendly to Dada
KhMjee Walia, another hostile to him. and a third
neutral The second party obtalned possession. of
the   of the Dncln, noel it was expected thnt
they 'vonld deliver him up to the British rll8.ident
nt Dholepore: tWs expectation wns not IulJillcd;
but Buppoo Sctowlen Deshmook, one of the chiefs
most active in tho capture, trnnsmitted n commn-
nicntion to the resident, informing him of whttt bnd
been done, nod expressing a hope tbnt Ws conduct,
nnd of the chiefs who hlld neted with him,
would be nppro'Ved of by lhe lJrjtisb g<>vo.nnnent:,
with which they were nnxi.ou.s t<> re-cstnblish the
usu:tl good untlerstnnding. The resident, in ne-
knowledglng communication, spoke of the con-
• The minute wUI be Courul in the" Furtbu
l'open," No. 115, pp. !l1l to 102,

R!UTISJI 1!.\ll'lRE IN INDIA. 401
duct of tbe chiefs in commendntory terms, nnd
concluded hy strongly urging that the custody of tbe
Dnda should be mnue over to him. Similru- advice
W38 given in two Jottcrs addressed, within -n few
dnys of each <lthar, by tho resident to the Mnbnrn-
nee. The repre!ICDtations contained in lhe!'B letters
were enforced at tho Gwalior durbar pcrsoMlly by
n mDPnshee, hut in Tho .MnhnmDCe had not,
in fact, any control ovcr the person of the Dado,
thnt olticer beiug ill the bauds of n pnrty opposed
to that to whose in8uenco she hnd yieltled herself.
For this reason sbe might bn"l'e   inability to
comply with tho demand for bill snrrcntlcr, nod hn\'o
rested her case upon this point. But or 111ther
hcr advisers, for she WIIJ! but a puppet in their
bnods, met tho requisition io a manner more direct
than might have been mrpccted. To the declara-
tion tbnt the delivery of the Dalla wns the only
mensurc which could nrre!it lbe advance of Briti!lb
troops, it wns answered tbnt tbiB was tbo lirBt
instance in which n prisoner of the Gwalior mte
had been demanded by the govemment.
'fbe moonsbee returned tn bis employer nl Dhole-
pore without having gninod n. single step towards
effecting tho purpose Cor wbieb be m\S sent, nml
Jeu,·ing tbe <!Ulte of parties in Gwnliorot a dcnd Lock,
as thns desaribed by u news-writer nt the time:
"All pnrties say that there nre difficulties on all
sides; the Baee (Maharanee) is young and iue;x-
perienced ; tho Gllopnrm (her rutber) bas not sense
sollluicot lor sUJ:b a c.ri!lis. Botb parties are ufraid
CRAP,
X.XX:l.J.
C)UP.
x:o:n.
492
'
mSTORY OF TOE
of the treachery of ench other, ami no one is trusted
by either party. Tho Bo.ee's party wish Bnppoo
Snhib to come to drubar and   but it is im-
possihle tl11.1t the Gooprura cnn give him confidence
that he will not bo seized. 'L'be Bnppoo Snbib
wishes to go to dnrbnr nnd consult, but wishes
Colonel Jacob (commander of a brigade) to stand
security against treachery. Colonel Jacob is nlanned,
as both the Bappoo Snbib and the Goopurn1 nrc
powerful ; there are no means in his )lower of
rloing any thing if either of them act treacherously.
Under these circnmstnnces, there appears no way
of settling illffarenecs."
Some further communications p118Sed between
the Mnlanrnnoo and the British 1:esident, bot they
produced no result. Colonel Spicl"l'l, who bad
been superseded io hls functions nt the cou.rt of
Gwnlior, on grounW. not ,·ery intelligible, now
quitted Dbolepore to proceed to Nagporc, where
he lind been appointed resident. Shorlly llfter this
the two parties most strongly opposed commenced
cannonading each other, and continued the opera-
tion during parts of two days. Tho firing censed
in consequence of orders from the Maharanee
(though it is stated that it was begun by the troops
wbo adhered to her interests), nod tho
opposed to the court were invited to conference.
They overcame their fear of treachery, nccepted the
im.itation, and were :recei-ved with honou.r. The
next st(lp was 6till more remarkable, for D.'l}lJlOO
Sctowlen Deshmook WllS appointed to the ostensible
DR.1TISII Elll'lllfl Ill IIIDL\. 493
administration of public alTai n. Tho prorimity of
a Briti•b military force, and tho probability of it.s
advance to the frontier of the Gwnlior 6tnte, occa-
sioned much Alarm there. nnd the expectation WIIJI
for fL time rnised, thnt to 1\VCrt such 11 result the
Dndn would be given up. But all remained in the
stntc of uncertainty which had so long On
the 11 tb of December, when tho
uri•·t>d nt Agra, be immediately resoh"ed on moving
forward tho 116Sembled troors with as little delay as
po •ibk•, nod on tho following day be nddre.sed to
Mn.hnrnnee a communication expressh·c of his
• Tho forward wovomcnt of tho army
• " It io a oubj""t o( doep "'S""t to me. thai your highnOIA
ohould not (rom tho lint bon adopted the ad me which bas boon
oft'orcd to you by the n:oident, Colontl Spim.
" Your bi;lu>eu will find wbm it it teo lal•. thot the Britith
alwap odYit<s oo ally in tho tnlc opirit ol £rieocldrip.
tbat it alwap .,..,.. what it lAp, ud that it ,_.,. ...,...,. •
it boo oct at ..... tho mkatioo ..a tho J>D"'1'< to
eucuu. Your biglu>eo!s hu iolormcd o£ the cleq> inlout
which your l"'uth and the roo! dilliculti• o£ l"'•• pooitlon in-
duocd mo to take penon.Uy in your ,..lfore. It would ha"'
be<!n 1001t gmtifying b> mo, hod your conduct enabled me to Look
forward to tbelong continuance of frieodtbip: but your bighn011
lu>o unfortunAWT U.teued to other co...,elo.
" Tbe Briti.ob goverummt can ocith.,. permit the emtenee.
wi1IUn the mritona of Sc:iDdia, of oa uofrieadly
- that thooe mritona abtml.d be without a .....,.._, williDg
ood able 10 aaiDtain orcler. aud 10 .,....... tho rtlaticml ol amity
with ita nei;bboWL
"Tho BritithgoverummtiOIIJDOt peraitanychoogoiD thoreJa.
tiont benr.,. itoel£ ood tho bouleoCS.india, which hove for forty
yean contributed 10 the o£ tho ve- ol Central India.
  by the conduct whioh your highneaa boo been
od•ieed to o.dopt, to lool 10 other llltAno tloAn thooe of friendly
<'IIAP.
XXXII.
A.D. le.l.
CRAP.
xxxn.
494
BlSTORY OP TllF.
had the desired eRect. Dada Kbtli\iee W nlla was
sarrendered, nod conducted to Agra.
The thus nttaincd tbc govemor-geneml had
professed to regard as thnt of chief importance, in-
deed the only one propor to be pressed on the dnrbnr
of Gwalior ;• nod his lordship bad expressed liD
mnoll!ilnm«! for lhe pllrpOOC of mai11toining thooe rclatiom in
thdr irurgtity oud opirit, I ha, .• DOW direuted tl<e advon.oe or the
Brm.h ormi ... and I !hall not arrest their movement nnbll bnW!
ruu !ocurity for lhe future tronquillity or the common frontier of
the. two ata.tee. for tbc w.ai.ntt:nJ'Ul.Oe of older within the territories
or Soindio, and Cor tho oonduoting of the goVl'mlllont of thOle
writor;, in accordanoo with tho long   rolntioM of
amky the llritiili govenuneot.
" I 0011ld have wW>ed to hare effected tb..., object• in con·
c:urrwoe with your bijjhneu; that your highneu would hare
Iiltened to my TOioe, and that of tho ehief• by whom
you h••• been OODD!elled, not t.o threw away the friond!hlp of
lhe lkitWl gom'Dlllent; but now, my pnrv.mount duty to the
1ubjeeta of tho Britiab government and ittollieo, wb0111 iotutett>
..., compromi:J<d by mlm!Ie in the Writoril!ll or Soindla.lllld mort-
"""· my duty to the. Mabamjob hlmle.lf, whole penon ood wb01e
right», u the IUOCOl!OOr of Dowlut Rao Scirulil, aro ploood by
trtaty under the protection of the Bdtiah gon=meot, compel
me to resort to other llll!aD.O for the! occompli!hmeut of my right·
fui PUIJlOII" ; and u, in r .. ortiog to tb .. o whieh Provi·
donee hu placed in my lw1Ja for the geo&nl welforo or the
people or India, 1 entertain DO ...... iuoonmtent wlth the
bODOUr 10d Jnttgrity or the Raj nf Soindia, bot om oteadiJy put·
poeed to mllintaio both, 10 I truot that I obai1 recei« the aid or .U
ouclt u ant laitbful to their I!OTer,;gn, 1.11d that my intervention
moy ho"' the hoppy reault or eamblilhiog permameot good
goYCmmeot and order, nnd of affording new ""'urity to the
geoeral .,...., of lnclia, which is thu my he.,.t;''
• " It ia 10 deoirablo to re-c.tublish Tiaibly our inJluence at
Gwolior without delay, by the expubion ul the DadA Kb..,.joe
Wolla. and th01 t.o have freely dispouble the force now ....
oo.mbling llt Bundll't:Uild ood At Agta, that il would oeem to
nnmsn   tN INDIA. 495
opinion, tlmt when it be the
influence thereby cstnblished, would "plncc within
onr ensy and early rench tbe ottaiumE!Ilt of nU
objects of policy," including lbe reduction or the
nrmy. The opinion, it will be recollected, hnd been
gi"VE!Il JJOt at a time wherl it was expected tbnt the
Dada would be given ll)l to a demand unsupported
by B nulimry force, but tho mo,•ement of
such a force wns contemplated, and its nssem-
blage hlld for the purpose actually to.ken pine&.
But the facility with whlcb the surrender of tbe
hnd 1Jeeu yielded llllder the iuAuence nf
the terror imposed by the march of tho
force seems to have cftooted o clinoge in the policy
of tire governor-general, nod be detennino<l to
employ that terror ns an istrument for obtnluJng
those ulterior which Jess thnn two months
before he been content to leave to the elllict
of "inllnence." An intimation to tbe new re-
sident. dated tbe 18th of December, com-
mences: "The go"Vemor-general is gratified by the
delivery of the Dndn. W lllla to tho chnrge
of tile British government, ns indicating, on tbe
pn.rt of her highness nud the dorbBr of Gwnlior, a
disposition to restore tbe acco.'!tomed rolntious of
friendship bctweE!Il the two statC$. But her hlgh-
uess is already informed, tlmt tbe movement of
tho British ormies cannot be arrC$ted until the
be moet prudent to coniine to that one point any requi!ilioo
addreaed to th• durbar of G...ulm.''-Minote. by governor-
l!"'lt:nll. NoT. Jet, 1843, •• Furthcrr Papers, .. No. 115, .-ge JOI.
OIIAP.
XX.Xll.
A. D. lfl.l3.
CHAP.
XXXII.
496
HISTORY OF TRY.
govemor-genernl h:ls full security for the future
maintenance of tranquillity upon U1e common
frontier ; nor until thore shall bo established at
Gwalior a. go\'el'lllllent willing and nble to coerce
its o'l\"11 solJjects, nod to mo.intnin permanently the
relations of tnnity with the 'British government and
its alliCl'." Reference is then made to tho el(-
pcdieocy of increasing the force nJ.niutnined in
G wnlior under Dritisb officers, nnd to the n.ssign-
ment of districts to be administered under the Jlritish
  for its support. The increase of the
  bad been noticed iu the minute of the
A.D. 18•3· 1st of November; but nny nttempt to enforce it,
except by predominating influence, W(IS the11 dis-
cl.nimed. The language held on the subject wns as
follows: "The iocre(ISe of the contingent is nlso
on genernl grounds expedient ; tho nomiuntion of
officers who may be depended on nloog the frontier
is n measure obviously necessary. .A.J] these things
11 de facto pred01ninnnce would ullilliJltely give
without n trenty, nnd no treaty without such io-
lluence would secure; but to press now, while men's
minds may bo in nn exaited state, the formal con-
    of aU these points at once, nnd es}Jecinlly
the reduction of the urmy, could bnrtlly fail to lend
to the collision it . is most our desire nod interest to
avoid."• Now n. dilferent course wllS to be t.uken.
At a conference held between the governor-general
nnd certniu chiefs of the G"·nlior st.ute, on the
20lh of December, it wns required ns the only con-
• " Further l'llp<n.'' I"'!!" I 02.
DIIITISR I':Ml'IRE IN INDIA. 497
dit.ion on wl1ich the march of the army could be
stopped, that a trenty, making provision for these
and '"arious other ['Oints, should be rnlifiod within
three dnys. Thus, "·bat was formerly proposed to
be left to "inilucnoo," was to be extortod at the
point of the bayonet.
This was not the only change. In the minute of
the l st of November, tho right of interference ";tb
tho Gwalior state hnd hccnJ"CStod on tho clnim of the
British government, as the paramount authority in
India, to maintsin the pence nnd sufely of the whole
of the conn try, and on the dangers with which its
own frontiers, and those of its allies, were threatened
by the disordered state of Scindill.'s territories. In
tile following passnge these grounds nrc very dis-
tinctly set out :-"In Europe. there is no pnrnmonnt
state. The relations of n paramount power to a
dependent state c.rente in India rights and duties
altogether different from those which Cllll exist in
Europe between m bject to one ntlmitted in-
ternational law, and controlled in the exercise of
their individual power by the general opinion of the
gmut republic of to which they belong; but,
even in Europe, a condition of allrurs in any coun-
try 'vhich manifestly threatened the general repose
would not long be suffered to axist; Md the com-
bination of tbe leading powers would eJTcct that
which, in India, must be effected by the Brifiish
government alone. When tho existing relations
between the state of Gwalior and the Dritit'h
vemment aTe   it is impossible to vie'v the
2 lt
CHAP.
XXXII.
A.D. ISU.
CllAP.
:!>"XXII.
A.D. 18-13.
498
HISTORY OP TIIE
expulsion of the Mamn Sahib, and the elevation of
the Dada Kh11.'\jcc W nlln t.o tho ministry, other-
wise thnn as nn nfl'ront of toe grnvest cbumcter of-
fered to the British go,•emment by tbnt succassful
intriguer in toe Zennnn of Gwnlior, aud by the dis-
Or!,''tiDizetl nrmy by which he has been snpport«J.
