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ii Urban Stormwater Management Manual

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



Urban Stormwater Management Manual iii

FOREWORD

Malaysia aims to reach developed nation status by the year 2020. As a result there has been
and will continue to be rapid growth in the economy. Urban and industrial areas have grown
in many parts of the country. While this growth has been of economic benefit and is raising
the living standards of Malaysians it has also had an adverse impact on the environment
through excessive flows, poor water quality, removal of riparian vegetation and the destruction
of aquatic habitats leading to the degradation of rivers, lakes and coastal waters. At the same
time, stormwater management has focussed only on managing the impacts of flash flooding.
To overcome the adverse impacts of the past and to protect environmental, social and
economic values into the future it will be necessary to broaden the practice of stormwater
management to encompass the balanced consideration of flooding, water quality, aquatic
habitats, riparian vegetation, recreation, aesthetic and economic issues. Stormwater needs to
be viewed as an asset and as a valuable resource rather than as a nuisance to be disposed of
as quickly as possible.



iv Urban Stormwater Management Manual

HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL

This Manual has been written to serve as a source of information and to provide guidance to
all those involved with the management of stormwater in Malaysia. This part is presented
essentially to guide potential users of this manual towards its efficient and beneficial use.
They are therefore advised to read this part first before proceeding to read the rest of the
manual.
New users are advised to firstly read the background material in this preface. Users seeking to
overview the various stormwater management systems and measures should then study Part
C, particularly Chapter 10, and Chapters 3 and 16. Those seeking information on specific
subjects may proceed to the relevant Chapter, as described in Section below.
Readers will find it necessary on occasion to refer to other Chapters for relevant information.
This has been done to avoid duplication of material. Stormwater management requires a
multi-skilled and multi-disciplinary approach and it should be not be expected that each
Chapter be self-contained. However each Chapter is as complete as possible in the coverage
of its own subject material.
Finally, the Manual does not contain site-specific guidelines on measures for particular
locations. It would be inappropriate to include such material in a Manual with national
coverage. It is recommended that local Guidelines be developed, following the principles and
procedures set out in this Manual.

1. THE PURPOSE OF THIS MANUAL
1.1 Goal and Objectives
The goal of this Manual is to provide guidance to all
regulators, planners and designers who are involved in
stormwater management. It identifies a new direction for
stormwater management in urban areas in Malaysia.
Stormwater management within a catchment is often
undertaken by a number of organisations. The challenge
is to ensure that the administration of the planning, design
and maintenance of stormwater management systems is
consistent across the relevant Local, State and Federal
Authorities and the professions of planning, environmental
and civil engineering and landscape architecture.
Under this new direction, stormwater management will
have multiple objectives, including to:
ensure the safety of the public
control nuisance flooding and provide for the safe
passage of less frequent and larger flood events
protect property
stabilise the landform and control erosion
optimise the land available for urban development
minimise the environmental impact of urban runoff on
water quality
enhance the urban landscape
These objectives will be seen as being achieved when:
the planning, design and construction of new
stormwater facilities is adequate to service the
requirements of new and future developments
there is compatibility with existing stormwater
facilities, operational methods and maintenance
techniques
stormwater facilities provide adequate environmental,
community and asset protection consistent with
acceptable planning, design and construction
requirements and the principles of ecologically
sustainable development.
1.2 Scope
This manual covers all aspects and requirements of
stormwater management for urban areas throughout
Malaysia. While this Manual does not specify requirements
for stormwater management in rural areas, many of the
actions, measures and techniques presented in this Manual
could be applied in rural areas as appropriate.