That n.nny of 30,000 mon, with o. very numerous
artillery, mllll)r the tlirection of n person who hos
obtnined, and can only rctnio, his post in despite of
the .British government, is within n few marches of
tbc eupitul of the nortb-wt'Stem provinces. The
frontiers of the Gwalior state, for a groat distance,
nlljoin ours in the lntely di;,turbed districts of Sau-
gor. They adjoin the territorit'S of the chiefs of
Bondelcund, nnd so seuttered nre they 3S to toueh
the dominions of almost all our nllies in
while toey extend beyonil the N erbuddn, and avon
to the Tnptee. Everywhern along this line tho
most cordial and zealous co-operation of the Gwn-
linr authacities is essential to the maint-enance of
tranquillity ; and we know lhnt, under the present
minist-er, the most we can e:xpoot is that   co-
opemtion will he coldly withheld, if, inclcod, il should
not be coveYtly given to the plunderers we would
repr('SS." Such were the nrigilUll views the gover-
nor-gnocral recorded on the right of interference.
In the communioation made by his lordship on the
12th of December, to the Mnbnrnnee,* it is vaguely
stat<'d that the person and rights of the Mnharnjnl•,
1\S the sncees!or of Dowlut Rao Seindin, "nre
• Set. note, on 494.
DIUTfSH ENJ>IRiil IN INDIA. 49!)
placed by tren.ty under the protection of the Britil!h
gove.rnmenb." In 11 conference between the gover-
nor-general n.nd one of the Gwalior chiefs, on the
19th of Decem lJer, the cbiuf referred to this state-
ment, nod n thereupon nppenred that the treaty
under which the supposed obligation to clefand the
person n.nd uphold the rights of Scinclia's succes-
sor hnd its origin, nnd on whiclJ the right of inter-
ference was now grounded, wns the treaty of Boor-
hllmpoor, concluded in the year 1804. The ohief
seemed to know very litiJo nhout this treaty, alleging,
that though he !Jad it among his records, he h11d not
referred to it f()r mn.ny yenrs, n.nd did not recollect
with accumcy the engagements which it contained.
An nrtlcle whiclJ provided for tho employment., "ou
the requisition of the Mabnrnjah," of a subsidiary
force, to be stationed nenr his frontier, being pointed
out, the chief asked, admitting such n.n engagement
to e.'Cist, was its prv.ctic.1l beruing on the
question in hn.nd- whether the ittterfcrenee of the
British government was restricted to cases in which
the might apply for suclJ interference 1
lie wus answered, that tl1e case under the spirit
of the treaty hnd arisen from tho fnot of tho ll'rn-
hnrajnb and tbe MabiU'BDee, both children, inca-
pablo of acting for tltemselves, having, by tho mn-
ch.inntions or evil-disposed persons, who hnd nsnrped
the whole :mthority of the government, been virtn-
aUy set a.side : that in consequence of tho proceedings
of lh0$e pe=ns, the llBllal friendly   of t.he
2 K 2
CRAP.
xx:xu.
A.D. 18<3.
 
XXXII.
500
lnS'rollY OF TOE
two stal.es bad been for the time <li""oh-ed, nnd tbnt
tho ruin of the G"·nlior state must en.''U<', if the
British go-remment, WliB nlmost in the plnee
of gu11rclinn of the infnnl • did not intcrfcl"o,
tn the person of the lllahnr:\inb, nnd prescrv<>
thP goveruJilent of tho country.
1 t is not CMY to perecivc whnt ad-rMtnge
gnincd to the British cnu!IO at this conference, from
rt..,.ting it upon the treaty of Roorhnmpoor. Under
that treaty, 50 long as it might continue to bo in
opcmtion, the go,·emmcnt Wll8 bound to
n.-.ist Scindia with & military force of a cortnin
Rtrougth, in certnin cn.•e!i, on his request.. ln tlu.>
pre<cnt instance there WM no reqne;<t. The S0\'1'·
reign was incapable of m11king any, and thMe whn
octuolly exercised authority did not wish for Briti11h
interference. This difficulty, it ";11 • been seen,
occurred to the Gwalior TCJ'I'e"Cntati-re. and was met
hy ft tmin of argument, not ''<'ry intelligible ns applied
to jnsti fy interference under the treaty. grounded on
the youth of tbc llfohnraJnh nnd the Mabnrruaec.
With regard to the latter, it WliB said tlant hQr
"position in the govcrumcnt hod been recogui7.ecl
by the British government." ' Her position, ns till.'
ot'"tunl administrnror of tbc affairs of the state, hftd
never hccn fonnnlly recognized, and the Briti.•h
dcnt bad ";tbdrnwo in cooo;equcnro of her :IS"UJDption
of tbt' office. lruli:rccUy, indeed. her [>OOtion had
IX'Cn recognized by holding with
• l'aptrt reapecting Owalior, order<d byltowe of Common• to
bo priut.d, 12th of March, 11144, 1"'1:' 14.
BRITISII EMI'I.RE L.'i INDIA. 501
her on public business-a recognition certainly in-
consistent the very passage under examination,
in which the MnJlD.I'f\iah nod Mahamuee are cln..sed
tflgetlurr as "clilldreu, incapable of acting for them-
selves."• Then, ngain, it is said lh.'lt the British
goi'Eintlllen t "stood nJnto$t iu tlto pla.ce of tho guar-
dian of the infant so'•crcigu."f Tho qualifying word
introduced has a most strange effect. What
is the precisp situation of one who is o.lmost. n
guardian? Is the stato or the individunl sustaining
this new and undelinalJle obtlrllcter en-
titled to act BS a guardian or not 1 If entitled, why
is the word "nlmost" BmJlloyed 1 If not entitled,
what powers are nttnohod to the chn.racter of an
nlmost guart.liml 1 The truth seems to be, that tl1e
guestious of the GwnJior deputy were foun1l cm-
barms;,ing, nnd tbnt the answer, which rests tho
interfet-enco of the British govermnect neilber on
neeessity nor contract, bnt on nn unsatisfactory com-
hinntion of the two, was but nn expodleut to eseape
the consequences of an injudicious resort to a for-
gotten treaty. Ilnd tho ground taknn in tho mi-
nute or tbe 1st of November been adhered to, the
objection of the Gwalior deputy coultl not bo.ve been
tllken. The disorganized st<tte of Scimlin's territo-
ries couW not. have been t.leuied :wy more thnn tbo
drtnger thence resulting to tbe ndjacent  
To rest tbe British policy on the treaty 11f Boorbum-
poor was an aftcr-tltougbt, and, in every )JOi or
view, u.o unfortunate oue.
I Ibid.
CnAP,
XXXlJ.
CIIAP.
XXXII.
502
IJISTORY OP TI!K
On the day after the conference just noticed, nno-
as already intimated, took place, at which the
chief subject of cliscu5sion wu a proposed meeting
between the nnd the Mabnrnjnb.
On tho part of the Iutter, it was suggested lhnt
the plnco of meeting 'bould btl the ground then
occupied by the British nrmy-tbnt being tbe
where former govcmor-gcnerals bad been
on occasion of visiting Gwa.lior. 8Dd nny deviation
from the estabfuhed usage would, it was rcprc-
detract from the honour of the 1\lnhnrnjnb.
1'be govemor-genoml, however, expressed his detcr--
rnlnntiou to ndvnnce. Tho chiefs, lbercupoo, onr-
ucstly entreated that he would reconsider t ho
matter, urging tbnt if tho British army pllSSCd tho
G walior frontier before tho lltahnraj&h had a meet·
ing "ith him, "it would be a breach of all precedent,
and etemally c!Lograco the Mnbarajah and tbo
go,·rmment of Scindia."• The governor-general
being unmo.-ed by these representations, the langunge
ruul mn.uncr of tho ebicfa in pressing themappcnr tn
hnvo incrtlnSed in earucstocs;r-they ox:prC!ISed tht'ir
belief that " if tbe British army crossed the frontier
before the meeting witb tho Mnbnrajah, tho troop&
of Gwalior, who were alrondy in a state of t ho
alarm, would belic'o the govemor-
s;t·neral was ecmring not as a friend, but with a bo<ltile
  the language of the p3per (rom "hich
this account is framed, " they implored him (tlw
governor-geocml) with joiuod l1ands to weigh wt•ll
• .. }"urthc:r l"ftptf!f.'" Nt), 14&. I•· Ioili.
BRITI811 &KPIB£ Ill 11\"J>lA. 5{)3
the step ho WSS taking, for thnl the State Of Scindln
'ni.S in llit power to uphold or to destroy; 1111d that,
in their opinion, tho most IKlrious eomcquenres
tlepended on tho p115Sing of the :British nrmy
across the frontier before tho meeting between the
govemor-gcucral IIJld the MAhanJab. •
A ftcr some further diBcussion--or mlhcr some
further luterchnnge of pmycrs on the one @ide and
refusal,; on the other-the following proJlO'I&! wu
mnd<;> by the govemor-geneml: tbe dctaiil! of a
  frttmed in nccordanoe with the principles Jrud
down at tl1c previoUJ conference, be drown up
on the following day, the 21st of December; illllt tbe
Mnharojoh should meet the go,·enlor-gcneral on tl1e
23rd, prCJJO.red to rnlify such n trcnty, nml lbnt the
chief, Jlrt,¥.Cnt should gunmntoe tho ratification taking
place: upon these cooditioru, the mCJTemcnl of tbo
nrmy nci'OSII the river Cbumbul wns to be delayed
till after that day; but if tbe chicfll fniled of redeem-
ing their guanwt.ce, the failure wu to be J•unished
by n beary fine. After some cooonltatioo, thu ebicfii
came to the Lhnt lbo a.hnl'l\jnh could
uot be brought to the flTODDd at so early a day,
and [he eonfe:reneo broke up witb an apparent
tmderslnndjug tbnt tbu meeting should take place
At llingonn, the first stage beyond the CI.Jumbnl,
on the 2Gtb.
It "liS not by Mabratt:t. ehieN oul1 that !'('presen-
were mode or tbe o..rtrome rcpugnnnoo rclt to
the goven1or-g.:-neral oro...,ing the Cbumbul before an
• •• Futthrr Paprn;· No. l.f6, p. 147.
CIIAP.
xxxu.
CHAP.
X..UII
A.D. 1.813.
50.J OIS'I'ORY OF TUE
had taken place between the Mahamjnh and
hiJmelf. Colonel Sle('man, lbe newly appointed resi-
dent, inn letter dated the 216t of December, mnde the
following communicntion of the impression entel'-
taincd at Gwnlior on tho subjoot. " When l men-
tioned his lordship's intention to cross the Chumbul
on the 22nd, Suchurun H.no, the hrolber of Rntu
llao Phallthea, and Bulwunt Rao, who bad come to
meet me, a very eaml!5t desire that this
might not tnke place, as it usonl for his high-
De to pay the lint visit to the go•·emor-geuernl
on the other sido of tho river. They seemed to
bnve this very muob nt honl't, nnd 1 think it my
duty to mention it.''• 1'bis statement wns
by an nccount of the ceremonies ob6or"ed in 1832,
..-ben the chief lli'O""ed the Chumbul to tho
governor-general, and tho latter, on the follo" ing
day, ci"'t'l!ed the river to return the visit. In a
letter dated the 22nd of Dccanbcr, Colonel Slce-
mnn, :Uter reporting his having visited tho Mahara-
jah nod Mahnrnnoo, nnd having nnnotUJced to them
ami tho assembled chiefs that be hnd boon com-
mantled to repair to tho governor-general's camp.
and then to return and accompany the young chief,
added. " They were exceedingly earnest in the
upre.sion of their hope that his lordship woulll
remain to li!Ceive tho young ehief's •i:.it on tbu
other side of the Chumbul."l
On the 24tb of Decem oor, Colonel Slcemnn
• .. Jo"'urtber   Nu. 14.7, p. 1--184
I "FW'Ihcr Papcn," No. 14S, p. 1-l9.
  £111'1R& INDIA. 5()5
wrote to tho secretary with tbe govemor-gcuo-
ml, t.ltus :-" 'l'ho soldiers talk lnrgely t.o my peo-
ple of the a.nny crossing tho Cbumbul ns a hos-
tile movement on the part of our government."•
On the 25th, Colonel Sleeman again Wl'Otc, in
terms \vhicb aufficiently described the utter d6-
org:mization of tho onny, t.lto fooling which tboy
entertained in regard to the expected p:wagu of
tho Cbmnbol, and the impossibility of nverting
c:olli.ion, if Britiab troops wero brought into cou-
tnet with them. Colonel Sleeman hau retired
from Gwalior, afwr his interview with tho Mnllll-
mjnb and lf ohnrunee, bot w111 oxpected to n.oturn,
in order to nooompnny them to meet the go'w-
nor-general. The nEdent, however, was dwrous
tbnt they l!hould join him at Dbunaila, and tbe»e
nro his nJ1110ll8 :-"I think it t.o be my duty to
&tate, that I do not think it possible for mo to
adnnce further towards Gwnlior without coUil;ion
\lith the disorderly troop! 'IVbo fill the road from
this place to Cwalior." After refcning to tbc
danger which would attend nny attempt of cortnin
Jllltive chiefs t.o return to G wnlior, nnd tu tho
of all restmint upon the conduct of tho
soldiers, he continued :--H I go on, it m111t bo
without n single soldier, bnn.e or foot, for it will bo
imposa:ible to prevent collision if any of them
comp®y me; and nmong 1111cb a licentious sohllory,
"·itbout nny 01>temible conunaudiog officerti, T d1)
nut think it will be &afu for llD) EnroJlenn or tutiv<'
• "Further rarcn.·· No. 150, 1"'£" 15().
CDAJI.
XXXII.
COA.P.
X;t.XII.