Urban Stormwater Management Manual v
1.3 Required Knowledge
This Manual is not a training manual. Engineers, planners
and others who are involved in applying the guidelines set
out in this Manual should have undertaken an appropriate
course of study in their subject. For example, design
engineers are expected to have undertaken a course in
hydrology and hydraulics in order to apply the subject
matter in Part D of the Manual.
1.4 Related Documents
Other related documents that cover aspects of stormwater
management are still scarce in Malaysia. However, these
documents should also be considered when planning urban
development and/or designing stormwater management
infrastructure. The documents include:
Draft Guidelines on River Front Development,
Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Soil
Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia, Department of
Environment, 1996
Use of Flood Detention Ponds as Part of Open Space,
JPBD, 1997
2. GENERAL GUIDELINE
The concept of stormwater management control is
relatively new to the country and a paradigm shift would
be required to turn around traditional concept of drainage
engineering practices based on rapid disposal towards this
new SWM concept. New users who are not familiar are
advised to grasp this new concept first and have an
appreciation of the need to enhance the eco-system while
meeting the level of protection from negative impacts of
stormwater through engineering planning, design,
construction and O&M. A thorough reading of chapter 2
and 3 is highly recommended as a starter. Attendance to
courses pertaining to this manual would be helpful
wherever such opportunity is available in the future.
The manual explains the design of each stormwater
management control components in separate chapters.
Users should explore maximum combinations of these
components as are practicable to meet their design
objectives. The manual also has its limitation in that being
newly introduced it may be lacking in many aspects
representing the peculiarities of the stormwater
process/practice occurring in the country. Users should not
limit themselves only to the material available within this
manual but also to have initiatives in research to enhance
their design and to help build up knowledge in this aspect
which can subsequently be added on to help make this
manual more complete.
It is also imperative that users of this manual understand
that this Manual is just a guideline and the applicability of
which depends on many factors such as :
i) Adoption of the manual and the extent of its adoption
by Local Governments
ii) Necessary adjustments to suit administrative
requirements of each Local Government
iii) Reforms and changes in institutional and legal matters
pertaining to stormwater that may take place quite
aggressively in the country
Users are therefore advised to check with the authorities
first to ascertain the applicability of the manual for their
project and determine the current institutional and legal
framework including the administrative procedures
pertaining to stormwater.
3. MANUAL FORMAT
This manual has forty eight (48) Chapters. It is divided
into nine (9) Parts according to different main topics that
form the manual. The manual is published in twenty (20)
volumes with each Parts A, B and C in one volume, Parts E
and H in two volumes and Parts D, F, G and I in three
volumes. The last volume contains references, glossary,
subject index and abbreviations (see Table of Contents).
The first three Parts contain background information on
environmental process and stormwater management,
administration aspects and planning processes. The
remaining Parts contain detailed information on hydrology
and hydraulics, runoff quantity control and conveyance,
source and treatment runoff quality controls, runoff quality
controls during construction, and special stormwater
applications.
In each design Chapter background information, analysis,
design and/or maintenance considerations are described.
Where appropriate supporting basic theory and worked
examples are also provided to assist the user.
Part A Introduction
Chapter 1 outlines the geographic and hydrological
conditions encountered in Malaysia, discusses current
development issues and drainage practices and identifies a
new direction for stormwater management in Malaysia. A
brief summary of the broad physical, chemical and
ecological processes which occur in natural aquatic
ecosystems and the potential impact of urban stormwater
on these processes is given in Chapter 2. A strategic
approach to stormwater management based on
management principles that result in the integrated
management of runoff quantity, its quality and of urban
watercourses is outlined in Chapter 3.