A. D.
606
IIISTORY OF TUE
officer to go with me. Thi8 is the unh·en;al feeling
IUid opinion or my camp. There is n large p:u-k: of
nrtiUcry on each eido of tho river, at this plo.ce
(Uhunnilo.), nnd the troops 1nnntingly declnre thnl
Lhcy nrc come out to resist the furtlmr nd vnueo of
bit lord!hlr• lowntds Ownlior, nnd to nmko tho
British Coree recross the C!Jumbut"•
&foro this time, the im 110rtant step for good or
for c.U, the of the Cbombul, bad been
made. From Hingona, the go.-ernor-genernl, on
tho 2Gth of December, lriUimlitted to the J\lllha-
rance a proclnmation, nnnouncing lhllt the British
army had entered the territories of Scindin, na n
friend bound by treaty to protect his  
pct80n nnd mnintnin his IKli'Creign authority. 'l'biH
wu followed, on the 20th, by n comnumieation
that the treaty to be Cramcd on the terms for-
merly la.id down was CltJKlcted to be ratified on
tbe 28th, nod that for CYery day tbnt the ratifien·
tion might be deJayct! beyond that date, a fine of
fificcn thousand mpooll would be in8lcted. On the
27th, nnotber proclnmntlon wns issued, much in U1o
tono of that "·Wch hnd nppenrcd two days before.
Bcforo this time, the roceptiou which tbe British
vi;;itauts ...-ere likely to meet. ,.-as placed beyond
doubt. Bappoo Setowlea wbo hnd
been unden<lood to be friendly to the British in-
lt'!'Uils, and wbo bad pro<'ce<ll.'d to the Brit.isb cnmp,
to negotiate the terms of recouciliatiou, l<'n iL
ou lhc 25th, tl!rl'O dnyij alfit•r the head-q uartcr&,
• •• FutthB Pwt><,..."' No. 151, 1111:" 151.
DMITISJl £.VP11lt: 507
WiLli the go\'I!MIOr-genernl'a CtliDil, had crossed tho
Chnmbul, returned to GWlllior, aod undertook
tho rornrnaod of 11 dhi11ion of the troops destined
to oppose tho march of tho Engli•h. On tbe 26th.
the Sumblljee Angria, one of the of
Bappoo in tho work of negotiation, also left the
British camp without notice. The 28th, the day
fixed for the ratification of the treaty, passed with-
out producing tho expected event; and on the
29th, tho Driti'!b lll'Dly, under Sir Uugh Gough,
became suddenly eng11gcd in deadly conJlict with
that of Ute :Uabmttas.
It is to be n>grctted that the details of the circum-
under "hich lbe eng11gruncnt   oom-
menced are \'llgue and imperfect. The despatch tu
the go •(lrnor-!,>elleral, reporting tho b11ttle ami its
rerultq, begins thus:-" Your lordship having wit-
nessed the operations of the 29th, and being in
posses.qion, from my frequent communic:UionJJ, of
my military arrangements for tbe llitaclc on the
Mabrntta anny in its strong position of Cbonda, I
do not fool it necessary to cuter muc:b into detail
either 118 to tho eucmy's or tho dizyooitious
I made for attacking it." The respect which i8 due
to tho judgment of nn t'Xperienccd and sucooaoful
gcnernl ought not to stiJlo tho u•·owal of an impres-
sion which cannot fail to aliso on reeding tbe pa..-
&age juJtt quoted, that tho reaoon ginm for not
cntering much into details l! altogether unsatis-
factory. Despatcbes. like that of the collliiiiUltler-
in-cbief iu l.hho imt&nL'C, are nol for tilt!
CIIAP.
X.'UJL
CRAP.
X.Ull.
508
IllSTORY OF THE
inforntntion merely of the individual to whom they
llle addressed ; they llle framed for the publlc eye
-they receive official publicity, nnd they ought
to oonvey all tho information 'vbicb ClUJ be givlln
without incurring political inconvenience. It is no-
thing to the purpose tbnt the govCll'oor-gennrnl wns
o.equninted with the views or uctionB here vaguely
hinted nt; the public had n right to 1..-:now thew, nnd
in a despatch, prepared certainly os much for tho
gencn\l reader ns for official peru.."U.., they shoul<l
hnve been fuUy relAted.
After giving the Bbo,·e reii80IJll for the omission
of informntion, which certainly ought not to bnve
been withhold, the commaoder-lu-chlcf proceeds to
obsnr,·e, thtlt the position of the noemy 11t Chou.Ja
was particulruiy well chosen aod obstinately de-
fended, nnd that he never witnessed guns better
served, nor a body of infantry apparently more
devoted to the protection of their regiment-al gunb,
"held by the Mahrntta corps ns objects of worshlv."
Some brief reference to part of the details pro-
vionBiy noted ns well known to the govemor-
genern.l follow. It BJ>pcnrs to have been the in-
tention of tb.c commander-io-clllef to tum the
enemy's left t1ru:ik by Brigadier Cureton's brigade of
envalry, coo10istiug of ber J\Injesty 16th lwlcera,
under Lieutenant-Colonel Macdowell; the governor-
geuern.l's body-guard, under Captain D11wkins; the
1st rcgimenL of light en miry, nuder l\lnjor Crom-
mt:lin; the 4th irrcgalnr cavnhy, nnilcr MDJor Old-
field, with Major Lnne'$ n.nd Major Alexnuder'stroofll!
DRITISR lWPfR& lN fNl'liA. 509
Clf horse artillery, under Brigndior Gown.n, tho whole
I UHler the orders of Major-General SirJ osoph Thnck-
well. With this force, the third brigade of infantry,
under Majoi'-Genernl Valin.nt, wns to co-operate,
the brigade consisting of her l\fl\iesty's 40th, onder
Alnjor Stopford; 2nd grenadiers, onder Lieut.-
Colonel Hamilton; and 16th grenadiers, uncler Lieut.-
Colonel Maclaren. The enemts centre wns to have
been attacked by Brigadier Stacy's brigade of tho
2nd division of infantry, consisting of the 14th
native infantry, under Lient.-Colonel Gairdener:
the 31st, under Lieut.-Colonel Weston; and the
43rd light infantry, under Major Na.•b. To  
brigade was attncbed a light field battery, onder
Captain Browne, tl1e whole being ·onner the eom-
mnnd of Mn.jor-Gene:ml Dennis. 'l'bi$ force was to
have been snpport.ed by Brigadier Wright's brigmlc,
composed of her Mfl;jesty's 30th regiment, com-
mnnded by llfajor Bray, aud the 66th native infantry,
under M:f\ior Dick, with a light field battery under
Snuclers. M ajor-Gcmernl Littler. commanding
the thinl division of infantry, wns to snperintend the
movements of this column. On the left, with l1
view of threatening the enemy's rigbL flank, it
was projl(>SC(l to place the 4th brigade of cavalry.
under Brigadier Scott, consisting of the 4th light
cav:Ury (lancers), under 1\Inctier, and the
lOth ligbt cavelry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Pope,
with Captain Grant's troop of horse artillery. The
country which this force bad to ndv110ee
• 0
is reprosented ns of extreme difficulty, being inter-
Fcetcd by deer ravine!', nnc1 l'CildCrocl pmdicnble
CFIAJ'.
xxx:u.
I' RAP.
xxxu.
610 HISTORY OF Tll8
only by the unremitting lahou!\1 nf tho "'l(lpt'l'll
under Mnjor Smith. Tho Kohareo river was to bo
t>&SSed by liLe nnoy in three divisions on Uu! morn-
ing of the day in which the b:lttll' took plAce : but
the whole of the force were in their appointed
position, about n mile in front of 1\Iablll'l\)poor, by
eight o'dock.
Such is the account given by the commllncler-in-
ebief of bis and pl"('pnrntions. Thew
bad reference to a meditated nttack upon tho
Mahrottas at Cbondn. It not expected tbnt
they would bo met at Maharajpoor ; but on ar-
riving nt this place, tho British force wns m1ulo
IIWIU'e of the pn!llelloo of the enemy, by receiving
the fire of their artillery. This was evidently a
etrrpriac. Tbc lnnguago of tho despatch is M fol-
lows:-" I found tbe Mahrattas bad occupied this
.-cry rtrong during the previous night, by
seven regiments of infantry with their which
they intrenched, each COrp!' having four gun..., which
opened on on:r own advances. This obliged me to
niter in some measnro my dispoeition.'.. The 111-
terations were these :-General Littler's column
being directly in front of Mnluuajpoor, WliS ordered
to admnec upon It direct, while Oeocrnl Valiant's
brig:ldo was to take it in re.-erso ; both being
eupporloo by Gcnera.l Dennis's column anrl the two
light field batteries. Tbe dctoils of what fol-
lowed are Tery alight ; but it appears tbat. her
M'\iesty's 30th, 1<upportcd by tho 56th native in·
• Doopolcl> fiuD CIIIIIIIW>drr-io.CiJ 10   •
J......,. 18-H.
DRil'ISll I!MPIRE IN INDIA. 511
fantry, drove the enemy jo very dBShing style from
their guns into the 1·ilfugc. Thm-e a sanguinary
conflict ensued ; the Mahratta soldiel'S, after djs..
charging their matchlocks, fighting sword ill hnud
with great conrnge. Geneml \f aliant's brigade. it
is stated, displayed equnl enthwlinsm in the duty
assigned to them, thnt of taking Mabnrvjpoor ill
reverse, nnd the capture of tweuty-ilight guns
J"L'Sultcd from tbill combined movement. The
cnvn.lry, under Brigndier Scott, WBS opposed by n
blxly of lbe enemy's cavalry on the extreme left;
some well-exeouood nbnrges wore made by the lOth,
supported ily Captain Grant's horse nntl
the 4th lllDcers; nud some guns and two stllDdarda
were taken in these encounters.
The enemy having been dislodged from 1\lnbnrnj-
poor, General V ilinnt, supported by tbe third
co.vlilry brigade, moved on the right of tho enemy's
1nnin J19rtiou nt Clionda. During his ndvnnce, he
bad to take in succession threo strongly intrenched
]>Oilitiom, whore, in the lnngnnge of the despatch,
the enemy defaoded their guns with frantic tlespe-
mtion. In these services, her Majesty's 40th were
much d.istinguishml. TWs reginlcnt captured four
stoodarda, nud two of its commanding officers in
succession (1\lajor Stopford ami Captain Codring-
ton) were   by wounds. By the 2nd gre-
nadiers, two standards were captured; and the 16th
grenadiers worthily aided the achievements of tWs
)lQrnon of tho Britidh force.
Tho brigade under Gencrnl Littler. after dis-
CllAP.
x:xxn:
CH.\P.
llXIL
512
illBTOIIY OF Tll£
porsing the right of tho enemy at ad-
'fallccd, supported by Captain Grant's troop of bortO
artillery nnd the lst regiment of light cavnlry, to
attack the main position at Cbouda infrout. It wns
carried by o rush of tltc Queen's 39th, under MnJor
Dray (who ·was despemtcly wounded), supported by
the Queen's 56tb, under M:l\ior Dick. Two regi-
mental stBndards wcro capturod. A smnll work of
four guns on the ]eft of this jlOOtion, long obl.ti-
nately defended by tho enemy, was compelled ot
length to yield to the grcuodic1'8 of the Queen's 39th,
under Captain Campbell, uidt'd by u wing of the
66th nnt.i ve infrmtry, tmdor Mnjor Phillips.
Tho victory wos complete, but it WIIS not gniut'd
without difficulty, nor "ithout ,·ery hea''Y loss, tho
IJIIcd, wounded, and mis&ing amounting lo nearly
eight hundred. So st:renuoua a ..OOSt.ance has rarely
been offered by a native army wben opposed lo a
British force, even wben tho disparity of numbers
bas been fnr greater than it was on this ocension. •
• following officen are honourably menlionO<I in tl>e
report of thobattle:-Mojor·Genenl Ohurclrill, C. B. (lulled} 1 Cop-
lain Sotncnot, gr=uliez guomlt (WOUJlllOO): Lituteoout..Coloo<l
B. Sondtro, C. B ..       (killed) : Major Q.,..meliu, C. B .. Ia
light taTO!ry (killod}: Mojor.Gccnl SirJ. n-JnoeU. G. C. 8.;
Major-G.nrnh Dolmia and Littkr: Bripllrr Gcrnn: Maj«·
Gm.rat ,.alilm:t. K. a : Bripli.,. Scou. Stile)'. ew.-. and
Wright; Major Smith, of the ...peu., Majar-Genenl Smith;
Major.Garu:nJ Lamley: Li.eut.....,t..Coloud Gtudeu: Major
Grant; Major Barr: Major Drummond: Lieult'IW>t..Coloul
Burlton: Caplaln 1laJuoy; l.ieuumaot-Colond Blreb; Liru-
tcnont W. Fraaor Tftl•r: CaJ>taln Ekino; Liouten>UU-Coloncl
Gough, 0. B .. her Majeoty'o 3rd ljpt clnogocmo: Major Hatdodc.
BRJT[S'B EMP!lt£ rN JNl)TA. 613
The eommnnder-in-cllief thus expresses himself on
the subjoot: "I regret to that. our loss luL, been
very IJOVere, infinitely bcyoud what I caloulnted
upon; indeed I did not do justice to the gsllnntry of
my opponents."
On lito samo day which gnvo victory to the Bri-
tish force, under the   the left
wing or the army, under   Grey, de-
footed 11 large body of GWillior and ClRJ>lured
their gum, twenty-four in number, n standard, all
C. B., htr Majeotfo 13th light infllltry: LieuteDmt Fmld, b<r
Maj .. ty'o 3ht foot (wounded): Ooptain R. Smith, 28th noti.-c
i.W.try: Captain Ennt. 26th light infantry: Lieutenant Bogot,
15th ,..; .. infantry: Captain S1r R. artilley: Cap-
tain Ctutio, 37th aati"' inlimtry: Lieutenant Mocdoaald, 2nd
Madru lisht cnvalry: t,ieut<nont !lay.,, 62nd native infantry;
C.ptaia Pratt, IGth laoc:on; Captain Claytoa, 4th light cavalrr:
Pattia.oon, IGth laooera: 14eutrna•t Cnnll, :lnlli&ht
dngoons : Captain Herrin, 3nl light dragooot : Lieatmaot
llellliY• engineers; Captain McKie, her Majooty'o 3nl Buft't:
U.utuant Soeyd, 57th infantry: Lioutenant Do.-mJUl. hct
Abjesly'o -10th 6oot; Major Bny, bcr Majeaty'o a!h.h (...,.,.,ded);
Mo,ior Scrallbenzoe, her M•jaty't 31/th; Majcn Did< and
Pbillipo, 5Gtb nati"' infllltry; MAjer Ryan, her Majetty'o 50th;
Captain Ni-. her Majatty'o 39th: C.p!Jli.n C.mpb<ll, her
Majeaty'o 31/tb; C.ptaia Q..,...-, IGtb
Cram, her Maj«ty'• 39th: Captaia ManU, 70th,..;.., inlimi>J,
C.ptaiaa AIClOCk and John•toa, 46th natiff iufion"7; !.WI tenant
Vaughan, 2101 native infantry; Liouteuant..Oelonel Maclar.,.,
I Gtb grmadien ; Li<atmant.Oeloocl Hamilton, greuodi<ro ;
Majar SIDp(ord, Captain Codrington, and Captain OU=, -.
oiYO!ycomDIInding her &fojetty'• "Oth (the fint two wounded):
Captain Aflllning, I lith rr<"adlm: Captain \'oung. 2nd 1!"<111-
clion: Licuteaaat Na-, ber llfa)eol)''a 40th foot: Bdgadier
T-; Brigadier llil<f: Saporiotendin«-Sura-t W-t;
JP'..W.·Surx<on Cbalmm: Aui!taat-Surs- Stopbmo.