vi Urban Stormwater Management Manual
Part B Administration
Stormwater management within a catchment is often
undertaken by a number of organisations. The challenge
is to ensure that the administration of the planning, design
and maintenance of stormwater management systems is
consistent across the relevant Local, State and Federal
Authorities.
Chapter 4 describes the mandatory requirements for the
planning and design of stormwater management systems
for both existing urban areas undergoing redevelopment
and new urban developments. The institutional and legal
framework under which stormwater is managed in
Malaysia is described in Chapter 5. The present laws
pertaining to stormwater management and relevant
legislation are also reviewed. The current requirements of
various Local, State and Federal Authorities that are
related to stormwater management are discussed in
Chapter 6. The need to prepare comprehensive
documentation of stormwater management plans and of
stormwater infrastructure is also highlighted.
Part C Planning
There is a need to ensure that adequate planning is
undertaken to resolve the complex economic,
environmental, legal, financial and administration issues
surrounding stormwater management. Stormwater systems
need to be integrated into the urban form with other
municipal services when urban developments are being
planned to avoid potential problems during development
and also to grasp the opportunities for multiple use of
drainage corridors for landscaping, passive recreation and
pedestrian movements.
The need for stormwater management planning and the
principles on which it should be based are discussed in
Chapter 7. Planning can be undertaken at several scales.
Chapter 8 identifies the role of strategic planning to
establish stormwater quantity and quality management
objectives for a catchment while Chapter 9 describes the
role of master planning to identify appropriate stormwater
management actions and measures at the precinct or lot
scale. Guidelines for the selection of stormwater
management options for quantity, conveyance and quality
are given in Chapter 10. The advantages/ disadvantages
of each measure, constraints on use and some factors
likely to affect cost are summarised.
Part D Hydrology and Hydraulics
Urban development creates large areas of impervious
areas that can lead to a number of adverse impacts.
These can include the increased frequency and magnitude
of runoff events which in turn have impacts on property
and infrastructure, channel forms, riparian and aquatic
vegetation and aquatic ecosystems. Increased runoff can
also mobilise and transport greater amounts of pollutants
including sediment, suspended solids, nutrients, bacteria
and metals. There is a need to quantify the impacts of
urban development and to develop plans comprising
actions and measures to address the adverse impacts.
Hydrologic design concepts are discussed in Chapter 11
including the differences in approach to the design of
stormwater quantity control measures and quality control
measures while Chapter 12 briefly discusses fundamental
hydraulic concepts, principles, and flow formulae that are
inherent in the design of urban stormwater systems.
In Chapter 13 an understanding of rainfall processes in
Malaysia is provided and the significance of the rainfall
design data is highlighted. Chapter 14 presents methods
and procedures for the estimation, routing and attenuation
of peak flows and flow volumes.
Chapter 15 provides basic information on stormwater
quality and describes methods for pollutant export
estimation, pollutant transport and retention.
The aim of Chapter 16 is to show how the designer can
combine the various stormwater quantity and quality
components, which are described in later Parts, into an
integrated stormwater system while Chapter 17 discusses
modelling, the process of setting up and running a
computer model, and provides an overview of some of the
modelling software currently available.
Part E Runoff Quantity Control
The impacts of urban development on runoff quantity can
be addressed using a range of local, community and
regional scale detention and retention facilities.
The general principles of runoff quantity control are
discussed in Chapter 18. The differences between
stormwater detention and stormwater retention are
described in detail. Chapter 19 covers the flow control
requirements and design considerations for on-site
detention facilities while the requirements and
considerations for community and regional scale detention
facilities are covered in Chapter 20. Similarly,
Chapter 21 covers the flow control requirements and
design considerations for on-site and community retention
facilities while the requirements and considerations for
regional scale retention facilities are covered in
Chapter 22.
Part F Runoff Conveyance
Runoff is conveyed from roofs, paved surfaces and roads
to receiving waters by a hierarchy of conveyance
structures and systems. Roof drains convey runoff from
roofs to the ground where it is either discharged into piped
drains, open channels ,culverts or engineered waterways.
Similarly, stormwater inlets convey runoff from paved and