VOL. VI . 2 L
CHAP.
:IO.XXII.
CD A f.
XXXII.
A.D. 1843.
614
WSTOJIY OF TilE
their ammunition, and some treasure. General
Grey hrul marched from Simml'l'een to Burka-ka-
ScnU on the 28th of December, and there letU'Iled
that the enemy were in position ut An tree, seven
miles in front of his camp. and intended to make a
night attack. On tho 29th General Grey mnde a
mareb of lix:teen miles, being of getting
through n Olln'OW ''lllloy, extending from Himmut-
ghur to Pnnniar. The enemy, it appenred, ma:rehed
from Antree early on tho srune day by a parnllel
mo,•ement, took up a strong position on the heights
in tbo immediate vicinity of tho fortified village of
Mllllgore, near Punn1nr, nod commenced firing on tho
British line of baggage. Somo cavalry, under Bri-
gatlicr Harriott, wore detncbed to oppose them, and a
tTOoJI of horse artiUery, under Captain Drind, took
up n position from which they were eunbled to re-
turn the enemy's fire with pretision and effect; but
tho cavalry were unable to appronch the enemy,
from tbe ground being intersected by ravines. About
four o'clock in the   tho llncmy was ob-
served to have tnkeu up a position on n chain of high
hills, four miles to the mst of the British camp.
fiilro General Grey determined to nttnck them, and
arrnngements for the purposo were made. Tho
attnck wtl8 commenced by her Mnje.ty's 3rd BnJTs.
and a company of sappers and miners, "ho hrul been
detaebed to tnke up a poo;ition opposite to that oc-
eopied by tho Mnbrnttn,q. It wns directed against
the centre of the enemy's force, who were driven
from heigllt. to height in gtlllant style. with the lORI'
BRJTillll llMPrRE IN INDIA. 515
of thcir g\lfis. A wing of the S9tlJ ootive lnfllDtry
having occupied the crest of a hill commnmling the
enemy's left, after pouring ju a. deslntctive fire,
l'W!hed down oud cnptured 11 battery of two guns.
Brignruor Yate.B, llDd Mnjo.r Earle, successively com-
manrung the 39th, were both wounded. An illfllDtry
brignde, under Brigadier Anderson, of tlae Quoon's
50th, gave the finishing stroke to the enemy, nnd
captured the guns whlch had escnped the previous
attacks. Ilor Majesty's 50th regiment, and the 5Gtl•
and 58th infantry, seem to laave been cbieRy
concerned in achieving the satisfactory termination
of the con mot. •
Tbo ootuml consequence of the success which bad
attended the British ln the two battles was to bring
the Jlfabnrnnee and her nd,':isers to accept whntever
• The fullowing ollicen ., n11111ed by O..nerol Greyr u ho-
nourably di•tinguUhed :- l..ieutennnt.Coloncl Clunlr, hcr Maj.,._
Ly'o Snl BuW.: Brigadier Yatet and M•jor Earle, 39th nati<e in.
liwt:ry (botl1 wounded): Brigudier Andoroon, bu Maje&ty'• 50th
(wounded); Major Petit, her Maj .. ty'l 60th: MAjor Wbite, 50th
Mtive infantry; OlljloUn Parker, 68th OAti<e mfimt:ry; Brigodier
Biddulph, M•jor Gedde5, C•ptaln Campbcll, LieutenAot Tombo,
oU of the o.rtiJJmy: Mnjor II th Brigodicr
Stubbs. commnnding in Sipree contine,rcnt; CnpWn C'htiatie, bth
  c:avalry; LieuteJUUlt-Colonel Pnno .. , &put)" oommiJ-
aary -gencr.U ; Licul<:rulllt GUDDiughOUD, fi•W engineer ; Lieulen1111t
MoxweD, onppen11 Captain G. Rcid, ... iotant  
ral; C•ptuin Guyoo, deputy 111!!1tent adjubUlt-geuoral; Caplain
Thtlar, bcr Majesty'• 50th; Brigadier Cnmpbell Mnjor Main-
WIU'ing. IUld Caplain 0. Mainwaring. Generol GT.y't d""Jl"lch
bean dote the of o..o-her. tho dAy olb!T the battle. The
d .. plltob or the oommander-in-cbicl;. Wued the 4th or Jo.nuary,
rue dAya 1\fter th• cooJiict: the """"' or the delay .. not Clt·
plab..W.
CUAJ>.
UXll.
CIL\.P.
x:uu.
A. I). l84S.
616
IUSTORY OP THE
tel'IIUI it might plea.se tho victors to dictate. On tho
30th of December the Maharajah and Mahnmnee
were admitted to a conference with the governor-
general, and after an intcrehnnge of the usual expres-
l!ions of chility, and of much more, scnrecly less usual
on such occnsions, 11nd certainly not more sincere, the
British autl•orilies, in conjunction with the nntive
chlefs in attendance on the l\tnbnrojab and M abn-
mnec, ndopted the follo,.iog propositions to moot
the existing state of eircUIDStnnces-tbe i\tabnl"l\lah
to issue an order to all his officers and semmts to
desist from hostilities against tho British armies;
the governor-general to issue a Eimila.r order, for-
bidding hostilities on tho part of tho British troops,
unless they lhould be attacked ; tho Maharajah to
issue orders for furnishing all oeeessnry supplies to
the British armies, on the requisition of the com-
missary-general ; these orders of the l\f11harajnh to be
t!ent by Houooreeahs, in such manner as distinctly
to make known his bighnl'lls's <lotermiuntion to
b11ve them observed ; the Mnhnrajnh to send Huzzoo-
reeahs, with 11 safe conduct, with the messengers dis-
patched by tho British commander-in-chlef to the
army in Buudelcund; to prevent collision, no G Wll·
lior troops to be allowed to come within three miles
of any position taken up by tho British armies; tho
Briti!h armies to ad,·ance to the immcdjate vicini&y
A. n. 1844. of Gwallor on the 2nd of Janwuoy, and the go,•emor-
general to tnko the Maharajah with him ; the British
sro'"emment to gil"e eompemation to such cadti-
vatorc; and o t h   r ~ ~ io thl' Gwali01· states, as might
BRl'IISli gxpmg lN lNDIA. 517
have been OlC]IOSOd to loss by the pnssugo of its armies,
and the nmount of the com peusa.tion to be paid
under nrrnn,"Oments to be mado at a future time
by Scindia. Lastly, tho Mablm\iab was to issue the
followi11g proclamation, and to cnuse it to have tbe
quickest and widest clronlntion llossible :-"Tho
British armies havo entered tho Gwnlior territories
to prOtect tho person of tho Maharajah, to supporr.
his just authority, and to establish a government
capable of mn.intalning the   relatioDB of
friendship between the two stales. All faithful
subjects of Scindia are thereforo directed to give
them every :rid in their power. No person will be
injured by the British armies. .All supplies furnished
will be paid for. All damage unintentionally done
will be compensated."•
These arrangements -were followed by others for
settling nnow the relations between the British
government and that of SciDflia, tho dispersion of the
mutinous army, and the future modo of conducting
the allhlrs of tho government. On the 5th January,
tho govoruor-general nnd tbe army having advanced
to Gwnlior, the chinf points of a new treaty were
agreed upon, at a conference held with some of the
chiefs. The mode adopted for carrying on the
government "'liS very different from that which had
formerly been deemed the most aduntageous. In-
stead of yesting it in a person. and thus
eecuriog nn undivided responsibility, it wns conc-
mitted to a council, the president to be the prin-
• "Further Papeo," No. liH, p.ge 170.
CIIAP.
x:uu:.

CRAP.
xxxu.
A. D.  

518
IIIliTORY OP TilE
cipal agent in the conduct of alli1irt!, and tho
medium of communication with the British resident.
The dilibondmcnt of tho • cOectcd mucl1 moro
quietly than bad been anticipated. The task was
commenced on the 9th of Janunry, and completed
by tho 1 ith without a single disturbance. Port of
the men were enliotcd in the new contingent force ;
the remainder roceived n gratuity of tbrco months'
pay, and departed to seck their future lh-clihood
elsewhere.
Tho new treaty was rotified by tho governor-
general on tho 13th of .Tanuary. It consisted of
twelve orticles. The first recognized and confinned
all existing treAties and engagements. except ns to
points "here altcratiom might be made by the new
one. l n the mJumcration of tho trenties understOOtl
to oo in force, that of Boorhampoor W1IB inc:luclod.
By the second article it was pt'O'fided that the con-
tingent force stntioned in the territories of Scindin
sbonld be increased, 1111d tbat permanent provision
@hould be made for defraying its charge by tho
IIS@ignment of the revenue of certain districts enu-
merated in a 8C:bedule attached to the t11'aty, such
revenue to be in addition to any source of income
provioW!Iy set opnrt for the purpose. By the third
article, i1; after defraying the charges of the con-
tingent force, ond of tho civil ndmin.i.strotion of tho
districts assigned for its support, there ebonld bo
any surplus beyond the amount of eighteen lacB of
Compony's rnpoct, the surplus in cxcC88 of such sum
was to be paid o•·er to the MabanUah; but if the
DRI'I'lBil EM!'IRE lN fNDL\, 519
revenues and receipts should fiJI short of eighteen
lncs, the lllahnrnjn.b was to make up the deficiency.
TJl.c fourth ruticle dccln.rod, thnt for the better
·ing of the due payment of the re'•enucs of Lite
assigned districts, nnd for the bettor preserving of
good order therein, the civil nclminietmtion of lbose
districts should bo conducted by Ute BYitisb govern-
ment in the srune mn.nner as in tho districts of which
tho revenues bnd been previously nssignod. The
fifth.ruticle introduced u. subject of stnruliug import-
nnco oud interest in Indin--tbn.t of debt. The
claims of the British government on thntof GwnJior,
nrising from a variety of sources, were taken {I!Ub-
ject to future e.. •tnruination) at   lncs of
rupees, nnd it wns ngrced that payment of that BUill
should be mn1le within fourteen days from the dnte
of the trent;y. fudefault, the revenues of further
tlistriets, enumcmtecl in another schodule attached
to the trcu.ty, ·wcro to he rondo over to Lite British
government, to be hold by it until such time as Us
claim on Scindin's government should be liquitlnted,
together with iutnrest at tho rote of five per uent.
per nnnum. In regard to this subject, the governor-
genom! observed, in tho d011pntch announcing tho
conclusion of the treaty, "Schedule B was from the
llrst n mere form, as the rlu.rbnr declnred their i ttteu-
tion of paying tho amount demnnded from tbl!lll,
Blld havo now intimated lbe thnt it is
rcndy for him to send for whou be pleases." Tbe
sL"tlh article commenced with another recognition of
the treaty of Boorhnmpoor, though it wu.s not dis-
CDAP.
x.xxu.
CIJAP.
XXXII.
n ISTOilY OP TilE
tincdy mrmed,nnd then proceeded to limit tlteamount
of military force to be maintained by th.o ltf ahnmjab,
and to protide for tho reduction of the army to tho
-prescribed omnber. The sevllllth pro tided for tho dis-
obnrgo of the arrcnrs of pay to tho disbanded troops.
and for bestowing a grntuity on those not re-enlisted.
The n.·oarticles ran thus:-" .And whereas tho British
government is bound byt.reaty to protect the p<>rson of
his highness the Mnhnmjab, his heirs nnd fillcccssors,
and to protect his highness's dominions from foreign
i n u ~ o i o o   &nd to quell serious disturbances therein;
nnd the anny now maintAined by his highness is of
uru1occssary amount, embarrnssing to his highness's
government, :md tho CIDJSe of disquietude to neigh-
bouring states: it is th.eroforo further agreed, that
the military foroe of alli1J'Dill hereafter to be main-
tained by his highness, exclusive of the contingent
abovo provided for, shall nt no time exceed nine
thousand men, of whom not more than three
thousand shaiJ be infantry, vith twelve field gnus.
two hundred gunners, with twenty other guns; nnd
his highness tho Mnhnmjnh engages to tnko imme-
diate measures for tho reduction of his anny within
the number above specified, and the British goYem-
ment engages, on its part, to assist his highness
therein, should suob aid appear to be required. It
is further agreed, that his highness will di!leharge
all (lilY due to tho troops disbanded, and also giYe
a gn.tuity of throe months' pny to snnh of tbe
officl!rs, non-commisl!ionecl officers, and pri vates of
the COI'Jl8 disbanded, as 1nay uot be·re-coJiJted in
BRmsn EM:PIRE IN :INDIA. 521
the contingent, or in any new corps formed by his
highness." The operation of reduction wns in
progress when the trenty was rntificd, nod, as
already mentioned, was completed four days after-
wards. Next came lbut importnnt part of UJB
trenty which WM to regulate the future government
of the Gwn.iior state. By the eighth article it was
detem1ined that the minority of the iofnot prince
should be considetlld to termlnnte on hi! attaining
the full nge of eighteen yct•n;, and not sooner; n.nd a
day wns fixed ns that on which such age would be
attnined, namely, the 19th of Jnouary, 1853. It
wns then declAred to l.ta.ve been agreed, th.at during
the prince's minority the persons intrusted with the
ndministmtion of the govemmeot should act upon
the ad 1ice of the British resident, and the words
which followed gave to this provision ns wide a rnoge
as could possibly bo desired. Those exercising tho
functions of government wore to net upon tho
British resident's advice, not only generally or on
importnot points, but "in all matters ..vherein such
ndvice shall be offered. u This, it will be seen,
1irtually tmusferred the government to tbo British
resident, IUld converted the parties hal'ing place io
the body dignified by the higb-s(luoding name or the
Council of Regency into mereministerialdependnots.