Urban Stormwater Management Manual vii
on occasions landscaped areas and to piped drains, open
channels ,culverts or engineered waterways.
The procedures for designing roof drainage are described
in Chapter 23. Also discussed is property drainage and
drainage through public reserves. Chapter 24 covers the
requirements for stormwater inlets that transfer runoff
from road or paved surfaces to piped drains or open
drains. Design criteria and methods for analysing and
designing pipe drains are given in Chapter 25 including
requirements for manholes. The hydraulics of open drains
is discussed in Chapter 26 as are design considerations.
Chapter 27 provides guidance on the hydraulic design of
culverts and discusses culvert end treatments, scour
protection and debris control for culverts. Engineered
waterways are constructed waterways that are either soft-
lined with grass and/or scattered vegetation or hard-lined
with rock, gabions, mattresses and/or concrete or a
combination of soft and hard linings. The requirements for
engineered waterways are covered in Chapter 28. The
requirements for hydraulic structures including energy
dissipators, drop structures, channel transitions, bends and
confluences, flow separators and weirs are covered in
Chapter 29.
Part G Post-Construction Runoff Quality Controls
The impacts of urban development on runoff quality can be
addressed using a range of local, community and regional
scale treatment devices and facilities including infiltration
and filtration devices, oil separators, a wide variety of
gross pollutant traps and constructed ponds and wetlands.
In Chapter 30 the topic of stormwater monitoring is
introduced. Stormwater quality monitoring is a procedure
used to identify the particular quality problems that occur,
as a first step in selecting solutions.
Filtration devices used in stormwater are based on either
biofiltration, using biological methods, or media filtration
through porous media such as sand. Criteria for design,
construction and maintenance of filtration devices are
given in Chapter 31. Infiltration devices can take a
number of structural forms including pits, trenches, or
basins. Chapter 32 covers criteria for design,
construction and maintenance of infiltration devices. Oil
separators are covered separately in Chapter 33.
Gross pollutant traps remove gross pollutant including
litter, debris and coarse sediment from stormwater. A
wide range of gross pollutant traps is available. Many are
proprietary devices. They include floating traps, enclosed
in-ground devices and large open traps. Chapter 34
covers the design and maintenance considerations for
gross pollutant traps. Constructed wet ponds and
wetlands can also treat stormwater using sedimentation
and natural biological processes. Chapter 35 covers the
design and maintenance considerations including the need
to protect wet ponds and wetlands by installing upstream
sediment traps and/or gross pollutant traps or other
devices to reduce sediment loads. Advanced analysis and
design procedures are also discussed.
A range of actions can also be implemented to raise the
awareness of the community regarding sources of pollution
and what individuals and organisations can do to reduce
the generation of stormwater pollution at its source.
These actions can compliment treatment runoff quality
controls. In highly developed existing urban areas
housekeeping/education may be the most effective way to
improve stormwater quality.
In Chapter 36 guiding principles for housekeeping
activities by businesses and industries are covered. These
guiding principles can also be used by Local Authorities, in
conjunction with other legislative requirements to assess
development for ecologically sound practices. Chapter 37
discusses the opportunities and the distinctions between a
number of educational activities ranging from operational
strategies for rubbish removal through to school education
programs as well as the relevant roles and responsibilities
of the various stakeholders.
Part H Construction Runoff Quality Controls
A range of activities on construction sites have the
potential to pollute stormwater. These activities can
include construction practices, and contractor activities.
In Chapter 38 the actions that can be undertaken to
control erosion and sediment are described while the
measures that are available to control erosion and
sediment are covered in Chapter 39. This chapter also
includes twenty-one standard drawings that cover a range
of measures. The actions and measures that should be
implemented by contractors, sub-contractors and other
parties involved in construction are described in
Chapter 40. An Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
(ESCP) details the measures that will be implemented
during the development phase to control the
environmental effects of erosion and sedimentation. The
requirements for an ESCP are covered in Chapter 41.
Part I Special Application
Landscaping is part of stormwater bioprocesses and
esthetics in enhancing urban environment. Chapter 42
presents various landscaping plants with regard to their
function, criteria and planting for various stormwater
facilities and conveyance.
Riparian vegetation plays an important role in the
maintenance of stable watercourses as well as the
preservation of environmental values. For these reasons
the riparian zones of watercourses need to be included in
stormwater management planning.


viii Urban Stormwater Management Manual
Chapter 43 discusses the management approach and
objectives for riparian vegetation and provides some
general background on the role of riparian zones.
Maintaining or restoring valuable watercourses also
preserves environmental values and can enhance
recreation opportunities and visual amenity. Guidance on
watercourse management is also given in Chapter 43.
On occasions, development occurs in areas that require
special consideration. These can include areas subject to
elevated groundwater levels, hillsides and lowland areas or
areas subject to tidal influence. In urban areas, wet
weather wastewater overflows also can have a significant
and detrimental effect on stormwater quality.
Subsoil drainage can have a role in hillside development as
well as in poorly drained areas. Design considerations and
installation issues for subsoil drainage are covered in
Chapter 44. In low-lying areas it may be necessary on
occasions to install a pumped drainage system. Planning
and design considerations for pumped drainage systems
are covered in Chapter 45.
Drainage of lowland areas or areas subject to tidal
influence requires special consideration. In Chapter 46
various considerations including tide levels, combined
flooding, tide gates and floodgates are covered. Proper
drainage is the most important stabilisation technique for
hillside development. Current practices for hillside
development are reviewed in Chapter 47 and improved
practices are recommended.
Wet weather wastewater overflows can have a significant
and detrimental effect on stormwater quality. Methods of
reducing the problem by source reduction, storage and
treatment of overflows are described in Chapter 48.
4. GUIDE TO USERS
The Manual shall be relevant to regulators, planners,
designers, developers and contractors who are directly
involved in stormwater management and to educators who
are training urban planners, hydrologists, design engineers,
environmental engineers, environmental scientists and
landscape architects.
In each Chapter background information, analysis, design
and/or maintenance considerations are described. Where
appropriate supporting basic theory and worked examples
are also provided to assist the user.
Depending on the role of each user there are different
issues and activities for which it is necessary to gain an
understanding, while there are other issues and activities
of which it would be advantageous to have an
understanding. An indication of the expected relevance of
each chapter in the Manual to regulators, planners,
designers, developers, contractors and educators is given
in Table 1.
Depending on the activity being undertaken different
chapters on this Manual will be relevant. The relevant
chapters for a range of activities are indicated in Table 2.