No change was to be made in "tho persons int:ruated
with the admiolstration,P as they are properly do-
llignated in this article, though more JIOmpously
referred to i:n tbo nerl ns "the Council of Regency,"
"itbout tbe consent of the British reliidenl." acting
CIIAP.
XXXII.
CHAP.
).XXII.
G22
IIISTOilY OP THE
under the express authority of the governor-general.'"
Comidering the of the point to which it
relatCl', tho lllttcr part of this article would wem not
to lie charnctorizecl by all the precillioo de:gimblc. It
might become a question, whot WliB mennt by the
" express authority of the govcmor•geocrnL" The
ninth article nominated the persons who wcro to Jorm
the" Council of Regency." Tho tenth 1185ignec1 to U1e
Mahnmooo an IUlJlllal allowance of three Illes, to lie
her own sole dispoml. The eleventh pledged the
Britillh government, " a.• heretofore," to "exert its
inRuance lllld good offices for maintniniog tho just
territorial rights of the and tho subjcets
of tho of Sciodin nt present existing in the
neighbouring and other native     Tho twelflli
and lnst nrticle rocordecl the settliog nod rntiJicntinn
of the treaty.
On the clay on 'vhicb the trooty wns rntificd n
notilicntion of the fact was publishod by order of
the govcrnor-g('ooral, tumounciog, ns tho result of
tho battles which had beco fought, tbo secure estab-
lishment of Britisb supromBcy. boast might
pcrbap6 have been «pared. The ma.intenanco to tbe
Britisb govemment of the JlO!!ition to whlch it may
MJlire, of being tbe paramoWJt )l()wer in India,
should alwnys bo kept in ,>iew by those intrusted
"ith the ndministmlioo of that government; there
may be occasions on which it is expedient publicly
to ll8SCrt the claim to it; but there &eeDII some
dcfic:icnry of generous fueling in panuling it before
nu bum hied enemy a time when friendly
liRITll!B EMPIIIE IN INDIA. 523
bad just been restored by the colllllusion of a now
  Another :illusion seelllB on the same ground
exceptionable. "The governor-genernl," it was saitl,
"successful in the field, has adhered the principles
upon which the intervention of the British g'OHlrn-
ment, in the rrlfllirs of the Gwalior state, was from
lbe first based."' It conld not be necessary nt
suoil n moment to remind tho people of Gwalior
that tho BritiiD hnd been "successful in the fichl.n
Exception on other ground might nlso be t<J.ken to
lbis passnge: succossin lbc field is clrumed not for the
British government but for the governor-genom!,
who, it is to be presumed, did not iJ1terfere with lho
cluties of the co!llmunder-in-cltief, who was himself
present for lhe pnrpose of condnotiug tho military
operations. The 18th of J unnn:ry brought forth a
procllUJUltion, which does not scom to any
object which might not be supposed to be effected
by the notification of the 13th. The issuo of these
papen;, indeed, after the conclusion of the trenty,
nnd the :recognition of a government established
under that treaty, appears to have had no other pur-
pose bot to give expression to n fooling of trinmph,
and to grntify a desire of trentiog tho Gwalior state
as n conquered collDtry.t Judging from tho laogllilgll
* ., Papers:· p. 21. ..
t To enable the roader to judge On r.biJ point Cor bimselt, both
l"'(lHII""' •ubjoined :-
.. Nolificatio• of tlw Gov...-.C..rral.
"Camp Gwoilior, 13 Januory,l&H.
"The nil advice o( lU..di!opooed peroc>D!. cnu!idering waly their
own lnt<rcm, and uot the good o( the GwulioT otatz, and tho
CHAP.
xnn.
A.D.lRH.
CHAP.
XXXII.
524
1118TOJlY OF THE
officially held on tlte mbject, it seems to have been
thought an act of lenity that the
re110lution o! tbe Gwnlior llnly. o\ler .. confideot in ita strength, to
.....,.......,. 10 l.bc it ckriYC!CI from ita power
cmr l.bc of Scmdioh, hue led ro two bal1la bctwftn
the Britiah fo,.,.. and tb- of Gwalior, deeply 10 be !Junt,nblcl on
acoount or lbe lou of bTD.Ye men mutually ,U$uiotd, but having
fM their ,...ult l.bc oeeure tot>hl;.bmmt of British .upre1110t7.
"The   o.-ful iu the lield, &.. adbeml 10
principleo upon which the intttVention of the Briwb sovemment
in the aJI'lliro of the Gwalior oa.te wu, hom tho llnot, b ... d. Uo
bu oniJ uoed the po-<rer which .U:10r;r bu pliL't'CI iu hil bando 10
earr;r into dfect the a-r:r meumu for ...:u:iug the futwe
tranquillity of the """'"""' frontier of tho two otoua, for eotab-
liruing the juat outhorlty of the l\1.aborojah'a govemrneot, ond for
proridiug for lhe P"'l""' esercile of tha1 authority daring hil
bip>ou'• .m-ity.
"A treaty, c:alculall.'d IOdfect obj..U.and coo·
6nning former tmlliet, bu Ibm dAy been <igo<d by the llritiol•
p!Wpotentlarle. and the Council of 1\q;mcy, and rotitiod by the
coou--..,....U and hil highn- the Mahonjah Jyajoe Rao
Scmdiah.
"'J'be OCC!Uitom<d friendly relation& b<t_, the J)ritioh SOYCnl•
mont and llle G-nlior 1tato ..., now rett<Jr<d, ood the British
.....U.. will immedi•t>!ly rnum to their own p..m-.
"By order, lie. P. Cnara,
u to Gonmmeat of India,
with the Gonnaar .. Gcunl.''
.. .,. 1M
"Camp Gwolior, 15 JaoiW')'. 1844.
"Tbe govemor-generollllllkeo known to all the oubjectl of the
Maharojah Jyojte B.o Scindiah, and 10 all the inbabitaot> o( tho
territoriea odjoiniug .-.. o( !ria hlg"'-'. that m-Dbip bu
boca re-eat>bliah<d b<twom the British govemm<nt .,d lhe
Mah..,.jah, and that the Bdtilb government will reoei•e from lW
hij;hu<a oullklent funds wbaewith to pr<n'ido a force for tho
p,_,_;, ot 8ood order withia lW hlglmeoo'o cbni•jono, which
dominioot, ao ...U u the pmlOII and authority o( hil
'"" under tho f"Vtecliou of the Britloh aovernmont.
llJUTJm EXPD!t: IN INDIA. 525
state eboold ba.-e been sulfel't'd to exist at all; for
it it made matter of boost, in a despatch addrcs&cd
by the govemor-gtmeml to tbe Secret Committoo on
tho subjeet, that "neither tho excitcmoot of Yictory
nor the consciousness of irresistible power bus Jed
to tho entortainment of viows of nmbitions nggmn·
dlzemeut."•
On reviewing the strange of e\"ents whlcb
commenced at Gwalior early in 1843, and ...-ere
closed by the treaty concluded at tho beginnlng of
the foiJowiog year, the obscn-er, as far as the nativo
et.'lto conccmed, will find little to distingoisb tho
proeocdiogs there from the ordinary routine. A
hoet of malo and femolo intriguers, intent on no·
thing but circumventing ooch other, are the regolar
occupants of nn Oriental court; and on ill-paid, mu-
t inou!!, and threatening onny, holding in terror those
whom it professes to sen-e, is by no means an un·
common appencbge. But the conduct of the British
authorities throughout these series of stronge ti"'DDS-
nctions mlly well strike men's minds ns not being dill-
tinguillbcd by any remorknblo unity of purpose, or any
.. The   th<n!(o,.., worn• all diaturben o( the
peoee, and all tueh u ore diaol>odiGt tO hia jutt
authority, thot tboir ..,;..w.t1 ...,_ be po,.;tted, ond be
ahom them to abolaiD fnllll oud& ..... 11 .....- fail to drow
them P'mish,.,t fnlaa hia ond the ...--1 &.
plouure of the Britioh gooenuaeat.
" Br ordtr o( tho rightlloaourahlo the ao--·gmerwl.
"F. CO'&AJI •
.. s.a-r .. 1M a.-a-• of J..U.,
with t.he Govf'r'DOr.Gcwtal"
• •• Pulthrr Papen.'' No. 140, p. 14 2.
CIIAP,

CU\P.
XX.'\ II.

UIIITORY OF TUB
'ff!rJ consistent pel"'evenulcc in proeecnting the pur•
pose entertained for the time. whatever it might !;c.
The connection betwocn the British govemmenb
nnd tbnt of Gmilior "llll very looso; nnd it wns noc
CIISY to de6ne wilh nccnmcy wbnt the one might
fairly dcmruul, nnd tho other be ren.sonably expected
to yield. But at tho limo of the   of
J unkojee II® Scindin there appeared to 1x> n
di.tioct feeling that the British government might
expt.>ct its neTll to be coruulted as to the
of 11 successor, and the modo in which the govont-
mcnt WIIS to be cnrricd on. When the time nrri •col
for tho enthronement of the youthful prince, ho
  with tho conourrenoo of tho ussomblcd chiofs,
led to the gnddcc by the Britil!b resident; nnd
whatever might have boon tho netunl views of tho
persons at Scindia'• durbnr, there was o,·cry
extcmal sign of deference to his opinion, or to that
of the government which he represented. Tt was
the suggestion of tho govemor-gcncrnl tbnt " it
would be most for tho benefit of tbe Gwnlior stntc
lhllt tho rogoncy 11hould bo conflned to one peJ'II()n,
iu whom, during the minority of the )fnhnmjnlt/'
might "reside all the nutbority of lhe stntc. n would
be,"' his lordship continued, " for the regent to
nominnte the mililitc111, and they would be re<pOn-
Fiblu to him. Tbl' nrrangt>rnl!llt, h his lordship ntldcol,
"evidently the most arlrnotagoous tc the raj and tho
fcunily of Scindin for nil purpose!! of intemnl gowm-
ment, 1111 prescnillg iutnet tho sovereign nnthnrily
duri ug the minority of th!' young l\Llhnr1\jnh," WM
BIII'I'ISII EXPml: L'l INDIA. 527
"at tho same time that '"118 "most
to the maintenance of friendly rclatiom between the
mj of Gwalior and the Dritah goTcrnment, as in nil
CMC6 of complaint, if nny such should arise, against
tho subjects of the state of Gwulior, the British
government would know whut individual it should
hold responsible for the conduct by which it wos
aggrieved." lt was thO! tho opinion of the govemor-
gonor&l, that until the adopted prince mould be
of nn age to exercise sovereign authority for him-
self, the powers of t.be &tale should, with reference
to tho interests of Gwnlior, and to thoro wbicb the
govomor-gonernl was still more especially bound to
promote--the interests of Oront Britain- be ad-
ministered by B single person. 'l.'biJ was not nil, for
ho determined who was tbc most eligible per&en for
tbe office. On this subject tho ro!ident. at G'lftlior WM
thus instructed: "Yom opinion in fllYOuroftbeM:una
Sahib inclines the govornor-geocral to eonsidel' that
tho ll.aneo llDd chiefs llDd people of G wnlior wonld do
well in him as regent."• After 11dverting
to 80rno cirot1DlstllDees whloh, in tho opinion of tho
govoroor-gcneml, tended to recommend tho clllilllB of
tho Mama Sahib, the comoJunicntioo to the resident
f'roceods LhllS: "The goveruor-g..'llcml would there-
rorc s:wllyACe tho regency conferred upoo the Mam:t
Sahib. Tho go\'enlor-geoeral cannot doubt tlmt
• 11 miRI!t h...., be inquired, wbat wu mtant by refeaing to
tho .. people" or Gwalior u baviog...,. •ho.no in tho cboia: o£.
ruler. 'M10 domucmic portion of r.l1c Gwnhor con1titutioo luu
out yet, it;. btlieved, been On-eloped.
CIIAP.
X:\:1.11.
CDAP.
xxxu.
528
IIISTORY OP TOE
tho Mamn Sahib, sensible of the importance of pre-
scr"ring a good understanding with the British go-
vernment, o.nd of taking, in conjunction
with tho British resident nt the court of Gwnlior,
all measures which Crom time to time may appear
to be required for the preservation of tranquillity
upon our common Crontier, wouJd readily anil him-
sci! of the o.dvico of tho retlident, nnd codenvonr
thereby to nvoid all grounds of di11"cn!nce between
the two governments."•
At tho durbo.r of Gwnlior these vic'll1! were not
generally entertained. Tho predomirnwt pnrty
there wi•bed either to delay the nppointmont, nod
sulrer the ministers previously ill office to continue
to carry on the government, or, if there were to
be a   to pl4co one of tbem•clves in that
importnot post, the person sclccted for tho office
being the Dada Khasjcc W&lln, who mill subse-
quently the canso of so much mischief. They
yielded, howevel'-tlpon what moth·cs is not very
teadily tniCCiililc, but yield they did, l.lDd the
&bib became regent with the avowed counte-
nance and 6Upport of that government which holds
tho bnlnncc of power in r mlia. It hns been ad-
mitted that there would be some difficulty in fixing
tho preciso o:rtcnt of interference with Gwnlior
which on such nn occasion the British government
might chum to exercise. Had the chiefs refused
to appoint n regency, thllre might, in the judgment
of   hue no o11fficicnl call for enforcing
• .. Funl1tt Pap<n.'" No. 11. P"ltt 8.
llll.mSU EliO'IRE lN INDIA. 529
by IU'IDS tile recommendation of the dominnut
power, although that recommendation was given
with a direct \iew to the interests of the state of
G wnlior, :md to the mnintenance of peace on it-s
borders. The same opinion may be mnintninecl, with
plaURibilit;y at least, in reference to two other SUJ>-
posable cases : that the cbiefa hnd refused to
depOHit the entire power of the state with an in-
dividual, and bad preferred the plAn nlt:i:mately
adopted by the governor-general, of committing it
to a council; or thnL, although 11illing   tbe
sovereign power should be exercised by one mnn.
they should have made a choice diJl'eriog from
thnt of the governor-general. In eith.er of these
ca.scs, tinrid rensoners migbl Jm,·e suggested acqui-
escence, and although it could not bttve been di&-
sembled, that in recommending that which it wus
not prepared to enforce, the government of Dritish
1 ndia hnd 11laced itself in n 1hlse position, much
might have been snid upon the danger nnd in-
justice of interlerence. None of these three possi-
ble cases, howover, nctunlly occurred. Tbo pol8QJ)
nnmed by the govemor-genornl wns recognized as
solo rcgent., and there cnn be no question, Lhut
from the moment of his luwing boon thus rocog-
nir.ed. the Dritisb authoritics were bound to support
him. This was felt nt the time. nnd the language
belrl on bellalf of the highest of those nutboritill!l
to the British rcsident \111.9 tbe following:-" Tbe
goveroor-genernl did uot you, that he will!
prepared tn Btlrport the nuthority of the regonr,
vor,.. vr. 2 M
 
XXXII.