Urban Stormwater Management Manual ix
Table 1
Relevance of Each Chapter to
Different Authorities and Users
T
P
C
D
D
I
D
D
O
E
L
o
c
a
l

A
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
Part A Introduction
1. Malaysian Perspective
2. Environmental Processes
3. Stormwater Management
Part B Administration
4. Design Acceptance Criteria
5. Institutional and Legal Framework
6. Authority Requirements and Documentation
Part C Planning
7. Planning Framework
8. Strategic Planning
9. Master Planning
10. Choice of Management Options
Part D Hydrology and Hydraulics
11. Hydrologic Design Concepts
12. Hydraulic Fundamentals
13. Design Rainfall
14. Flow Estimation and Routing
15. Pollutant Estimation, Transport and Retention
16. Stormwater System Design
17. Computer Models and Software
Part E Runoff Quantity Control
18. Principles of Quantity Control
19. On-site Detention
20. Community and Regional Detention
21. On-site and Community Retention
22. Regional Retention
Part F Runoff Conveyance
23. Roof and Property Drainage
24. Stormwater Inlets
25. Pipe Drains
26. Open Drains
27. Culverts
28. Engineered Waterways
29. Hydraulic Structures
Part G Post-construction Runoff Quality Controls
30. Stormwater Quality Monitoring
31. Filtration
32. Infiltration
33. Oil Separators
34. Gross Pollutants Traps
35. Constructed Ponds and Wetlands
36. Housekeeping Activities
37. Community Education
Part H Construction Runoff Quality Controls
38. Actions to Control Erosion and Sediment
39. Erosion and Sediment Control Measures
40. Contractor Activity Control Measures
41. Erosion and Sediment Control Plans
Part I Special Applications
42. Landscaping
43. Riparian Vegetation and Watercourse Management
44. Subsoil Drainage
45. Pumped Drainage
46. Lowland, Tidal and Small Island Drainage
47. Hillside Drainage
48. Wet Weather Wastewater Overflows
An Understanding of the Issue/Activity is Necessary
An Appreciation of the Issue/Activity is Advantageous
Administration,
Operations & Maintenance
Planning & Design
State Level
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x Urban Stormwater Management Manual
Table 2
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Part A Introduction
1. Malaysian Perspective
2. Environmental Processes
3. Stormwater Management
Part B Administration
4. Design Acceptance Criteria
5. Institutional and Legal Framework
6. Authority Requirements and Documentation
Part C Planning
7. Planning Framework
8. Strategic Planning
9. Master Planning
10. Choice of Management Options
Part D Hydrology and Hydraulics
11. Hydrologic Design Concepts
12. Hydraulic Fundamentals
13. Design Rainfall
14. Flow Estimation and Routing
15. Pollutant Estimation, Transport and Retention
16. Stormwater System Design
17. Computer Models and Software
Part E Runoff Quantity Control
18. Principles of Quantity Control
19. On-site Detention
20. Community and Regional Detention
21. On-site and Community Retention
22. Regional Retention
Part F Runoff Conveyance
23. Roof and Property Drainage
24. Stormwater Inlets
25. Pipe Drains
26. Open Drains
27. Culverts
28. Engineered Waterways
29. Hydraulic Structures
Part G Post-construction Runoff Quality Controls
30. Stormwater Quality Monitoring
31. Filtration
32. Infiltration
33. Oil Separators
34. Gross Pollutants Traps
35. Constructed Ponds and Wetlands
36. Housekeeping Activities
37. Community Education
Part H Construction Runoff Quality Controls
38. Actions to Control Erosion and Sediment
39. Erosion and Sediment Control Measures
40. Contractor Activity Control Measures
41. Erosion and Sediment Control Plans
Part I Special Applications
42. Landscaping
43. Riparian Vegetation and Watercourse Management
44. Subsoil Drainage
45. Pumped Drainage
46. Lowland, Tidal and Small Island Drainage
47. Hillside Drainage
48. Wet Weather Wastewater Overflows
An Understanding of the Issue/Activity is Necessary
An Appreciation of the Issue/Activity is Advantageous
Investigations, Design and Submissions Planning
On-Going
Activities

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