CIIAP.
\.XXII.
530
UISTORY OP TIIC
without roking, nt the snme timl', Uta ncressary
preliminary stl'pS to him to gi\"C at once
tho m<M.t effectual "ttpport, if it be dL-,.ired.
I t is inconvenient thl1t there be prutnlctetl
BU!Ipcnso upon this point: nod the governor-gcnortil
is tlwrcfore 1111xious to know, 113 soon JlQb.•il.Jle,
whcU1cr the sWo of atm.irs at G wnlior is ruch as
to rcntler it improbable that his immcdinto aid
will lx.'C(lme   to support the rcg(lllt's
:t.ulhority.',. The-e were ooL empty word•. 'rht>
goYcmor-genernl \\115 at tbllt time certainly pre-
pared to act upon them : for the following po•sngo
occurs in 11 commuuicntiou in reply to
a11 intimation that the occurrence of a nreL·'<!ity fi,r
interference Wll!l not looked for.-" The guwruor-
gencrnl, satisfied that no nCCC<ic•ity \\'ill occur for
the march of troops upon Gwalior, to tlte
regent's anthority, will now countennand Ute
rnl'IISUres he had tnk<.'ll for tbc pnrpose of coucen·
troting m preponderating force."f
Tho wisdom of tbe net announced in thu lru;t
'luotation may oo rloubtcd. It wns lruo thnt tht•
regent tbougbt that there was no immedillto lll>ee-.-
sity for the employment of Briti•h troops. atul tbut.
if it crwltl be nvoidl'tl, it were better not to clllploy
them. The lattcT opinion might be well founrlPtl,
but tho former not to ha,·e been rcet:h ed
with such a degree of confidcnet' as to lmd to tl1e
pr<.>e'iflitlite abcuuluument of prccnutinns which uuder
• '"Fortbcr l'apmo," No. 21, page 14.
t '"Furtbrr l'loJ'ft"',"" No. page 17.
pre<:isely the s:nne st.-tte of a:flhlrs it had been thought
ex pcilicut to ndopt. It wns known that part of
nrmy wns mutinous, nnd that the good feeling of the
remainder could not be depended upon ; thllt in-
trigul'S in the pnlnco were unceasing nnd compli-
. roted: that there was a strong 11m1y of interest&
and 11rcjudices agninst the regent; lhat the lllulm-
rnnee was not well alfcctod townrdJ! him. nnd thut
&he wns surrounded by pn•·tics who hated and were
anxious to circumvent him ; all tlriB wtiS known, nnd
yet within three days after the governor-geneml brul
declared himself ready to give "effectual sup-
port" to the authority of the regont-that is, support
by m<'ans of an nrnll!d force-he determined to de-
Jll'ive himself of the menus of fulfilling Ius pledge
by countermnnding the ]>reparations which he had
n1ade.•
Up to the time when the orders of conntcrmnnd
'rere given, no doubt seems to have boon cn-
tert:uned ns to the 11ropriety of interfering by force,
if necessary. :But intmcdiatcly afterwards, the go,•cr-
nor-gwuml is found holding tangusgo intimntiug
thnt doubt ruristed. In a lelter to re;ideut,
tl11ted lith il'farch, after n ro-announcemeut af the
wn.nt of shility lo a.lford nid, the following  
occlll'$: "This circutnstnncc odds to the for<>e of the
objectiollS which the governor-general would in
• 'M.o h!t.ter arumuncing the intention of aupporting the
nutllllrity ui the 1\'j,'<mt was W.t<d the 5th oC M.,..h, 1&13: that
lnteotioo to c:ouu=ond the p!"e!JC'rntionunnd< Cor
cl!"eeting it beo.r& dote the Slb of the orune month.
2 1\1. 2
eiiAP.
xxxu.
CHIJ'.
xx.w
A. D. 18(3.
532
IIISTORY OP TUB
nny c:aBc hn'l'e seen to the adoption of any step of 11
violent nature, of wbjoh the eftect on the army might
be probleiUilticnl. and whlah would inevitably pro-
duce a feeling of hostility town.rds the regent on
tho 'f1aTt of the 1\fnbamnee."• His Lordship nppenl'l!
to have adhered to thjs conviction nrtcr the dcposnl
of the regent; for it will be Tt'Dlemberecl thnt when
the residant on t!Je 29th ofl\1ny pcrmiS!'ion,
in of necessity, to cilll upon the genernl officer
at Agrn for assistance in troops, " to Teinst.,te the
l\lamn, tllld tum out those who" bad " been the
prinaipnl actors in the late djgturbanccs," iL WIIS re-
fused on tho ground that the employment of troops
to illtcrfere in the intemtll disputes of nn alliod state
was a of too much .importance to adnllt of
the power of cnlling lhem out being delegated
to auy one. Il might be that, in his lordship's
judgment, no force could be furnished by the com-
mnndillg officer at Agrn, of sufficient strength t.o
ovemwe, or if roquilute to overcome, the troops
likely to be opposed to them; hut this is not the
reason   to the resident. Indeed, nb tbis
time, jt seems to been a question whether the
British government should com1tennuce even the
advocacy of the cirums of the Mnma Sahib, or
abandon tbem ; and it was not long oof<>re the lntter
course was preferrod.t The bumbled regent retired
• .. Further Pape.rt/' No . .2G. page-l9.
t Thu i• amply illlllltrnted by lhe oo""'I!JlO"denoc in lhe .. Fur·
!her Papea." In lhe following letter from the S'"'BilOI-!l"nerul
to the ruideot, dated lhe 3rd of June, thOUJrh a high tone it U•
awned, there an indication. o( wt.Yering :-
BRmsn Ellll'IRE IN INDIA. 533
from lite sceoo of bis l('mporuy greatnees; tbe
Brili·h residenL wns o,·cn instruclL'II to pm. his
"Your lettu or tho 3bt ultimo, add,_..j 10 tbe !on:ign ...
<r<blrf, ... dellnml to me bmo lut nisbt.
  fomgn -..wy it - yrl uriYed.
"I detply obotiniiCy with the Mlllw-tnee in-
ilita on the diomloMI of the rtaont •
•. Tba!. bigh oi!lcrr ... plAeed Ia bis ......,t ltaboa with the
geoen1 eooeuu,_ of the eWer.. lfio appointment ....., nrpre-
fCilled •• glring geaeral Arithoction. Tbo aon:lialapprobotioa or
the.appointmeat by the Briti•b ll"••mmeat ..,... pubUdy aoounu-
aicaled to thechiW. aa ...n .. 10 the and all.,....
distindl1 mr...-1, that the rwgat would be 1M re-
IJ>CIDAiblc """""""tatin of the Gwalior otato duriog tho Mt.ba-
rnjah•t minority,. a.nd, M mc!h, •upportcd by lbe Britith pve.m..
rnent.
" Uockr all t),_ it it olmowly (oc
the Brililb g<>T<mmmtiD ""''uieooe iD bia n:monl, without the
u.ignment of any reuon for 1uah a meuure, oa.oept t.bo wish of
the Maharanee.
•• The Britiob so--t <all baft DO object lm1 the SOCJd
o( tho G....Jior &tAU!, in preferring oae mini>t<r, or rt3C'nt, of
Gwolior, to onotltor. To tho BritiJh g<m:mment, .. to tho Ma..
Jwanoo batelf. &lid ID the cbidt, it but tJute IDOOtht
ogo that the sood ol the G..Jior twa would be boa ..-lted
by plactng the M.- Soln1> iD th• mtioo of resmt. dunn, the
minority or tho JllahAmjah ; nnd nothing lw ooourred ID aill'.r
myoploloo upon lhot point.
.. The ad tbe cbiet. llltl!t bear io llliDd. that the
lnmtier ol the tenitorieo bdooging CD the llritilh
and of thoao or tho O.nlior ltllle, being, for tho !DOll port, ODQ-
tt:r:.m.ioous, it is • matter or pa.rar:nount importuate lbt.t th.m!:
•hould o.siot iD G-nlJor a wiUiJ>c, and ablo, to pre-
.....-e tranquillity aloag tbat rxtl'l>ded liD•. Tht Britiob SO""fB·
ment CMOOt permit tbc gro..-ing up of a lax IIJitrm of rul•, gme-
rating babit1 of plunder aJoog ita frontier. Ita duty 10 11-o o""'
ieperatimy "'l.u.. ""'' it <bould mtnf""' c!'ect...ny
10 mainaun the poblic ._,., by all fllcb mCIIJll u IIIIIJ IPJ...,
best oalatlated to aec:nn: tbot .,,entia! objact. It would ho far
CIIAP.
XXXIL
CIIAP.
XXXJJ.
534
lllSTORY OP Til£
retirement, and all tlutt tho government by whom
the Mama Snhib bad been set u I' would vouchsafe
more l!llbtf!lctory to adopt the oeceonry m ... wa in eonlial a>-
oporu;a.. wi1b !be O»lboritito o4 the Gwalior 1tato: and I hoped
that. Wldor the regvnoy of tho Mama Saluo, thi• might ba-... ben
done; but. in my c:uo. tlJe publiol         muot bo preeerved, and
tho Gwalior 1tate will be hold reopoltliblo for oil oueb iota'nlp-
tioou tbmd u _, .,; .. out of t.bc .,.J.admlniltmtion or 11:1
dominiODJ.
·• 1o the .... t ol the Mama Sahib bting ""tuAIIY removed from
ofti«, and of ODOlber .,.,_ bciog arpoiot<d to perfDrtD the r.,.,.
tiano or ro;ent or micaiater, you wW report t.be
which may ban O<lCIImd. and bold ao offielll inter<oune wilh
the .....,....,r of tho lhma Sahli>. wilhout 1J10Ci6c inotruetioua
&am-·
" 1o tho e<eot of t.hc McunA Sohib bein& penonally in daop,
JOO ..;u inform lhc and the ohid>, t.bal tho ,_.,,
trrucJAetlono upon the domi>o or the Maharajah baring, with t.bc
gooenleocJOeDt of all, Jll-d lhc Mama Sahli> at the of the
Gwaliot otate. u r<gf'llt during tho minoritr. lhc Ur:itioh g<><ml·
....,., moot ooounue to r<!J>Ott the M"'"" f!ahlb'o high .mtlou,
and DIDII I.'OIIJid«r him totitlod to ita  
Twodayo ofll:rwudo (5th June), la • ltUcr from tho ..crot•ry
with tho IVi<t-·g-.1, 10 lhc raidont, the r<gf'llt ia fairly
tbro'"' MU :-
" Tbe so•u--gmonl hu luod oadu bio ccmoidentioo }'OW'
lett« of tho !lDd lattant.
" 'l. Tbe g<J'"U110r·£011ual .0....... thet the Mama Sahib hu,
throughout th..., l•te whioh • tenuint.ted io bio
dowalall, """""'-ted ...... , or that clocilion and energy wbioh ...
eaatotial to the cbi.C coodutt o! aJT.in in a 11110 like that ol
Gwalior, l'cnrerful at lim. and ba'l'ift: reuoo to IUpJ'O"D he
might rdy upon a largo majority cf the ollieon, and or the onDJ.
ba .m """" or hb ond padually allowed to grow up
m oplaioo or hia ......t.n-. wbio;b hu ltd tboae oripuallyiA·
cline<! to hla cau.,., IIIII nm tho;e whote intert'•ll ..,.,mod to be
bouod 11J1 with hil, llltimauly to tip a paper R<JuiriD« bia dio-
mlMal.
"3. Tbe Aluna Sah.b hu probal.ly owed bia clownfoll to tho
BJUTISR EIIU'IJIJ: IN INDIA. 535
on Ius bdmlf. wo.s n feeble enolcovour to secure biij
personnl snfety.
verr- upon which he ma..t hue - confidtutly rtlied
for the Mcuriogo( b.iJ nllttW!Jy, to Lhr marriAge n( hi.t niece
lo the Mal..,..jah, wbkb be, ..:ry improperly, mannfl"'] wil.bO<Ot
commllllic.tioa .nth you. It it ,_, that the Dlda
Khujoe Walla rq>reomtA!d tbU ..,._,,.. lo the lW........, "" ill-
tended to kod to the .... uiug O!ide or h<r hl(luJeoo. ODd to the
conducting o( the ga'"'"''ncnt by tloo Mnmo Sahib in tho Moh•-
rajah'a nam• • .ntbout a!Jo,..iog to hit hllthn.,. any partlcipmoo
thoreio. The •ay •uddto dluga ia the paoi1ioD o( affain at
Gwalior io ao identiell. in point o( n-. with OU>d
the :Ouda Klwjoo Walla, ot mt reduced to obpair by that e.-mt,
and tlunklng only of oeeuring hla oafcty by retiring from Owaiior,
•-u oo ooon the priJDo m.oTer ol ...,.,. thin" within th• palo<e, thaL
it is 00 - ...... ....... that. laTiag
to the he ao aiiUIJIOd bft by hlo repretODtation of the
.S'c'etOf th• morriage upon her Cuturc po•ition, u to bcr
highntU bliuclly to aid all bla deoign>.
  \'ou baO'e beeP alnioldy inrtru.red to afford pmollal J'lOI"<'-
bon to the M-Sahib, tbould he he ia .-d ol it; but the go-
Ym>M·ger>eral - but be IM!Diible or the extreme i.aoon...U-
tuce., and rvcn da.ngt:"r, which mtl!t attend our giflng p:..rmancnc.
protectic>a, within the Gwal.ior atate, lD I oubjt<!t or that .......
depri•ed ol the o!lice o( ODd .. hcth<r, .. the timt ol JVtl'
....,.;.;,g tbio k-. the Mama Sahib oc:tully vnd<r
your protoction, en: in a pooition of po=rio,. ...,nty .nthin the
LuM>Jror, you wiU npl'ltiC!It to bim thot ho will beoteoDinlt bio
O"'U iat<rctll by rctirin.o; (rum Gwalior, aad you will malre tiUo
iu ...d> • --.. lha1l iad- hila lD act upan
oL The greet beot8 uaUllllyl<ad you at tbU -• to ......,,
younelf from Gwolior, anol the .... no oullic:imt
reaaon for your QDW deportiog &om your UJual 00111'1N' •
.. 5. You will - fiul to obllliu ODd ll'llllamit the fun..t
or aD that w... p1a<1e u G1nlior dariuj; your
abemce...''
In fiftffil daya more (June 20), the dt(IOI<d regtnt It opolten of
10 nill more d .. ,......png l<nnJ than in tbc lcuor or the 5th : a
OIIAP.
XXXII.
CIIAP.
:XlUUl.
530
HI STOlt Y OY THE
Tbe n-gent, it was I"CJirest'nted, bad disappointed
tho hopCll wbicb tho govcmmenL bad
rene"-.! or int....,uno with 1111d that through the MUa •
..-. wham u bad preoriouly d«mfll proper to exclude
(rom power. is ouggeoted •
.. 'l1lo go•cmot·&""ft't' in!m. Uom your lett<n or the 16th
inaWlt, that the two m...,.,.. 1"" ,......, i .. tnl<lt<l to adapt, of
cliJc:auDming ofticiaJ inlU<:Ouroo with the Gwalior durhar, t.Dd or
miring to Dholopo..,, hare lwl the dofirod e&et or imprePillg
the Molmulee l.lld the durhar with I lellilt' or the ........ dis·
plnaure with wbieb their receot ooadoct bad bm> rieortd by tho
Brilloh go\'Uilment.
.. :1. It woald bo u..po.ib1o perman<lllly to odhue to ather
meuu..,, hut !hoy are olllouloted, by tile rogue •PP"'bco!iOll
mut ..au. to lead to tht odoptioo or """"'
oelt by tho plli1J' which hu ooc=ded in Cltpelling tllo Mama
s.Jllb.
" 3. Tho lint of the m...wa wiD jJrobobly ha .. the otrect ol
....,.;.,mg tho durhar nlced in ol&o, umler tho impn,..;oo that
be mutt be • .,.,..,.. with whom it,...,, bo _, ogm.ble to rou
to OOIIllllwUcaie: IUld through wham, there(O<e, it will bo euler
to retain oome coaunullicatioa, thai> throacb ... y ..,._ be
might rcoei\'11.
.... The so-·gaenl .. iodined to CCllllicl.r thio • poillt
it would be deoinble to g.in. alLhou,sb ccrWnly tho du..W n.
mJ d'id nO(, io the late uhibit mvcb ""'-in hlo
ODDduct, or IDf Yerr raJUIIbJo fidelity to hio piiTOD the
Mama Sahib.
"6. With I'Oipect to the )1ama Sohib, although the aupport be
Uom 1"" .... the patt or the Britiab ro-ummt, """ tho
mo'"""'"' of tho   to Agn, pro!Mobly dttermil>ed
his lllill be _, from the lint thought or by the <bit(J,
and it may be doublfd whether, tmder any citcv-tanaa. be
..;pr -bore aetured bio own DOmioalion.
" G. He be. prom! blmRI£ qaite unfit to ...,..., tttber llltJI
or '"""""- l.lld a miWin' o( Gnlior mull DUUJagO both.
"1. Witb ""J'ld Ill the AI.....,_, if obe be ...Uy founftD
IJid DOl nine, U la uJd m tho Jl"JlOC iJidooed Ill fOOT le\tcc,
BRITISH EJIPIKI Ilo; !NOlA. 537
farmed of him-be bnd mo.nifestcu
ability, of finnne!'.., 1111d of Jlruolenec.
deficiency of
This charge
wbon!in bar grievan09 ore detallcd. the aort or nlllllllll"'1ltot re-
quired muot be very dllf.....,t !rom that which ..-ould bo odapled
to • child or the carlltT
"B. It io OTident that the Maharanee lo allowed to <:Ul'ci!<!
perwon•lly. dogreo of power which mnlc .. tho lllllllagem<'llt or her
the ma«'rial object. No nililin.,r, bowel'cr appeinted, would,
without mwnaging btr, fcmg retain his eudoa, v.afeo, iDrfcood, abo
lft"'ttbtr dcpri.-..1 or authority, and oot ..;de, a ,_
tbc flOV.,..OI•gei\Cr&l iJ by DO n1CAJU ytt prepored to adopt.
" 9. 1'be govemor-gc1Cl111 haa at all time• d<cl.u-ed that ,...
r.quire oothiug from tho Gwalior •-· uotpt that it. tmit.ary,
and i'" frooti<-r, thoold be., gonmtd u not 10 t..-e
the &OUJ'CC of diJturbooco ID ...... Ally form or tdminiataing
tho alfairo or the Gwlllior •t.to, wbkb may •fl'oot t1tl! object or
frontier ITIUlqllillity. will be ..w......, 10 tho Britioh s-m-
IIICDt.
" 10. '!'he govl'fllor-general il by uo me&DI certain that the
din!ct modo or communication with the Maban.o.., bor .. If, wllic:h
bu bee augpttd u opeo 10 you, and while thtre ia no Oltam·
bk rninj,.tcr, may not be that wbkb may ....,.uc.uy gift yoa the
trul6t bcnt6cial inftu.e:nce over the goverument.
" II. The   bu. on aU ...,..;on., exp......t the
"""""' prnorull be in the welfano and haJ!J>I- or
tho Malwuec; 111<1 ,..,.. might pol that promiDcully (orwvd in
your tommunicaliono with bff high.,..., u <alcolated to ci"' bor
I.'Olllidence in the loyalty Blld aincerity or tho ad.ieo you may

"12. The gom-nor-..,..-.1 doa not !mow ..-bcdler )""'bono
anrm .. DO ol obtaioingru:curato information or wbot .,._within
tba p.w...,, otill leu wbetber it would be po••iblo (or you to roecruro
tho_..-;.,.. olOlly one •mmediat<ly about the ponon o( tbe Ma-
'*--· and baflng ""1 inl(nrme-ber ; ""' bod> tboae tbiDp
it ..-ould be '1!11 desmble to aeeompliab.
"13. It iJ clear that tho llluea and otbcn •bout the Mabara-
ace ba<e -• inJlDtD<>O om- ba, and that incliacreet change• in
h<r ,...,...I atta>dant. ba.-e s-6u- to....-do a!_.tin;r ber IIUIKI
from the Mama Sab1b.
CIIAP.
XX-'ill.
538
lliS'IORY 01! TUI:
it might not be difficult to sup]>Ort, but whnt
hope wa.. there of improffmcut fr<lm substituting
tho nuthority of tho ;\[nhnmncc and lwr sln.vo girls
in pUicc of that of lho ]'('gent 1 Jt wns known
that this would bring in tbe Dnda Kha.<jee W olla.
•irtunlly, if not fonnnlly, a.s minister, nod Ito
had nlwnys lx-cu rc.!(urded ns n. dnugcrous peNOn.
Further, if the Britiab government were to retnin
o   of intlucnoo or rckJlCCt. could it S1tbmit
t•Jtlmly llnd uuret'istlngly to witness the O\'erthrow
of tbe regent., demtiou it had  
nnd whom nlooo it ro:eogotted ns tbe mlur of the
a walior alnlo duriug tho minority of the prince?
These re8M)ns for DJ>holdiog the llnma Snhib, not-
withstanding he bad iu some degree fniled to satisfJ
"H. Tho ...,..,or-G"n<rol't i.mpreo•ion is, thnt the Mllh&rO-
- io a ....-, ...,.;trro, aud aomewhat impm>ou.t, girl, bat that
tht it by 1>0 m- without a g-' and that, with
Iter cbMICil!r, any thing m•y be made or her. acoorcling Ill the
uwtu<r in whieb the it lpprca<:hed aod l<caled. lo ouy eaoc,
the gocaoor-gt'Mftl1l'OOlJcl with you Ill (llQC'Oed opoo this oup-
pooitioo, 11olil you ha,.., te\laoo Ill aon.idu it inoornct..
" 15. The .. p!Aruttion fOil have given n( your notiromtnl to
Dhol<pGre toabl .. you to tO"'llinue it at my time at whi<>h you
may doeta it npodicut 10 retum to Gwalio<; but the go'l'ft'llot·
G"D"ral ...U.bea that no m-ura adopted by you ohould have tlte
apptomnco ohudd•nneu, of precipitation, IUid of change of put·
pow, without adeq:UAte mua''
  _tru., otrangdy with a in aae rna tlte
oame ....nu.- to the .-..ideot, dated the I 1111 of March:- " Wbtt>
hit lonWtip lint IIIJ.i&Cd, nod auhoc:qucuUy •Pt•rovttl the POmioa·
tioo or the M IW1A Sahib .. r<gent. bo did not intrnd 10 ad<iOO or
•PI'"""' ooly tht tel<ction nr the llaru Salsib, uodc:r the ...... .
my ol the M"""'"--. aod lwbk to ht (<>lltroll<d by tbe mm;-
or llavc gu-lt."
lllll'l'JSJl EltU'Ill.l: 1N INDIA. 539
Ute expectations which hnd been entertained of his
t{llents nnd ,judgment, were obvious cnougb; but they
seem either lmve occurred, or to hnYe been
disregarded.
Like the regent, the British resident withdrew from
G wnlior, and this step, as it would seom from certain
ofthe correspondence, wastotendcdas an inti-
mation of the displeasure of the govemnumt whicb be
  According to this ''icw, it wns deemed
expedient to nflbrd n sullen expression of ofiimded
tljgoity, in a cmse wl1ere it was either imprudent or
imprttcticablo to do more; but, srmngcly enough, it
was thought advisable to soften this expression os
much ns possible. In the instructions gh'llll to the
resi•lent ou tbe subject, it is observe<l:- " The great
hea.ts usually lead you nt this season to absent. your-
self from Gw:Uior, and the governor-generttl sees
no sufficient re3.!)on fol"your now tleJmrting from your
usual course." It docs not, however, seem that such
wns the "usunl course" nt that season ; for in u.
letttor from the resident, bearing d:tto ten days
Inter than the above instructiOill!, the writer re-
fers to n couvcrsntion which be hnd bnld with tho
durbar in wbich tbo lnttor person referred
to n prevalent belief, Lhnt tbe resident was nbout to
proceed to Dholepore. The resident nnswe:red,
t ftnt it W88 his intention to go there " for cbnnge of
air." The vakeel reJlljed, .. that this was not tho
SO:lSOant wb ieb" the " usually mo,•ed." n;.,
remnrk wns not met by n denial. but by an llSS<:!llt to
the fact. " r said no; but Lhnl, a.; J had nothing
CU!.P .
• UXII.
OIIAP •
.UXIL
540
HISTORY OP Till!:
particular to engage my attention at present, I
6hould go there (to Dbolepore) when I could obtain
carriage." 'fhe vnkeel matle some fnrther ob6er-
mtions, whiob were thus met: " 1 requested the
.-akeel to infomt the ?tlub=ee, that was aware
us wcU as he 11ns, thnt I wns in tho habit of mo.-ing
nbout occasioonlly, and that 6hc must look upon my
going to Dbolepore on this oc(.111tion 38 nothing
moa·o than what I bad lif:tltcd, and that 1he must
not think that it was because I wns offended with
her that I wont there." •
I ndecd, the procoodings cooncetcd ";th this moTC-
mC!DL to Dholcpore seem to bn"\'0 been cl:ulmet.erized
by the Mme indecisiou which. throughout tho yenr
1843, wns constantly di.playcd in regard to the affairs
of the state of Scindin.. It might b& argued, thnt it
was desiroble to lull t.be dtnbnr of Gwnlior into secu-
rity till the time nrri.-ed for acting with greater
deciPion. A reference to the lrutiJlUige bold on the
will ftbcw thut this was not intended. 'l'be
departure oJ the regent for Dholepom was mc1111t to
b& an indication of olfeoco: WJcl it is mn<lo mutter
for boost thnt it Wll8 so undor6too<l ; yet pains were
taken so to manage it, as to divest it ns mach as
possible of the nppenrnnce which it   thought
desirnble it sbou.l<l present.
Similar inconsistency seems to bnve boon dis-
played in regud to tho question of holding eorre-
6pondencc witb those "ho succooded to power upon
the fall of tho Mama Sahib. 'l'hc British resident
• •• Further Papen," No.
-
JlRJTlSB lml'IRE IN JNDlA. 541
had been instructed to official inter-
course with the Gwalior durbnr. The durbar vakeel,
however, on a visit to the resident, which wns
undnrstood to bo the Jnst that would lxl received,
"remarked, as the Rnnee had not appointed any mi-
nister to succeed tbe 1\Iuma Sahib, tbnt he thought
tho official intercourse should not have been inter-
rupted; that tho Ranee herself held durbars daily,
nnd conducted the affairs of tho state ;"• and there-
fore it was determined to continuo the intercourse,
though the Mnhn:ranee had been declared utterly
innompetent, on account of her youth, for tbe ex-
ercise of political authority. Whether it were better
to maintain some correspondence "itb tbo Gwnlior
durbar or   may be n question OJlen dis-
cussion ; but both eeuncs eeuhl not be right ; and
the vacillation displayed in this, as in other in-
stances, seems to indicate that no well-eensidered
Jllau bad boon adopted for the mnougemeot of the
Drmsh relations with G walior.
At last, ns hns been seen, the governor-general ns-
fiumed nwnrliko noel directed lhe assemblage
of no arlll1l0lent: and now the tone of instruction
to the resident w35 changed. The Dads Kbtll!jec
W nJJa and other offending parties were to bo poo-
ished, the army rofonned, nod peace and good order
e!iinblisbed. Yet the was still to play
an importllJlt part. Tbe resident was informoo that
"tho governor-general in conncil" was "strongly of
opinion thnt nU important mellSUTEll! of the govern-
• u Furthu Papen," No. 64. p • .oW.
CllAP.
XXXII.
CIIAI'.
'\XXII.
IIISTORY" OP TllF.
mnnt be tulopl.cU communicntion 11<lllo"
him (the resident), and that be himsclf"nmin-
t:ain r<ou.tant pel"'Onal "ith tho Mahlll"3-
nee, and hereafter \lith the l\1 ahlll'lljah. o cllief
wbntovcr," it wllS ntlcled, •r shouhl IJo .ulllircd to kluntl
betwcx•o the Briti-lo minister oml tile nntnrol hcncl
of the G walior state ;"* the natural beaol nt
time hciug n girl of nbont tbrirteeu yenro uf
whO, five ill0Jllh8 IKJ(Ore tbe nbove WM \I tft.t<'ll,
hnd bet>n • unfit to e..'l:crcise anthurity. co·en
tbe :tgency of a respon-iblo minister.
Rc,;ort to luloing lx.'Clt dcu•rmint.'C! upon, it
lx.'Cilml' necessary to fix the grouud!l of the determi-
nation. lL h:ts IK>cu nJroody shown thnt the nnneol in-
terference contemplatetl "llS rc-tcd on the fnct of the
Hriti•b go,.emmcnt hnving for many yoors a .. ,umcd
tho rigbt.s, nod perf<1nned tbc obligatiuruo, of the
pnro.moUJJL power of Imlin. It htos been shown, too,
that at the time whcm this ground WllS tnk!'n n.s the
ba•iq of action, it was proposed to demand from tbc
Gwtllior durbar nothing but tho expulsion of the
Dn<ln Klut!'joo Wnlln; thnt nil other numur-
ous and pressing • 110me of them might be,     to
be len. to time and inOucnee. Further, it bna Jxocn
shewn thnt in less tbnu two moutlti tbe gruuud of
inlurr,•rcnce "ns lllld a trcnty rnkotl up for
justificntiou of the cbllllj!'C; and nJ,o, thnt • of
copfining the dcmtmds of the Hrilkh gon•mment to
one • point, a of d<>mao<b were nti...,d.
nnd l•mbodi<!d in n now treaty, tho mloj>tion nf 11hiclt
• "Futt""r l'lapao," No. 9<), I'· 70.
-
liJUTIBII lllll'lllF. 1!1 INT>IA, iH3
wns carried by tlw Rword. To enforce th0110
tlerMuili<, tho go,'llrnor-geneml with nn nrmy np-
proachod the bank of tho Chumbnl. He wna wnmed,
both by native and European that to
CI'C68 that river would be regardtl•l as an oct c1f
bustility, and would proc:ipitate a state of thing¥
"bleb be profeMe<l to be IIIIXioua to avoid. Jlo
blltl eft<!u bt>f<illlted in tho connle of his policy
townrcl.s G wnlior, iu thiK iulltoncc bo wa., dt ...
tcm1incd. He ci'O!IM.'tl the river; this act t•nl au
cntl to the diff'ereuees pre,;ou..Jy e:\istiog b<-twet>n
tho conflicting factioll!!, and united ull ngllin•t rur
enemy •ho had cnt<-red country. A• iL )w
to know whnt would lmvo bt.'<!D
uf o contrary course, it im)ltoosiblc to dt't'ick·
pOI!ithely that tho course taken wns citl1er right or
wroug, hnt lhl! re-ult certainly fuUilk>d the predic-
ti<>ns "hich had 1Jec11 nlllde ns to the clfed of the
mo•·emeul upon tbe army of Gwnlior. This muob,
bowewr, might bavo b\.'1!11 expected-tJut.t tbo
fenrfully important Htc)l having bt.'<!D takCD, it
wuu ld at lcnst hn •·e bc)eu followt.'tl OJ• with •·igour;
thnt nil the con<equcnces depending upon il bniog
boon inctlJT('(), there would bnvo boon no htl!<it.ation
in pushing onward.
1'1Jiq reasonable expectation wiiS not fulfiUl'tl.
Tho llritish loitered nt Hingonn, \\ben no one cuuld
hupo for ru1y thing but from 1111 ll(IJII.'A! to lll'm.., nnd
tltis ennblc1l tJre enemy to complete m<>11Sllres for
nttocldng tbu admneiog foreo to a diMd''lllllRK\'·
llcfol'l'   • thl' Chun1bnl lhcl'l' wru! nbnndl\llt
CIUt•.


CIIA 1'.
xn: 11.
lilSTOR.Y or TR£
ground for panse-nftcr tl111t step hn.d boon taken,
therewns nothing to be looked for except who.t could
be ...-ou at tho sword's point. Battle cnsuocl, nnd tho
British, though they had trifled mth tbt>ir ad.-an-
tages, were ,;ctorious. It would almo..t room, from
a coosiderotion of the circumKlances of tho engnge-
mcnt, tbnt tho possibility of hciog forced to combat
Wll8 scarcely contemph1tcd on the part of the Bri-
tish. Up to the moment when awakened from the
trance of by tho discharge of artillery it
would nppcar 118 though no   IUld n con-
fident OUC, Wt18 entertninod thnt thO rullrCh to 0 \\'U•
lior would be a bloodless oue. Arrangements wero
ronde for oppo!iing the anny, but it seems
hArdly 1.(> bue been expected that tbey would give
any trouble. 'flus delusion Wll8 not an unfltling ter-
mination of the series of half-timorous, hnlf-violcnt
measures wbicb bad procodcd it.•
The battle won, negotiation followed, and as its
basis came the treaty of Boorbnmpoor. This was
the treaty of alliance ond mutunl defence concluded
by Captain l\1 alcolm, under the instructions of Sir
Arthm W clleslcy, in 1801, during the administration
of tbe Mnrquis W cllco.ley. Tbc treaty wns disrc-
gnnled by Scindia and disapproved by tbo lfarquis
Cornwallia and Sir George Barlow. In consequence,
a new tnlnLy of amity and nllinnce was connluded nL
Mustnfopoor, in 1805, "hich, ";th somo alterations,
• Tho: fort o( the Brili!lo bcinK caktn by ourpri1c ,. t.ltfttod by
the - .., the &.ld a( the gomt>Or·S""ual and tbe
b<lc>nging to tbe family cl tb• rommond.r-in-•hicl.
Will! rntifiod by Sir Georg<' Bnrlow, tlwn nt the head
of tho BriVsh go\'erument in India. • Tbl'  
of l\lustnfnpoor recngninH that of Seljl'<' Angen·-
gaum (the treaty of ,_ conelnd!'d with Scindia
by Sir Arthur WeDooey in Dt'<'ember. 1803), and
conflrm.s OYery part of it not tht•reby llltered ; bnt it
is entirely oilent lUI l"t'j!nnl.• the treaty of Boorham-
poor, and does not contain the common article con-
firming all previeW! engagtoment• in 110 far u
aro not alrected by the operation of the new one.
Tho treaty of Serjee Angengaum is rcfl'TJ"Cd to, and
that only. There crua • bo uo doubt that
this treaty and tbnt of Mustnfnpoor were intended to
be regarded as the only cogag..-ments existing he-
tween tho two tilatea at the time of the conclutioo
of tho latter. The pronsioos Jl<'eulinr to the treaty
of Boorluunpoor wero never actt>d upon, nnd ll.• it
escaped recognition in the treaty of 1\Instnfnpoor in
1805, 811 ditl it in tho treaty conrluded with Scindia.
under the administration of the MarquiR of
in 18t7, though in thit latt!'r treaty, as in thr fonncr,
tho treaty of Serjee Angt•npum i• coo:finned. J f
over trenty Will! rendered null. that of Boorbrunpoor
was certainly in that predicament, and ita 1'\'riTal in
l tl43, after o tlurober of nlmost forty years, is not
ono of the Joost remtu"kllblo point• in the remarkable
C'OID"!IO of policy of which that formed pnrt.
Of the treaty which Lor<l ndded to
the archivl'!l of 1.J1dian diplomacy it will be un-
• FM troatiet • ..., ..,J. iii. pp. 37A. 3113 1 lllld vol. iT. pp.
49, 61.
VOL n.
:! N
CIIAP.
XX All.
CHAP.
llXXIL

646 ITISTORY 01' Till!
necessary to speak nt lnrge. Of on!' point notioo
has almuly been taken. Afler dcumniniug in l\lal\'h
that t he regency be b<'ld by a siuglo person,
the govcn•or-ganoml conscntc<l in DceeiUbcr that
it should ho by a council, thus adding a
fresh instance of vcrl!lltility to a c:nt.alogne which
before Willi l<llffic:iently long. So, too, in March, he
decl!ln'd that the wn.• to be inMpendent of
tbe Mnh11rn.nce; in June be avowed tlu1t be was not
prepared to deJJI·ive• the :MIII1nrnneo Rltogothcr of
authority ;t and in Decem\x>r be did deprive her
altogether of authority. But it is to
catalogue such instnnces.
On tho 26th of Pcbruary, 1844, tho govemor-
gcneml rotumed to DnrrackJIOOr, and on the 28th,
Ito entered Calcutta. This wo.s the l!<.>co•ulnnnivcr-
BIUJ' of hill lordship'• arrh·al from Europe, ancl whe-
ther the conc:nr:rt!IICO were or fortnitolll:!, it
wns somewhat remarkable. On the occnsion of his
return, he receh•od nnndclross from tho inhnbitnnts of
Calcutta, which !BIIs on the ear with ll•e cltect Blmost
of rebuke. His lordahip had passed 11 considomble
portion of his time in India nt a dislaliCC fron1 the
ordinary scat of government, & fact notiood by tbC>fie
wbo welcomed his rotum in tho follo";ug manner:-
" W c, tho undersigned iub11bit:mts of Cnlcutt<l, bog
to prnsent OW' hearty on your Jord-
Nhip's return to tho presidency, 11fler tho nccomplWI-
ment of thP great lhBt rolled you hence to
•   P.ptrs." p. 19.
I Ibid p. 50.
-
IIRITISil El!J>lllE IN INDIA. 547
Upper Ilindostan. That those should have
been !IQ promptly and 60 triumphantly attained, is a
matter of nntionnl conccntmcut; to us it is doubly
gmtifyillg, inasmuch as it enAbles your lordship to
devote the en<'rgil!ll of a powerful mind to'0111U'd;j
mensures of internAl benefit-second only in rent
importance to those affecting public &'Cnrily. The
presence of tho head of this colooilll empire is 50
essentiAl in every wny to prosperity, as to mllko
it but natnml that we sbn11ld be11r even his
neee!'<wy absence with something like impatirnce,
and hnil his return with the Wllrmest expt'('I!Sions
of sntisfaction. That your lordship's residence
among us may be continued-that no litatc emer-
gency may again demand your personal care in
other ports of this wiclo territory, must alwnys be
our earnest desire. It will be our study to mnke
that re-idencc n.s much a mnttcr of choice, as is
of public expedicncy.n
Tho t:ransnctions of tho government of Great Bri-
tain "ith the Chinese belong not to a of
India, nnd here, therefore, the narrntive of Lord
Ellen borough's administration cloecs.
CllAP.
 
No further .. state emetgeocyn occurred to call
his lordship away from Crucuttn; but Ius residence
tl1ere was not of prolonged duration. On tho 15th
of July it became knoWr! tlmt hi! lordship bad been
removed from the office of govcmor-geoerlll by the
Court of Directors of tho Eaat-lndin CompiWy.
From tiW. tmnsu.,l excrei"ll of authority, it mu.<t be
«oncludcd that the points of dit!Crence between Lord
A.O. I!Ut.
tiiU.
l.XXII.
5-IS lUS"rORY Ul' TTIB
I::llrnboroogh and tho•1• "hom be serred were
ther few nor trhial. Tho pf('('i•e ground.! of removal
\lt•ro not mrule public, noel, t'Onsef!W!Dtly, they can
for tbo preRent only bo inferred fNlm n corurldemtiou
of his lordship's act!<.
Of Lord Ellcnborougb, 118 governor-generol of
lmlill, it is as yet difficult to openk with the freedom
"bicb may be tt.<ed to the t.Ulte«men of a
fom1cr age. It i:! ct'rtain, bO\•&H•r, that his Indian
adminW:ratioo disap(!OintMl fril'n<ls: nod if n
judgmpnt way be formed from biq own dt!elaratioM
previou•ly to his dt•pnrturc from Europe. it IDU8t
lm,·o dl;;nppointed hirnst•tf. Jlo \I COt II> lntlin tho
"''mrcd chnmroion of pence, nntl he wns inccmntly
t'ngnged in wnr. lo'or tlw A OghtUl wnr he wBS not,
in<lred, acconntablc-bo found it on his hands : UJI(l
in the mode in which he I'Nlpo.ed to cnnt'lu<lc it,
and in be would have roucloded it, but
for the remonstrances of militMy :1dvi>eJ'!', be
ct'rtalnly displayed no dcpnrturc from the ultm.-
pncillc policy whiC!b bo hnd profe;;sed in England.
'l'ho triumphs with which tl•c pen;evcrnnce of the
gcnt'rnls rommnnding in A flghanistnu gruced bis
ndmini,trntion seem completely to bnp :1ltt>rcd hb
vic10a; and the desire of military glory tben«fon• ard
aupplanted every other feeling in bis breast. fle
would lm,·e Fllonned war in Allghnnistnn by n courh&
whirb tho Dllljority of his countrymen would pro-
nounce di•honoumblo. Ilo mi11ht without dishonour
luwo nvoi<lod war in Sindt>, nnrl     unH• n!'rled
hoatiUtii'S at Gwnlior, but ht- did not. F or thi! ill·
• •
Damm Elll'tltE nr lNDU.. 549
ton\al improvement or India Ito did nothing. He
lwl, indeed, little timo to do lillY thinr. War, and
preparation for war, &li!IOrbed mn•t or his   Md
in a theatrical displny of chilcli,h pnm1> many more
were consumed. ·with nn extrnvnganl confidcnct> in
hio own jud.ccment., ercn on whieh he bad ne•·er
studied, be united no portion of stcnclincss or
His purposes were fonnod nud nbnndoned
with a levity which aceordcdJittlc witb the oot'nsivc
tone which he manifested in their defence, 1'0 long
as they wero entertained. His administration wns not
nn illustrntion of nny mnrked ami consistent course of
policy: it wns an nggrogation of ioolated facts. It
re>oembled nn ill-wru<tn1cted drnm11, in which no one
incident iR tho result or tlt!lt by wlticb it 'ms pre-
ceded, nor o. jnst nod prcp[lfntion f11r tbnt
"hich is to follow. E••rry thing in it stands alone
nnd unconnected. ll is iollueuce aero s the
ABialic world like n meteor, and but for the indelible
brno1l of 8ltnmc indented in Sindr, like a meteor
memory would p:!.."" from the mind with its disap-
poonmee.
PINIS.
CIIAI'.
XXXIL

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